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    Type 1 Diabetes: Perspectives

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    Daniel Benitez
    This document summarizes the history of type 1 diabetes, from ancient observations of symptoms to modern treatment with insulin. It describes how diabetes was originally understood based on symptoms like frequent urination and weight loss. In the late 19th century, researchers began to suspect the pancreas played a role in regulating blood sugar. In 1921-22, Banting and Best discovered insulin through experiments on dogs and showed insulin injections could treat diabetes in humans. Insulin transformed type 1 diabetes from a fatal disease to a chronic condition requiring long-term management, though complications remain a challenge.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Type 1 Diabetes: Perspectives

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Benitez
    35 views1 page
    This document summarizes the history of type 1 diabetes, from ancient observations of symptoms to modern treatment with insulin. It describes how diabetes was originally understood based on symptoms like frequent urination and weight loss. In the late 19th century, researchers began to suspect the pancreas played a role in regulating blood sugar. In 1921-22, Banting and Best discovered insulin through experiments on dogs and showed insulin injections could treat diabetes in humans. Insulin transformed type 1 diabetes from a fatal disease to a chronic condition requiring long-term management, though complications remain a challenge.

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    This document summarizes the history of type 1 diabetes, from ancient observations of symptoms to modern treatment with insulin. It describes how diabetes was originally understood based on symptoms like frequent urination and weight loss. In the late 19th century, researchers began to suspect the pancreas played a role in regulating blood sugar. In 1921-22, Banting and Best discovered insulin through experiments on dogs and showed insulin injections could treat diabetes in humans. Insulin transformed type 1 diabetes from a fatal disease to a chronic condition requiring long-term management, though complications remain a challenge.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views1 page

    Type 1 Diabetes: Perspectives

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Benitez
    This document summarizes the history of type 1 diabetes, from ancient observations of symptoms to modern treatment with insulin. It describes how diabetes was originally understood based on symptoms like frequent urination and weight loss. In the late 19th century, researchers began to suspect the pancreas played a role in regulating blood sugar. In 1921-22, Banting and Best discovered insulin through experiments on dogs and showed insulin injections could treat diabetes in humans. Insulin transformed type 1 diabetes from a fatal disease to a chronic condition requiring long-term management, though complications remain a challenge.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    Perspectives

    Case histories
    Type 1 diabetes
    Writing in 1649, the English herbalist Nicholas Culpeper Insulin, like Salvarsan and later the antibiotics, was seen
    des­paired of his patients with diabetes: their “continual by the public and medical profession alike as a magic bullet
    pissinge” was resistant to all treatment, and their deaths in an age of heroic discoveries. Banting shared the 1923
    were rapid and certain. No longer: type 1 diabetes is a striking Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with John Macleod,
    example of the transformation of the meaning of a diagnosis who had provided laboratory space and technical assistance,
    by application of clinical research. Its history reflects the rather than Best. Within a few years diabetics could enjoy
    trajectory of medicine away from heroic interventions and longer lives, but as type 1 diabetes became a chronic disease
    towards long-term treatment, from cure to care. researchers, patients, and welfare states began to encounter

    Adrian Roots
    In antiquity diabetes was one of a constellation of diseases more intractable long-term complications—retinopathy,
    thought to be related to the retention or loss of life-giving neuropathy, cardiovascular disease. This new demand for
    water. In an arresting phrase Aretaeus of Cappadocia, a Greek continuing care was reflected in the foundation of the For more on Case histories see
    physician of the 2nd century CE, called the disease “a melting British Diabetic Association in 1934 and the emergence of Comment Lancet 2016; 387: 211
    and Perspectives Lancet 2017;
    down of the flesh and limbs into urine”, a view reflected in diabetology as a clinical specialty. 390: 1941
    its Greek name: “diabetes”, meaning “siphon”. The Hindi For the first half-century of insulin therapy diabetics For more on type 1 diabetes see
    term for diabetes—”madhumeha”, honey-urine disease— used extracts of pig or cow insulin, derived from industrial http://www.thelancet.com/
    shows that ancient Indian medicine was aware of one major meat production. Since the early 1980s this has been clinical/diseases/diabetes-type1

    symptom of the disease. The sweet taste of diabetic urine replaced with synthetic human insulin—although some
    seems to have escaped the attention of western physicians diabetics found, paradoxically, that the lack of impurities in
    until 1679, when the English physician Thomas Willis used it synthetic insulin made it harder to recognise the signs of an Further reading

    to identify two forms of the disease: mellitus, from the Latin impending crisis. Recent research has focused on the clinical Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB,
    Campbell WR, Fletcher AA.
    for honey, and insipidus, meaning tasteless. difficulties of distinguishing type 1 and type 2 diabetes, while Pancreatic extracts in the
    Well into the 19th century diabetes was framed in terms immunologists have suggested that type 1 is the result of an treatment of diabetes
    of its symptoms—in the words of the clinician and historian autoimmune attack on pancreatic β cells. The development mellitus: a preliminary report.
    Can Med Assoc J 1922; 12: 141–46
    Robert Tattersall, “a fatal disease characterised by polyuria, of insulin pumps and continuous blood glucose monitors
    Furdell EL. Fatal thirst: diabetes
    thirst, progressive weight loss, and debility”. The anatomo- has improved diabetes care in wealthier nations, but in Britain until insulin.
    localism of Paris medicine, and the emergence of physiology worldwide the quality of care is uneven, mapping on to Amsterdam: Brill, 2009
    as a discipline rooted in the laboratory, raised the possibility broader inequalities in access to health care. Diabetes may no Greene JA. Prescribing by
    that localised lesions in organs might cause systemic longer be a death sentence, but for more and more people in numbers: drugs and the definition
    of disease. Baltimore: Johns
    disease. Initially the liver seemed the most likely candidate, the 21st century it will become a life sentence.
    Hopkins University Press, 2006
    as the French physiologist Claude Bernard elucidated its
    Tattersall R. Diabetes: the
    role in carbohydrate metabolism. With the discovery of Richard Barnett biography. Oxford: Oxford
    “internal secretions”—later named hormones—in the late richard@richardbarnettwriter.com University Press, 2009
    19th century, researchers turned their attention to the
    relations between organs. In 1893 Bernard’s countryman, the
    pathologist Gustave-Édouard Laguesse, proposed that small
    cellular clusters in the pancreas—named after his German
    contemporary Paul Langerhans, who first described them—
    were responsible for regulating blood sugar concentration.
    If diabetes was a disorder of the pancreas, how could this
    knowledge be applied in treatment? In 1889 the Mauritian
    physiologist Charles Édouard Brown-Séquard proposed,
    controversially, that organ extracts containing internal
    secretions could be used to treat many diseases, including
    diabetes. Some diabetics adopted a dispiriting diet of raw
    pig pancreas, and several researchers tried to identify the
    distinctive internal secretion of the pancreas. In 1921–22,
    Canadian physicians Frederick Banting and Charles Best used
    Wellcome Collection

    a series of surgical experiments on dogs to show that a new


    hormone, insulin, was responsible, and that injections of
    insulin could treat diabetes in humans.

    www.thelancet.com Vol 391 January 20, 2018 195

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