Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 66 views

    نظم موزعة المحاضرة 1

    Uploaded by

    Akrm Alsafy
    A distributed system is defined as one where components communicate over a network by passing messages. Key characteristics include concurrency, lack of a global clock, and independent component failures. There are three types of distributed systems: computing, information, and pervasive. Distributed systems have properties like heterogeneity, openness, security, scalability, failure handling, concurrency, and transparency. Examples include local networks, databases, ATM networks, the internet, and mobile computing. Distributed systems provide advantages like data sharing, autonomy, and high availability, but also have disadvantages such as higher development and processing costs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    نظم موزعة المحاضرة 1

    Uploaded by

    Akrm Alsafy
    66 views16 pages
    A distributed system is defined as one where components communicate over a network by passing messages. Key characteristics include concurrency, lack of a global clock, and independent component failures. There are three types of distributed systems: computing, information, and pervasive. Distributed systems have properties like heterogeneity, openness, security, scalability, failure handling, concurrency, and transparency. Examples include local networks, databases, ATM networks, the internet, and mobile computing. Distributed systems provide advantages like data sharing, autonomy, and high availability, but also have disadvantages such as higher development and processing costs.

    Original Description:

    نظم موزعة المحاضرة 1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    A distributed system is defined as one where components communicate over a network by passing messages. Key characteristics include concurrency, lack of a global clock, and independent component failures. There are three types of distributed systems: computing, information, and pervasive. Distributed systems have properties like heterogeneity, openness, security, scalability, failure handling, concurrency, and transparency. Examples include local networks, databases, ATM networks, the internet, and mobile computing. Distributed systems provide advantages like data sharing, autonomy, and high availability, but also have disadvantages such as higher development and processing costs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    66 views16 pages

    نظم موزعة المحاضرة 1

    Uploaded by

    Akrm Alsafy
    A distributed system is defined as one where components communicate over a network by passing messages. Key characteristics include concurrency, lack of a global clock, and independent component failures. There are three types of distributed systems: computing, information, and pervasive. Distributed systems have properties like heterogeneity, openness, security, scalability, failure handling, concurrency, and transparency. Examples include local networks, databases, ATM networks, the internet, and mobile computing. Distributed systems provide advantages like data sharing, autonomy, and high availability, but also have disadvantages such as higher development and processing costs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    1-Definition

    A distributed system is one in which components


    located at networked computers communicate and
    coordinate their actions only by passing messages. This
    definition leads to the following characteristics of
    distributed systems:
    Distribution Systems(DS)=DS.HW+DS-Control+DS-Data
     Concurrency of components
     Lack of a global ‘clock’
     Independent failures of components
    2. Types of distributed systems
     Distributed Computing Systems.
     Distributed Information Systems.
     Distributed Pervasive Systems.

    Distributed Computing Systems: The


    distributed computing systems include the
    following:
     Cluster computing systems
     Grid computing systems

    3
    Distributed Informative Systems: In the
    distributed systems, the following forms are
    concentrated:
     Transaction processing systems
     Enterprise application integration

    Distributed Pervasive Systems: Few examples of


    distributed pervasive systems are as below:
     Home systems
     Electronic health care systems
     Sensor networks

    4
    3. Examples of Distributed Systems
     Local Area Network and Intranet
     Database Management System
     Automatic Teller Machine Network
     Internet/World-Wide Web
     Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing
    4-Distributed Systems Properties
     Certain common characteristics can be used to
    assess distributed systems
     Heterogeneity
     Openness
     Security
     Scalability
     Failure Handling
     Concurrency
     Transparency
    4.1 Heterogeneity
     Variety and differences in
     Networks
     Computer hardware
     Operating systems
     Programming languages
     Implementations by different developers
     Middleware as software layers to provide a programming abstraction as
    well as masking the heterogeneity of the underlying networks,
    hardware, OS, and programming languages (e.g., CORBA).
     Mobile Code to refer to code that can be sent from one computer to
    another and run at the destination (e.g., Java applets and Java virtual
    machine).

    7
    4.2 Openness
     Openness is concerned with extensions and
    improvements of distributed systems.
     Detailed interfaces of components need to be
    published.
     New components have to be integrated with
    existing components.
     Differences in data representation of interface
    types on different processors (of different
    vendors) have to be resolved.

    8
    4.3 Security
    In a distributed system, clients send requests to
    access data managed by servers, resources in the
    networks:
     Doctors requesting records from hospitals
     Users purchase products through electronic commerce

    Security is required for:


     Concealing the contents of messages: security and privacy
     Identifying a remote user or other agent correctly (authentication)

    New challenges:
     Denial of service attack
     Security of mobile code

    9
    4.4 Scalability
     Adaptation of distributed systems to
     accommodate more users
     respond faster (this is the hard one)

     Usually done by adding more and/or faster


    processors.
     Components should not need to be changed
    when scale of a system increases.
     Design components to be scalable!

    10
    4.5 Failure Handling (Fault
    Tolerance)
     Hardware, software and networks fail!
     Distributed systems must maintain availability
    even at low levels of hardware/software/network
    reliability.
     Fault tolerance is achieved by
     recovery
     redundancy

    11
    4.6 Concurrency
     Components in distributed systems are executed
    in concurrent processes.
     Components access and update shared resources
    (e.g. variables, databases, device drivers).
     Integrity of the system may be violated if
    concurrent updates are not coordinated.
     Lost updates
     Inconsistent analysis

    12
    4.7 Transparency
     Distributed systems should be perceived by users
    and application programmers as a whole rather
    than as a collection of cooperating components.
     Transparency has different aspects.
     These represent various properties that
    distributed systems should have.

    13
    5- Distributed Systems Challenges
    Scalable

    Secure cost

    opennes concurrency
    6.Advantages
     Sharing Data : There is a provision in the environment
    where user at one site may be able to access the data
    residing at other sites.
     Autonomy : Because of sharing data by means of data
    distribution each site is able to retain a degree of
    control over data that are stored locally.
     Availability : If one site fails in a distributed system,
    the remaining sites may be able to continue operating.
    Thus a failure of a site doesn't necessarily imply the
    shutdown of the System.

    23
    7. Disadvantages
     Software Development Cost
     increased Processing Overhead

    24

    You might also like