Ccna 60 Interview Questions&answers
Ccna 60 Interview Questions&answers
Ccna 60 Interview Questions&answers
60 CCNA INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
myccnaclub.blogspot.com
1) What are the two types of IP addresses available?
2) Which IP address is used for loopback address and for what purpose?
127.0.0.1 is used for loopback address and also for local testing purposes.
Loopback means looping to our own systems, checking our own systems. It is used to test
whether TCP/IP stack is correctly installed.
Whenever we design new network or hardware device, we have to follow OSI reference
model.
There are seven layers, which means seven set of rules; they are designed by ISO
(international standard organization).
Segment fragmentation
Numbering segmenting
Flow control
Multi tasking
Windowing
5) What is data encapsulation and data de-encapsulation?
When data is sent from a higher layer to a lower layer, each layer adds some information
to the original data; this is called as encapsulation. The information added is called as
header.
When data is sent from lower layer to higher layer, each layer will remove information
from the other layer. This is called as de-encapsulation.
a) Packet switching- all incoming data is switched to packets. It deals only with packets (data
with IP address)
b) Packet filtering- router sends and receives only packets. It is used in WAN, so all incoming
packets are filtered mainly for security.
d) Path selection- router is used to select the shortest and best path from source to
destination.
e) QoS- Quality of Service: QoS is the ability of the n/w to provide better or special service to
a set of users or applications.
Crossover cable
9) Which registry key is used in normal mode of router and what registry key is used
to recover password?
It is a layer 2 protocol
It is a Cisco proprietary protocol means used to find only the neighbouring Cisco devices.
1. IP addresses
2. Port numbers
3. iOS details
4. Router models
5. Switch models
6. Interface details
Static, if one route is fixed for transmission it will stay fixed. If that link is down it cannot
connect and reach the destination even if there are alternate paths. Static route is used for
smaller networks. Symbol of static is “s”.
Static default– it sends data to unknown destination + specified n/w.ex in isp we can have
different connections. It uses 0.0.0.0 as the address for connection. Symbol of static
default is “s*”.
B) Dynamic route
It will choose the path by itself. Paths are found by the routing protocols.
Chooses the best or main path. If that path fails, it will find out the next alternate path.
Routing protocols like RIP/EIGRP/OSPF decide the paths.
Distance Vector Protocols send periodic updates every 30 secs or at some time interval to
the adjacent routers. In case if there is a link failure immediately they inform to update
only after 30 secs. For example, RIP routing information protocol is a distance vector
protocol. Here distance indicates length between two routers and vector means in which
link direction the link is connected between them.
RIP: 120.
EIGRP: 90
OSPF: 110
Switching is the process of using the hardware address/mac address of devices on a LAN to
segment a n/w. Switches break up large collision domains into smaller ones and that a
collision domain is a n/w segment with two or more devices sharing the same bandwidth.
Switch is a layer device and deals with frames (data with mac address).
15) What is meant by VLAN and what is its purpose?
A VLAN is a logical and orderly alignment of network users and resources. These are
connected to ports on a switch which are administratively defined.
It is used to segment big networks and connect with routers for security purposes.
If there is no VLAN in switches, it can lead to a broadcast storm; as all ports will start
broadcasting. By default all ports in switches are in VLAN1 and they can send and receive
data within VLAN1. We can also create multiple VLANs and join them using routers.
1. Access port
2. Trunk port
An Access port belongs to and carries the traffic of only one VLAN. We can pass only single
VLAN information. It is used to connect switch ports with computers with minimum speed
of 10Mbps.
A Trunk port is used for multiple connections between switch to routers and switch to
switch.
Switch to router- minimum speed: 100mbps. It is used for inter VLAN communications, when
connected with the router.
Server mode
Client mode
Transparent mode
Server mode- Full control over VLAN creations and modifications for their domains.
Client mode- VTP clients do not allow the administrator to create, change or delete any
VLAN’s; instead they listen to the VTP’s advertisements from other switches and modify
their VLAN configuration accordingly.
Transparent mode- VTP transparent mode switches will not participate in VTP
advertisements. It can create and delete VLAN’s that are local only to itself. It will not
propagate to other switches, and will not advertise its own VLAN configuration.
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) was created by digital equipment corporation. The new
version was created by IEEE which is 802.1d. STP is a bridge-to-bridge protocol used to
maintain a loop free n/w. Redundant links between switches are a good idea because they
help prevent complete network failures in the event one link stops working.
IPv6 contains 128 bits with 8 groups. It has n/w part and host part. Each group has 16 bits.
22) What are the multicast addresses used in IPv4 and IPv6 by different protocols?
OSPF (IPv4)=224.0.0.5,224.0.0.6
OSPF(IPv6)=ff02::5/ff02::6
RIP (IPv4)=224.0.0.9
RIPng(IPv6)=ff02::9
EIGRP(IPv4)=224.0.0.10
EIGRP(IPv6)=ff02::10
EUI is Extended Unique Identifier 64. It is an interface ID, which is typically composed of
mac addresses. We can create a EUI-64 interface in a 48 bit mac address by inserting the
“0xfffe” between the upper three bytes and lower three bytes of the mac address.
Global unicast addresses are IPv6 public addresses, which can be used globally as public
addresses and are unique in nature; e.g. 2000::1, 3001::1
25) What are the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6 addressing?
IPv4 address is 32 bit address and IPv6 is 128 bit address. In IPv4 only 232 addresses are
available which is 4.3 billion addresses out of which only 3.7 billion are actually usable
(many are reserved like class d,e and private). In IPv6 many millions of addresses are there,
it has 3.4*1038 addresses.
26) What is ACL and what are the major types available?
ACL (Access Control List) is a list of commands/statements used in routers to filter packets.
There are three types of ACL:
1. Standard
2. Extended
3. Named
27) What is WAN and what is the main purpose?
Frame relay is a packet switching technology; it is used to join two or more routers with a
single interface. It is cheaper in cost and belongs to ISP.
LMI (Local Management Interface) is a signaling standard that is used between the routers
and frame relay switches. It allows for passing information about the operation and status
of the virtual circuit between the provider’s n/w and the DTE (Data Circuit-terminating
equipment).
CHAP- challenge message passes and replies with username and password so no other
router can come inside.
32) How many collision domains and broadcast domains are available in router,
switch and hub?
Router- Each port has one separate collision domain and one separate broadcast domain.
Switch- Each port has one separate collision domain but all ports have one single
broadcast domain.
Hub- All ports have one collision domain and one broadcast domain.
36) What is the subnet mask of the following IP addresses- 10.0.0.1, 160.1.1.1 and
200.2.2.2?
10.0.0.1- 255.0.0.0
160.1.1.1- 255.255.0.0
200.2.2.2- 255.255.255.0
37) What is broadcasting and which addresses are used for broadcasting?
Broadcasting means passing data to all devices in the n/w. In a n/w if there are 5 systems,
and we send data to all 5 systems; it is broadcasting.
38) What is multicasting and which addresses are used for multicasting?
In a Network if there are 10 Machines and if we send datas to more than one machine but
not all 10 Machines it is called Multicasting. For example sending datas to some 5
machines instead of all 10 Machines. Class D IP address is used for Multicasting ranging
from 224.x.x.x to 239.x.x.x and the MAC address starting from 0100:5EXX:XXXX series
where 0100:5E is the Organizationally Unique Identifier Address.
Syslog server is a popular server used to store log information- port no: 514. It can be
configured easily. It can store a large volume of data. By default logging, messages are sent
to the router’s console port. It can also be sent to Syslog.
42) What is NTP and what is its purpose?
It is an open standard that allows you to synchronize your router’s time with a centralized
time server. It is implemented mostly while using Syslog on the networks. Its port No. is
123, it uses the UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
3. MIB (Management Information Base), database object that describes the information in a
predetermined format; that the agent can use to populate the data.
1. Authentication
2. Encryption
3. Message integrity
The symbol of EIGRP is D. DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm). If primary route fails, EIGRP
can use backup or feasible routes.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). It is an open standard routing protocol that has been
implemented by a wide range of network vendors, including Cisco. It supports multi
vendors like Cisco, Alcatel, Juniper, 3Com routers. Administrative distance of OSPF is 110,
symbol is O.
1. Highest priority
2. Highest router ID
3. Highest IP address
BPDU Guard is used to protect the integrity of switch ports that have portfast enabled. By
default, BPDU guard is disabled; it is mainly used to shut the port in an error condition.
1. Disabled
2. Blocking
3. Listening
4. Learning
5. Forwarding
51) What are the two protocols used in EtherChannel?
EtherChannels can be negotiated between two switches to provide some dynamic link
configuration. Two protocols are available to negotiate bundled links in catalyst switches-
PAgP (Port Aggregation Protocol), LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol).
PAgP can be used only in Cisco devices but LACP can be used in other vendors also.
There are two modes of LACP: a) passive mode, and b) active mode.
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). HSRP is a redundancy protocol developed by Cisco to
provide gateway redundancy without any additional configuration on the end devices in
the subnet. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port 1985 is used by HSRP active and standby
routers to send Hello messages. These hello messages are forwarded to multicast address
224.0.0.2 to communicate between routers in the HSRP group.
56) What is VLSM?
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) is used to apply a different subnet mask to a same
class address.
IPv6 unicast-routing
It is used to find which routing protocol is trusted. We can have any number of routing
protocols. Each of them can have different paths, values ranging from 0 to 255.
Intra-site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP). It uses virtual links to connect
IPv6 localities together within a site that is primarily using IPv4.