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Tower pumping does not present great difficulty in terms of good pump application.

This is because
of a normally high order of

application safety factor. Troubles do occur occasionally, however, and these troubles can be
classified as caused by:

1. Incorrect pump head estimation.

2. Pump cavitation and loss of pumping ability, as caused by inadequate pump suction pressure.

3. Air in pump suction; as caused by tower pan vortex, pan drain down or faulty bypass.

4. Unstable pump operational points as caused by:

a. Improper application of tower bypass controls.

b. High pressure drop tower spray nozzles in combination with tower bypass.

5. Inadequate maintenance procedures causing:

a. Plugged suction strainer.

b. Lack of tower treatment with consequent fouling of the condenser.

It is intended that each potential trouble source be evaluated so that the necessary design
safeguards can be erected against

operational problems.

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