English Assignment

Tenses, Vocabulary Drills, Modifiers

CLASS – BBA LLB (H)

SECTION – D

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Rani Lekha Aditya R.S. Rathore
Singh Miti Jain
Siddharth keswani
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher (Dr

Lekha Rani Singh ) who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic (Tenses, Vocabulary Drills and Modifiers),
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

NAME OF STUDENTS:

Aditya RS Rathore
Miti Jain
Siddharth keswani
 TENSES
Verbs come in three tenses: past, present, and future. The past is used to describe
things that have already happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week,
three years ago). The present tense is used to describe things that are happening
right now, or things that are continuous. The future tense describes things that have
yet to happen (e.g., later, tomorrow, next week, next year, three years from now).

The following table illustrates the proper use of verb tenses:

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

Last night, I RAN for I WILL RUN as much as I
I RUN nearly every day.
2 miles. can.
Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous
I am running at the I was running when I will be running in the
moment. You called. Marathon tomorrow.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
I have ran so many
I had ran at least 10 km I would have ran 15 km
miles that I can’t even
In the evening. By now
Count.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous
Continuous
I have been running I had been running in I will have been running for
daily since I was 12 every marathon organised at least one hour before
years old. in the city. dinner tonight.

RULES FOR TENSES

 TYPES OF TENSES
Present tense –
There are many uses of tense. In English grammar, we use present tense to talk
about something that is going on now (currently) or that is true now and at any
time. In other words, we use present tense to describe an event in real-time, i.e.
happening at that very moment. Let us learn more about the present tense and
its types.

There are four types of present tenses –

• present indefinite tense

• Present continuous tense
• Prefect perfect tense
• Present perfect continuous

1- Present indefinite tense -The simple present tense uses the same verb form as
the root form of the verb. We use the simple present tense in the following
conditions:
To show a fact or something that is always true .For activities that we do daily
-regularly or habitually .To express thoughts, feelings, opinions and beliefs. For
a planned action or an event that will happen in the future .We use this tense
with a few adverbs to indicate something that happens rarely.
Example: he always comes late, sita learns English,etc.

2- Present continuous tense - This tense describes a continued or ongoing action

at the present time. In other words, it expresses an action which is in progress at
the time of speaking and has not yet been completed. In the following
conditions we use the present continuous tense:

As mentioned above, when an action that is occurring at the time of speaking.

When an action in the future is mentioned without specifying when it will
occur. When we talk about a planned or arranged event or action that is set to
take place at a specified time in the future. In conditions where the action or
event is occurring but not necessarily while we speak. It is used in a changing
situation. We use it with adverbs such as ‘always’ which describe an action that
happens frequently.
Example - he is reading now, payal is not singing now.
3- Present perfect tense - The Present Perfect Tense is used in case of repeated
actions, in those actions where the time is not important, and actions that began
in the past but are not finished yet and will probably finish in the present as we
speak. We can use the present perfect tense in the following scenarios:
For actions or events that began in the past and have continued into the present.
To show an action that has been completed. To indicate a time period that has
not yet finished. Used with phrases that begin with “This is the first” or “second
time” and so on. To describe or express an action that is repeated in the past.
Used to indicate or describe actions that have been completed in the recent past.
Ex-he has not come yet, etc.
4-present perfect continuous- To describe or indicate an event that is going on at
this moment we use the present perfect continuous tense. We use this tense in
the following conditions: To describe an event that began in the past and is
continuing into the future. To tell about an activity or event that began in the
past and is now over (just recently completed or over).When there is no mention
of time. Ex- he has been doing this work for two hours, etc.

Past Tense –
As we can understand from the name, past tense verbs are used to indicate an
action, event or condition that has happened in the past. Each tense has four
aspects that talks about the completion of the event or action and based on that,
we have four types of past tense verbs –
*Simple Past Tense
*Past Continuous Tense
*Past Perfect Tense
*Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
1- Simple past tense- The simple past tense is used to indicate or describe
something that happened or existed in the past. The situations or conditions to
use a simple past tense is to: describe an action, event or condition that
occurred in the past or at a specified time.refer or describe an action that has
been completed and there is no time mentioned.describe an action or occurrence
of an event that is done repeatedly and regularly.describe a state of mind in the
past or a feeling that was felt in the past. Ex-manoj came here yesterday,etc.

2-past continuous tense -it is used to indicate an ongoing event in the past.
Other conditions where past continuous tense is used are: To show that
someone is in the middle of an action. Is used to describe an action taking place
when another occurred. For an action that was taking place in the past when an
interrupted action happened. Example: While he was working on his laptop, he
fell asleep, etc.
3- Past perfect tense - The past perfect tense in a sentence or conversation
describes an event that happened in the past before another event in the simple
past tense was completed in the past. The situations where a Past Perfect Tense
is used are to:
Indicate an event that has occurred and been completed in the past. describe an
event or action which happened before a definite time in the past.describe an
action that happened in the past before another action took place.
Ex-he had gone before I came, etc.
4-Past perfect continuous tense –This tense is used to describe actions that were
going on in the past up until another action in the past happened. They are often
used in the following situations:
For an action that has occurred over a period of time having begun in the past.
To describe an action which started and finished in the past before another past
action. It is also regularly used in the reported speech where the present perfect
continuous tense becomes past perfect continuous tense. Ex-they were
dancing for two hours, etc.
Future tenses -
The future tense is a verb tense used for a future activity or a future state of
being. These are of four types –
*Simple future Tense
*future Continuous Tense
*future Perfect Tense
*future Perfect Continuous Tense
1- Simple future tense-It can be used in affirmative, interrogative and negative
sentences. Both ‘shall’ and ‘will’ can be used in simple future tense sentences,
but modern English uses ‘Will’ rather than ‘shall’.

It is also used to denote facts or events of certainty. It is used to give a warning

or take a spontaneous decision. To express readiness. Make an offer or
suggestion using ‘shall’. To give an invitation or an order to someone. Ex-he
will do this work, etc.
2- Future Continuous Tense- The future continuous or future progressive tense
is used to denote an event that is ongoing in the future. It is made up of two
elements: a simple future of the verb ‘to be’ + the present participle (-ing). The
future progressive tense is used in the following condition: To extend
ourselves in the future to predict future events Ask or inquire about events in the
future to refer to events in the future that have a continuous nature or occur
regularly.
Ex- I will have spent all my money by this time next year, etc.
3 Future Perfect Tense-It is used to refer to an action which will have been
completed at some time in the future. The future perfect is composed of two
elements: the simple future of the verb “to have” (will have) + the past
participle of the main verb. It can be used in the affirmative, negative and
affirmative and negative of interrogative sentences.
Ex: By the time you get this letter, I will have left, etc.
4-future Perfect Continuous Tense-This tense is used to describe an event that is
ongoing and will complete sometime in the future. A time reference is used to
indicate the starting time of the event or action or how long it has been
continuing. Commonly used words to indicate time reference are ‘since’ and
‘for’. Ex-They will have been living in Mumbai for 10 years, etc.

VOCABULARY DRILLS
*homonyms
*homophones
*homographs
1-homonyms- Homonyms are two words that are spelled the same and sound
the same but have different meanings. The word "homonym" comes from the
prefix "homo-," which means the same, and the suffix "-nym," which means
name. Therefore, a homonym is a word that has the same name as another word,
meaning that the two words look and sound exactly alike.
Ex-Address - to speak to / location, Air - oxygen / a lilting tune, Arm - body
part / division of a company, etc.
2-homophones- Homophones are pairs of words that sound the same, but have
distinctly different meanings and different spellings. Understanding
homophones is an essential part of mastering the English language, both for
vocabulary building and spelling.
Ex-cell/sell, cent/scent, die/dye, flour/flower, for/four, heal/heel, hear/here ,etc.
3-homographs-it is a group (usually a pair) of words that are spelled the same
way, and may or may not be pronounced the same way, although the difference
in pronunciation is often just a shift in the accented syllable.
Ex-accent - stress or emphasis/a manner of speaking or pronunciation
influenced by the region in which one lives or grew up.
MODIFIERS-

A modifier is a word/phrase/clause which modifies other words in a sentence.

To be specific, a modifier is either an adjective or an adverb. The adjectives
modify the nouns, and the adverbs modify the verbs or the adjectives or the
other adverbs. See the details of adjectives and adverbs.
Example:
Alex bought a chocolate cake yesterday.
Murphy, the president’s daughter, is very sick.

Generally, modifiers are of two types according to their position to the words
they modify:
Pre-modifiers:
Pre-modifiers are the modifiers which modify the words that follow them in the
sentence. Conventionally the adjectives are usually placed before the nouns. So,
most of the adjectives are pre-modifiers. Adverbs are often placed before the
words they modify. Articles, determiners, demonstratives, proper adjectives,
descriptive adjectives, compound adjectives, participles, etc. are the adjectives
which come before the nouns and modify them. Conjunctive adverbs, sentence
adverbs, and some other adverbs can work being placed before the
verbs/adjectives/other adverbs.
Example:
Generally, the brown dogs are nice.
Apparently, that bank has a lot of security process.
Post-modifiers
Post-modifiers are the modifiers which come after the words they modify.
Customarily, the adverbs come after the verbs and modify them. However,
some adjectives also come after the nouns and modify them. Most of the
adverbs of time, adverbs of manner, adverbs of place/direction usually come
after the verbs they modify. Appositives, prepositional phrases
(adjectives/adverbs), infinitives (adverbs/adjectives), dependent clause, etc.
usually come after the nouns they modify.
Example:
Jason Roy, a cricketer, has been selected in the squad.
Stark, our teacher, gives us tasks to do in the class.