Skin PDF

SKIN
DR. SADAF AZIZ

LECTURER, NORTHWEST COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
Peshawar, pakistan
SKIN
 The skin is also known as the cutaneous membrane

covers the entire external surface of body.
 5 pigments of skin
1. Melanin
2. Melanoid
3. Carotene
4. Haemoglobin
5. oxyhaemoglobin
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
The skin consists of 2 main parts.

 The superficial, thinner portion, which is composed of epithelial
tissue, is the epidermis (epi=above). It is avascular.
 The deeper, thicker portion is the dermis. It is vascular
 Deep to dermis, but not part of skin is the subcutaneous layer,
also known as hypodermis (hypo=below). This consists of adipose
tissues.
 The subcutaneous layer serves as a storage depot for fat and
contain large blood vessels that supply the skin
EPIDERMIS
 Superficial avascular layer of stratified squamous epithelium.

 Give rise to appendages of skin
 Structurally made of superficial cornified zone and a deep germinative zone.
 The cells of deeper layer proliferate and pass towards the surface
 As they migrate, they become more and more flattened and lose their nuclei
 In the germinative zone there are also melanocytes which synthesize melanin
 It consists of 5 sub layers and 4 distinct types of cell
EPIDERMIS & ITS CELL
KERATINOCYTES
MELANOCYTES
LANGERHANS CELL
MERKEL CELL
1. KERATINOCYTES
(Keratino= horn-like, -cytes=cells)
• Arranged in 4-5 layers and produce the protein “keratin”

ARRANGEMENT • the most abundant cells
• formed in stratum basale and undergo continuous mitosis.

• The cells push their way up to the surface where they are dead
FORMATION cells filled with keratin and will slough off.
• Regenerates every 25-45 days.
• protect the skin from entry of foreign particles and act as

waterproofing material
• Keratin is s a tough, fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and
FUNCTION underlying tissues from abrasions, heat, microbes and chemicals.
• Keratinocytes also produce lamellar granules which release
a water-repellant sealent that decreases water entry and loss
and inhibits the entry of foreign materials
2. MELANOCYTES
(Melano= black)
• 8% of epidermal cells are melanocytes
• Produce the pigment melanin.
CHARACTERIS • Melanin is a yellow-red or brown-black
TIC pigment that contribute to skin color and
absorbs damaging UV light
ARRANGEMEN • They are also present in stratum basale.

T • These cells have dendritic processes.
• Melanin accumulates in melanosomes and
transported along dendrites of the melanocytes to Yozae
keratinocytes. she
• Inside keratinocytes the melanin granules cluster
to form protective veil over nucleus on the side
FUNCTION toward the skin surface. Chal e d
• In this way, they shield the nuclear DNA from
damage by UV light
• Melanocytes themselves are particularly
3. LANGERHANS CELLS
4. MERKEL CELLS
LAYERS OF
EPIDERMIS
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS*
 Thick & thin skin:

5 layers
1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosm
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum
1.STRATUM BASALE*
 This is the deepest layer of the epidermis and is separated by dermis by a basement membrane.
 Composed of single row of keratinocytes
 This layer is characterized by numerous mitotic figures, the stem cells, responsible for production of new keratinocytes which
are constantly displaced into layer above.
 It is also known as STRATUM GERMINATIVUM (germ=sprout) to indicate its role in forming new cells
 It contain keratin intermediate filaments which bind cells of stratum basale to
 lleach other and to cells of adjacent layers

2. STRATUM SPINOSUM
 Spinos= thorn-like
 Superficial to stratum basale
Basale ki
 Mainly consist of numerous keratinocytes arranged in 8-10 layers. yo v
 The keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum produced by the stem cells in the
basal layer retain their ability to divide.
 Stratum spinosum when prepared for microscopic examination appear to be
covered with thorn-like spines
 At each spine like projection the keratin intermediate filaments tightly join
cells to one another.
 This arrangement provides both strength and flexibility to skin.
 Langerhan cells and projections of melanocytes are also present
3. STRATUM GRANULOSUM*
 Granulos= little grains
Consists of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes that undergo apoptosis
Half of the

The nuclei and other organelles begin to degenerate as they move farther from their source of nutrition i-e the dermal blood

spinous
vessels
 This layer consist of dark granules of protein called keratohyalin, that assembles keratin intermediate filaments into keratin
 Also present lamellar granules that release lipid-rich secretion. This secretion is deposited in the spaces between cells of the Che pa
stratum granulosum, lucidum and corneum.
bara
This secretion acts as water repellant and entry of foreign particles.
zee nu

 The starum garnulosum marks the transition between the deeper active strata and the dead cells of the superficial strata death
Yo zae kawal kai
kege
Lipis bara three layers ki deposited she

Lipis secretion
Miyanz ki v da upper and da lover layer

4. STRATUM LUCIDUM*
 Lucid=clear
 Present only in thick skin i-e fingertips, palms and soles.
 4-6 layers of dead keratinocytes One more than granulus
 Also large amount of keratin
High meqdar ki v ( der xiyat )

5. STRATUM CORNEUM*
 Corne= horn
 25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes, but may
vary depending on skin type Poo way
 The cells with each layer overlap one another
like scales on skin of snake
 Cells are continuously being shed and replaced
by cells from the deeper strata. Ghorzege and raheje
 Its multiple layers of dead cells help the stratum
corneum to protect deeper layers from injury
and microbial invasion
MNEMONICS FOR SKIN LAYERS
 Come, Let’s Get Sun Burned

 (from superficial to deep)
 stratum Corneum
 stratum Lucidum
 stratum Granulosum
 stratum Spinosum
 stratum Basale.
DERMIS
 Deep vascular layer of skin

 Made of connective tissue with
variable elastic fibers mixed with
blood vessels, lymphatics and
nerves.
 Superficial papillary layer and
deep reticular layer
APPENDAGES
OF SKIN
APPENDAGES OF SKIN
1. Nails
2. Hair
3. Sweat glands
4. Sebacous glands
NAILS
 Hardened keratin plates
 Each nail has the following parts
 Root
 Free border
 Body
 Lunule
 Nail wall
 Nail bed
 Germinative zone beneath root and lunule is thick and responsible for growth of
nail
 The corium is very vascular under body except lunule of nail.
HAIR
 Keratinous filaments – invagination of germinative layer of epidermis into the dermis

 ROOT-the implanted part. Surrounded by hair follicle and expanded to form hair bulb. The hair papilla forms the
neurovascular hilum of hair.
 SHAFT-the projecting part
 Hair grows at the hair bulb,
 Hair follicles lie obliquely to surface of skin and responsible for characteristic hair streams in
different body parts.
 The arrectores pilorum muscles produces goose skin
 Lanugo (primary skin) vellus (secondary hair)
 Hair growth rate 1.5-2.2mm per week.
SWEAT GLANDS
Sudoriferous/sweat glands distributed all over skin. These are of two types:
1. THE ECCRINE GLANDS:
 Abundant. Distributed in every part of skin
 Single tube. Deep part is coiled called the body of the gland, lies in the deeper part of
corium.
 The straight part, the duct, traverses the dermis and epidermis and open on surface of skin
 Large in axilla and groin, numerous in palms and soles, least in neck and back
 Merocrine in nature
 Cholinergic sympathetic nerves
2. THE APOCRINE GLANDS:
 Axilla, eyelids, nipple and external
genitalia.
 Larger than eccrine and produce
thicker secretion with characteristic
odour.
 Close association wit hair follicles.
 Ceruminous glands of external auditory
meatus
 Merocrine in nature but regulated by
dual autonomic control
 One liter of sweat secreted per day
 In hot climates the secretion increases
to 3-10 liters per day
SEBACOUS GLANDS
 Produce an oily secretion, called sebum, widely

distributed over dermis of skin
 Abundant in scalp, face, ear, nose mouth anus
 Small and sacculated appearance.
 Cluster of 2-5 piriform alveoli
 Ducts open into hair follicles
 Holocrine in nature
 Under hormonal control
 Lubricates skin and hair
 Bactericidal action
 Makes skin water proof.
FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
1. Protection
2. Sensory
3. Regulation of body temperature
4. Absorption
5. Secretion
6. Excretion
7. Regulation of pH
8. Synthesis
9. Storage
10. reparative
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
DEFINITION
 General coating of body

beneath of skin
 Made of loose areolar
tissue with varying
amounts of skin
DISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN THIS FASCIA
 Abundant in the gluteal , lumbar from of thighs, anterior

abdominal wall below umbilicus, mammary gland, post deltoid
region and cervicothoracic region
 In females fat is more abundant and evenly distributed
 Fat is absent from eyelids, external ear, penis and scrotum
 Fats fill the hollow spaces like axilla orbits and ischiorectal fossa
 Fats around kidney provide support
TYPES OF FATS
 Yellow fat
 Brown fat
FUNCTIONS
 Facilitates movement of skin

 Passage of vessels and nerves
 Conserves body heat
DEEP FASCIA
DEFINITION
 Fibrous sheet.
 Invests the body beneath the superficial fascia
 Devoid of fat
 Inelastic and tough
DISTRIBUTION
 Best-defined in limbs and neck

 Ill-defined on trunk and face
IMPORTANT FEATURES
 Extensions-intermuscular septa
 Thickenings-retinacula & aponeurosis
 Interruptions on the subcutaneous bones
FUNCTIONS
 Keeps underlying structures in position

 Extra surface for muscular attachments
 Helps in venous & lymphatic return
 Assists muscles in their action
 Retinacula prevent loss of power and minimize friction.
Discussion
 Differentiate brown & yellow fat.

THE END…!!!

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SKIN

DR. SADAF AZIZ

 The skin is also known as the cutaneous membrane

The skin consists of 2 main parts.

 Superficial avascular layer of stratified squamous epithelium.

• Arranged in 4-5 layers and produce the protein “keratin”

• formed in stratum basale and undergo continuous mitosis.

• protect the skin from entry of foreign particles and act as

ARRANGEMEN • They are also present in stratum basale.

 Thick & thin skin:

 Composed of single row of keratinocytes

 It contain keratin intermediate filaments which bind cells of stratum basale to

 lleach other and to cells of adjacent layers

Lipis bara three layers ki deposited she

Miyanz ki v da upper and da lover layer

High meqdar ki v ( der xiyat )

 Come, Let’s Get Sun Burned

 Deep vascular layer of skin

 Keratinous filaments – invagination of germinative layer of epidermis into the dermis

 Produce an oily secretion, called sebum, widely

 General coating of body

 Abundant in the gluteal , lumbar from of thighs, anterior

 Facilitates movement of skin

 Best-defined in limbs and neck

 Keeps underlying structures in position

 Differentiate brown & yellow fat.

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