AutoCAD

Continuing Education Department Level I

Instructor: Dr.Ashok Kaushal

E-mail: ashok_kaushal@hotmail.com

Topics
Orthogonal Views
Reference Textbooks for Presentation
Engineering Drawing & Design, Cecil Jensen,
McGraw-Hill Ryerson, ISBN 0-07-548922-8

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Theory of Shape Description Level I

1.Three dimensional “pictorial drawings” represent objects

with just one view.
– Views can be isometric, oblique and perspective.
2. Two dimensional “orthogonal projections” show what one
would see looking directly at at one side face of an object.

– Views can be front, top, left side, right side, rear and
bottom.
– Features are projected from one view to another.
– Canada & the United States use third-angle projection

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Orthographic Projection & Level I

Pictorial Drawings

Orthographic projection Pictorial Drawings

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Systematic Arrangement of Views Level I

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Viewing the object from all six sides Level I

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Object enclosed in a glass box Level I

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Unfolding glass box - 3rd Angle layout of views Level I

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Third angle layout of views Level I

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Level I
Third Angle Orthogonal projection

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Match isometric with orthogonal viewsLevel I

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Match isometric with orthogonal viewsLevel I

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Match isometric with orthogonal views Level I
- Results

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Hidden Lines Level I

1. Many features (lines, holes, etc) can not be

seen when viewed from outside the piece
depending on the view.
2. These hidden edges are called hidden lines
and are required on drawings to show the
true shape of the objects.

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Hidden Lines Level I

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Objects with hidden lines Level I

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Inclined Surfaces Level I

1. If the surfaces of an object lie in either a horizontal or a

vertical positon, then
– the surfaces appear in their true shapes in one of the
three views
– these surfaces appear as a line in the other two views.
2. When a surface is inclined or sloped in only one direction, then
– that surface is not seen in its true shape in the top, front
or side view.
– it is ,however seen in two views as a distorted surface.
– on the third view it appears as a line.
– Sometimes an auxiliary view is required.

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Sloping Surfaces Level I

NOTE: The true shape of surfaces A and B do not appear

on the top and side views.
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Objects with sloping surfaces Level I

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Circular features Level I

1. Circular features appear circular in one view only.

2. No line is used to indicate where a curved surface joins a
flat surface.
3. Hidden circles ,like hidden flat surfaces , are represented
on drawings by a hidden line.
4. A centre line
– is drawn as a thin, broken line of long and short dashes,
spaced alternately.
– should project for a short distance beyond the outline of
the part or feature to which they refer.
– they may be extended to be used as extension lines for
dimensioning purposes
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Objects with circular features Level I

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Centre lines Level I

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Oblique Surfaces Level I

1. When a surface is sloped so that it is not

perpendicular to any of the three viewing planes
– it will appear as a surface in all three views
– but never in its true shape.
2. Since the oblique object surface is not
perpendicular to the viewing planes
– it can not be parallel to them
– and consequently appears foreshortened.
3. If a true view is required for this surface, two
auxilary views are required.
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Oblique surface A not true shape Level I

in any of the 3 views

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Objects with oblique surfaces Level I

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Match isometric with orthogonal viewsLevel I

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Match isometric with orthogonal viewsLevel I

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Match isometric with orthogonal views - ResultLevel I

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One view and two view drawings Level I

1. Views should be chosen that will best

describe the object to be shown.
2. Only the minimum number of views that
will completely portray the the size and
shape of the part should be used.
3. The views should be chosen to avoid
hidden feature lines when possible.

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Avoidance of hidden-line features Level I

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One view drawings Level I

1. In one view drawings, the third dimension,

such as thickness, may be expressed
– by a note i.e. thickness is
– by descriptive words or abbreviations such as
DIA, Radius, or Hexagon across flats

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One view drawings Level I

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Two-view drawings Level I

1. Frequently a drafter will decide that only

two views are necessary to explain fully a
shape of an object.
2. Therefore, some drawings consist of two
adjacent views
– top and front views only
– front and right views only
3. Two views are usually sufficient for
cylindrical objects.
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Two view drawings Level I

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Partial views Level I

1. Symmetrical objects are often adequately portrayed by half

views.
– a center line line is used to show the axis of symmetry.
– two short lines ,above and below the the view of the
object, are drawn at right angles to and on the centre
line to indicate the line of symmetry.
2. Partial views, which show only a limited portion of the
object with remote details omitted, should be used to
clarify the meaning of the drawing.
3. Occasionally two side views can be used to better depict
the shape.

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Partial views Level I

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Enlarged views Level I

1. Enlarged views are used

– when it is desirable to show a feature in greater
detail
– to eliminate the crowing of details or
dimensioning
2. If the enlarged view is rotated
– state the direction of rotation
– the amount of rotation of the detail
3. The scale of enlargement must be shown.

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Enlarged view of feature Level I

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Enlarged view of assembly Level I

See Detail A
Scale shown on
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Enlarged view removed Level I

View B
Scale 5:1

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Spacing the views Level I

1. Views should be well balanced on the drawing paper

for clarity and provide a professional presentation of
the work.
2. The designer must anticipate the approximate space
limits required for all the views to be properly shown.
– This is determined from
• the size of the object to be drawn
• the number of views
• the scale used
• the space between the views
– (providing the same space between the front and top views
as between the front and side views)

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Balancing the Drawing on the Drawing Paper. Level I

Deciding the views Calculating distances Establishing location

to be drawn and the A and B. of planes 1 and 2.
scale to be used.

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Level I
Use of a Mitre Line
1. The use of a Mitre line at 45 degrees
provides a fast and accurate method of
constructing the third view once two views
are known.
2. It is a technique that comes from manual
drafting but is still effective for 2D CAD
drawings when only 2 views are provided.

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Use of a mitre line Level I

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Completion test - Missing top view Level I

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Completion test - Missing side view Level I

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Level I
Completion test - Missing front view

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Object with circular surfaces Level I

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Object with oblique surfaces Level I

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Portfolio Level I

1. Use Concordia University 3 ring binder. Your choice of

color.
2. A title page is required.
– Concordia University
– Computer Institute
– Course CI811 : AutoCAD Level I
– Student name
– Date submitted
3. A table of contents is required.
4. Include your term projects.
5. All term drawings and your project must be submitted on a
CDR or Zip disk.
6. Marks are given for professional presentations.
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