Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

d) 99% CI for μ, n = 25, σ = 25 x = 1000, z = 2.58

x − zσ / n ≤ μ ≤ x + zσ / n
1000 − 2.58(25 / 25) ≤ μ ≤ 1000 + 2.58(25 / 25)
987.1 ≤ μ ≤ 1012.9
e) When n is larger, the CI is narrower. The higher the confidence level, the wider the CI.

8-5 a) Sample mean from the first confidence interval = 35.02 + (64.98 − 35.02)/2 = 50
Sample mean from the second confidence interval = 36.95 + (63.05 − 36.95)/2 = 50
b) The 95% CI is (35.02, 64.98) and the 90% CI is (36.95, 63.05). The higher the confidence level, the
wider the CI.

8-6 a) Sample mean from the first confidence interval = 37.53 + (49.87 − 37.53)/2 = 43.7
Sample mean from the second confidence interval = 35.59 + (51.81 − 35.59)/2 = 43.7
b) The 99% CI is (35.59, 51.81) and the 95% CI is (37.53, 49.87). The higher the confidence
level, the wider the CI.

8-7 a) Find n for the length of the 95% CI to be 40. Za/2 = 1.96

1/2 length = (1.96)(20) / n = 20

39.2 = 20 n
2
⎛ 39.2 ⎞
n=⎜ ⎟ = 3.84
⎝ 20 ⎠
Therefore, n = 4.
b) Find n for the length of the 99% CI to be 40. Za/2 = 2.58
1/2 length = (2.58)(20) / n = 20
51.6 = 20 n
2
⎛ 51.6 ⎞
n=⎜ ⎟ = 6.66
⎝ 20 ⎠
Therefore, n = 7.

8-8 Interval (1): 3124.9 ≤ μ ≤ 3215.7 and Interval (2): 3110.5 ≤ μ ≤ 3230.1
Interval (1): half-length = 90.8/2 = 45.4 and Interval (2): half-length = 119.6/2 = 59.8

a) x1 = 3124.9 + 45.4 = 3170.3

x2 = 3110.5 + 59.8 = 3170.3 The sample means are the same.

8-2
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

b) Interval (1): 3124.9 ≤ μ ≤ 3215.7 was calculated with 95% Confidence because it has a smaller
half-length, and therefore a smaller confidence interval. The 99% confidence level will make the
interval larger.

8-9 a) The 99% CI on the mean calcium concentration would be longer.

b) No, that is not the correct interpretation of a confidence interval. The probability that μ is between
0.49 and 0.82 is either 0 or 1.
c) Yes, this is the correct interpretation of a confidence interval. The upper and lower limits of the
confidence limits are random variables.

8-10 95% two-sided CI on the breaking strength of yarn: where x = 675, σ = 15, n = 9 and z0.025 = 1.96

x − z0.025σ / n ≤ μ ≤ x + z0.025σ / n
675 − 1.96(15) / 9 ≤ μ ≤ 675 + 1.96(15) / 9
665.2 ≤ μ ≤ 684.8

8-11 95% two-sided CI on the true mean yield: where x = 90.480, σ = 3, n = 5 and z0.025 = 1.96

x − z0.025σ / n ≤ μ ≤ x + z0.025σ / n
90.480 − 1.96(3) / 5 ≤ μ ≤ 90.480 + 1.96(3) / 5
87.85 ≤ μ ≤ 93.11

8-12 99% two-sided CI on the diameter cable harness holes: where x = 3.75, σ = 0.025, n = 10 and
z0.005 = 2.58

x − z0.005σ / n ≤ μ ≤ x + z0.005σ / n
3.75 − 2.58(0.025) / 10 ≤ μ ≤ 3.75 + 2.58(0.025) / 10
3.73 ≤ μ ≤ 3.77

8-13 a) 99% two-sided CI on the true mean piston ring diameter

For α = 0.01, zα/2 = z0.005 = 2.58, and x = 74.036, σ = 0.001, n = 15

⎛ σ ⎞ ⎛ σ ⎞
x − z0.005 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + z0.005 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠

⎛ 0.001 ⎞ ⎛ 0.001 ⎞
74.036 − 2.58 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 74.036 + 2.58 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠
74.0353 ≤ μ ≤ 74.0367
b) 99% one-sided CI on the true mean piston ring diameter
For α = 0.01, zα = z0.01 = 2.33 and x = 74.036, σ = 0.001, n = 15
σ
x − z0.01 ≤μ
n
⎛ 0.001 ⎞
74.036 − 2.33 ⎜ ⎟≤μ
⎝ 15 ⎠

8-3
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

74.0354 ≤ μ
The lower bound of the one sided confidence interval is less than the lower bound of the two-sided
confidence. This is because the Type I probability of 99% one sided confidence interval (or α = 0.01)
in the left tail (or in the lower bound) is greater than Type I probability of 99% two-sided confidence
interval (or α/2 = 0.005) in the left tail.

8-14 a) 95% two-sided CI on the true mean life of a 75-watt light bulb
For α = 0.05, zα/2 = z0.025 = 1.96, and x = 1014, σ = 25, n = 20
⎛ σ ⎞ ⎛ σ ⎞
x − z0.025 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + z0.025 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠

⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
1014 − 1.96 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 1014 + 1.96 ⎜
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎟⎠
1003 ≤ μ ≤ 1025

b) 95% one-sided CI on the true mean piston ring diameter

For α = 0.05, zα = z0.05 = 1.65 and x = 1014, σ = 25, n = 20
σ
x − z0.05 ≤μ
n
⎛ 25 ⎞
1014 − 1.65 ⎜ ⎟≤μ
⎝ 20 ⎠
1005 ≤ μ

The lower bound of the one sided confidence interval is lower than the lower bound of the two-sided
confidence interval even though the level of significance is the same. This is because all of the Type I
probability (or α) is in the left tail (or in the lower bound).

8-15 a) 95% two-sided CI on the mean compressive strength

zα/2 = z0.025 = 1.96, and x = 22,400, σ2 = 4.75 × 104, n = 12
⎛ σ ⎞ ⎛ σ ⎞
x − z0.025 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + z0.025 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n⎠

⎛ 218 ⎞ ⎛ 218 ⎞
22, 400 − 1.96 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ 22, 400 + 1.96 ⎜
⎝ 12 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎟⎠
22, 276.65 ≤ μ ≤ 22,523.35

b) 99% two-sided CI on the true mean compressive strength

zα/2 = z0.005 = 2.58
⎛ σ ⎞ ⎛ σ ⎞
x − z0.005 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + z0.005 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n⎠

⎛ 218 ⎞ ⎛ 218 ⎞
22, 400 − 2.58 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ 22, 400 + 2.58 ⎜
⎝ 12 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎟⎠
22,237.64 ≤ μ ≤ 22,562.36

8-4
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

The 99% CI is wider than the 95% CI

8-16 95% confident that the error of estimating the true mean life of a 75-watt light bulb is less than 5
hours.
For α = 0.05, zα/2 = z0.025 = 1.96, and σ = 25, E = 5

⎛ z σ⎞
2 2
⎛ 1.96(25) ⎞
n = ⎜ a/2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎠ = 96.04
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 5
Always round up to the next number, therefore n = 97

8-17 Set the width to 6 hours with σ = 25, z0.025 = 1.96 solve for n.

1/2 width = (1.96)(25) / n = 3

49 = 3 n
2
⎛ 49 ⎞
n = ⎜ ⎟ = 266.78
⎝ 3 ⎠
Therefore, n = 267.

8-18 99% confident that the error of estimating the true compressive strength is less than 100 kN/m2
For α = 0.01, zα/2 = z0.005 = 2.58, and σ = 218, E = 100

⎛ z σ⎞
2 2
⎛ 2.58(218) ⎞
n = ⎜ a/2 ⎟ = ⎜ = 31.63 ≅ 32
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎟⎠

Therefore, n = 32

8-19 To decrease the length of the CI by one half, the sample size must be increased by 4 times (22).
zα / 2σ / n = 0.5l

Now, to decrease by half, divide both sides by 2.

( zα / 2σ / n ) / 2 = (l / 2) / 2
( zα / 2σ / 2 n ) = l / 4
( zα / 2σ / 22 n ) = l / 4
Therefore, the sample size must be increased by 22.

⎛ σ ⎞ ⎛ σ ⎞
8-20 If n is doubled in Eq 8-7: x − zα / 2 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ x + zα / 2 ⎜
⎝ n ⎟⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠

zα / 2σ zα / 2σ zα / 2σ 1 ⎛ zα / 2σ ⎞
= = =
2n 1.414 n 1.414 n 1.414 ⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠

The interval is reduced by 0.293 29.3%

8-5
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

If n is increased by a factor of 4 Eq 8-7:

zα / 2σ zα / 2σ zα / 2σ 1 ⎛ zα / 2σ ⎞
= = = ⎜ ⎟
4n 2 n 2 n 2⎝ n ⎠

The interval is reduced by 0.5 or ½.

8-21 a) 99% two-sided CI on the mean temperature

zα/2 = z0.005 = 2.57, and x = 13.77, σ = 0.5, n = 11

⎛ σ ⎞ ⎛ σ ⎞
x − z0.005 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + z0.005 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠

⎛ 0.5 ⎞ ⎛ 0.5 ⎞
13.77 − 2.57 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 13.77 + 2.57 ⎜
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎟⎠
13.383 ≤ μ ≤ 14.157

b) 95% lower-confidence bound on the mean temperature

For α = 0.05, zα = z0.05 = 1.65 and x = 13.77, σ = 0.5, n = 11
σ
x − z0.05 ≤μ
n
⎛ 0.5 ⎞
13.77 − 1.65 ⎜ ⎟≤μ
⎝ 11 ⎠
13.521 ≤ μ

c) 95% confidence that the error of estimating the mean temperature for wheat grown is
less than 2 degrees Celsius.
For α = 0.05, zα/2 = z0.025 = 1.96, and σ = 0.5, E = 2

⎛ z σ ⎞ ⎛ 1.96(0.5) ⎞
2 2

n = ⎜ a/2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.2401
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Always round up to the next number, therefore n = 1.

d) Set the width to 1.5 degrees Celsius with σ = 0.5, z0.025 = 1.96 solve for n.

1/2 width = (1.96)(0.5) / n = 0.75

0.98 = 0.75 n
2
⎛ 0.98 ⎞
n=⎜ ⎟ = 1.707
⎝ 0.75 ⎠
Therefore, n = 2.

8-6
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

Section 8-2

8-22 t0.025,15 = 2.131 t0.05,10 = 1.812 t0.10,20 = 1.325

t0.005,25 = 2.787 t0.001,30 = 3.385

8-23 a) t0.025,15 = 2.131 b) t0.025,24 = 2.064 c) t0.005,13 = 3.012

d) t0.0005,15 = 4.073

8-24 a) t0.10 = 1.345 b) t0.01,19 = 2.539 c) t0.001,24 = 3.467

8-25 a) Mean Sum 251.848

= = = 25.1848
N 10

Variance = ( StDev) 2 = 1.7 2 = 2.89

b) 95% confidence interval on mean

n = 10 x = 25.1848 s = 1.7 t0.025,9 = 2.262

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,9 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,9 ⎜
⎝ n ⎟⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 1.7 ⎞ ⎛ 1.7 ⎞
25.1848 − 2.262 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ 25.1848 + 2.262 ⎜
⎝ 10 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
23.9688 ≤ μ ≤ 26.4008

8-26 SE Mean = StDev = 6.11 = 1.58 , therefore N = 15

N N

Mean = Sum = 751.40 = 50.0933

N 15

Variance = ( StDev)2 = 6.112 = 37.3321

b) 95% confidence interval on mean
n = 15 x = 50.0933 s = 6.11 t0.025,14 = 2.145

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,14 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,14 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ 6.11 ⎞ ⎛ 6.11 ⎞
50.0933 − 2.145 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 50.0933 + 2.145 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠
46.709 ≤ μ ≤ 53.477

8-7
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8-27 95% confidence interval on mean tire life

n = 16 x = 60,139.7 s = 3645.94 t0.025,15 = 2.131

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,15 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,15 ⎜
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 3645.94 ⎞ ⎛ 3645.94 ⎞
60139.7 − 2.131 ⎜
⎝ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 60139.7 + 2.131 ⎝⎜
⎠ ⎟
16 16 ⎠
58197.33 ≤ μ ≤ 62082.07

8-28 99% lower confidence bound on mean Izod impact strength

n = 20 x = 1.25 s = 0.25 t0.01,19 = 2.539

⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.01,19 ⎜ ⎟≤μ
⎝ n⎠
⎛ 0.25 ⎞
1.25 − 2.539 ⎜ ⎟≤μ
⎝ 20 ⎠
1.108 ≤ μ

8-29 x = 30 s = 0.5 n = 25
95% CI on the mean volume of syrup dispensed
For α = 0.05 and n = 25, tα/2,n-1 = t0.025,24 = 2.064
⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,24 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,24 ⎜
⎝ n ⎟⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 0.5 ⎞ ⎛ 0.5 ⎞
30 − 2.064 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ 30 + 2.064 ⎜
⎝ 25 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎟⎠
29.794 ≤ μ ≤ 30.206

8-30 95% confidence interval on mean peak power

n = 7 x = 315 s = 16 t0.025,6 = 2.447

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,6 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,6 ⎜
⎝ n ⎟⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛ 315 ⎞
315 − 2.447 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 315 + 2.447 ⎜
⎝ 7⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎟⎠
300.202 ≤ μ ≤ 329.798

8-31 99% upper confidence interval on mean SBP

n = 14 x = 118.3 s = 9.9 t0.01,13 = 2.650

⎛ s ⎞
μ ≤ x + t0.005,13 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠
⎛ 9.9 ⎞
μ ≤ 118.3 + 2.650 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠
μ ≤ 125.312

8-8
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8-32 90% CI on the mean frequency of a beam subjected to loads

x = 231.67, s = 1.53, n = 5, tα / 2, n -1 = t.05,4 = 2.132

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.05,4 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.05,4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ 1.53 ⎞ ⎛ 1.53 ⎞
231.67 − 2.132 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 231.67 − 2.132 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
230.2 ≤ μ ≤ 233.1
By examining the normal probability plot, it appears that the data are normally distributed. There does
not appear to be enough evidence to reject the hypothesis that the frequencies are normally distributed.

N orm al P rob a b ility P lot for freq u en c ies

M L E s tim a te s - 9 5 % C I

99 M L E s tim a te s
M ean 2 3 1 .6 7
95
S tD e v 1 .3 6 9 4 4
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

226 231 236

D ata

8-33 The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot below.
Therefore, there is evidence to support that the annual rainfall is normally distributed.

95% confidence interval on mean annual rainfall

n = 20 x = 485.8 s = 90.34 t0.025,19 = 2.093

8-9
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,19 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,19 ⎜
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 90.34 ⎞ ⎛ 90.34 ⎞
485.8 − 2.093 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 485.8 + 2.093 ⎜
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎟⎠
443.520 ≤ μ ≤ 528.080

8-34 The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot below.
Therefore, there is evidence to support that the solar energy is normally distributed.

95% confidence interval on mean solar energy consumed

n = 16 x = 65.58 s = 4.225 t0.025,15 = 2.131

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,15 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,15 ⎜
⎝ n ⎠⎟ ⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 4.225 ⎞ ⎛ 4.225 ⎞
65.58 − 2.131 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ 65.58 + 2.131 ⎜
⎝ 16 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎟⎠
63.329 ≤ μ ≤ 67.831

8-35 99% confidence interval on mean current required

Assume that the data are a random sample from a normal distribution.
n = 10 x = 317.2 s = 15.7 t0.005,9 = 3.250

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.005,9 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.005,9 ⎜
⎝ n ⎟⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 15.7 ⎞ ⎛ 15.7 ⎞
317.2 − 3.250 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ 317.2 + 3.250 ⎜
⎝ 10 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
301.06 ≤ μ ≤ 333.34

8-10
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8-36 a) The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot
below. Therefore, there is evidence to support that the level of polyunsaturated fatty acid is normally
distributed.

Norm al Probability Plot for 8-25

ML Estimates - 95% CI

99

95
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

16 17 18
Data

b) 99% CI on the mean level of polyunsaturated fatty acid.

For α = 0.01, tα/2,n-1 = t0.005,5 = 4.032
⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.005,5 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.005,5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠

⎛ 0.319 ⎞ ⎛ 0.319 ⎞
16.98 − 4.032 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ 16.98 + 4.032 ⎜
⎝ 6 ⎠⎟ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎟
16.455 ≤ μ ≤ 17.505
The 99% confidence for the mean polyunsaturated fat is (16.455, 17.505). There is high confidence
that the true mean is in this interval

8-37 a) The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot
below.

Normal Probability Plot for Strength

ML Estimates - 95% CI

99 ML Estimates
Mean 2259.92
95
StDev 34.0550
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

2150 2250 2350

Data

8-11
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

b) 95% two-sided confidence interval on mean comprehensive strength

n = 12 x = 2259.9 s = 35.6 t0.025,11 = 2.201

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,11 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,11 ⎜
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 35.6 ⎞ ⎛ 35.6 ⎞
2259.9 − 2.201 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 2259.9 + 2.201 ⎜
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎟⎠
2237.3 ≤ μ ≤ 2282.5

c) 95% lower-confidence bound on mean strength

⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.05,11 ⎜ ≤μ
⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 35.6 ⎞
2259.9 − 1.796 ⎜ ≤μ
⎝ 12 ⎟⎠
2241.4 ≤ μ

8-38 a) According to the normal probability plot there does not seem to be a severe deviation from normality
for this data. This is due to the fact that the data appears to fall along a straight line.

N orm al P rob ab ility P lot for 8 -2 7

M L E stima te s - 9 5 % C I

99

95
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

8 .1 5 8 .2 0 8 .2 5 8 .3 0
D ata

b) 95% two-sided confidence interval on mean rod diameter

For α = 0.05 and n = 15, tα/2,n-1 = t0.025,14 = 2.145
⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,14 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,14 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n⎠

⎛ 0.025 ⎞ ⎛ 0.025 ⎞
8.23 − 2.145 ⎜ ≤ μ ≤ 8.23 + 2.145 ⎜
⎝ 15 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎟⎠

8.216 ≤ μ ≤ 8.244
c) 95% upper confidence bound on mean rod diameter t0.05,14 = 1.761

8-12
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

⎛ s ⎞
μ ≤ x + t0.025,14 ⎜
⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 0.025 ⎞
μ ≤ 8.23 + 1.761⎜
⎝ 15 ⎟⎠
μ ≤ 8.241

8-39 a) The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot
below. Therefore, there is evidence to support that the speed-up of CNN is normally distributed.

b) 95% confidence interval on mean speed-up

n = 13 x = 4.313 s = 0.4328 t0.025,12 = 2.179

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,12 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,12 ⎜
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 0.4328 ⎞ ⎛ 0.4328 ⎞
4.313 − 2.179 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 4.313 + 2.179 ⎜
⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎟⎠
4.051 ≤ μ ≤ 4.575
c) 95% lower confidence bound on mean speed-up
n = 13 x = 4.313 s = 0.4328 t0.05,12 = 1.782

⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.05,12 ⎜ ≤μ
⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎛ 0.4328 ⎞
4.313 − 1.782 ⎜ ≤μ
⎝ 13 ⎟⎠
4.099 ≤ μ

8-40 95% lower bound confidence for the mean wall thickness given x = 4.05 s = 0.08 n = 25
tα,n-1 = t0.05,24 = 1.711
⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.05,24 ⎜ ≤μ
⎝ n ⎟⎠

8-13
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

⎛ 0.08 ⎞
4.05 − 1.711 ⎜ ≤μ
⎝ 25 ⎟⎠

4.023 ≤ μ
There is high confidence that the true mean wall thickness is greater than 4.023 mm.

Normal Probability Plot for Percent Enrichment

ML Estimates - 95% CI

99 ML Estimates
Mean 2.90167
95
StDev 0.0951169
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2

Data

8-41 a) The data appear to be normally distributed. There is not strong evidence that the percentage of
enrichment deviates from normality.

b) 99% two-sided confidence interval on mean percentage enrichment

For α = 0.01 and n = 12, tα/2,n-1 = t0.005,11 = 3.106, x = 2.9017 s = 0.0993

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.005,11 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.005,11 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ 0.0993 ⎞ ⎛ 0.0993 ⎞
2.902 − 3.106 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 2.902 + 3.106 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
2.813 ≤ μ ≤ 2.991

8-14
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

Section 8-3

8-42 χ 0.05,10
2
= 18.31 χ 0.025,15
2
= 27.49 χ 0.01,12
2
= 26.22

χ 0.95,20
2
= 10.85 χ 0.99,18
2
= 7.01 χ 0.995,16
2
= 5.14

χ 0.005,25
2
= 46.93

8-43 a) 95% upper CI and df = 24 χ 12−α ,df = χ 02.95, 24 = 18.31

b) 99% lower CI and df = 9 χ α2 ,df = χ 02.01,9 = 13.85

c) 90% CI and df = 25
χ α2 / 2, df = χ 0.05,25
2
= 37.65 and χ12−α / 2,25 = χ 0.95,25
2
= 14.61

8-44 99% lower confidence bound for σ2

For α = 0.01 and n = 15, χ α2 ,n −1 = χ 02.01,14 = 29.14

14(0.008) 2
≤ σ2
29.14
0.00003075 ≤ σ 2

8-45 99% lower confidence bound for σ from the previous exercise is
0.00003075 ≤ σ 2
0.005545 ≤ σ
One may take the square root of the variance bound to obtain the confidence bound for the standard
deviation.

8-46 95% two-sided confidence interval for σ

n = 20 s = 4.8

χ α2 / 2, n −1 = χ 0.025,19
2
= 19.02 and χ12− α / 2, n −1 = χ 0.975,19
2
= 2.70

19(4.8) 2 19(4.8) 2
≤ σ2 ≤
19.02 2.70
23.016 ≤ σ 2 ≤ 162.13
4.8 < σ < 12.73

8-47 95% confidence interval for σ: given n = 51, s = 0.37

First find the confidence interval for σ2 :

For α = 0.05 and n = 51, χα/

2
2 , n−1 = χ 0.025,50 = 71.42 and χ1− α / 2 ,n −1 = χ 0.975,50 = 32.36
2 2 2

50(0.37) 2 50(0.37) 2
≤σ2 ≤
71.42 32.36
0.096 ≤ σ2 ≤ 0.2115

8-15
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

Taking the square root of the endpoints of this interval we obtain,

0.31 < σ < 0.46

8-48 95% confidence interval for σ

n = 17 s = 0.09

χα2 / 2, n −1 = χ 0.025,16
2
= 28.85 and χ12−α / 2, n −1 = χ 0.975,16
2
= 6.91

16(0.09) 2 16(0.09) 2
≤σ2 ≤
28.85 6.91
0.0045 ≤ σ ≤ 0.0188
2

0.067 < σ < 0.137

8-49 The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot below.
Therefore, there is evidence to support that the mean temperature is normally distributed.

95% confidence interval for σ

n = 8 s = 0.9463

χα2 / 2, n −1 = χ 0.025,7
2
= 16.01 and χ12−α / 2, n −1 = χ 0.975,7
2
= 1.69

7(0.9463) 2 7(0.9463) 2
≤σ2 ≤
16.01 1.69
0.392 ≤ σ ≤ 3.709
2

0.626 < σ < 1.926

8-50 95% confidence interval for σ

n = 41 s = 15.99

χα2 / 2, n −1 = χ 0.025,40
2
= 59.34 and χ12−α / 2, n −1 = χ 0.975,40
2
= 24.43

8-16
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

40(15.99) 2 40(15.99) 2
≤σ2 ≤
59.34 24.43
172.35 ≤ σ 2 ≤ 418.633
13.13 < σ < 20.46

The data don’t appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot
below. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to support that the time of tumor appearance is
normally distributed. So the 95% confidence interval for σ is invalid.

8-51 95% confidence interval for σ

n = 15 s = 0.00831

χα2 / 2, n −1 = χ 0.025,14
2
= 26.12 and χ12−α , n −1 = χ 0.95,14
2
= 6.53

14(0.00831) 2
σ2 ≤
6.53
σ ≤ 0.000148
2

σ ≤ 0.0122

The data do not appear to be normally distributed based on an examination of the normal probability
plot below. Therefore, the 95% confidence interval for σ is not valid.

8-17
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8-52 a) 99% two-sided confidence interval on σ2

n = 10 s = 1.913 χ 0.005,9
2
= 23.59 and χ 0.995,9
2
= 1.73

9(1.913) 2 9(1.913) 2
≤σ2 ≤
23.59 1.73
1.396 ≤ σ ≤ 19.038
2

b) 99% lower confidence bound for σ2

For α = 0.01 and n = 10, χ α2 ,n −1 = χ 02.01,9 = 21.67

9(1.913) 2
≤σ2
21.67
1.5199 ≤ σ 2

c) 90% lower confidence bound for σ2

For α = 0.1 and n = 10, χ α2 ,n −1 = χ 02.1,9 = 14.68

9(1.913) 2
≤σ2
14.68
2.2436 ≤ σ 2
1.498 ≤ σ

d) The lower confidence bound of the 99% two-sided interval is less than the one-sided interval. The
lower confidence bound for σ2 is in part (c) is greater because the confidence is lower.

8-18
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

Section 8-4

8-53 a) 95% confidence interval on the fraction defective produced with this tool.
15
pˆ = = 0.04286 n = 350 zα / 2 = 1.96
350

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + zα / 2
n n
0.04286(0.95714) 0.04286(0.95714)
0.04286 − 1.96 ≤ p ≤ 0.04286 + 1.96
350 350
0.02164 ≤ p ≤ 0.06408

b) 95% upper confidence bound zα = z 0.05 = 1.65

pˆ (1 − pˆ )
p ≤ pˆ + zα / 2
n
0.04286(0.95714)
p ≤ 0.04286 + 1.650
350
p ≤ 0.06072

8-54 a) 95% confidence interval on the proportion of such tears that will heal.
pˆ = 0.676 n = 37 zα / 2 = 1.96

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + zα / 2
n n
0.676(0.324) 0.676(0.324)
0.676 − 1.96 ≤ p ≤ 0.676 + 1.96
37 37
0.5245 ≤ p ≤ 0.827

b) 95% lower confidence bound on the proportion of such tears that will heal.

pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα ≤p
n
0.676(0.33)
0.676 − 1.64 ≤p
37
0.549 ≤ p

8-55 a) 95% confidence interval for the proportion of college graduates in Ohio that voted for George
Bush.
412
pˆ = = 0.536 n = 768 zα / 2 = 1.96
768

8-19
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + zα / 2
n n
0.536(0.464) 0.536(0.464)
0.536 − 1.96 ≤ p ≤ 0.536 + 1.96
768 768
0.501 ≤ p ≤ 0.571

b) 95% lower confidence bound on the proportion of college graduates in Ohio that voted for George
Bush.

pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα ≤p
n
0.536(0.464)
0.536 − 1.64 ≤p
768
0.506 ≤ p

8-56 a) 95% confidence interval on the death rate from lung cancer.
850
pˆ = = 0.567 n = 1500 zα / 2 = 1.96
1500

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + zα / 2
n n
0.567(0.433) 0.567(0.433)
0.567 − 1.96 ≤ p ≤ 0.567 + 1.96
1500 1500
0.5419 ≤ p ≤ 0.5921

b) E = 0.03, α = 0.05, zα/2 = z0.025 = 1.96 and p$ = 0.567 as the initial estimate of p,
2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 1.96 ⎞
n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ pˆ (1 − pˆ ) = ⎜ 0.567(1 − 0.567) = 1047.95 ,
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.03 ⎟⎠

n ≅ 1048.

c) E = 0.03, α = 0.05, zα/2 = z0.025 = 1.96 at least 95% confident

2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 1.96 ⎞
n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ (0.25) = ⎜ ⎟ (0.25) = 1067.11 ,
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.03 ⎠
n ≅ 1068.

8-57 a) 95% confidence interval on the proportion of rats that are under-weight.
12
pˆ = = 0.4 n = 30 zα / 2 = 1.96
30

8-20
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + zα / 2
n n
0.4(0.6) 0.4(0.6)
0.4 − 1.96 ≤ p ≤ 0.4 + 1.96
30 30
0.225 ≤ p ≤ 0.575

b) E = 0.02, α = 0.05, zα/2 = z0.025 = 1.96 and p$ = 0.4as the initial estimate of p,
2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 1.96 ⎞
n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ pˆ (1 − pˆ ) = ⎜ ⎟ 0.4(1 − 0.4) = 2304.96 ,
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.02 ⎠
n ≅ 2305.

c) E = 0.02, α = 0.05, zα/2 = z0.025 = 1.96 at least 95% confident

2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 1.96 ⎞
n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ (0.25) = ⎜ ⎟ (0.25) = 2401 .
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.02 ⎠

8-58 a) 95% confidence interval on the true proportion of helmets showing damage
18
pˆ = = 0.36 n = 50 zα / 2 = 1.96
50

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + zα / 2
n n
0.36(0.64) 0.36(0.64)
0.36 − 1.96 ≤ p ≤ 0.36 + 1.96
50 50
0.227 ≤ p ≤ 0.493
2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 1.96 ⎞
b) n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ p (1 − p ) = ⎜ ⎟ 0.36(1 − 0.36) = 2212.76
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.02 ⎠
n ≅ 2213
2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 1.96 ⎞
c) n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ p (1 − p ) = ⎜ ⎟ 0.5(1 − 0.5) = 2401
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.02 ⎠

8-59 The worst case would be for p = 0.5, thus with E = 0.05 and α = 0.01, zα/2 = z0.005 = 2.58 we obtain a
sample size of:
2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 2.58 ⎞
n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ p (1 − p) = ⎜ ⎟ 0.5(1 − 0.5) = 665.64 , n ≅ 666
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.05 ⎠

8-60 E = 0.017, α = 0.01, zα/2 = z0.005 = 2.58

2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 2.58 ⎞
n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ p (1 − p ) = ⎜ ⎟ 0.5(1 − 0.5) = 5758.13 , n ≅ 5759
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.017 ⎠

8-21
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

Section 8-6

8-61 95% prediction interval on the life of the next tire given x = 60139.7 s = 3645.94 n = 16 for α = 0.05
tα/2,n-1 = t0.025,15 = 2.131

1 1
x − t0.025,15 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.025,15 s 1 +
n n
1 1
60139.7 − 2.131(3645.94) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 60139.7 + 2.131(3645.94) 1 +
16 16
52131.1 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 68148.3

The prediction interval is considerably wider than the 95% confidence interval (58,197.3 ≤ μ ≤
62,082.07). This is expected because the prediction interval needs to include the variability in the
parameter estimates as well as the variability in a future observation.

8-62 99% prediction interval on the Izod impact data

n = 20 x = 1.25 s = 0.25 t0.005,19 = 2.861

1 1
x − t0.005,19 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.005,19 s 1 +
n n
1 1
1.25 − 2.861(0.25) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 1.25 + 2.861(0.25) 1 +
20 20
0.517 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 1.983

The lower bound of the 99% prediction interval is considerably lower than the 99% confidence
interval (1.108 ≤ μ ≤ ∞). This is expected because the prediction interval needs to include the
variability in the parameter estimates as well as the variability in a future observation.

8-63 95% prediction interval on the volume of syrup of the next beverage dispensed
x = 30 s = 0.5 n = 25 tα/2,n-1 = t0.025,24 = 2.064

1 1
x − t0.025,24 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.025,24 s 1 +
n n
1 1
30 − 2.064(0.5) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 30 − 2.064(0.5) 1 +
25 25
28.9476 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 31.0524

The prediction interval is wider than the confidence interval: 29.794 ≤ μ ≤ 30.206

8-64 90% prediction interval the value of the natural frequency of the next beam of this type that will be
tested given x = 231.67, s = 1.53 For α = 0.10 and n = 5, tα/2,n-1 = t0.05,4 = 2.132

8-22
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

1 1
x − t0.05,4 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.05,4 s 1 +
n n
1 1
231.67 − 2.132(1.53) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 231.67 − 2.132(1.53) 1 +
5 5
228.1 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 235.2
The 90% prediction in interval is greater than the 90% CI.

8-65 95% prediction interval on the volume of syrup of the next beverage dispensed
n = 20 x = 485.8 s = 90.34 tα/2,n-1 = t0.025,19 = 2.093

1 1
x − t0.025,19 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.025,19 s 1 +
n n
1 1
485.8 − 2.093(90.34) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 485.8 − 2.093(90.34) 1 +
20 20
292.049 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 679.551

The 95% prediction interval is wider than the 95% confidence interval.

8-66 99% prediction interval on the polyunsaturated fat

n = 6 x = 16.98 s = 0.319 t0.005,5 = 4.032

1 1
x − t0.005,5 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.005,5 s 1 +
n n
1 1
16.98 − 4.032(0.319) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 16.98 + 4.032(0.319) 1 +
6 6
15.59 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 18.37
The length of the prediction interval is much longer than the width of the confidence interval
16.455 ≤ μ ≤ 17.505 .

8-67 Given x = 317.2 s = 15.7 n = 10 for α = 0.05 tα/2,n-1 = t0.005,9 = 3.250

1 1
x − t0.005,9 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.005,9 s 1 +
n n
1 1
317.2 − 3.250(15.7) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 317.2 − 3.250(15.7) 1 +
10 10
263.7 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 370.7
The length of the prediction interval is longer.

8-68 95% prediction interval on the next rod diameter tested

n = 15 x = 8.23 s = 0.025 t0.025,14 = 2.145

8-23
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

1 1
x − t0.025,14 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.025,14 s 1 +
n n
1 1
8.23 − 2.145(0.025) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 8.23 − 2.145(0.025) 1 +
15 15
8.17 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 8.29

95% two-sided confidence interval on mean rod diameter is 8.216 ≤ μ ≤ 8.244

8-69 90% prediction interval on the next specimen of concrete tested given x = 2260 s = 35.57 n = 12 for α
= 0.05 and n = 12, tα/2,n-1 = t0.05,11 = 1.796

1 1
x − t0.05,11 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.05,11 s 1 +
n n
1 1
2260 − 1.796(35.57) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 2260 + 1.796(35.57) 1 +
12 12
2193.5 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 2326.5

8-70 90% prediction interval on wall thickness on the next bottle tested given x = 4.05 s = 0.08 n = 25 for
tα/2,n-1 = t0.025,24 = 2.064

1 1
x − t0.025,24 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.025,24 s 1 +
n n
1 1
4.05 − 2.064(0.08) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 4.05 − 2.064(0.08) 1 +
25 25
3.8816 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 4.2184

8-71 90% prediction interval for enrichment data given x = 2.9 s = 0.099 n = 12 for α = 0.10
and n = 12, tα/2,n-1 = t0.05,11 = 1.796

1 1
x − t0.05,12 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.05,12 s 1 +
n n
1 1
2.9 − 1.796(0.099) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 2.9 + 1.796(0.099) 1 +
12 12
2.71 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 3.09
The 90% confidence interval is

1 1
x − t0.05,12 s ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.05,12 s
n n
1 1
2.9 − 1.796(0.099) ≤ μ ≤ 2.9 − 1.796(0.099)
12 12
2.85 ≤ μ ≤ 2.95

The prediction interval is wider than the CI on the population mean with the same confidence.

8-24
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

The 99% confidence interval is

1 1
x − t0.005,12 s ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.005,12 s
n n
1 1
2.9 − 3.106(0.099) ≤ μ ≤ 2.9 + 3.106(0.099)
12 12
2.81 ≤ μ ≤ 2.99
The prediction interval is even wider than the CI on the population mean with greater confidence.

8-72 To obtain a one sided prediction interval, use tα,n-1 instead of tα/2,n-1
Since we want a 95% one sided prediction interval, tα/2,n-1 = t0.05,24 = 1.711 and x = 4.05 s = 0.08 n =
25

1
x − t0.05,24 s 1 + ≤ xn +1
n
1
4.05 − 1.711(0.08) 1 + ≤ xn +1
25
3.91 ≤ xn +1

The prediction interval bound is much lower than the confidence interval bound of 4.023 mm

8-73 95% tolerance interval on the life of the tires that has a 95% CL given x = 60139.7 s = 3645.94 n = 16
we find k = 2.903
x − ks, x + ks
60139.7 − 2.903 ( 3645.94 ) , 60139.7 + 2.903 ( 3645.94 )
(49555.54, 70723.86)

95% confidence interval (58,197.3 ≤ μ ≤ 62,082.07) is shorter than the 95% tolerance interval.

8-74 99% tolerance interval on the Izod impact strength PVC pipe that has a 90% CL given x = 1.25, s =
0.25 and n = 20 we find k = 3.368
x − ks, x + ks
1.25 − 3.368 ( 0.25 ) , 1.25 + 3.368 ( 0.25 )
(0.408, 2.092)
The 99% tolerance interval is much wider than the 99% confidence interval on the population mean
(1.090 ≤ μ ≤ 1.410).

8-75 95% tolerance interval on the syrup volume that has 90% confidence level x = 1.10 s = 0.015 n = 25
and k = 2.474
x − ks, x + ks
1.10 − 2.474 ( 0.015 ) , 1.10 + 2.474 ( 0.015 )
(1.06, 1.14)

8-25
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8-76 99% tolerance interval on the polyunsaturated fatty acid in this type of margarine that has a confidence
level of 95% x = 16.98 s = 0.319 n = 6 and k = 5.775
x − ks, x + ks
16.98 − 5.775 ( 0.319 ) , 16.98 + 5.775 ( 0.319 )
(15.14, 18.82)
The 99% tolerance interval is much wider than the 99% confidence interval on the population mean
(16.46 ≤ μ ≤ 17.51).

8-77 95% tolerance interval on the rainfall that has a confidence level of 95%
n = 20 x = 485.8 s = 90.34 k = 2.752
x − ks, x + ks
485.8 − 2.752 ( 90.34 ) , 485.8 + 2.752 ( 90.34 )
(237.184, 734.416)
The 95% tolerance interval is much wider than the 95% confidence interval on the population mean
( 443.52 ≤ μ ≤ 528.08 ).

8-78 95% tolerance interval on the diameter of the rods in exercise 8-27 that has a 90% confidence level
x = 8.23 s = 0.0.25 n = 15 and k = 2.713
x − ks, x + ks
8.23 − 2.713 ( 0.025 ) , 8.23 + 2.713 ( 0.025)
(8.16, 8.30)
The 95% tolerance interval is wider than the 95% confidence interval on the population mean
(8.216 ≤ μ ≤ 8.244).

8-79 99% tolerance interval on the brightness of television tubes that has a 95% CL given x = 317.2
s = 15.7 n = 10 we find k = 4.433
x − ks, x + ks
317.2 − 4.433 (15.7 ) , 317.2 + 4.433 (15.7 )
(247.60, 386.80)
The 99% tolerance interval is much wider than the 95% confidence interval on the population mean
301.06 ≤ μ ≤ 333.34 .

8-80 95% tolerance interval on the comprehensive strength of concrete that has a 95% CL
given x = 2260 s = 35.57 n = 12 we find k = 3.162
x − ks, x + ks
2260 − 3.162 ( 35.57) , 2260 + 3.162 ( 35.57)
(2147.5, 2372.5)

8-26
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

The 95% tolerance interval is much wider than the 95% confidence interval on the population mean
2237.3 ≤ μ ≤ 2282.5 .

8-81 99% tolerance interval on rod enrichment data that have a 95% CL given x = 2.9 s = 0.099 n = 12 we
find k = 4.150
x − ks, x + ks
2.9 − 4.150 ( 0.099 ) , 2.9 + 4.150 ( 0.099 )
(2.49, 3.31)

The 99% tolerance interval is much wider than the 95% CI on the population mean (2.84 ≤ μ ≤ 2.96)

8-82 a) 90% tolerance interval on wall thickness measurements that have a 90% CL given x = 4.05 s = 0.08
n = 25 we find k = 2.077
x − ks, x + ks
4.05 − 2.077 ( 0.08 ) , 4.05 + 2.077 ( 0.08)
(3.88, 4.22)
The lower bound of the 90% tolerance interval is much lower than the lower bound on the 95%
confidence interval on the population mean (4.023 ≤ μ ≤ ∞)

b) 90% lower tolerance bound on bottle wall thickness that has confidence level 90%. given x = 4.05
s = 0.08 n = 25 and k = 1.702
x − ks
4.05 − 1.702 ( 0.08 )
3.91
The lower tolerance bound is of interest if we want to make sure the wall thickness is at least a certain
value so that the bottle will not break.

8-27
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

Supplemental Exercises

8-83 Where α1 + α 2 = α . Let α = 0.05

Interval for α1 = α 2 = α / 2 = 0.025

The confidence level for x − 1.96σ / n ≤ μ ≤ x + 1.96σ / n is determined by the by the value of z0

which is 1.96. From Table III, we find Φ(1.96) = P(Z<1.96) = 0.975 and the confidence level is 95%.
Interval for α1 = 0.01, α 2 = 0.04

The confidence interval is x − 2.33σ / n ≤ μ ≤ x + 1.75σ / n , the confidence level is the same
because α = 0.05 . The symmetric interval does not affect the level of significance; however, it does
affect the length. The symmetric interval is shorter in length.

8-84 μ = 50 σ unknown
a) n = 16 x = 52 s = 1.5
52 − 50
to = =1
8 / 16
The P-value for t0 = 1, degrees of freedom = 15, is between 0.1 and 0.25. Thus we would conclude that
the results are not very unusual.

b) n = 30
52 − 50
to = = 1.37
8 / 30
The P-value for t0 = 1.37, degrees of freedom = 29, is between 0.05 and 0.1. Thus we conclude that the
results are somewhat unusual.

c) n = 100 (with n > 30, the standard normal table can be used for this problem)
52 − 50
zo = = 2.5
8 / 100
The P-value for z0 = 2.5, is 0.00621. Thus we conclude that the results are very unusual.
d) For constant values of x and s, increasing only the sample size, we see that the standard error of
X decreases and consequently a sample mean value of 52 when the true mean is 50 is more unusual for
the larger sample sizes.

8-85 μ = 75, σ 2 = 5

a) For n = 16 find P( s 2 ≥ 7.44) or P( s 2 ≤ 2.56)

⎛ 15(7.44) ⎞
P( S 2 ≥ 7.44) = P ⎜ χ152 ≥ ⎟ = 0.05 ≤ P ( χ15 ≥ 22.32 ) ≤ 0.10
2

⎝ 5 ⎠

8-28
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

Using Minitab P( S 2 ≥ 7.44) = 0.0997

⎛ 15(2.56) ⎞
P( S 2 ≤ 2.56) = P ⎜ χ152 ≤ ⎟ = 0.05 ≤ P ( χ15 ≤ 7.68) ≤ 0.10
2

⎝ 5 ⎠
Using Minitab P( S 2 ≤ 2.56) = 0.064

b) For n = 30 find P( S 2 ≥ 7.44) or P( S 2 ≤ 2.56)

⎛ 29(7.44) ⎞
P( S 2 ≥ 7.44) = P ⎜ χ 292 ≥ ⎟ = 0.025 ≤ P ( χ 29 ≥ 43.15 ) ≤ 0.05
2

⎝ 5 ⎠
Using Minitab P( S 2 ≥ 7.44) = 0.044

⎛ 29(2.56) ⎞
P( S 2 ≤ 2.56) = P ⎜ χ 292 ≤ ⎟ = 0.01 ≤ P ( χ 29 ≤ 14.85) ≤ 0.025
2

⎝ 5 ⎠
Using Minitab P( S 2 ≤ 2.56) = 0.014.

c) For n = 71 P( s 2 ≥ 7.44) or P( s 2 ≤ 2.56)

⎛ 70(7.44) ⎞
P( S 2 ≥ 7.44) = P ⎜ χ 702 ≥ ⎟ = 0.005 ≤ P ( χ 70 ≥ 104.16 ) ≤ 0.01
2

⎝ 5 ⎠
Using Minitab P( S 2 ≥ 7.44) = 0.0051

⎛ 70(2.56) ⎞
P( S 2 ≤ 2.56) = P ⎜ χ 702 ≤ ⎟ = P ( χ 70 ≤ 35.84 ) ≤ 0.005
2

⎝ 5 ⎠
Using Minitab P( S 2 ≤ 2.56) < 0.001
d) The probabilities get smaller as n increases. As n increases, the sample variance should approach
the population variance; therefore, the likelihood of obtaining a sample variance much larger than the
population variance will decrease.

e) The probabilities get smaller as n increases. As n increases, the sample variance should approach
the population variance; therefore, the likelihood of obtaining a sample variance much smaller than the
population variance will decrease.

8-86 a) The data appear to follow a normal distribution based on the normal probability plot since the data
fall along a straight line.

b) It is important to check for normality of the distribution underlying the sample data since the
confidence intervals to be constructed should have the assumption of normality for the results to be
reliable (especially since the sample size is less than 30 and the central limit theorem does not apply).

c) No, with 95% confidence, we can not infer that the true mean could be 14.05 since this value is not
contained within the given 95% confidence interval.

8-29
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

d) As with part b, to construct a confidence interval on the variance, the normality assumption must
hold for the results to be reliable.

e) Yes, it is reasonable to infer that the variance could be 0.35 since the 95% confidence interval on the
variance contains this value.

f) i) & ii) No, doctors and children would represent two completely different populations not
represented by the population of Canadian Olympic hockey players. Because neither doctors nor
children were the target of this study or part of the sample taken, the results should not be extended to
these groups.

8-87 a) The probability plot shows that the data appear to be normally distributed. Therefore, there is no
evidence conclude that the comprehensive strength data are normally distributed.
r
b) 99% lower confidence bound on the mean x = 25.12, s = 8.42, n = 9 t0.01,8 = 2.896

⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.01,8 ⎜ ⎟≤μ
⎝ n⎠
⎛ 8.42 ⎞
25.12 − 2.896 ⎜ ⎟≤μ
⎝ 9 ⎠
16.99 ≤ μ
The lower bound on the 99% confidence interval shows that the mean comprehensive strength is most
likely be greater than 16.99 Megapascals.

r
c) 98% two-sided confidence interval on the mean x = 25.12, s = 8.42, n = 9 t0.01,8 = 2.896

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.01,8 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x − t0.01,8 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ 8.42 ⎞ ⎛ 8.42 ⎞
25.12 − 2.896 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 25.12 − 2.896 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠
16.99 ≤ μ ≤ 33.25
The bounds on the 98% two-sided confidence interval shows that the mean comprehensive strength
will most likely be greater than 16.99 Megapascals and less than 33.25 Megapascals. The lower bound
of the 99% one sided CI is the same as the lower bound of the 98% two-sided CI (this is because of the
value of α)

d) 99% one-sided upper bound on the confidence interval on σ2 comprehensive strength

s = 8.42, s 2 = 70.90 χ 0.99,8
2
= 1.65

8(8.42) 2
σ2 ≤
1.65
σ ≤ 343.74
2

The upper bound on the 99% confidence interval on the variance shows that the variance of the
comprehensive strength is most likely less than 343.74 Megapascals2.

8-30
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

e) 98% two-sided confidence interval on σ2 of comprehensive strength

s = 8.42, s 2 = 70.90 χ 0.01,9
2
= 20.09 χ 0.99,8
2
= 1.65

8(8.42) 2 8(8.42) 2
≤σ2 ≤
20.09 1.65
28.23 ≤ σ 2 ≤ 343.74
The bounds on the 98% two-sided confidence-interval on the variance shows that the variance of the
comprehensive strength is most likely less than 343.74 Megapascals2 and greater than 28.23
Megapascals2.

The upper bound of the 99% one-sided CI is the same as the upper bound of the 98% two-sided CI
because value of α for the one-sided example is one-half the value for the two-sided example.

r
f) 98% two-sided confidence interval on the mean x = 23, s = 6.31, n = 9 t0.01,8 = 2.896

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.01,8 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.01,8 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ 6.31 ⎞ ⎛ 6.31 ⎞
23 − 2.896 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 23 + 2.896 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠
16.91 ≤ μ ≤ 29.09

98% two-sided confidence interval on σ2 comprehensive strength

s = 6.31, s 2 = 39.8 χ 0.01,9
2
= 20.09 χ 0.99,8
2
= 1.65

8(39.8) 8(39.8)
≤σ2 ≤
20.09 1.65
15.85 ≤ σ 2 ≤ 192.97
Fixing the mistake decreased the values of the sample mean and the sample standard deviation.
Because the sample standard deviation was decreased the widths of the confidence intervals were also
decreased.

g) The exercise provides s = 8.41 (instead of the sample variance). A 98% two-sided confidence
r
interval on the mean x = 25, s = 8.41, n = 9 t0.01,8 = 2.896

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.01,8 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x − t0.01,8 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ 8.41 ⎞ ⎛ 8.41 ⎞
25 − 2.896 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 25 − 2.896 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠
16.88 ≤ μ ≤ 33.12

98% two-sided confidence interval on σ2 of comprehensive strength

s = 8.41, s 2 = 70.73 χ 0.01,9
2
= 20.09 χ 0.99,8
2
= 1.65

8-31
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8(8.41) 2 8(8.41) 2
≤σ2 ≤
20.09 1.65
28.16 ≤ σ 2 ≤ 342.94
Fixing the mistake did not have an affect on the sample mean or the sample standard deviation. They
are very close to the original values. The widths of the confidence intervals are also very similar.

h) When a mistaken value is near the sample mean, the mistake will not affect the sample mean,
standard deviation or confidence intervals greatly. However, when the mistake is not near the sample
mean, the value can greatly affect the sample mean, standard deviation and confidence intervals. The
farther from the mean, the greater the effect.

8-88 With σ = 8, the 95% confidence interval on the mean has length of at most 5; the error is then E = 2.5.
2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 1.96 ⎞
a) n = ⎜ 0.025 ⎟ 82 = ⎜ ⎟ 64 = 39.34 = 40
⎝ 2.5 ⎠ ⎝ 2.5 ⎠
2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 1.96 ⎞
b) n = ⎜ 0.025 ⎟ 62 = ⎜ ⎟ 36 = 22.13 = 23
⎝ 2.5 ⎠ ⎝ 2.5 ⎠
As the standard deviation decreases, with all other values held constant, the sample size necessary to
maintain the acceptable level of confidence and the length of the interval, decreases.

8-89 x = 15.33 s = 0.62 n = 20 k = 2.564

a) 99% tolerance interval of hemoglobin values with 95% confidence
x − ks, x + ks
15.33 − 3.615 ( 0.62) , 15.33 + 3.615 ( 0.62)
(13.089, 17.571)

b) 99% tolerance interval of hemoglobin values with 90% confidence k = 3.368

x − ks, x + ks
15.33 − 3.368 ( 0.62 ) , 15.33 + 3.368 ( 0.62 )
(13.24, 17.42)

8-90 95% prediction interval for the next sample of concrete that will be tested given x = 25.12 s = 8.42
n = 9 for α = 0.05 and n = 9, tα/2,n-1 = t0.025,8 = 2.306
1 1
x − t0.025,8 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.025,8 s 1 +
n n
1 1
25.12 − 2.306(8.42) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 25.12 + 2.306(8.42) 1 +
9 9
4.65 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 45.59

8-32
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8-91 a) There is no evidence to reject the assumption that the data are normally distributed.

Normal Probability Plot for foam height

ML Estimates - 95% CI

99 ML Estimates
Mean 203.2
95
StDev 7.11056
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

178 188 198 208 218 228

Data

r
b) 95% confidence interval on the mean x = 203.20, s = 7.5, n = 10 t0.025,9 = 2.262

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,9 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x − t0.025,9 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ 7.50 ⎞ ⎛ 7.50 ⎞
203.2 − 2.262 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 203.2 + 2.262 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
197.84 ≤ μ ≤ 208.56
c) 95% prediction interval on a future sample

1 1
x − t0.025,9 s 1 + ≤ μ ≤ x − t0.025,9 s 1 +
n n
1 1
203.2 − 2.262(7.50) 1 + ≤ μ ≤ 203.2 + 2.262(7.50) 1 +
10 10
185.41 ≤ μ ≤ 220.99

d) 95% tolerance interval on foam height with 99% confidence k = 4.265

x − ks, x + ks
203.2 − 4.265 ( 7.5 ) , 203.2 + 4.265 ( 7.5 )
(171.21, 235.19)
e) The 95% CI on the population mean is the narrowest interval. For the CI, 95% of such intervals
contain the population mean. For the prediction interval, 95% of such intervals will cover a future data
value. This interval is quite a bit wider than the CI on the mean. The tolerance interval is the widest
interval of all. For the tolerance interval, 99% of such intervals will include 95% of the true distribution
of foam height.

8-33
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8-92 a) Normal probability plot for the coefficient of restitution.

There is no evidence to reject the assumption that the data are normally distributed.

99

95
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66

Data

b) 99% CI on the true mean coefficient of restitution

x = 0.624, s = 0.013, n = 40 ta/2, n-1 = t0.005, 39 = 2.7079
s s
x − t0.005,39 ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.005,39
n n
0.013 0.013
0.624 − 2.7079 ≤ μ ≤ 0.624 + 2.7079
40 40
0.618 ≤ μ ≤ 0.630
c) 99% prediction interval on the coefficient of restitution for the next baseball that will be tested.

1 1
x − t0.005,39 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.005,39 s 1 +
n n
1 1
0.624 − 2.7079(0.013) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 0.624 + 2.7079(0.013) 1 +
40 40
0.588 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 0.660

d) 99% tolerance interval on the coefficient of restitution with a 95% level of confidence
( x − ks, x + ks )
(0.624 − 3.213(0.013), 0.624 + 3.213(0.013))
(0.582, 0.666)
e) The confidence interval in part (b) is for the population mean and we may interpret this to imply that
99% of such intervals will cover the true population mean. For the prediction interval, 99% of such
intervals will cover a future baseball’s coefficient of restitution. For the tolerance interval, 95% of
such intervals will cover 99% of the true distribution.

8-93 95% confidence interval on the proportion of baseballs with a coefficient of restitution that exceeds
0.635.
8
pˆ = = 0.2 n = 40 zα = 1.65
40

8-34
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα ≤p
n
0.2(0.8)
0.2 − 1.65 ≤p
40
0.0956 ≤ p

8-94 a) The normal probability shows that the data are mostly follow the straight line, however, there are
some points that deviate from the line near the middle. It is probably safe to assume that the data are
normal.

99

95
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

0 5 10
Data

b) 95% CI on the mean dissolved oxygen concentration

x = 3.265, s = 2.127, n = 20 ta/2, n-1 = t0.025, 19 = 2.093
s s
x − t0.025,19 ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,19
n n
2.127 2.127
3.265 − 2.093 ≤ μ ≤ 3.265 + 2.093
20 20
2.270 ≤ μ ≤ 4.260
c) 95% prediction interval on the oxygen concentration for the next stream in the system that will be
tested.

1 1
x − t0.025,19 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.025,19 s 1 +
n n
1 1
3.265 − 2.093(2.127) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 3.265 + 2.093(2.127) 1 +
20 20
−1.297 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 7.827

d) 95% tolerance interval on the values of the dissolved oxygen concentration with a 99% level of
confidence
( x − ks, x + ks )
(3.265 − 3.168(2.127), 3.265 + 3.168(2.127))
(−3.473, 10.003)

8-35
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

e) The confidence interval in part (b) is for the population mean and we may interpret this to imply that
95% of such intervals will cover the true population mean. For the prediction interval, 95% of such
intervals will cover a future oxygen concentration. For the tolerance interval, 99% of such intervals
will cover 95% of the true distribution

8-95 a) There is no evidence to support that the data are not normally distributed. The data points appear to
fall along the normal probability line.
Normal Probability Plot for tar content
ML Estimates - 95% CI

99 ML Estimates
Mean 1.529
95
StDev 0.0556117
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Data

b) 99% CI on the mean tar content

⎯x = 1.529, s = 0.0566, n = 30 ta/2, n-1 = t0.005, 29 = 2.756
s s
x − t0.005,29 ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.005,29
n n
0.0566 0.0566
1.529 − 2.756 ≤ μ ≤ 1.529 + 2.756
30 30
1.501 ≤ μ ≤ 1.557
c) 99% prediction interval on the tar content for the next sample that will be tested.

1 1
x − t0.005,19 s 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ x + t0.005,19 s 1 +
n n
1 1
1.529 − 2.756(0.0566) 1 + ≤ xn +1 ≤ 1.529 + 2.756(0.0566) 1 +
30 30
1.370 ≤ xn +1 ≤ 1.688

d) 99% tolerance interval on the values of the tar content with a 95% level of confidence
( x − ks, x + ks)
(1.529 − 3.350(0.0566), 1.529 + 3.350(0.0566))
(1.339, 1.719)

e) The confidence interval in part (b) is for the population mean and we may interpret this to imply that
95% of such intervals will cover the true population mean. For the prediction interval, 95% of such
intervals will cover a future observed tar content. For the tolerance interval, 99% of such intervals
will cover 95% of the true distribution

8-36
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8-96 a) 95% Confidence Interval on the population proportion

n = 1200 x = 8 pˆ = 0.0067 zα/2 = z0.025 = 1.96

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − za / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + za / 2
n n
0.0067(1 − 0.0067) 0.0067(1 − 0.0067)
0.0067 − 1.96 ≤ p ≤ 0.0067 + 1.96
1200 1200
0.0021 ≤ p ≤ 0.0113
b) No, there is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the fraction of defective units produced
is one percent or less at α = 0.05. This is because the upper limit of the control limit is greater than
0.01.

8-97 99% Confidence Interval on the population proportion

n = 1600 x = 8 pˆ = 0.005 zα/2 = z0.005 = 2.58

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − za / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + za / 2
n n
0.005(1 − 0.005) 0.005(1 − 0.005)
0.005 − 2.58 ≤ p ≤ 0.005 + 2.58
1600 1600
0.0004505 ≤ p ≤ 0.009549

b) E = 0.008, α = 0.01, zα/2 = z0.005 = 2.58

2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 2.58 ⎞
n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ p (1 − p ) = ⎜ ⎟ 0.005(1 − 0.005) = 517.43 , n ≅ 518
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.008 ⎠
c) E = 0.008, α = 0.01, zα/2 = z0.005 = 2.58
2 2
⎛z ⎞ ⎛ 2.58 ⎞
n = ⎜ α / 2 ⎟ p (1 − p ) = ⎜ ⎟ 0.5(1 − 0.5) = 26001.56 , n ≅ 26002
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ 0.008 ⎠
d) A bound on the true population proportion reduces the required sample size by a substantial amount.
A sample size of 518 is much more reasonable than a sample size of over 26,000.

117
8-98 pˆ = = 0.242
484

a) 90% confidence interval; zα / 2 = 1.645

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + zα / 2
n n
0.210 ≤ p ≤ 0.274
With 90% confidence, the true proportion of new engineering graduates who were planning to continue
studying for an advanced degree is between 0.210 and 0.274.
b) 95% confidence interval; zα / 2 = 1.96

pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ − zα / 2 ≤ p ≤ pˆ + zα / 2
n n
0.204 ≤ p ≤ 0.280

8-37
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

With 95% confidence, we believe the true proportion of new engineering graduates who were planning
to continue studying for an advanced degree lies between 0.204 and 0.280.

c) Comparison of parts (a) and (b):

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 90% confidence interval. Higher confidence always
yields larger intervals, all other values held constant.

d) Yes, since both intervals contain the value 0.25, thus there in not enough evidence to determine that
the true proportion is not actually 0.25.

8-99 a) The data appear to follow a normal distribution based on the normal probability plot
since the data fall along a straight line.

b) It is important to check for normality of the distribution underlying the sample data
since the confidence intervals to be constructed should have the assumption of
normality for the results to be reliable (especially since the sample size is less than 30
and the central limit theorem does not apply).

c) 95% confidence interval for the mean

n = 11 x = 22.73 s = 6.33 t0.025,10 = 2.228

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.025,10 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.025,10 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ 6.33 ⎞ ⎛ 6.33 ⎞
22.73 − 2.228 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 22.73 + 2.228 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠
18.478 ≤ μ ≤ 26.982

d) As with part b, to construct a confidence interval on the variance, the normality

assumption must hold for the results to be reliable.

e) 95% confidence interval for variance

n = 11 s = 6.33

χα2 / 2, n −1 = χ 0.025,10
2
= 20.48 and χ12−α / 2, n −1 = χ 0.975,10
2
= 3.25

10(6.33) 2 10(6.33) 2
≤σ2 ≤
20.48 3.25
19.565 ≤ σ ≤ 123.289
2

8-38
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

8-100 a) The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot
below. Therefore, there is evidence to support that the energy intake is normally distributed.

b) 99% upper confidence interval on mean energy (BMR)

n = 10 x = 5.884 s = 0.5645 t0.005,9 = 3.250

⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
x − t0.005,9 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ x + t0.005,9 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠
⎛ 0.5645 ⎞ ⎛ 0.5645 ⎞
5.884 − 3.250 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ μ ≤ 5.884 + 3.250 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
5.304 ≤ μ ≤ 6.464

8-39
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

Mind Expanding Exercises

8-101 a.) P( χ12−α ,2 r < 2λTr < χ α2 ,2 r ) = 1 − α

2 2

⎛ χ1−α ,2 r χ α2 ,2 r ⎞
2

= P⎜ 2 < λ < 2 ⎟
⎜ 2Tr 2Tr ⎟⎠
⎝

1 ⎛ 2T 2T ⎞
Then a confidence interval for μ = is ⎜ 2 r , 2 r ⎟
λ ⎜ χ α ,2 r χ1−α ,2 r ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

b) n = 20, r = 10, and the observed value of Tr is 199 + 10(29) = 489.

1 ⎛ 2(489) 2(489) ⎞
A 95% confidence interval for is ⎜ , ⎟ = (28.62,101.98)
λ ⎝ 34.17 9.59 ⎠

∞ 1 − x2
2
zα1
1 2
− x2
8-102 α1 = ∫ e dx = 1 − ∫ e dx
zα1 2π −∞ 2π

Therefore, 1 − α1 = Φ( zα1 ) .

To minimize L we need to minimize Φ −1 (1 − α1 ) + Φ (1 − α 2 ) subject to α1 + α 2 = α . Therefore, we

need to minimize Φ −1 (1 − α1 ) + Φ (1 − α + α1 ) .

∂ zα 2

Φ −1 (1 − α1 ) = − 2π e 2
1

∂α1
∂ zα −α 2

Φ −1 (1 − α + α1 ) = 2π e 2
1

∂α1
zα2 −α zα2
1 1
Upon setting the sum of the two derivatives equal to zero, we obtain e 2
=e 2
. This is solved by
zα1 = zα −α1 . Consequently, α1 = α − α1 , 2α1 = α and α1 = α 2 = α
2
.

8.103 a) n = 1/2 + (1.9/.1)(9.4877/4), then n = 46

b) (10 − .5)/(9.4877/4) = (1 + p)/(1 − p)

p = 0.6004 between 10.19 and 10.41.

8-104 a) P ( X i ≤ μ% ) = 1/ 2

P (allX i ≤ μ% ) = (1/ 2) n
P (allX i ≥ μ% ) = (1/ 2) n
P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
n n n n −1
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 2⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 2 ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

8-40
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 5th edition 10 February 2010

n
⎛1⎞
1 − P( A ∪ B) = P(min( X i ) < μ% < max( X i )) = 1 − ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
b) P (min( X i ) < μ% < max( X i )) = 1 − α
The confidence interval is min(Xi), max(Xi)

8-105 We would expect that 950 of the confidence intervals would include the value of μ. This is due to 9the
definition of a confidence interval.
Let X bet the number of intervals that contain the true mean (μ). We can use the large sample
approximation to determine the probability that P(930 < X < 970).
950 930 970
Let p = = 0.950 p1 = = 0.930 and p2 = = 0.970
1000 1000 1000
p(1 − p ) 0.950(0.050)
The variance is estimated by =
n 1000

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ (0.970 − 0.950) ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ (0.930 − 0.950) ⎟⎟
P (0.930 < p < 0.970) = P ⎜ Z < − P⎜ Z <
⎜ 0.950(0.050) ⎟ ⎜ 0.950(0.050) ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎝ 1000 ⎠
⎛ 0.02 ⎞ ⎛ −0.02 ⎞
= P⎜Z < ⎟ − P⎜ Z < ⎟ = P ( Z < 2.90) − P ( Z < −2.90) = 0.9963
⎝ 0.006892 ⎠ ⎝ 0.006892 ⎠

8-41