6.

Introduction to Lenses What happens to the parallel light rays after

A lens is made of transparent material (glass or passing through the convex lens?
clear plastic) with two faces, of which at least one The parallel light rays are converged to a focal
is curved. A convex lens is thicker at its centre point.
while a concave lens is thinner at its centre.
Concave lens

What are the effects of lenses on light and why

are lenses useful?

Activity 1:
Aim: Identify Focal point and focal length
Apparatus : convex lens, concave lens, ray box,
white paper What happens to the parallel light rays after
passing through the convex lens?
The parallel light rays is diverged as they come
from a point F in front of the lens.

Terms regarding lens

Focal point, F
A point where all parallel lights are converged
after refraction.

Procedure: focal length, f

1. Direct a set of parallel rays to a cylindrical Distance between the optical centre, O with
convex lens. Observe the rays that pass focal point, F.
through the lens.
2. Trace the parallel light rays before and after object distance, u
passing through the lens. Mark the focal point Distance between the optical centre, O with
of the lens and the focal length. object.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 by using a cylindrical
concave lens. image distance, v
Distance between the optical centre, O with
Draw the rays diagram when the parallel lights image.
passes through a convex lens and concave lens.
Mark the focal point, F, centre of lens, O and focal
point, f. Activity 2:
Convex lens Aim: To determine the Focal length, focal point
and power of a lens

Apparatus: Lens holder, white screen, metre rule,

a convex lens (10 cm , 15 cm dan 20 cm)

Procedure:
1. Align and adjust the screen and lens so that a
sharp image of a distant object falls on the
screen.
2. Measure and record the distance between
lens and the screen.
3. Calculate the power of the lens. Rule 3: light rays pass through optical center.

After:
Straight line
Results:
Concave lens
lens Focal length, f
Rule 1: Rays parallel with the principal axis
10 cm 10 cm

15 cm 15 cm

20 cm 20 cm
After:
What inferens about light rays that come from a Diverge as it comes from point F
distanct object?
The parallel light rays Rule 2: light rays pass throught the focal point.

State the characteristics of the image formed on

the scrren.
Real, inverted, diminished

Activity 3
Aim: Draw ray diagram After:
Refracted parallel to principle axis
Convex lens
Rule 3: light rays pass through optical center.
Rule 1: Rays parallel with the principal axis

After: Converge to focal point, F After:

Rule 2: light rays pass throught the focal point.

After:
Parallel to principal axis
 ii) Case 2 : u = 2f

Characteristics of image:
Real, Inverted, same size. Image at: v = 2f

The point of intersection of the rays is a point on iii) Case 3 : 2f > u > f
the image.
Real image: the image is on the side opposite of
the object.

Characteristics of image:
Real, inverted, magnified. Image at: v > 2f

iv) Case 4 : u = f

The point of intersection of the rays is a point on

the image.
Virtual image: The image is on the same side with
the object

Exercise 2: Characteristics of image:

Characteristics of image formed by a convex lens Virtual, upright, magnified. Image at infinity
Construct ray diagrams for each of the following
cases and state the characteristics of the image v) Case 5 : u < f
formed.

i) Case 1 : u > 2f

Characteristics of image: Characteristics of image:

Real, inverted, diminished. Imej: f < v < 2f Virtual, upright, magnified
Conclusion: Activity 4:
Aim: To determine the position and
Object Characteristics of image characteristics of images formed by convex lens
distance ,u and concave lens for different object distances..
u=∞ Real, inverted, diminished
Apparatus: candle light, convex lens (f = 10 cm),
u > 2f Real, inverted, diminished metre rule, white screen, lens holder.

u = 2f Real, inverted, same size Procedure:

f <u< 2f Real, inverted, magnified

u=f Virtual, upright, magnified

Image at infinity

u<f Virtual, upright, magnified

In each of the following statements below, fill in

the space provide one of the following conditions.
( u > 2f / 2f = u / 2f > u > f / u > f / u < f )
1. Adjust the position of the lens until u = 40.0 cm
Type of image Position of object, u 2. Adjust the screen in order to form a sharp
image on it. Observe the characteristic of the
image formed.
Real image u > 2f, u = 2f, f < u < 2f
3. Measure and record the image distance, v.
u>f
4. Repeat procedures 2, 3 and 4 for u = 35.0 cm,
30.0 cm, 25.0 cm, 20.0 cm and 15.0 cm.
Virtual image u<f
Object Characteristics of image
distance ,u
Characteristics of image formed by concave lens : u > 2f
(by construction of ray diagrams ) 40.0 cm Real, inverted, diminished RID

u > 2f
35.0 cm Real, inverted, diminished RID

U > 2f
30.0 cm Real, inverted, diminished RID

U > 2f
25.0 cm Real, inverted, diminished RID

u = 2f
20 cm Real, inverted, same size RIS

f <u< 2f
15 cm Real, inverted, magnified RIM

Concave lens:
1. Hold the concave lens at object distance, u =
20.0 cm, 15.0 cm dan 10.0 cm in front of your
Characteristics of image: eyes and look at the writing in your Physics
Virtual, Upright, diminished textbook through the concave lens.
 TUTORIAL 6.3
Discussion 1. The diagram shows an object which is placed
➢ State the positions of convex lens which form at u cm from the centre of a convex lens. The
real image and virtual image. focal length of the lens is 20 cm.
Real image: u > f, u > 2f, u = 2f , f < u < 2f
Virtual image: u = f, u < f

➢ What are the common characteristics for real

images formed by a convex lens?
Inverted

➢ What are the characteristics of images formed Which of the following characteristics of the
by a concave lens? image is not correct when u is 10 cm, 15 cm,
Virtual, upright and diminished. 35 cm and 45 cm form the lens?
u/cm Characteristics of image
Linear Magnification A. 10 Virtual and big
When an object is seen through a magnifying B. 15 Virtual and big
glass at a distance less than its focal length, the C. 35 Real and small
image formed is magnified. The size of the image D. 45 Real and small
formed by a convex lens depends on the position
of the object.
2. A student draws light rays passing through
lenses P, Q, R and S as shown in the diagram
below. F is the focal point of lenses P, Q, R
and S.

➢ Which position of the convex lens forms

(i) a magnified image? u < f, f < u < 2f

(ii) a diminished image? u > 2f

Which drawing shows the correct path of the
inear magnification of a lens light rays?
A. II only
m = image distance = v B. I and III only
object distance u C. I, II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV
m < 1 : image diminished,
m = 1 : image same size , 3. The diagram shows the formation of the image
m > 1 : image magnified. of an object by a convex lens.

If the height of the object is 2 cm, what is the

height of the image?
A. 6.50 cm
B. 4.50 cm
C. 4.00 cm
D. 3.25 cm
 E. 2.25 cm 7. Question 5
Diagram 5.1 shows a ray diagram of the convex
4. Diagram 18 shows an object placed in front of lens with a focal length of 35 mm in a camera
a convex lens. which produces an image of height, h1.

What are the characteristics of the image

formed?
A. Real, inverted, diminished
B. Real, inverted, same size
C. Virtual, upright, enlarged
D. Real, inverted, enlarged. Diagram 5.1
5. Which ray diagram is correct for a convex Diagram 5.2 shows a ray diagram of the convex
lens? (2009) B lens with a focal length of 50 mm in a camera
produces an image of height, h2.

Diagram 5.2

(a) State the light phenomenon involved to

produce image by the convex lens.
Refraction
[1 mark]
6. Which diagram shows the correct refraction (b) Observe Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2.
of light ray after passing through a lens? C
(i) Compare the thickness of the lens..
5.1 > 5.2
[1 mark]
(ii) Compare the focal length of the lens.
5.1 < 5.2
[1 mark]
(iii) Compare the height of the image.
5.1 < 5.2
………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) Based on the answer in 5(b), relate
(i) the thickness of the lens with the focal
length
inversely proportional
[1 mark]
(ii) The focal length with the height of image.
Directly proportional
[1 mark]
(d) A leaf blown by a strong wind covered the
upper portion of the convex lens in Diagram
5.1. What will happen to the size and
brightness of the image?
Size unchanged, brigtness decreases.
[2 marks]

8. SPM 2009
Diagram 8.1 shows an image seen through a lens.

(a) Name the light phenomenon involved in

Diagram 8.1.
Refraction
[1 mark]

(b) Draw a ray diagram to show how the

image in Diagram 8.1 is formed.

The focal length of the lens in Diagram 8.2 is f.

Referring to f, suggest a suitable position to
place the object to produce an inverted image.
u>f
[1 mark]