The BLDC motor uses an electronic commutator to sequentially energize stator coils and generate a rotating electric field that turns the rotor. Three Hall sensors embedded in the stator indicate rotor position to the controller so it can energize the windings in the correct sequence. Alternatively, back EMF generated by the motor's movement can also be used to determine rotor position without sensors. Precise control electronics are required to regulate the high-power three-phase system.
The BLDC motor uses an electronic commutator to sequentially energize stator coils and generate a rotating electric field that turns the rotor. Three Hall sensors embedded in the stator indicate rotor position to the controller so it can energize the windings in the correct sequence. Alternatively, back EMF generated by the motor's movement can also be used to determine rotor position without sensors. Precise control electronics are required to regulate the high-power three-phase system.
The BLDC motor uses an electronic commutator to sequentially energize stator coils and generate a rotating electric field that turns the rotor. Three Hall sensors embedded in the stator indicate rotor position to the controller so it can energize the windings in the correct sequence. Alternatively, back EMF generated by the motor's movement can also be used to determine rotor position without sensors. Precise control electronics are required to regulate the high-power three-phase system.
The BLDC motor uses an electronic commutator to sequentially energize stator coils and generate a rotating electric field that turns the rotor. Three Hall sensors embedded in the stator indicate rotor position to the controller so it can energize the windings in the correct sequence. Alternatively, back EMF generated by the motor's movement can also be used to determine rotor position without sensors. Precise control electronics are required to regulate the high-power three-phase system.
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5.1.
1 BLDC Motor
The electronic commutator of BLDC motor sequentially energizes the stator
coils generating a rotating electric field that ‘drags’ the rotor around with it. One mechanical revolution is equal to N “electrical revolutions”, where N is the number of magnet pairs.
In three-phase BLDC motor, three Hall-effect sensors are embedded in the
stator to indicate the relative positions of stator and rotor to the controller so that it can energize the windings in the correct sequence and at the correct time. The Hall sensors are usually mounted on the non-driving end of the unit (Figure 2) .
Figure 2: Hall sensors are embedded in the stator of a BLDC motor to determine the winding energizing sequence.
A high signal for one pole or low signal for the opposite pole is generated when the rotor magnetic poles pass the Hall sensors. Combination of the signals from the three sensors determine the exact sequence of commutation.
A voltage potential is generated by all electric motors due to the movement
of the windings through the associated magnetic field. This potential is known as an electromotive force (EMF) and, according to Lenz’s law, it produce a current in the windings with a magnetic field that opposes the original change in magnetic flux. In simpler terms, this means the EMF tends to resist the rotation of the motor and is therefore referred to as “back” EMF. The EMF is proportional to the angular velocity of the rotor in a motor of fixed magnetic flux and number of windings. While adding some “drag” to the motor the back EMF, can be used for an advantage. By monitoring the back EMF we can determine the relative positions of stator and rotor with the help of microcontroller without the need for Hall-effect sensors. Due to this the construction of motor simplified reducing its cost as well as eliminate the additional wiring and connections to the motor that would otherwise be needed to support the sensors. This enhances the reliability when dirt and humidity are present.
However, no back EMF is generated during the stationary of motor, it
makes impossible for the microcontroller to determine the position of the motor parts at start-up. The solution is to start the motor in an open loop configuration until sufficient EMF is generated for the microcontroller to take over motor supervision. These so-called “sensorless” BLDC motors are gaining in popularity. Controlling a BLDC motor
While BLDC motors are mechanically relatively simple, they do require
sophisticated control electronics and regulated power supplies. The designer is faced with the challenge of dealing with a three-phase high- power system that demands precise control to run efficiently.
Figure : Coil-energizing sequence for one electrical revolution of a three-phase BLDC
motor.
Figure : The state of the Hall-effect sensors determines when and how the coils are energized. A pair of Hall-effect sensors is linked to each coil. (Courtesy of Atmel.) A pair of Hall-effect sensors determines when the microcontroller energizes a coil. In this example, the switching of coil U is determine by the sensors H1 and H2. The coil U is positively energized when H2 detects a N magnet pole and the coil is switched open when H1 detects a N magnet pole ; when a S magnet pole is detect by H2 then coil U is switched negative, and finally, coil U is switched open when H1 detects a S magnet pole. Similarly, the energizing of coil V is determine by sensors H1 and H2, with H1 and H3 looking after coil W ( From the above diagram ).
At each step, two phases are on with one phase feeding current to the motor, and the other providing a current return path. The other phase is open. The microcontroller controls which two of the switches in the three-phase inverter must be closed to positively or negatively energize the two active coils.
NOTE : Designers can experiment with 8-bit microcontroller-based
development kits to try out control regimes before committing on the design of a full-size motor. For example, Atmel has produced an inexpensive starter kit, the ATAVRMC323, for BLDC motor control based on the ATxmega128A1 8-bit microcontroller.4 Several other vendors offer similar kits.
