KerZo Mimo II PDF

№2
kerZo samarTlis mimoxilva

kerZo
samarTlis
ISBN978-9941-25-707-0
mimoxilva
9 789941 257070
2019 №2, 2019
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
iuridiuli fakulteti
Tanamedrove kerZo samarTlis instituti
TinaTin wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti
kerZo samarTlis
mimoxilva
№2, 2019
mTavari redaqtorebi: EDITORS IN CHIEF:
besarion zoiZe (Tanamedrove kerZo samarTlis ins- Besarion Zoidze (Director of Modern Private Law Ins tute, Chief
titutis direqtori, TinaTin wereTlis saxelobis Legal Researcher at Tina n Tsereteli Ins tute of State and Law,
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis institutis mTavari Prof., TSU)
mecnier-TanamSromeli, prof., Tsu)
Tamar zarandia (iuridiuli fakultetis dekani, Tamar Zarandia (Dean of Faculty of Law, Assoc. Prof., TSU)
asoc. prof., Tsu)
marika dumbaZe (samarTlis magistri, mowveuli leq- Marika Dumbadze (LL.M., Visi ng Lecturer, TSU)
tori, Tsu)
samecniero sabWo: SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL:
lado Wanturia (prof., Tsu) Lado Chanturia (Prof., TSU)
irakli burduli (iuridiuli fakultetis dekanis Irakli Burduli (Deputy Dean of Faculty of Law, Prof., TSU)
moadgile, prof., Tsu)
demetre egnataSvili (iuridiuli fakultetis Demetre Egnatashvili (Deputy Dean of Faculty of Law, Assist.,
dekanis moadgile, asist., Tsu) TSU)
zviad korZaZe (asoc. prof., qarTul-amerikuli uni- Zviad Kordzadze (Assoc. Prof., Georgian-American University,
versiteti, mowveuli leqtori, Tsu) Visi ng Lecturer, TSU)
eka zarnaZe (asoc. prof., saqarTvelos universiteti, Eka Zarnadze (Assoc. Prof., Univerity of Georgia, Visi ng
mowveuli leqtori, Tsu) Lecturer, TSU)
naTia CitaSvili (asoc. prof., Tsu) Na a Chitashvili (Assoc. Prof., TSU)
sergi jorbenaZe (asist., Tsu) Sergi Jorbenadze (Assist., TSU)
Tamar lakerbaia (asoc. prof., Savi zRvis saerTaSori- Tamar Lakerbaia (Assoc. Prof., Interna onal Black Sea Universi-
so universiteti, mowveuli leqtori, Tsu) ty, Visi ng Lecturer, TSU)
lali lazaraSvili (prof., saqarTvelos universiteti) Lali Lazarashvili (Prof., University of Georgia)
laSa bregvaZe (T. wereTlis sax. saxelmwifosa da Lasha Bregvadze (Director at Tina n Tsereteli Ins tute of State
samarTlis institutis direqtori, prof., Tsu) and Law Prof., TSU)
Tamar tatanaSvili (doqtoranti, mowveuli leqtori, Tamar Tatanashvili (Ph.D. Student, Visi ng Lecturer, TSU)
Tsu)
saredaqcio sabWo: EDITORIAL COUNCIL:
giorgi wamalaiZe Giorgi Tsamalaidze

Tamar tatanaSvili Tamar Tatanashvili
mariam lomTaZe Mariam Lomtadze
Tamar samuSia Tamar Samushia
mariam cxadaZe Mariam Tskhadadze
giorgi JorJoliani Giorgi Zhorzholiani
irakli svanaZe Irakli Svanadze
mari cicqiSvili Mari Tsitskishvili
natali gogiaSvili Natali Gogiashvili
nino gugunava Nino Gugunava
anano niauri Anano Niauri
ana Wilaia Ana Tchilaia
elisabed Sengelia Elisabed Shengelia
gvanca SvangiraZe Gvantsa Shvangiradze
nika jaSiaSvili Nika Jashiashvili
inglisuri teqstis redaqtori: ENGLISH TEXT EDITOR:
ani marjaniZe Ani Marjanidze

IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF LAW
INSTITUTE OF MODERN PRIVATE LAW
TINATIN TSERETELI INSTITUTE OF STATE AND LAW
PRIVATE LAW
REVIEW
№2, 2019
Jurnali gamoicema iuridiuli firmis _ `korZaZis saadvokato biuros~ mxardaWeriT.
The Journal has been published with the support of ~Kordzadze Law Office”
daibeWda gamomcemloba `meridianSi~, 2019

Tbilisi, al. yazbegis gamz., #47.
239-15-22
E-mail: meridiani777@gmail.com
Printed at “Meridiani” Publishing House, 2019

Tbilisi, Al. Kazbegi str. #47.
239-15-22
E-mail: meridiani777@gmail.com
ISBN 978-9941-25-707-0
© statiebis avtorebi
© Authors
Jurnalis mTavari redaqtorebi madlobas uxdian `korZaZis saadvokato biuros~ mxar-

daWerisaTvis.
The Editors In Chief of the Journal express their gra tude to ~Kordzadze Law Office” for the support
provided.
sarCevi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
mTavari redaqtorebisgan (besarion zoiZe, Tamar zarandia, marika dumbaZe)

A Le er from the Editors in Chief (Besarion Zoidze, Tamar Zarandia, Marika Dumbadze) ........................... 9
I. mTavari Tema - evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis gavlena qarTul kerZo samarTalze
I. MAIN TOPIC - INFLUENCE OF THE EU ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT ON GEORGIAN PRIVATE LAW
besarion zoiZe
evrokavSirTan asocirebis SeTanxmebis ZiriTadi gamowvevebi qarTuli kerZo samarTli-
saTvis
Besarion Zoidze
The main challenges of the Associa on Agreement with the European Union for Georgian private law ......11
marika dumbaZe
SromiT urTierTobebSi dekretuli Svebulebis gamoyenebis Tavisebureba da asocirebis

SeTanxmebiT dadgenili moTxovnebis Sesrulebis meqanizmebi
Marika Dumbadze
Peculiari es of using the maternity leave in labour rela ons and its correla on with the requirements set
forth under the Associa on Agreement ..........................................................................................................23
giorgi wamalaiZe
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTlebrivi regulirebis mimoxilva distanciur da

quCaSi dadebul xelSekrulebebSi
Giorgi Tsamalaidze
Review of the protec ve regula ons and remedies for the consumers with respect to the distance contracts
and contracts, nego ated away from the business premises .........................................................................57
eTo ruxaZe
evrokavSirSi samuSao drois organizebasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi aspeqtebi da qarTu-

li kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba
Eto Rukhadze
The main aspects of organiza on of working me in the European Union and its reflec on in Georgian legisla-
on ..................................................................................................................................................................71
qeTi benaSvili
eleqtronuli komercia _ Tanamedroveobis gamowveva kerZo samarTalSi

Ke Benashvili
Electronic Commerce – The Challenge of Modern Private Law ......................................................................81
revaz dekanosiZe
sawarmos sruli an nawilobrivi gadacemisas dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis garantiebi

asocirebis SeTanxmebis mixedviT
Revaz Dekanosidze
Safeguarding of Employees’ Rights in the Event of Transfer of Businesses or Parts of Businesses According to
the Associa on Agreement .............................................................................................................................95
qristine CilingaraSvili
distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis dros momxmarebelTa uflebebi da maTi

dacvis samarTlebrivi garantiebi (qarTuli da evropuli samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi)
Kris ne Chilingarashvili
The rights of consumers and legal guarantees for their protec on in distance contracts (compara ve analysis
of Georgian and European law ......................................................................................................................104
Teona Todua
evropuli kavSiris direqtiviT regulirebuli SromiTi urTierTobis koleqtiurad

Sewyvetis ZiriTadi principebi da qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba direqtivasTan
Teona Todua
Legal Aspects of Regula on of Collec ve Redundancy under the EU Direc ve and Compliance with the Geor-
gian Legisla on ..............................................................................................................................................129
II. statiebi
II. ARTICLES
Tamar zoiZe
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba qarTuli da germanuli samarTlis mixedviT
Tamar Zoidze
Unfeasibility to fulfill obliga on according to the Georgian and German law ..............................................144
mariam gaiparaSvili
axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis anazRaureba saqarTve-
los samarTlis mixedviT
Mariam Gaiparashvili
Compensa on for non-pecuniary damages in wrongful death cases according to the Georgian law ..........159
giorgi aladaSvili
miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaureba da dakarguli Sansi, rogorc misi alternativa
Giorgi Aladashvili
Compensa on of Lost Profits and Loss of Chance as Its Alterna ve .............................................................178
nikoloz nacvliSvili
pirgasamtexlos anazRaurebis winapirobebi da misi mimarTeba zianis anazRaurebis meora-
di moTxovnis uflebasTan saxelSekrulebo interesis ganxorcielebis aspeqtSi
Nikoloz Natsvlishvili
The reimbursement prerequisites of the contractual penalty and it’s rela on to the right of damages within
the right of secondary claim in the aspect of contractual interest................................................................200
mariam kalandaZe
miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis samarTlebrivi winapirobebi (SedarebiTsamarTle-
brivi analizi)
Mariam Kalandadze
Legal Grounds for Reimbursement of Lost Profit (Compara ve Analysis) .....................................................216
Tornike liklikaZe
sasamarTlos roli pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvraSi sajaro wesrigis uzrunvely-
ofis mizanTan mimarTebiT
Tornike Liklikadze
Role of Court in Determining the Amount of Liquidated Damages with respect to the Purpose of Ensuring the
Public Order...................................................................................................................................................231
nika jaSiaSvili
nominalizmis principi da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba
Nika Jashiashvili
Principle of Nominalism and Contractual Fairness ........................................................................................250
lela maWaraSvili
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlisa da 312-e muxlis me-2 nawilis urTierT-
mimarTebis sakiTxi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 17 oqtombris
3/4/550 gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad
Lela Macharashvili
Issue of the interrela on of Ar cle 185 and paragraph 2 of Ar cle 312 of the Civil Code of Georgia, in accor-
dance with the Judgement №3/4/550 of the Cons tu onal Court of Georgia of 17 October, 2017 ............262
nikoloz simoniSvili
bralis gareSe saxelmwifos samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
Nikoloz Simonishvili
Legal grounds for civil liability of the State without fault ..............................................................................277
ana maisaSvili, Tamar papasqiri

davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis mimarTeba keTilsindisierebis principTan
Ana Maisashvili, Tamar Papaskiri
Interrela onship of neg ges o to the principle of conscien ousness ..........................................................292
Sorena lolaZe
dauSvebeli mtkicebulebebi samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi
Shorena Loladze
Inadmissible Evidence in Civil Procedural Law ..............................................................................................302
Tamari orToiZe
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnoba da aRsruleba
Tamari Ortoidze
The Recogni on and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards .....................................................................319
mTavari redaqtorebisgan
civilistebis didi moZRvari

`kerZo samarTlis mimoxilvis~ es gamocema eZRvneba Tanamedrove samarTlis erT-erTi
fuZemdeblis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesoris,
saqarTvelos erovnul mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentis baton sergo jorbena-
Zis naTel xsovnas.
didia profesor sergo jorbenaZis damsaxureba qarTuli kerZo samarTlis ganviTare-
bis saqmeSi. igi damsaxurebulad iTvleba me-20 saukunis erT-erT yvelaze gamorCeul mecni-
er-iuristad, romlis mier gakvalul gzaze amayad miabijebs civilistikis eSxiT Sepyrobi-
li axalgazrda Taoba. profesorma sergo jorbenaZem samoqalaqo kodeqsis SeqmniT qarTvel
xalxs dautova sakodifikacio Zegli, romelic warmoadgens RirebulebaTa uSret wyaros,
ramac Secvala Cveni samarTlebrivi cnobiereba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi warmoadgens profesor sergo jorbenaZis Semoqmedebis gvirgvins.
swored mas ergo pativi gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi saTaveSi Cadgomoda pirveli samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis SemuSavebis erovnul saqmes. sergo jorbenaZe miekuTvneba iuristebis im
mcirericxovan Taobas, romelic sabWoTa sinamdvileSic kargad grZnobda dasavluri samar-
Tlis majiscemas da misi saqarTveloSi recefciis aucileblobas. aseTma damokidebulebam
xeli Seuwyo imas, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis samSeneblo masalad gamoyenebuliyo, rogorc
evropis ganviTarebuli qveynebis kodifikaciebi (upiratesad germanuli), ise unificire-
bul-harmonizebuli kanonmdebloba, romelic gacilebiT farTo iyo, vidre evrokavSiris
samarTali. evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebamde Cven ver mividodiT, samarTlis
reforma Tavidanve dafuZnebuli rom ar yofiliyo evropuli samarTlis ZiriTad Rire-
bulebebze. am RirebulebaTagan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisu-
fleba, risi safuZvelicaa kerZo avtonomiis, sakuTrebis, xelSekrulebisa da mewarmeobis
Tavisuflebis principebis normatiuli aRiareba. Tanamedrove kerZo samarTali samoqa-
laqo kodeqsisa da mis safuZvelze miRebuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis wyalobiT, amkvidrebs
sikeTeTa iseT sistemas, romelic gamomdinareobs RirebulebaTa konstituciiT gaTvalis-
winebuli obieqturi wesrigidan. profesori sergo jorbenaZe imdenad bunebrivad grZnobda
am faseulobebis mniSvnelobas, rom misi TaosnobiT SemuSavebulma samoqalaqo kodeqsma
arnaxuli biZgi misca Cveni samarTlis evropul samarTalTan daaxloebis process. misi
miRebidan dRemde ganvlili dro aCvenebs am xazis siswores. 90-ian wlebSi miRebuli sakod-
ifikacio aqtebidan erTaderTi samoqalaqo kodeqsia, romelmac yvelaze naklebi cvlileba
ganicada, romelTa Soris sakmaod bevri misi gaumjobeseba ki ar iyo, aramed gauaresebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. cxadia, samoqalaqo kodeqsi, rogorc nebismieri kanoni, adamianis xe-
liT Seqmnili aqtia da naklovanebebisagan arc isaa dazRveuli. mTavaria, sakanonmdeblo
novaciebiT kodeqsSi arsebuli xarvezebi gamoswordes da ara unaklo normebze iTqvas uari,
rac uneblied SeiZleba mouvides kanonmdebels.
profesori sergo jorbenaZe wuxda imis gamo, rom Cveni cxovreba savse iyo kerZo da
sajaro interesebis erTmaneTisgan gaucxoebiT. roca kodeqsi SemuSavda, is siamayiT aRniS-
navda, rom am mxriv, samoqalaqo kodeqsi dabalansebuli iyo. masSi socialuri funqcia war-
moadgens mowesrigebuli kerZo interesebis qmedunarianobis aucilebel Tanamgzavrs, ramac
yvelaze mZafri gamoxatuleba hpova sakuTrebis Tanamedrove koncefciaSi. saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi yvelaze TvalnaTliv gamoCnda es midgoma,
ramac SeiZleba iTqvas Secvala Cveni xalxis warmodgenebi kerZo interesebis yofierebaze.
amJamad aRar unda iyos Zneli imis gacnobiereba, rom kerZo interesi, maSin iqceva ufle-
bad, roca igi Sewonilia sxva pirTa interesebTan. nebismieri ufleba interesTa Sewonvis
safuZvelze miRebuli faseulobaa. aseTi damokidebuleba iZleva imis imeds, rom Cven erT
9
dRes davZlevT kerZo da sajaro interesebis istoriul gaucxoebas da Tavs davaRwevT
azrovnebis im stils, romlis garsic mometebuladaa gasqelebuli kerZo interesebis ilu-
zoruli (zRvargadasuli) avtonomiiT. axalgazrda civilistebs unda axsovdeT, rom pro-
fesori sergo jorbenaZe pirveli iyo, romelmac kerZo da sajaro interesebis dabalansebis
mimarTulebiT mcire, magram istoriuli nabiji gadadga. mas, garda samoqalaqo kodeqsis
SemuSavebisa, didi damsaxureba aqvs civilisturi azris ganviTarebaSi, razedac ramdenime
sityviT SemovifarglebiT.
mravalmxrivi iyo profesor sergo jorbenaZis samecniero interesebis sfero. igi ikv-
levda saojaxo, saqorwino samarTals, sakuTrebisa da valdebulebiTi samarTlis proble-
mebs. samarTlis istoriac misi interesis sagans Seadgenda. yvela mis monografiul gamokv-
levas win uZRvis vrceli istoriuli nawili, romelSic akademiuri sizustiTaa warmoCenili
ganxiluli sakiTxebis evoluciuri gza feodaluri xanidan moyolebuli sabWoTa samarT-
lis CaTvliT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am dros moqmedi bevri instituti warsuls Cabarda,
maTi meTodologiuri analizi, romelsac mimarTavda profesori sergo jorbenaZe, mkv-
levarTaTvis dResac aqtualuria. mis SromebSi, civilistikiT dainteresebul mecnierebs
bevri saintereso azris migneba SeuZliaT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is saxelmZRvane-
lo debulebebi, romlebsac igi ayalibebda ojaxis, qorwinebis, sakuTrebis, valdebulebis
Sesaxeb. man pirvelma gamoikvlia qarTuli samarTlis adgili ruseTis imperiis kanonTa
sistemaSi. samwuxarod, vrceli monografiis xelnaweri, romelSic gamokvleuli iyo lev
tolstois damokidebuleba samarTlis mimarT, xanZarma STanTqa mis mokrZalebul agarak-
Tan erTad. profesorma sergo jorbenaZem Zegli daudga Cveni universitetis dafuZnebis
istorias ivane javaxiSvilis cxovrebasa da Rvawlze Sesrulebuli fundamenturi mono-
grafiiT, romlisTvisac mas saxelmwifo premia mieniWa. vin moTvlis, kidev ramdeni proble-
ma gamxdara misi samecniero interesis sagani.
uaRresad cocxali akademiuri stili da ena, azris SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi analizi,
samarTlis praqtikuli gonis warmoCena da bevri sxva Rirseba, riTac gamoirCeoda misi
Semoqmedeba kvlevisa Tu pedagogiuri saqmianobis procesSi, kargad axsovT mis mowafeebs da
kolegebs. gamorCeulad didia misi roli ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis organizaciis saqmeSi,
rasac garda praqtikuli saqmianobisa, calke monografiuli kvlevac ki miuZRvna. udavod,
igi iyo didi sazogado moRvawe, mecnieri da pedagogi, romlis Semoqmedeba arasdros ar
miecema daviwyebas da mudam seriozuli biZgi iqneba axalgazrda TaobisaTvis.
am mokle aRweriT vamTavrebT profesor sergo jorbenaZis Sesaxeb Txrobas da moxarul-
ni varT imiT, rom Jurnalis es nomeri, romelSic evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrule-
baze konferenciis masalebis garda, rogorc profesorebis, ise studentebis bevri sxva
gamokvlevaa, eZRvneba civilistebis did moZRvars.
besarion zoiZe
Tamar zarandia
marika dumbaZe
10
Besarion Zoidze (Prof., TSU)
THE MAIN CHALLENGES OF THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION
FOR GEORGIAN PRIVATE LAW
ABSTRACT
The Associa on Agreement with the European Union (EU) is a crucial step towards the path of
Europeaniza on of Georgian private law. Georgia was advancing step-by-step to the European law. The
first essen al step forward in this regard was adop on of the Civil Code of Georgia, which was consid-
ered as the most important legal act a er the cons tu on in the context of value. This was followed
by the adop on of a number of special acts on the basis of which the Georgian law became part of
the European legal system.
The Associa on Agreement has the ~cons tu onal value~ for Georgia. It obliges the country to
use and consider the basic principles and norma ve mechanisms prescribed for regula ng the rela ons
between individuals within the scope of the laws of the EU. Among which, the most important is the
free movement of capital. The Associa on Agreement addi onally enlarges the content and territorial
boundaries of this freedom and collapses the “feudal barriers~. Intellectual property is obtaining new
content and becomes not only the most important value of civil circula on, but the decisive expres-
sion of human personality. Further, promo on of compe on is a significant slogan of this agreement.
Where there is no compe ve market, no free civil circula on may be found. Protec on of labor rights
is the most acute problem of all countries. The Associa on Agreement contains number of proposals for
the improvement of Georgian legisla on in this regard. Finally, consumer rights protec on is considered
to be a major challenge of this century, which should be also guaranteed by the legal system of the
member states.
11
besarion zoiZe* 1
evrokavSirTan asocirebis SeTanxmebis ZiriTadi gamowvevebi

qarTuli kerZo samarTlisaTvis
1. Sesavali
evrokavSirTan asocirebis SeTanxmeba warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes etaps qarTuli
kerZo samarTlis evropeizaciis gzaze. saqarTvelo nabij-nabij uaxlovdeboda evropul
samarTals. pirveli seriozuli ganacxadi am mimarTulebiT iyo samoqalaqo kodeqsis
miReba, romelic RirebulebiT konteqstSi konstituciis Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovan
aqtad ganixileboda. swored mis amoqmedebas mohyva Sedegad mravali specialuri xas-
iaTis kanonis miReba, ris safuZvelzec qarTuli samarTali iqca evropuli samarTlis
nawilad.
asocirebis SeTanxmeba saqarTvelosaTvis warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes `RirebulebiT
konstitucias~. igi qveyanas avaldebulebs, rogorc evrokavSiris samarTlis fuZemde-
bluri principebis, ise calkeuli urTierTobebis mowesrigebisas evrokavSirSi arsebuli
normatiuli meqanizmebis gamoyeneba-gaTvaliswinebas. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelova-
nia kapitalis Tavisufali moZraoba. asocirebis xelSekrulebiT farTovdeba am Tavisu-
flebis, rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise teritoriuli farglebi da imsxvreva `feodaluri
zRudeebi~. inteleqtualuri sakuTreba iZens axal Sinaarss da xdeba samoqalaqo brunvis
ara marto yvelaze wonadi faseuloba, aramed adamianis pirovnulobis srulfasovani
gamoxatuleba. konkurenciisaTvis xelis Sewyoba am xelSekrulebis mniSvnelovani slog-
ania. sadac ar aris jansaRi konkurencia, iq arc Tavisufali samoqalaqo brunvaa. Sromi-
Ti uflebebis dacva yvela qveynis yvelaze mwvave problemaa. asocirebis xelSekruleba
bevr winadadebas Seicavs qarTuli kanonmdeblobis dasaxvewad. da bolos, momxmarebelTa
uflebebis dacva am saukunis gamowvevad ganixileba, rasac samarTalma seriozuli garan-
tiebi unda Seuqmnas.
2. evropul samarTalTan harmonizacia damoukideblobis
mopovebis mijnaze
sabWoTa kavSiris daSla axali epoqis dasawyisi aRmoCnda saqarTvelosaTvis. qveyanas
mieca istoriuli SesaZlebloba gaTavisuflebuliyo socialisturi samarTlis marwux-
ebisagan da gezi aeRo dasavluri Rirebulebebisaken, romlis moTxovnilebac qarTve-
li xalxis istoriuli bedisweriT iyo ganpirobebuli. es iyo xelovnurad miZinebuli
bunebrivi samarTlebrivi grZnobebis kvlav gamoRviZeba da im gzaze xelmeored Sedgoma,
rasac qveyana met-naklebi tempebiT adga komunisturi reJimis damyarebamde. evropuli
samarTlebrivi materiis Sesaqmnelad pirveli nabijebi gadaidga gasul saukuneSi, jer
kidev samoqalaqo kodeqsis SemuSaveba-miRebamde. es iyo periodi, rodesac saqarTvelo
iwyebs damoukidebeli kanonmdeblobis Seqmnas da am gziT kontinenturi evropis samarT-
lis ojaxSi integracias. marTalia, igi ar gamoirCeva samarTlebrivi Rirebulebebis gan-
*
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori.
12
sakuTrebuli mozRvavebiT, magram dasavleTisaken mimavali gza gamokveTilia. samarTal-

ze mowyurebulma xalxis energiam amoxeTqa sakuTrebis bunebiTi uflebis normatiuli
aRiarebisas. amisi seriozuli simptomebi jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis procesSi
Cans, roca mis gadasarCenad komunisturma xelisuflebam daiwyo sakuTrebis momwesri-
gebeli kanonmdeblobis `Selamazeba~. sakavSiro saxelmwifom miiRo kanoni `sakuTrebis
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~, romelic savaldebulo Zalis mqone iyo yvela mokavSire respub-
likisaTvis. erTi SexedviT, igi, TiTqos wingadadgmuli nabiji unda yofiliyo maTi
uflebebis aRiarebis mimarTulebiT, sinamdvileSi ki miznad isaxavda sakavSiro saxelm-
wifos moryeuli samarTlebrivi organizmis ganmtkicebas iseTi zogadi da abstraqtuli
kategoriebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa `mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebis xalxis~
uflebebi `sabWoTa xalxTan erTad~ da a.S. vidre jeri midgeboda fizikuri da iuridi-
uli pirebis kerZo sakuTrebis aRiarebaze, manamde mokavSire respublikebs unda moepove-
binaT sakuTrebis ufleba bunebriv resursebze, rogoricaa `miwa, wyali, wiaRi, tye~,
romelic maTi teritoriis farglebSi iyo. swored am mimarTebiT iCenda siZunwes daSlis
piras mimdgari sabWoTa xelisufleba da yvela meTodiT ebRauWeboda mis SenarCunebas.
uamravi kanonproeqti, romelic man sayovelTao saxalxo ganxilvisaTvis gamoitana, am
suliskveTebiT gamoirCeoda. bunebrivi resursebis `saxalxo simdidred~ gamocxadebis
da am terminis qveS moqalaqeTa uflebebis moazrebiT, gza eketeboda sakuTrebis de-
centralizacias da kerZo sakuTrebis SemoRebas. samwuxarod, mokavSire respublikaTa
xelisufalni ver bedavdnen dapirispirebodnen sakavSiro saxelmwifos winadadebebs da
respublikuri mniSvnelobis aqtebSi imeorebdnen TiTqmis igive debulebebs1. normati-
uli aqtebis proeqtebidan Cans, rom marTalia, saxelmwifo ver eleva masze eqskluz-
iur uflebas, magram garemoebani aiZulebs es ufleba fizikur da iuridiul pirebsac
gadaunawilos. amas igi axerxebs danawevrebuli sakuTrebis modelis SemoTavazebiT, rac
mwvave kritikis Semdeg mis mierve iqna uaryofili. am modelis mixedviT, saxelmwifo
cxaddeboda `miwis uzenaes~ mesakuTred, xolo _ fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi _ `daqve-
mdebarebul mesakuTreebad~. marTalia aRniSnul models momavali ar hqonda, igi mainc
mcire nabiji iyo kerZo sakuTrebis aRiarebis mimarTulebiT. amas emateboda savaWro
urTierTobebSi kerZo iniciativebis aRiarebis aucilebloba. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis
miRebamde gaCnda `samewarmeo saqmianobis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni, romelic am saqmia-
nobis mraval formas iTvaliswinebda. aq gamoikveTa mTavari maxasiaTeblebi, riTac cxadi
Seiqmna sabWour samarTalTan daSoreba da savaWro urTierTobebSi kerZo iniciativis
aRiareba. amas mohyva ìndividualuri mewarmeobisa da individualuri sawarmos Sesaxeb~
debuleba (1992 w.), Semdgom `SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb~ nor-
matiuli aqti, romelic yvelaze gavrcelebul samewarmeo sazogadoebas warmoadgenda.2
3. samoqalaqo kodeqsis miReba - gza evropisaken

konstituciasTan erTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis miReba warmoadgenda qarTuli saxel-
mwifoebriobis samarTlebriv gvirgvins. damoukidebelma kanonmdeblobam gansazRvra
saxelmwifos normatiuli sxeuli, romelic warmoadgenda mis Sinagan moTxovnilebas da
1
ix. zoiZe b., sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb, gazeTi „saqarTvelos respublika“, 1991, 18 noemberi; Зоидзе Б.,
Пурцеладзе Д., Георгий Надареишвили, Республика: Право собственности „Зарья востока“, 1990, N26.
2
ix. burduli i., samewarmeo (savaWro) samarTlis ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da germaniaSi (SedarebiT-samarT-
lebrivi kvleva), Tb., 2007, 60-62.
13
besarion zoiZe
ara romelime garegani valdebulebis Sesrulebas. samoqalaqo kodeqsi qarTveli xalxis

istoriuli moTxovnileba iyo, romelsac fesvebi hqonda gadgmuli XVIII saukunis yvelaze
did kodifikaciaSi, rogoricaa `vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuli~. es iyo feoda-
luri samarTlis sistematizaciis mcdeloba, riTac gadaidga epoqaluri nabiji evropaSi
Semdgom saukuneebSi mimdinare didi kodifikaciebisaken. samoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebiT
ganxorcielda evropuli samarTlis arnaxuli recefcia, rac iyo qarTveli xalxis moTx-
ovnileba aRedgina is Catexili xidi, romelic mas akavSirebda dasavlur RirebulebebTan.
aman ganapiroba is faqti, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis samSeneblo masalad gamoyenebuli iqna
rogorc calkeuli evropuli qveynis, ise evrokavSirisa da evrosabWos samarTlebrivi
aqtebi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda unificirebuli kanonmdebloba, romelTa
nawili samarTlis didi ojaxebis konsensusis Sedegad iqmneboda (magaliTad rogoricaa
konvenciebi nasyidobis, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dargSi da a.S.). aseTma midgomam
mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba qarTuli kerZo samarTlis harmonizacia dasavlur samarTal-
Tan da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis gamokveTa3.
samoqalqo kodeqsis miRebiT qarTul kerZo samarTalSi damkvidrda dasavluri
samarTlebrivi kategoriebi, qarTuli samarTali sabolood gaemijna sabWour samarTals
da postsabWoTa sivrceSi yvelaze umtkivneulod moaxerxa man misi daZleva. amis erT-erTi
mizezi isic iyo, rom faseulobaTa wyobaSi kerZo interesebisadmi mometebuli yuradReba
istoriul faqts warmodgenda qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani aR-
moCnda kerZo sakuTrebis aRiareba. saqarTvelo iyo erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, romelmac
uari Tqva sakuTrebis formebze da konstituciaSi ganamtkica sakuTrebis erTianobis
normatiuli formula, rac gaxda aradiskriminaciuli sakuTrebiTi wesrigis Camoyal-
ibebis safuZveli. dRes arsebuli mdidari sasamarTlo praqtika imaze metyvelebs, rom
sakuTreba qarTul sinamdvileSi yvelaze mgrZnobiare faseulobas warmoadgens da Sei-
Zleba moWarbebuladac. samwuxarod, kanonmdeblis, sasamarTlosa da administraciuli
dawesebulebis damokidebulebaSi erTgvari dualisturi damokidebuleba Camoyalibda.
erTi mxriv, sakuTreba sakraluri, pirovnulobasTan dakavSirebuli faseulobaa, raSic
sasamarTlo precedentebi evropul faseulobebzea orientirebuli. meore mxriv, Cam-
oyalibda amis sapirispiro praqtika, romelic aadvilebs sakuTrebis uflebaSi Carevas,
rogorc SezRudvis, ise misi eqspropriaciis saxiT. es ukanaskneli midgoma Zveli damok-
idebulebis gadmonaSTia, risi masStabebic TandaTanobiT mcirdeba. mTavari is aris, rom
Cvens samarTlebriv sinamdvileSi sakmaod dasrulebuli saxe miiRo sakuTrebis ZiriT-
adi uflebis im koncefciam, rac damkvidrebulia dasavlur samarTlebriv wesrigebSi,
rogorc evrosasamarTlos, ise mowinave qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi. saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gadamwyveti roli Seasrula Tanamedrove sakuTrebiTi wes-
rigis CamoyalibebaSi, rac Cans calkeuli kvlevebidan4. Tumca, aqac SeiZleba dasavlu-
ri gamocdilebis srulyofa mcire sakuTrebis garantiebTan dakavSirebiT. germanuli
3
dawvrilebiT ixileT: Chanturia L., Die Europäisierung der georgischen rechts – blosser Wűnsch oder grosse herausforderung?
In Rabels Zeitschri , Band 74, He 1, 2010, 154-181; Wanturia l., qarTuli samarTali da ganviTarebis alternativebi.
ix. saiubileo samecniero krebuli: oTar gamyreliZe 80, Tb., 2016, 11-23; zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTali
recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 1-347.
4
ix. zoiZe b., sakuTrebis uflebis evolucia qarTul samarTalSi. krebuli: sakuTreba da samarTlebrivi sta-
biluroba: sakuTrebis cnebis transformacia, Tb., 2015, 107-120; zarandia T., sanivTo samarTlis safuZvlebi,
Tb., 2016, 207-217; zoiZe T., sakuTrebis uflebis cneba da Sinaarsi, Jurnali „kerZo samarTlis mimoxilva“, N1,
2015, gv. 5-28.
14
doqtrina erTmaneTisagan mijnavs mcire (substanciur) da did (funqciur) sakuTrebas5.

saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagans warmoadgens is sakuTreba, romelTanac
uSualo Semxebloba aqvs yvela moqalaqes. swored aq SeigrZnoba da Seimecneba TiToeu-
li adamianis mxridan sakuTreba, rogorc Rirebuleba, romelic yvelaze axlosaa mis
pirovnulobasTan, yvelaze Zlieradaa Sezrdili masTan, rogorc samarTlis subieqtTan.
sxvagvaria damokidebuleba didi sakuTrebis mimarT, aq, rogorc wesi, moiazreba komer-
ciuli, samewarmeo sakuTreba. SeiZleba gadavaWarboT, magram igi pirobiTad SeiZleba
iwodebodes sakuTrebad, vinaidan aq mravali interesebis gadakveTa xdeba da sakuTrebis
obieqtebis mimarT mesakuTris poziciaSi eqcevian am sakuTrebis mmarTvelebi, menejere-
bi. amitomacaa, rom komerciuli sakuTreba zogjer menejeruli sakuTrebis saxelwodeb-
iT moixsenieba. amiT mxolod is gvinda vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifom unda SeimuSaos moqa-
laqeTa mcire sakuTrebis garantiebisa da dacvis programa-koncefcia, rac SesaZlebels
gaxdis sakuTrebis aucilebel (sasicocxlo) obieqtebTan maT wvdomas. es niSnavs ara
raime gansxvavebuli sakuTrebiTi wesrigis Seqmnas, aramed arsebuli wesrigis praqtikul
realizacias mcire sakuTrebasTan damokidebulebaSi.
4. kapitalis Tavisufali moZraoba

warmoudgenilia samoqalaqo brunva, samewarmeo saqmianoba, qonebisa da momsaxurebis
Tavisufali gadaadgilebis gareSe. misi mniSvneloba qarTvelma kanonmdebelma normati-
ulad gaaforma jer kidev samoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebisas. kapitalis Tavisufali moZrao-
ba gamocxadda mis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes miznad, kerZod, mecxre muxlSi Caiwera, rom
`samoqalaqo kanonebi uzrunvelyofen saqarTvelos teritoriaze samoqalaqo brunvis
Tavisuflebas, Tu am Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba ar xelyofs mesame pirTa interesebs~.
vidre aRniSnuli muxli amgvari formulirebiT Camoyalibdeboda, iyo ufro detaluri
formulirebebic, romelSic gamokveTili iqneboda qonebis moZraobis Tavisufleba. erT-
erT variantSi, romelic profesor mixeil jibutis mier iqna SemoTavazebuli, aRniSnulia:
`samoqalaqo kanonebi uzrunvelyofen saqarTvelos teritoriaze saqonlis, momsaxurebi-
sa da kapitalis Tavisufal moZraobas~. aseve iyo winadadeba yuradReba gamaxvilebuliyo
mxolod saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze da imaze, rom aRniSnuli sikeTeebis moZraobiT ar
SezRuduliyo aramarto mesame pirTa interesebi, aramed `sabazro urTierTobaTa Tavi-
sufleba~6. sabolood komisia SeTanxmda dRes arsebul variantze, romelic moicavs yvela
SemoTavazebuli winadadebis Sinaarss (cxadia ganmartebis konteqstSi). normis miRebis es
istoria imaze metyvelebs, rom kanonmdebels Tavidanve hqonda Segnebuli, rom kapitalis
Tavisufali moZraobis gareSe samoqalaqo brunvas fiqtiuri xasiaTi eqneboda. vinaidan
samoqalaqo kodeqsi erovnuli samarTlebrivi aqtia, misi moqmedeba Semofargluli iyo
saqarTvelos teritoriiT. es iyo mniSvnelovani RirebulebiTi ganacxadi Tavisufali
bazris ganviTarebis gzaze, rasac Semdgom mxari auba sxva samarTlebrivma aqtebmac. kap-
italis Tavisufali gadaadgileba angariSsworebis TavisuflebasTan erTad warmoadgens
evrokavSiris qonebrivi samarTlis erT-erT yvelaze seriozul princips. igi mowesrige-
bulia evropuli kavSiris funqcionirebis xelSekrulebiT (m. 63 _ m. 66) da exeba 88/361/
ECC direqtivis I danarTSi CamoTvlil garigebebs, romelic moicavs investiciebsa da
5
ix. Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, meore gamocema, Tb., 2001, 64-68.
6
ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis proeqti (inaxeba Cems pirad arqivSi).
15
besarion zoiZe
fasian qaRaldebs7. kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis moqmedebis teritorias miekuT-

vneba, rogorc evrokavSiris qveynebs Soris kapitalis moZraoba, ise am qveynebsa da sxva
saxelmwifoebs Soris maTi investireba. aRniSnuli Tavisuflebis subieqtebia kapitalis
moZraobis samoqmedo teritoriaze arsebuli fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi.8
kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis da angariSsworebis Tavisufleba ar eqvemde-
bareba SezRudvas, razedac pirdapiraa miniSnebuli evropuli kavSiris funqcionirebis
Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 63-e muxlSi. gamonaklisebi, roca SesaZlebelia calkeuli Sez-
Rudvebis daweseba, SeiZleba moxdes evrokavSiris arawevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis9.
ase TandaTan, kapitalis moZraobis sivrce izrdeboda imis kvalobaze, rac ufro
Zlierdeboda evropul samarTalTan harmonizaciis masStabebi.
asocirebis xelSekruleba aRmoCnda is saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi aqti, romel-
mac moaryia kapitalis moZraobis `feodaluri zRudeebi~ da mis gadaadgilebas farTo
asparezi misca evrokavSiris sivrceSi. am xelSekrulebaSi sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba
mocemul sakiTxs da qarTuli kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan daaxloe-
bas. xelSekrulebis 138-e muxlis Tanaxmad, xelSemkvreli mxareebi iReben valdebulebas
ùzrunvelyon kapitalis Tavisufali moZraoba pirdapir investiciebTan, maT Soris, uZ-
ravi qonebis SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic xorcieldeba mimRebi mxaris kanonmde-
blobis Sesabamisad.~ TiToeuli mxare uzrunvelyofs: `(a) im kreditebTan dakavSirebuli
kapitalis Tavisufal moZraobas, romelic Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba iseT komerciul
garigebebs an momsaxurebis gawevas, romelSic monawileobs erT-erTi mxaris rezidenti;
(b) im kapitalis Tavisufal moZraobas, romelic ukavSirdeba mxaris investorebis port-
felur investiciebs, finansur sesxebsa da kreditebs~. mniSvnelovania is, rom SeTanxmeba
iTvaliswinebs kapitalis moZraobis procesSi warmoSobili sirTuleebisagan Tavdacvis
RonisZiebebs, romelTa SemoRebis ufleba mxareebs aqvT aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi (m.
139). aRsaniSnavia aseve mxareebisaTvis miniWebuli SesaZlebloba izrunon kapitalis moZ-
raobis gamartivebisaTvis. es ki gulisxmobs kapitalis Tavisufali moZraobis uzrunve-
lyofas, rac miiRweva mometebuli formaluri barierebis moxsniT.
5. inteleqtualuri sakuTreba
asocirebis xelSekrulebis mozrdili nawili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sfero-
Si gasatarebel RonisZiebebs exeba. es bunebrivia, vinaidan inteleqtualuri sakuTreba
warmoadgens yvelaze moTxovnad aramaterialur sikeTes, romlis gareSe adamianis araTu
ganviTareba, aramed adamianad yofna SeuZleblia. amas adasturebs mis mimarT arsebuli
gansakuTrebuli sakanonmdeblo interesi dawyebuli konstituciiT, damTavrebuli mim-
dinare kanonmdeblobiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis, rogorc pirvel, ise mis Semdgom
redaqciebSi sagangebodaa xazgasmuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvaze. bolo re-
daqcia ase gamoiyureba: ìnteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ufleba daculia~ (m.20, p.1. w.2).
amasTan erTad, konstitucia Seicavs sakuTrebis damcav zogad normas (m.19), rac sruli-
7
gabriCiZe g., evropuli kavSiris samarTali, evropuli da SedarebiTi samarTlis institutis gamomcemloba,
Tb., 2012, veli: 705, 708.
8
Tb., 2012, veli: 709, 713.
9
Tb., 2012, veli: 714-716.
16
adac ar xdis zedmetad inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis calke gamoyofas da mis

mibmas Semoqmedebis TavisuflebasTan. niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis meoTxe wignis saxelwodebaa ìnteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kodeqsis ZalaSi Sesvlis droisaTvis es wigni moicavda inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis farTomasStabian mowesrigebas (m. 1017 _ m. 1105). Semdgom, aRniSnuli norme-
bis absoluturi umravlesoba sxvadasxva formiTa da SinaarsiT ganTavsda _ `saavtoro
da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi darCa ramdenime muxli,
kerZod, saavtoro samarTlis momwesrigebeli erTi norma (m. 1017), romelic miTiTebiTi
xasiaTisaa. masSi aRniSnulia, rom saavtoro qonebrivi da piradi araqonebrivi ufle-
bebis, agreTve zogierTi maTi momijnave uflebis dacva xorcieldeba `saavtoro da momi-
jnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis safuZvelze. xeluxlebladaa datovebuli samrewvelo
sakuTrebis momwesrigebeli normebi (m. 1100 _ m. 1105).
inteleqtualuri sakuTreba tradiciuli sakuTrebisagan mravali TaviseburebiT xas-
iaTdeba, rac ganapirobebs mis damoukidebel mowesrigebas. sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi, ro-
melSic moiazreba unificirebuli saerTaSoriso aqtebi, pirvel rigSi unda dasaxeldes
iseTi zogadi xasiaTis aqti, rogoricaa adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, rome-
lic Tavisi bunebiT qarTuli kanonmdeblobis nawilad ganixileba. konstituciis 20-e
muxlis pirveli punqtis Sinaarsi SesabamisobaSia aRniSnuli konvenciis me-10 muxlTan da
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciasTan (m. 27).10
asocirebis xelSekrulebam farTomasStabiani amocanis winaSe daayena qarTveli kanon-
mdebeli. masSi detaluradaa gawerili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis calkeuli sferoebi,
romlebSic unda ganxorcieldes samarTlebrivi reformebi. am SeTanxmebis me-9 Tavi erT-
gvar saprogramo xasiaTs atarebs. misi mizania ìnteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis
dacvisa da aRsrulebis adekvaturi da efeqtiani donis miRweva~ (m. 150) (d). saamisod
ki, `mxareebma unda uzrunvelyon inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi dadebuli saer-
TaSoriso SeTanxmebebis adekvaturi da efeqtiani ganxorcieleba~ (m. 151). rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, amomwuravad unda ganisazRvros inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebi,
rogorc adgilobrivad, ise regionalurad (m. 152). SeTanxmeba pirvel rigSi saavtoro
da momijnave uflebebisadmi wayenebul standartebs exeba, romelic dadgenilia sxvada-
sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebiT, rogoricaa bernisa da romis konvenciebi da a.S. (m.153). aseve
Tanmimdevrulad da aqsiomaturad exeba igi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis
subieqtTa uflebebs (rogoricaa avtori, Semsruleblebi, fonogramis damamzadeblebi,
mauwyeblobis organizaciebi). Semdegi sferoebi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebidan esaa `sa-
saqonlo niSnebi~ (m. 165-m. 169), `geografiuli aRniSvnebi~ (m.169-m.179), `dizaini~ (m.180 -m.
183), `patenti~ (m.184-m. 189). mozrdili nawili exeba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ufle-
baTa aRsrulebas, romelic aerTianebs rogorc wminda pozitiur RonisZiebebs, ise kan-
onsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT darRveuli uflebebis aRdgenas (m.190-m.202). xelSekruleba
saqarTvelos avaldebulebs aRniSnuli mizniT ganaxorcielos samarTlebrivi aqtebis
miReba.
6. konkurencia
asocirebis SeTanxmeba sagangebo yuradRebas amaxvilebs konkurenciis xelSewyobasa
da ganviTarebaze. Tavisufali da SeuzRudavi konkurencia miCneulia bazris warmatebis
10
ix. jorbenaZe s., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari (m. 23), Tb., 2013, gv. 234.
17
besarion zoiZe
faqtorad. am saxis konkurencia gamoricxavs antikonkurenciul biznes qmedebebsa da

saxelmwifos iseT Carevas, romelic `qmnis bazrebis normaluri funqcionirebis Sez-
Rudvis SesaZleblobas da amcirebs vaWrobis liberalizaciidan gamomdinare sargebels~
(Tavi 10, m. 203, w.2).
konkurenciis politika evrokavSirSi emyareba zemoTdasaxelebul princips, romelic
gawerilia evropuli kavSiris funqcionirebis xelSekrulebis 101-e da 109-e muxlebSi11.
konkurenciis akrZalva gulisxmobs iseTi wesebis dadgenas, romelic zegavlenas moax-
dens e.w. Tavisufali bazrisaTvis safrTxis mqone saqmianobaze. erT-erTi aseTi saqmiano-
baa kartelis Seqmna. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis 101-e muxli `krZalavs sawarmoebs Soris
yvela im SeTanxmebas, sawarmoTa gaerTianebebis yvela im gadawyvetilebas da SeTanxmebul
qmedebas, romlebmac SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinon wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze
da miznad isaxavs an iwvevs Sida bazris farglebSi konkurenciis ardaSvebas, mis SezRud-
vas an darRvevas~.12
amrigad, karteluri SeTanxmebis mizania konkurenciis xelyofa da sabazro wesrigis
daqvemdebareba am SeTanxmebis monawileTa interesebze. isini faqtobrivad axdenen bazris
miTvisebas, vinaidan bazris Tavisuflebidan momdinare riskebisagan Tavs izRveven. kar-
teluri SeTanxmeba abrkolebs bazris ganviTarebas da iwvevs monopoliuri mdgomareobis
xelovnurad Seqmnas. samoqalaqo brunva karteluri SeTanxmebiT vardeba bunebrivi ka-
lapotidan da am brunvis mcire monawileTa nebaze daqvemdebarebuli xdeba, bazris obi-
eqtur dinebas enacvleba subieqturi. aseTi maRali safrTxiTaa ganpirobebuli is, rom
101-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela SeTanxmeba da gadawyvetileba baTilia avtomat-
urad.13 civilistikis enaze adgili aqvs maT ucilod baTilobas. Tumca, rogorc yvela
wesSi, aqac gvaqvs gamonaklisebi, roca karteluri SeTanxmeba iZens pozitiur Sinaarss,
kerZod, igi dasaSvebia maSin, roca xels uwyobs saqonlis warmoebis gaumjobesebas, dis-
tribucias, teqnikur Tu ekonomikur progress da a.S.14 aqedan Cans, rom bazris monaw-
ileTa SeTanxmeba ki ar aris bazarTan dapirispireba, aramed, iseTi SeTanxmeba, romelic
miznobrivad upirispirdeba mas, kerZod, konkurenciis kanonebs. miuxedavad SeTanxmebis
pozitiuri mdgomareobisa, Tavad kartelis warmoSoba da gaCena misi negatiuri Tvisebis
amsaxvelia da am azriTaa saubari kartelis akrZalvaze. sruliad logikuria, rom aso-
cirebis xelSekrulebaSi masze sagangebo miniSneba gvaqvs konkurenciis principebidan
gamomdinare. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania igi im qveynebisaTvis, sadac jer ar Camoyal-
ibebula bazris mTavari moTamaSe subieqtebis adekvaturi kultura, raSic gansakuTreb-
ulad gamokveTilia keTilsindisierebis maRali standartebi.
konkurenciis xelSemSlel garemoebad iTvleba sawarmos mier dominanturi mdgomare-
obis borotad gamoyeneba. evropuli kavSiris funqcionirebis xelSekrulebis 102-e mux-
lis mixedviT, ikrZaleba sawarmoTa mxridan dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoy-
eneba Sida bazris farglebSi an mis mniSvnelovan nawilSi, Tuki igi uaryofiT gavlenas
11
gabriCiZe g., evropuli kavSiris samarTali, evropuli da SedarebiTi samarTlis institutis gamocema, Tb.,
2012, veli: 744.
12
2012, veli: 745.
13
2012, veli: 759.
14
2012, veli: 760.
18
axdens wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris vaWrobaze15. kartelisagan gansxvavebiT, dominanturi

mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba iTvaliswinebs gamonaklisebs.16 Tavad dominanturi md-
gomareoba gulisxmobs konkurentebisa da momxmareblebisagan damoukideblad moqmede-
bas. magaliTad, monopoliuri mdgomareobis mqone sawarmo damoukideblad adgens fasebs,
romelic mxolod misTvisaa xelsayreli.
aRsaniSnavia is, rom ikrZaleba ara dominanturi mdgomareoba, aramed misi borotad
gamoyeneba. 102-e muxlis meore punqti icnobs dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad ga-
moyenebis sxvadasxva SemTxvevas, rogoricaa: àrasamarTliani savaWro fasebis an savaW-
ro pirobebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri dadgena; warmoebis bazris an teqnikuri ganvi-
Tarebis SezRudva momxmareblebisaTvis sazianod; savaWro partniorebTan ekvivalentur
tranzaqciebze gansxvavebuli pirobebis gamoyeneba, rac iwvevs maTi konkurentulad ar-
amomgebian pirobebSi Cayenebas; kontraqtis dadebis winapirobad meore mxaris mier im
damatebiTi valdebulebebis aRiarebis dadgena, romlebsac, TavianTi bunebiT da komer-
ciuli gamoyenebidan gamomdinare, kavSiri ar aqvT kontraqtis saganTan.17
qarTulma samarTalma dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis akrZal-
vis momwesrigebeli norma gaiTvaliswina samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tavdapirvel variantSi.
kerZod, am kodeqsis 313-e muxlis me-2 nawilis meore winadadeba bazarze dominirebu-
li mdgomareobis mqone subieqts ukrZalavs `kontrahents usafuZvlod SesTavazos xe-
lSekrulebis araTanabari pirobebi~. bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareoba SeiZleba ekavos
bunebriv monopolists, roca garkveuli produqtis mwarmoebeli sawarmo erTaderTia an
araa erTaderTi, magram bazari upiratesad mis produqcias aqvs dapyrobili. sawarmom
am mdgomareobiT borotad ar unda isargeblos da kontrahents usafuZvlod Tavs ar
unda moaxvios usamarTlo saxelSekrulebo pirobebi. mokled, xelSekrulebis mxare ar
SeiZleba gaxdes Zlieri mxaris `msxverpli~. dominirebuli subieqti valdebulia anga-
riSs uwevdes mxaris interesebs da borotad ar sargeblobdes misi sisustiT. samwux-
arod, samoqalaqo kodeqsis amJamindel redaqciaSi es norma aRar arsebobs. Znelia axsna
kanonmdeblis motivacia roca mas auqmebda, magram Tu samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis xelis
Sewyoba hqonda mxedvelobaSi, es ar iqneba swori. samarTlianoba da keTilsindisiereba
Tanamedrove samoqalaqo brunvis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. es rom asea, Cans produqtis
usafrTxoebisa da Tavisufali mimoqcevis kodeqsidanac.
7. SromiTi uflebebis dacva

SromiTi uflebebis dacva asocirebis SeTanxmebis erT-erT mTavar sakiTxs ganekuT-
vneba. am sferoSi kanonmdeblobis unifikacia-harmonizaciis procesi Sromis kodeqsis
ZalaSi Sesvlis dRidan kidev ufro SesamCnevi xdeba. es exeba im ZiriTad Rirebulebebs,
rasac emyareba SromiTi urTierTobebi. am TvalsazrisiT qarTulma kanonmdeblobam se-
riozuli ryevebi ganicada. Sromis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebisas Tavdapirve-
lad adgili hqonda kerZo samarTlebrivi principebidan gadaxveva-gaucxoebas. es pirvel
15
2012, veli: 765-766.
16
2012, veli: 768.
17
2012, veli: 774.
19
besarion zoiZe
rigSi gamovlinda saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principis moqmedebaSi. damsaqmebel-

dasaqmebulis SromiTi urTierToba sajaro samarTlebrivs ufro waagavda, vidre kerZos.
damsaqmebels ganuzomeli Zalaufleba gaaCnda dasaqmebulis gaTavisuflebis sakiTxSi.
aseTi absoluturi Zalaufleba Sedegad iwvevda dasaqmebulTa totalur daTxovnas sam-
saxuridan. amitomac iyo, rom am sakiTxze sakonstitucio sasamarTlosac mouwia msje-
loba. sasamarTlom ganmwesrigebeli sxdomis farglebSi miaqcia yuradReba Sromis ko-
deqsis 37-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `d~ qvepunqts. sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi
ZiriTadad kmayofildeba mxareTa poziciebis dafiqsirebiT. kerZod, mosarCelis azriT,
`sadavo norma damsaqmebels aZlevs TviTnebobisa da dasaqmebulis samuSaodan usamarTlo
da upirobo gaTavisuflebis safuZvels~.18 marTalia, sasamarTlom ar miiRo es sarCeli
arsebiTad gansaxilvelad, aRniSnuli norma mainc gaxda mwvave kritikis obieqti, vinaidan
masSi asocirdeboda kerZosamarTlebrivi sivrcidan gasvla nebis avtonomiis ignorire-
bis gamo. marTalia, SromiT urTierTobebSi nebis avtonomia ver iqneba klasikuri samo-
qalaqo urTierTobis doneze, magram gonivruli SezRudvis pirobebSi igi mainc akmay-
ofilebs aucilebeli Tavisuflebis moTxovnebs. etyoba kanonmdebelma igrZno normis
Sromis samarTalTan gaucxoeba da aRniSnuli muxlis `d~ qvepunqti, romelic damsaqmeb-
els xelSekrulebis moSlis uflebas aniWebda, Secvala sxvagvari formulirebiT, romel-
Sic gamoikveTa dasaqmebulis nebeloba xelSekrulebis moSlis saqmeSi.
asocirebis SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos avaldebulebs Tavis kanonmdeblobaSi gaiTval-
iswinos saerTaSoriso standartebi. kerZod, SeTanxmebaSi aRniSnulia, rom ... `mxareebi
valdebulebas iReben pativi scen, xeli Seuwyon da asaxon sakuTar kanonmdeblobasa da
praqtikaSi da mTel teritoriaze saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli Sromis ZiriTadi standar-
tebi im formiT, rogorc es mocemulia Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (ILO) konven-
ciebSi...~ (m. 229, p. 2).
asocirebis SeTanxmebis erT-erT mizania, ìZulebiTi an ZaldatanebiTi Sromis yovel-
gvari formis aRmofxvra~ (m.229, p.2). es ukve seriozuli ganacxadia, magram gasarkvevia
iZuleba an Zaldataneba rogor gavigoT: rogorc damsaqmeblis mxridan ganxorciele-
buli moqmedeba, roca dasaqmebulis nebis gamovlenas ara aqvs adgili, Tu aseve aq ig-
ulisxmeba is SemTxveva, roca damsaqmeblis mxridan adgili ara aqvs pirdapir iZulebas,
magram dasaqmebuls arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri garemo aiZulebs damsaqmebelTan
daamyaros misTvis arasasurveli, kabaluri SromiTi urTierToba. unda vivaraudoT, rom
damsaqmebeli iZuleba-Zaldatanebis poziciaSi dgeba maSinac, roca adgili aqvs am md-
gomareobis borotad gamoyenebas. am azriT, es unda iyos iZulebiTi da ZaldatanebiTi
Sromis erT-erTi forma. formis kvalifikaciis safuZvelia ara social-ekonomikuri vi-
Tareba, rogorc faqti, aramed misi im mizniT gamoyeneba, rom aiZulo adamiani daamyaros
damsaqmebelTan misi SromiTi uflebis RirsebisaTvis sruliad Seuferebeli da araadek-
vaturi urTierToba. socialuri gaWirvebis nebismier viTarebaSi SesaZlebelia adamianis
Rirsebis pativiscemaze srulad dafuZnebuli Tu ara, masTan aragaucxoebuli SromiTi
urTierTobis damyareba. damsaqmebeli verasdros imarTlebs Tavs imiT, rom garemoeba
aiZulebda mas Seelaxa dasaqmebulis uflebebi.
asocirebis xelSekruleba Segvaxsenebs, rom SromiT urTierTobebSi diskriminacia
dauSvebelia. es sakiTxi yuradRebas imsaxurebs sxva mimarTulebiTac. CvenSi moqmedebs
kanoni diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, rac erTgvari zogadi xasiaTis
aqtia. aseve xazgasmiT awesrigebs am sakiTxs saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. rac yvelaze
18
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 8 aprilis N2/1/456 ganCineba, ix.: saqarTvelos sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, 2009, baTumi, 2010, 185.
20
mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Sevida cvlilebebi, ramac moicva diskrimi-

naciis yvela forma, sanimuSo CamonaTvalis garda, zogadi Canaweris safuZvelze. konsti-
tuciis formulireba imeorebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis formulire-
bas. konstituciis Zveli redaqciiT gaTvaliswinebuli normis arasrulyofilebas Tavis
droze xazi gaesva sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi.
8. momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva warmoadgens asocirebis xelSekrulebis erT-erT
mTavar mizans. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs qarTuli kanonmdeblobis TandaTanobiT daax-
loebas evrokavSiris samarTalTan, kerZod, im direqtivebTan, romlebic momxmarebelTa
uflebebs exeba. Tu gavixsenebT axali qarTuli kanonmdeblobis istorias, davinaxavT,
rom Tavidanve iyo mcdeloba momxmarebelTa uflebebi gamxdariyo sagangebo dacvis sa-
gani. jer es sakiTxi mowesrigda specialuri kanonmdeblobis doneze. 1996 wels amoqmed-
da `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanoni. misi Tavisebureba iyo is, rom igi
moicavda momxmarebelTa uflebebis èkonomikuri da socialuri dacvis safuZvlebsac~19.
TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovan uflebriv komponents moicavda es kanoni, rogoricaa saqon-
lis, samuSaos, momsaxurebis, xarisxis dadgenil standartebTan Sesabamisoba. masSive
iyo gaTvaliswinebuli uxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba. miuxedavad
mravali Rirsebisa, es kanoni mainc ver Sedga, rogorc RirebulebiTi sistematizirebu-
li aqti, romelic upasuxebda evropuli kanonmdeblobis standartebs. Tumca, am kanonma
mainc Seasrula `gzamkvlevis~ funqcia uamravi kanonqvemdebare aqtisaTvis, romlebic
miRebuli iqna produqciis xarisxTan dakavSirebiT. samoqalaqo kodeqsis amoqmedebidan
axali etapi iwyeba am mimarTulebiT. momxmarebelTa uflebebis amsaxveli normebiT ga-
jerda samoqalaqo kodeqsis sxvadasxva nawilebi. es farTod Seexo xelSekrulebis stand-
artul pirobebs, rac momxmarebelTa usamarTlo saxelSekrulebo pirobebisagan dacvis
umniSvnelovanesi saSualebaa20. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma, marTalia, xelSekrulebis stan-
dartuli pirobebis Sesaxeb germanuli kanonis umTavresi debulebebi gadmoiRo, magram
man es gaakeTa samoqalaqo kodeqsis farglebSi da ara calke kanonis miRebiT. Semdgom
germanelma kanonmdebelmac Secvala Tavisi damokidebuleba da xelSekrulebis standar-
tul pirobebs manac samoqalaqo kodeqsSi miuCina adgili. momxmarebelTa dacvis ufle-
brivi komponentebiT gamdidrda calkeuli xelSekrulebebi. gansakuTrebiT misi kvali
daetyo nasyidobas, etyoba imitomac, rom igi mravlad Seicavda nasyidobis Sesaxeb venis
konvenciis normebs. kodeqsis sistemaSi erTgvari `Semoparuli~ normis saxiT daido bina
e.w. `quCaSi dadebulma xelSekrulebam~ (m.336). drom aCvena, rom am xelSekrulebis aseTi
viwro da SezRuduli suraTi evropul samarTalTan xarkis moxdas ufro waagavda, vidre
am axali urTierTobis safuZvlian mowesrigebas. amitomacaa, rom vinc am xelSekrulebas
Sexebia, yvelas winadadeba yofila samoqalaqo kodeqsma detalurad moawesrigos igi.
asocirebis xelSekruleba mniSvnelovani biZgia im mimarTulebiT, rom moxdes qarTu-
li kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia evrokavSiris direqtivebTan. mraval sxva direqtivaTa
Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samomxmareblo saqonlis nasyidobis 1999 wlis 25
maisis direqtivasTan da arasamarTliani saxelSekrulebo pirobebis 1993 wlis 5 aprilis
19
niJaraZe n., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva (uxarisxo produqciis problemebTan
dakavSirebiT). Jurnali „ekonomika“ 1999, N4-5, 125.
20
ix. dawvrilebiT: jorbenaZe s., xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tb., 2017, 223-242.
21
besarion zoiZe
direqtivasTan sruli harmonizacia. swored es direqtivebia mkvlevarTa gansakuTrebu-

li interesis sagani.21
garda aRniSnulisa, samoqalaqo kodeqsSi calke Tavi mieCina wundebuli (Tavdapir-
velad _ uxarisxo) produqciiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas. mokled, qarTveli
kanonmdebeli cdilobda Tvali gaesworebina momxmarebelTa uflebebisaTvis, rogorc
saxelSekrulebo, ise deliqturi urTierTobis sarkeSi. uxarisxo produqtisaTvis deli-
qturi pasuxismgeblobis momwesrigebeli normebi (damoukideblad Tu germanuli samarT-
lis gavleniT) srulad Tu ara, nawilobriv harmonizaciaSi movida `wundebuli produq-
tisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb~ 1985 wlis 25 ivlisis 374-e direqtivasTan. 1999 wlis
10 maisis direqtivam cvlilebebi Seitana aRniSnul aqtSi. evrokavSiris qveynebma Tavian-
Ti kanonmdebloba Seusabames am cvlilebebs. misi gaTvaliswineba qarTveli kanonmdeblis
normatiul valdebulebad unda miviCnioT22.
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis gzaze qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mniSvnelovani ga-
nacxadi iyo 2012 wels `produqtis usafrTxoebisa da Tavisufali mimoqcevis~ kodeqsis
miReba. am droidan Zala dakarga `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanonma.
Tumca, aseTi kanonis idea ar momkvdara, ufro metic, ukve momzadebulia misi yovlis-
momcveli sistematizirebuli varianti, romelic moicavs momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis samarTlebriv garantiebs. sakanonmdeblo ganzraxulobidan Cans, rom misi miReba
gardauvali iqneba. aqve davamatebdi ramdenime sityvas, rac dasawyisSive unda meTqva
imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos konstitucia momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvas ganixilavs
konstituciuri uflebis rangSi, rac saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gad-
awyvetilebebidanac gamokveTilad Cans.
21
maisuraZe d., sulxaniSvili e., vaSakiZe g., evrokavSiris kerZo samarTali, gadawyvetilebebi da masalebi, nawili
I (momxmarebelTa dacvis samarTali, Sromis samarTali, korporaciuli samarTali, konkurenciis samarTali)
Tb., 2018, 29.
22
zoiZe T., wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba (qarTuli da germanuli samarTlis Sedare-
biTi analizi), Tb., 2016, 12.
22
Marika Dumbadze (LL.M, TSU)
PECULIARITIES OF USING THE MATERNITY LEAVE IN LABOUR RELATIONS AND ITS

CORRELATION WITH THE REQUIREMENTS SET FORTH UNDER THE ASSOCIATION
AGREEMENT
ABSTRACT
Effec ve regula on of labor rela ons is one of the main priori es for any state, since the welfare
of society and economic development largely depends on this field of law.
The dominant posi on of the employer in the labor rela ons results in special protec on of the
employee that is further evidenced in crea on of special regula on of maternity leave. The regula ons
envisaged by the labor legisla on of Georgia aim to protect the rights of children and parents, which
serve to promote their health and free development. The separa on of this type of vaca on derive
from the excep onal circumstances of the employee and the needs of the newborn. When discussing
the issue, it is important to understand how the labor legisla on in force is in compliance with inter-
na onal requirements and how well the court prac ce is developed in the context of achieving the
abovemen oned goal.
This ar cle will focus on examining the completeness of the legisla ve regula on, the possibility of
defining the terms and existence of the alternate ways of filling the informa on vacuum. Furthermore,
it will underline the a empts of the Georgian courts to ensure the jus fica on of shortcomings in the
legisla on by providing the relevant explana ons/defini ons and uniform prac ce. In addi on to the
above, there are certain difficul es in terms of the origina on of the maternity leave, determina on
of its dura on and the authorized persons to use it. What is the law and who is protected under the
labor code in force; the discussion of these and other topics illustrate those problems that the society
is facing currently and require the determina on of adequate solu ons. Addi onally, in the context of
the compara ve approach the fulfillment of Georgia’s European integra on goals and implementa on
of regula ons in prac ce shall also be considered.
The norms on maternity leave in this ar cle will be analyzed in connec on with the direc ves of the
European Union and the exis ng court prac ce. The purpose of this ar cle is to use the compara ve,
systema c, logical and analy cal methods in order to clearly illustrate the peculiari es and problema c
issues related to the legal consequences of reques ng and using the maternity leave during the labor
rela ons. To achieve the goal, the ar cle gradually reviews par culari es of the origina on of maternity
leave, its dura on, the authorized persons for its usage and peculiari es to remunerate each type of
such leave.
23
marika dumbaZe*
SromiT urTierTobebSi dekretuli Svebulebis gamoyenebis

Tavisebureba da asocirebis SeTanxmebiT dadgenili moTxovnebis
Sesrulebis meqanizmebi
1. Sesavali
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa universaluri xasiaTi dadasturebulia ro-
gorc saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT, aseve erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT.1 adamianis ufle-
baTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT aRiarebulia individis Sromis ufleba, romlis miRebi-
Tac wevrma qveynebma, maT Soris saqarTvelom, gamoxates adamianis Rirseuli arsebobis
uzrunvelyofis neba.2 evropis sazogadoebis miswrafeba Tanamedrove samyaroSi socialu-
ri midgomis minimaluri standartebis dadgenisaken, SeTanxmebis normebis implementaciis
gziT qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi Seuvali procesi unda gaxdes,3 Tumca qveynis kanonmdeblo-
biT aRniSnuli sakiTxi arc ise damajereblad gamoiyureba, rasac qvemoT SevexebiT.
Sromis samarTali emsaxureba damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulis interesebs Soris bal-
ansis dacvas, Tumca amis miRweva sakmaod rTulia, im specifikurobis gamo, rom Sromi-
Ti urTierTobis dros dasaqmebuli daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba damsaqme-
belTan mimarTebiT.4 aRniSnuli balansis misaRwevad, am sferoSi xelSekrulebis meore
mxaris – damsaqmeblis mier ukanono qmedebebs bevrad ufro mkacri samarTlebrivi Sede-
gebi mosdevs.5 saxelmwifos neba daamkvidros socialurad daculi weswyobileba pirda-
pir da uSualo kavSirSia dasaqmebulis uflebaTa dacvis sayovelTaod aRiarebul prin-
cipebis realizebis uzrunvelyofaze.6
SromiT samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erTi um-
niSvnelovanesi nawilia.7 Sromis uflebas da mis Sesabamis mowesrigebas gansakuTrebu-
li mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSoriso da adgilobriv doneze socialuri samarTlianobis
dasamkvidreblad.8 saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebuli Sromis ufleba xazs us-
* ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis mowveuli leqto-
ri, samarTlis magistri. saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis advokati.
1
korkelia k. (red.), adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli da erovnuli sistemebi, Tbilisi 2007, gv. 23.
2
kereseliZe T., Sromis xelSekrulebis vadis gansazRvris safuZvlebi – sasargeblo sakanonmdeblo novacia Tu
riski? Sromis samarTlis uaxlesi cvlilebebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi 2014, gv. 51.
3
zenaiSvili a., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis problemebi, marTlmsajulebis aqtualuri problemebi da maTi
daZlevis gzebi, Tbilisi 2015, gv. 19.
4
liparteliani r., gaficvis ufleba: saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da misi mimarTeba Sromis saerTaSoriso stan-
dartebTan, Sromis samarTlis uaxlesi cvlilebebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi 2014, gv. 232.
5
TumaniSvili g., maisuraZe a., nebismieri anazRaurebis Tu angariSsworebis dayovnebis yoveli dRisaTvis dam-
saqmeblis mier dasaqmebulisaTvis dayovnebuli Tanxis 0.07% gadaxdis valdebulebis Sesaxeb, marTlmsajuleba
da kanoni #2, Tbilisi 2018, gv. 83.
6
zenaiSvili a., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis problemebi, marTlmsajulebis aqtualuri problemebi da maTi
daZlevis gzebi, Tbilisi 2015, gv. 20.
7
TurmaniZe T., qalTa ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi da maTi realizaciis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi, ekonomikis
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili disertacia, baTumi 2017, gv. 3.
8
liparteliani m., 2013 wlis 4 ivniss saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi koleqti-
24
vams saqarTvelos, rogorc socialuri saxelmwifos arss, romlis erT-erTi umTavresi

amocanaa adamianis Rirseuli yofis uzrunvelyofa.9
dasaqmebulis ekonomikuri damokidebuleba damsaqmebelze ganapirobebs damsaqmeblis
mier am damokidebulebis borotad gamoyenebis albaTobas. aseTi safrTxis ganeitrale-
ba saxelmwifos uflebamosileba da, imavdroulad, valdebulebacaa.10 Sesabamisad, arse-
bobs imis safrTxe, rom dasaqmebuli aRmoCndes araxelsayrel da araTanabar pirobebSi
damsaqmebelTan SedarebiT.11 aRniSnulis gamo, Sromis kanonmdeblobiT mowesrigebuli
calkeuli sakiTxebi, romlebic garkveul kiTxvebze pasuxs ar gvaZleven damsaqmeblisa
da dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT gonivruli balansis darRvevis saSiS-
roebas qmnis. im pirobebSi, rodesac dasaqmebuli SromiT urTierTobebSi sust mxared
miiCneva da dasaqmebulis mometebulad dacvis standartis damkvidreba aucilebelia,
zogadi regulirebis arseboba Zalian bevr safrTxes warmoSobs dasaqmebulis uflebis
darRvevis TvalsazrisiT.
2014 wlis 27 ivniss saqarTvelosa da evropul kavSirsa da evropis atomuri energiis
gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris xeli moewera asocirebis SeTanxmebas. igi
ratificirebul iqna saqarTvelos parlamentis 2014 wlis 18 ivlisis #2495-rs dadge-
nilebiT. asocirebis SeTanxmebis 30-e danarTi exeba dasaqmebas, socialur politikas da
Tanabar SesaZleblobebs. saqarTvelom aiRo valdebuleba, gansazRvrul vadebSi, etapo-
brivad dauaxloos Tavisi kanonmdebloba evropuli kavSiris kanonmdeblobasa da saer-
TaSoriso samarTlebriv instrumentebs sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris Sromis samarTal-
Si. asocirebis SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan 6 wlis vadaSi unda Sesruldes 2003 wlis 4
noembris evroparlamentisa da sabWos 2003/88/EC direqtivis debulebebi samuSao drois
organizebis garkveuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb.
2013 wels saqarTvelos gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad dainerga da ganxorcielda
evrokavSiris ZiriTadi moTxovnebi SromiT kanonmdeblobaSi.12 Sromis kodeqsSi Sevida
mTeli rigi cvlilebebi, romelTa mixedviTac, dasaqmebulisa da damsaqmeblis uflebrivi
mdgomareoba SedarebiT dabalansda.13 ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis fonze SeiniSneba
kanonmdeblis miswrafeba, gaaZlieros dasaqmebulTa dacva ise, rom ar moxdes damsaqme-
blis interesebis ugulebelyofa.14 cvlilebebi Seexo SvebulebasTan dakavSirebul reg-
ulaciebsac, ramac sagrZnoblad Secvala dasaqmebulis uflebrivi mdgomareoba. Tumca,
normaTa pirdapiri ganmartebisas gamoikveTa safrTxeebi, ramac SesaZloa dasaqmebuli
cud mdgomareobaSi Caayenos. dRes moqmedi Sromis kodeqsi SvebulebasTan dakavSirebiT
ur SromiT urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT, Sromis samarTlis uaxlesi cvlilebebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi,
Tbilisi 2014, gv. 209.
9
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/2-389 – saqa-
rTvelos moqalaqe maia naTaZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis winaaRmdeg.
10
CaCava s., moTxovnebis da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia kerZo samarTalSi, sadisertacio naSromi samar-
Tlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tbilisi 2010, gv. 98.
11
amiranaSvili g., diskriminaciis akrZalva SromiT urTierTobaSi, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) I,
12
emersoni m., kovziriZe T., evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba ra, ratom da ro-
gor?, meore gamocema, Tbilisi 2018, gv. 11.
13
kapanaZe T., damsaqmeblis mxridan SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyveta dasaqmebulis mier valdebulebis dar-
Rvevis safuZvliT, marTlmsajuleba da kanoni #1, Tbilisi 2017, gv. 99.
14
foskiuleri b., axali qarTuli Sromis samarTali: ramdenime gansaxilvelad SerCeuli sakiTxi, Sromis samar-
Tali (statiaTa krebuli) III, Tbilisi 2014, gv. 174.
25
marika dumbaZe
Zalian bevr problemas warmoSobs praqtikaSi. calkeuli sakiTxebi, romelTa mowesrigeba

bundovania, xSirad, damsaqmebels uflebis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
garda amisa, arsebobs sakiTxebi, romlebic saerTod mowesrigebis miRmaa datovebuli.
dekretuli Svebulebebis calke gamoyofa dasaqmebulis specifikuri mdgomareobidan
da axalSobilis saWiroebebidan gamomdinareobs. aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobisas mniS-
vnelovania, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba dRes moqmedi Sromis kanonmdebloba saerTaSoriso
moTxovnebs da ramdenad swori mimarTulebiT viTardeba sasamarTlo praqtika zemoaR-
niSnuli miznis miRwevis konteqstSi. naSromSi ganxiluli iqneba dekretul Svebule-
basTan dakavSirebuli regulaciebi, maTi Sesabamisoba saerTaSoriso standartebTan da
normaTa swori ganmartebis mniSvneloba dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT.
garda amisa, saubari Seexeba eqstrakorporuli ganayofierebis SemTxvevaSi Svebulebis
gamoyenebis specifikasac. agreTve, naSromSi mimoxiluli iqneba kanonSi ganxorcielebu-
li cvlilebebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZlo problemebi da maTi gadaWris
SesaZlo gzebi.
ras emsaxureba kanoni da vis icavs dRes moqmedi Sromis kodeqsi, am da sxva Temebis
irgvliv ganviTarebuli msjeloba warmoaCens im problemebs, romlebic dRes sazogadoe-
bis winaSe dgas da gadaWris adekvaturi gzebis moZiebas moiTxovs. amasTan, SedarebiT-
samarTlebriv konteqstSi saubari Seexeba saqarTvelos evrointegraciis miznebis ganx-
orcielebadobasa da regulaciebis praqtikaSi implementacias.
naSromSi dekretuli Svebulebis Sesaxeb normebi gaanalizdeba evropuli kavSiris di-
reqtivebsa da arsebul sasamarTlo praqtikasTan kavSirSi. naSromis mizania, SedarebiTi,
sistemuri, logikuri da analitikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT, naTlad asaxos is Tavise-
burebebi da problemuri sakiTxebi, rac SromiTi urTierTobis mimdinareobisas dekret-
uli Svebulebis aRebisa da misi gamoyenebis samarTlebriv Sedegebs ukavSirdeba. miznis
misaRwevad, naSromSi etapobrivadaa ganxiluli dekretuli Svebulebis warmoSobis, xan-
grZlivobis, gamoyenebaze uflebamosil subieqtTa wris dadgenisa da Svebulebis anaz-
Raurebis Taviseburebebi.
2. dekretuli Svebulebis mniSvneloba SromiT urTierTobaSi

Sromis samarTali mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovre-
baSi.15 am saxis urTierTobebis efeqtiani regulireba nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis erT-
erT umTavres prioritets warmoadgens, radgan am sferos kargad funqcionirebaze
mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli ekonomikuri winsvla da adamianebis keTildReoba.16
Sesabamisad, SromiTi urTierToba adamianis erT-erT fundamentur uflebaTa ricxvs mie-
kuTvneba17 da nebismieri sazogadoebis arsebobis qvakuTxedia.18
SromasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebis mTlian koncefciaSi centraluri adgili unda
mivakuTvnoT uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa erTobliobas, romlebic gansxvavebuli doz-
15
qavTaraZe s., zeganakveTuri samuSaos regulireba qarTuli da germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, Sromis samar-
Tali (statiaTa krebuli) II, Tbilisi 2013, gv. 103.
16
zaaliSvili v., winaTqma, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) I, Tbilisi 2011, gv. i.
17
amiranaSvili g., diskriminaciis akrZalva SromiT urTierTobaSi, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) I,
18
zaaliSvili v., SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSlis zogierTi meqanizmi, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) I,
26
iTa da xarisxiT dakavSirebulia dasaqmebasTan.19 damsaqmeblis dominantoba da dasaqme-

bulis mimarT misi ekonomiuri Zliereba Zalian did gavlenas axdens dasaqmebulis mier
nebis Tavisuflad gamovlenaze, ra drosac SeiZleba saqme gvqondes ~Caketil~ arCevanTan,
rac mas gansakuTrebuli dacvis obieqtad aqcevs.20 erT-erTi dacvis meqanizmi swored,
rom dekretuli Svebulebis specialur regulirebaSi gamoixateba, ris gamoc am saxis
Svebulebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba Sromis kodeqsiTa da saerTaSoriso Sromis samar-
TliT dasaqmebulis aRiarebuli uflebaa.21 misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb sakanonmdeblo mow-
esrigeba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso normebsa da saukeTeso praqtikas. garda
amisa, saqarTvelom aiRo valdebuleba, rom kanonmdeblobis Svebulebis gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebuli normebi dauaxlovos evropuli kavSiris direqtivebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
aucilebelia, rom arsebuli problemebi daregulirdes saerTaSoriso normebTan Sesa-
bamisobaSi.22
saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli orsulobis, mSobiarobisa
da bavSvis movlis gamo, aseve axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebuleba da damatebiTi
Svebuleba bavSvis movlis gamo dasaqmebulis interesebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT mniS-
vnelovan gamowvevas da aucilebeli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis safuZvels warmoad-
gens. regulaciebi miznad isaxavs bavSvisa da mSoblis uflebebis dacvas, rac maTi jan-
mrTelobis mdgomareobisa da Tavisufali ganviTarebis xelSewyobas gulisxmobs. am saxis
Svebulebebis calke gamoyofa dasaqmebulis specifikuri mdgomareobidan da axalSobi-
lis saWiroebebidan gamomdinareobs. aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobisas mniSvnelovania, Tu
ramdenad Seesabameba dRes moqmedi Sromis kanonmdebloba saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs da
ramdenad swori mimarTulebiT viTardeba sasamarTlo praqtika zemoaRniSnuli miznis
miRwevis konteqstSi.
ras emsaxureba kanoni da vis icavs dRes moqmedi Sromis kodeqsi, am da sxva Temebis
irgvliv ganviTarebuli msjeloba warmoaCens im problemebs, romlebic dRes sazoga-
doebis winaSe dgas da gadaWris adekvaturi gzebis moZiebas moiTxovs. amasTan, Sedare-
biTsamarTlebriv konteqstSi saubari Seexeba saqarTvelos evrointegraciis miznebis
ganxorcielebadobasa da regulaciebis praqtikaSi implementacias. miznis misaRwevad,
naSromSi etapobrivadaa ganxiluli dekretuli Svebulebis warmoSobis, xangrZlivobis,
gamoyenebaze uflebamosil subieqtTa wris dadgenisa da Svebulebis anazRaurebis Tav-
iseburebebi.
19
zoiZe b., Sromis Tavisuflebis arsi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikaSi, Sromis samarTali
(statiaTa krebuli) I, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 7.
20
lakerbaia T., xelSekrulebis dadebaze gamovlenili nebis ukan gamoTxovis ufleba evropis momxmarebelTa
uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi, samarTlis Jurnali #1, Tbilisi 2014, gv. 103-104.
21
qavTaraZe l. (red.), praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo Sromis uflebisa da garemos dacvis sferoSi, Tbilisi 2015,
gv. 38.
22
ZimistariSvili u., Svebuleba _ dasaqmebulisaTvis miniWebuli mniSvnelovani ufleba?!, Sromis samarTali
(statiaTa krebuli) III, Tbilisi 2014, gv. 85.
27
marika dumbaZe
3. dekretul SvebulebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis SromiTi

xelSekrulebiT gansazRvris daniSnuleba
Sromis kodeqsi SromiTi xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobad miiCnevs anazRaurebadi da
anazRaurebis gareSe Svebulebis xangrZlivobasa da Svebulebis micemis wess. arsebiTi
pirobebis CamonaTvalSi ar vxvdebiT dekretul Svebulebas, Tumca, amgvari Svebulebis
samarTlebrivi bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT da imis aRniSvniT, rom dekretuli Svebuleba
Svebulebis erT-erT saxes warmoadgens, unda CavTvaloT, rom kanonmdebelma SromiTi
xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobad dekretuli Svebulebac miiCnia. Sesabamisad, Tu zogadi
Canaweri kodeqsSi imperatiuli saxiT mocemulia, ratom aris miCneuli anazRaurebadi
da anazRaurebis gareSe Svebuleba xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobad da aseTad ratom
ar unda miviCnioT dekretuli Svebuleba, romelic Sromis kodeqsi arsebuli regula-
ciebis Tanaxmad ar gansxvavdeba yovelwliuri anazRaurebadi da anazRaurebis gareSe
Svebulebisgan. samive SemTxvevaSi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia imperatiuli danawesebi,
romelTa Secvlac mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dasaSvebia mxolod dasaqmebulis sasikeTod.
Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ra gansxvaveba arsebobs dasaxelebul Svebulebis or saxesa da
dekretul Svebulebas Soris da ratom ar SeiZleba moviazroT dekretuli Svebule-
ba arsebiTi pirobebis CamonaTvalSi. aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad erTmaneTs
Svebulebis aRniSnuli saxeebi unda SevadaroT. arsebiTi pirobad gansazRvrulia anaz-
Raurebadi da anazRaurebis gareSe Svebulebebis xangrZlivoba da Svebulebis micemis
wesi. Tu CavTvliT, rom arsebiTi pirobaa Svebulebis xangrZlivoba, anazRaurebadi Sve-
buleba ganisazRvreba weliwadSi sul mcire 24 samuSao dRiT, araanazRaurebadi weliwad-
Si sul mcire 15 kalendaruli dRiT, xolo dekretuli Svebulebis SemTxvevaSi ar weria
sul mcire odenoba, Tumca miTiTebulia, rom dasaqmebuls Tavisi moTxovnis safuZvelze
eZleva orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba 730 kalendaruli
dRis odenobiT. vinaidan, dauSvebelia dasaqmebuls SeezRudos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebu-
li SvebulebiT srulad sargebloba da mxareebi saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis far-
glebSi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen meti droiT dekretuli Svebulebis gamoyenebazec, gansx-
vaveba Svebulebis dasaxelebul saxeebs Soris ar arsebobs da dekretuli Svebulebac
xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobad SegviZlia miviCnioT xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT.
rac Seexeba Svebulebis micemis wess, SeiZleba aRniSnuli komponenti ganasxvavebdes
zemoaRniSnul Svebulebis saxeebs. anazRaurebadi da anazRaurebis gareSe Svebulebis
aRebis wesi (11 Tveze nakleb dromde Svebulebis aRebis SesaZlebloba, anazRaurebis ga-
reSe Svebulebis odenobis gazrda da a.S) SesaZlebelia, mxareTa SeTanxmebiT ganisazRv-
ros, gansxvavebiT dekretuli Svebulebisgan, roca dasaqmebuls nebismier dros SeuZlia
aiRos Svebuleba da gaanawilos is Tavisi SexedulebiT. Sesabamisad, calsaxad SeuZlebe-
lia dekretuli Svebuleba miCneul iqnas SromiTi xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobad, Tum-
ca, SromiTi xelSekrulebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT da imis xazgasmiT, rom dasaSve-
bia arsebiTi pirobebis mogvianebiT gansazRvris SesaZleblobac, dekretuli Svebulebis
SromiTi xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobad miCnevis sakiTxi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
matarebeli ar aris.
28
4. asocirebis SeTanxmebis gavlena Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi

dekretuli Svebulebis regulirebis TvalsazrisiT
evrokavSiris Sromisa da socialuri standartebis fundamenturi principebi da
debulebebi mocemulia ara mxolod evrokavSiris xelSekrulebebSi (pirvelad kanonmde-
blobaSi), aramed direqtivebSi (meorad kanonmdeblobaSi), romlebsac aqvs savaldebulo
da aseve mboWavi xasiaTi evrokavSiris wevri qveynebisTvis.23
dRevandel dRes, yvelaze mTavari, rac Tanamedrove Sromis samarTals moeTxoveba,
esaa misi evrokavSiris samarTalTan integracia da am sferoSi harmonizaciis farTo
procesi mimdinareobs.24 xelSekrulebis mxareTa uTanasworoba ganapirobebs Sidasaxelm-
wifoebrivi Tu saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aqtebiT dasaqmebulis dacvis maRali stand-
artebis Seqmnis aucileblobas, radgan daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba is, vinc
asrulebs samuSaos.25
qalis diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb konvencia qalis uflebebis
Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso iuridiuli dokumentia, romelsac saqarTvelo
1994 wels SeuerTda. konvencia exeba qalebis gaZlierebas, Tanasworuflebianobas da
ayalibebs normativebs amis misaRwevad, avaldebulebs saxelmwifos, misces qals Tanaswo-
robis uflebis realurad gamoyenebis saSualeba.26 agreTve, adamianis uflebaTa sayovel-
Tao deklaraciis 25-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, dedoba da Cvili bavSvis asaki iZleva
gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelobiTa da daxmarebiT sargeblobis uflebas. diskriminacias
adgili SeiZleba hqondes maSinac, rodesac sawarmo qiraobs qal TanamSromels da sTxovs
mas, rom imuSaos garkveuli periodi manam, sanam dekretul Svebulebas miscems.27
asocirebis SeTanxmebiT saqarTvelom aRiara sruli da nayofieri dasaqmebisa da
Rirseuli Sromis pirobebis arseboba yvelasTvis.28 saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdebloba-
Si ganxorcielebuli da mimdinare cvlilebebi orientirebulia saerTaSoriso standar-
tebTan erovnuli kanonmdeblobis SesabamisobaSi moyvanaze, Tumca kvlav myisieri nabi-
jebia gadasadgmeli. aucilebelia, rom regulireba droulad iqnes srulyofili, raTa
Semcirdes dasaqmebulis uflebebis xelyofa, maT Soris dekretuli Svebulebis gamoy-
enebisas warmoSobili problemebis TvalsazrisiTac. SromiTi urTierTobis SeCerebis
safuZvlebiT kanonmdebeli iTvaliswinebs iseT obieqtur garemoebebs, romlebic piris
nebisgan damoukideblad SromiTi xelSekrulebiT nakisri samuSaos Sesrulebis val-
debulebis SeuZleblobas iwvevs.29 aRniSnul CamonaTvalSi eqceva dekretuli Svebulebis
23
dvali n., jgerenaia e., qardava e., SromiTi uflebebis dacva, rogorc evropuli integraciis politikis nawili
_ ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi asocirebis SeTanxmebis, vizis liberalizaciis samoqmedo gegmisa da socialuri
qartiis farglebSi, Tbilisi 2016, gv. 22.
24
kapanaZe T., damsaqmeblis mxridan SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyveta dasaqmebulis mier valdebulebis dar-
Rvevis safuZvliT, marTlmsajuleba da kanoni #1, Tbilisi 2017, gv. 100.
25
kereseliZe T., SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebamde damsaqmeblis mier kandidatisaTvis dasmuli diskriminaci-
uli SekiTxvis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) I, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 175.
26
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 03 aprilis gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#as-1189-1131-2014.
27
Bronstein A., Interna onal and Compara ve Labour Law, 2009, pg. 142.
28
CxaiZe s., sxva obieqturi garemoeba, rogorc SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSlis safuZveli, marTlmsajuleba da
kanoni #4, Tbilisi 2017, gv. 26.
29
kvantaliani n., sasamarTlo praqtika SromiT davebze, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) I, Tbilisi 2011,
gv. 68.
29
marika dumbaZe
periodic, romlis dacvis TvalsazrisiT kanonmdebels gansakuTrebuli misia akisria.

unda arsebobdes saTanado sakanonmdeblo baza, raTa aRsrulebisas rac SeiZleba naklebi
problema gamoikveTos.
negatiuri socialuri Sedegebis dadgomis albaToba izrdeba iq, sadac urTierTobis
erT mxares meoresTan SedarebiT, mZlavri ekonomikuri Tu uflebrivi berketi gaaCnia.
kerZosmarTlebriv urTierTobebSi aRniSnuli safrTxe, yvelaze metad, SromiTi saqmia-
nobis ganxorcielebisas SeiZleba warmoiSvas.30 swored amitom, kanonmdebelma airCia ma-
qsimaluri gansazRvradobis principi, rac mniSvnelovania, pirvel rigSi, dasaqmebulTa
interesebis dacvis kuTxiT, Tumca, imavdroulad, damxmare meqanizms uqmnis damsaqmebel-
sac da sTavazobs sakiTxebis CamonaTvals, romelTa winaswar gaTvaliswinebis SemTxveva-
Sic mas SeuZlia, Tavidan aicilos samomavlod gaurkvevloba da dava calkeul pirobas-
Tan mimarTebiT. xolo sadavoobisas gauadvilos mtkiceba.31
xSir SemTxvevaSi, damoukidebel eqpertTa Sefasebebi aris sakmaod mwvave da kritiku-
li, isini aRniSnaven, rom Sromis kodeqsSi arsebuli regulaciebiT saxelmwifo arRvevs
evropis socialur qartias da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs, romelzec mierTebulia
saqarTvelo da romelTa moTxovnebis Sesruleba savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad.32 Sesa-
bamisad, Sromis kanonmdeblobis evropuli kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan daaxloveba unda
iyos ara mizani, aramed miznis miRwevis saSualeba. mizani ki srulyofili Sromis kanon-
mdeblobis Seqmnaa.33
5. dekretuli Svebulebis arsi da misi mimarTeba yovelwliur

anazRaurebad da anazRaurebis gareSe SvebulebasTan
Sromis bazarze mniSvnelovan gamowvevas warmoadgens socialuri usafrTxoebis siste-
mebis reformireba da iseTi wesrigis damkvidreba, rac gulisxmobs socialuri dacvis
garantiebiT datvirTuli samarTlebrivi normebis moqmedebis intensivobisa da profesi-
uli kavSirebis Zalauflebis Semcirebas.34 Sromis kodeqsi ganixileba rogorc liberal-
uri kanonmdeblobis qvakuTxedi, romelic ufro keTilganwyobilia damsaqmeblis, vidre
dasaqmebulis mimarT ukeTesi sainvesticio garemos Seqmnisa da dasaqmebis waxalisebis
mizniT.35
1936 wlis yovelwliuri fasiani Svebulebis Sesaxeb konvencia krZalavs xelSekrulebiT
Svebulebis miRebis uflebis winaswar gamoricxvas. Tumca, Tu igi nebayoflobiT uars
30
kereseliZe T., Sromis xelSekrulebaSi standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontroli, Sromis samarTali (sta-
tiaTa krebuli II, Tbilisi 2013, gv. 45.
31
xaJomia T., Sromis xelSekrulebis forma da arsiebiTi pirobebi, Sromis samarTlis uaxlesi cvlilebebis
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi 2014, gv. 41.
32
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis instituti, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis monitoringis angariSi, Tbilisi 2008, gv.
35.
33
ZimistariSvili u., administraciul organosa da dasaqmebuls Soris SromiTi urTierTobis mowesrigebis Ta-
viseburebani, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) II, Tbilisi 2013, gv. 36.
34
qardava e., Sromisa da nardobis xelSekrulebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, samarTlis Jurnali #2,
35
gelaSvili n., diskriminacia saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris Sromis samarTalSi: SromiTi xelSekrulebis mo-
Sla, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, statiaTa krebuli konstantine
korkelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 58.
30
ambobs SvebulebiT sargeblobaze (ar iyenebs am uflebas) es misi nebis Tavisuflebis

farglebSi dasaSvebia.36
dekretuli Svebuleba Tavisi specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT gansxvavdeba yovelwliu-
ri anazRaurebadi da anazRaurebis gareSe Svebulebisgan. gansxvavebas dasaqmebulis md-
gomareoba da mSoblisa da bavSvis interesebis mometebulad dacvis aucilebloba ga-
napirobebs. gansxvaveba ikveTeba Svebulebis uflebis warmoSobis, xangrZlivobisa da
anazRaurebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT. orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo
SvebulebiT sargeblobis pirveli winapiroba aris konkretuli garemoebis, kerZod, or-
sulobis an mSobiarobis dadgoma, aseve, bavSvis movla. anazRaurebadi da anazRaurebis
gareSe Svebulebisagan gansxvavebiT, am saxis SvebulebiT sargeblobisaTvis aucilebeli
ar aris gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi samuSaos Sesruleba.
agreTve, problemur sakiTxad ganixileba Svebulebis aRebaze uflebamosil pirTa
wre, rac, aseve, SvebulebaTa zemoaRniSnuli sami saxis erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSa-
nia. Tu anazRaurebadi da anazRaurebis gareSe SvebulebiT SeuZlia isargeblos nebi-
smierma dasaqmebulma, orsulobisa da mSobiarobis gamo SvebulebiT sargebloba mxolod
dasaqmebul qals SeuZlia normis logikuri ganmartebidan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa,
rom danawesi zogadad dasaqmebuls exeba. Tumca, orsulobisa da mSobiarobis garda,
dekretuli Svebuleba moicavs bavSvis movlasa da axalSobilis Svilad ayvanas, romelTa
SemTxvevaSi unda SeeZlos mamakacs dekretuli SvebulebiT sargebloba.
6. Svebuleba orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo

Sromis samarTlis ganviTarebis yvela etapze qvemdebareobis principi SromiTi urT-
ierTobis ZiriTad, Sesabamisad ganmsazRvrel niSnad aris miCneuli.37 aRniSnuli prin-
cipi ar unda iqnes gagebuli ise, rom damsaqmebels Tavisuflad SeeZlos dasaqmebul-
Tan mimarTebiT yvela saxis gadawyvetilebis miReba, maT Soris iseTi gadawyvetilebisa,
romelic zians miayenebs dasaqmebuls. uzrunvelyofili unda iyos dasaqmebulis dacva
damsaqmeblis ukanono da gaumarTlebeli gadawyvetulebebisagan, ris gamoc kanonmde-
bloba iTvaliswinebs ipmeratiul Canawerebs, romlebic dasaqmebulis maqsimalur dacvas
emsaxureba.
saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobis Zveli da axali regulaciebiT gaTvaliswinebu-
lia orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis periodSi qalis SromiTi uflebebis
mTeli rigi SeRavaTebi.38 aRsaniSnavia, rom dabadebidan pirveli ramdenime kviris gan-
mavlobaSi dedasTan bavSvis mWidro kavSiris SenarCunebis aucilebloba eWvs ar iwvevs.
amgvari kavSiri umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa rogorc bavSvis fsiqikis normaluri gan-
viTarebisaTvis, ise mis mimarT dedis saTanado fsiqologiuri damokidebulebis Camosay-
alibeblad.39
evropis sabWos 1992 wlis 19 oqtombris 92/85/EEC direqtiva, qalis specifikuri md-
36
CaCava s., qarTuli Sromis samarTlis analizi, problemebi da rekomendaciebi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 19.
37
Sudra T., damsaqmeblis pasuxismgebloba dasaqmebulis mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis, Sromis samarTali (sta-
tiaTa krebuli) II, Tbilisi 2013, gv. 214.
38
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2007 wlis 5 noem-
bris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-266-596-07.
39
kobaxiZe i., dedaTa ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis problema saqarTvelos Sromis samarTalSi, adamianis ufleba-
Ta dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, statiaTa krebuli, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 139.
31
marika dumbaZe
gomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, erTmaneTisgan mijnavs sam stadias da am safuZvliT ganmar-

tavs sami kategoriis dasaqmebuls: orsuli, axladnamSobiarebi da meZuZuri.40 germani-
is federaciuli respublikis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, damoukideblad regulirdeba,
erTi mxriv, Svebuleba orsulobis da mSobiarobis, xolo, meore mxriv, bavSvis movlis
gamo. aRniSnuli uflebis warmoSobis mTavari winapirobaa SromiTi urTierTobis arse-
boba. am SemTxvevaSi, urTierTobis xangrZlivobas, moculobas da saxes mniSvneloba ar
aqvs. aseve, Tu am periodis ganmavlobaSi damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls Soris SromiTi
urTierToba dasruldeba, dasaqmebuli uflebamosilia, darCenili Svebulebis ufleba
axal damsaqmebelTan gamoiyenos.41 aqve aRsaniSnavia dedobis dacvis Sesaxeb 2000 wlis
#183 konvencia, romelic aris yvelaze Tanamedrove Sromis saerTaSoriso standarti,
romelic exeba dedobis dacvas.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi dasaqmebuls SesaZleblobas aZlevs, isargeblos or-
sulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo SvebulebiTa da damatebiTi SvebulebiT
bavSvis movlis gamo, romelic ar anazRaurdeba. Sromis kodeqsis 30-e muxlis pirve-
li nawilis Tanaxmad, dasaqmebuls Tavisive TxovniT, uwyvetad an nawil-nawil, magram
aranakleb weliwadSi 2 kvirisa, eZleva anazRaurebis gareSe Svebuleba bavSvis movlis
gamo – 12 kviris odenobiT, sanam bavSvs Seusruldeba 5 weli. agreTve, bavSvis movlis
gamo damatebiTi Svebuleba SeiZleba mieces nebismier pirs, romelic faqtobrivad uvlis
bavSvs.
orsulobis, mSobiarobis, bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba da damatebiTi Svebule-
ba bavSvis movlis gamo Sromis kodeqsis 27-30-e muxlebiTaa mowesrigebuli. arsebu-
li sakanonmdeblo Canawerebi garkveul kiTxvebs warmoSobs da ganmartebas saWiroebs.
swored, rom aRniSnul sakiTxebs Seexeba saubari naSromis momdevno qveTavebSi.
6.1. orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebis

gamoyenebaze uflebamosili subieqtebi
Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis (#100) konvencia moiTxovs, rom saxelmwi-
foebma, romlebmac moaxdines misi ratifikacia, uzrunvelyon dasaqmebul qalTa da ma-
makacTa Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis principis dacva.42
diskriminaciis (dasaqmeba da saqmianobis saxeoba) Sesaxeb 1958 wlis #111 konvencia
iTvaliswinebs dasaqmebulTaTvis Tanabari SesaZleblobis micemasa da Tanaswor mopy-
robas profesiuli ganaTlebis miRebis, dasaqmebis, calkeuli saqmianobiT dakavebis da
dasaqmebis garkveuli pirobebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, konvencia Tana-
bar pirobebs moiazrebs Svebulebis anazRaurebis kuTxiTac. garda aRniSnulisa, kerZo
dasaqmebis saagentoebis Sesaxeb 1997 wlis #181 konvencia moiTxovs imis uzrunvelyofas,
rom dasaqmebis kerZo saagentoebi pativs scemdnen diskriminaciis akrZalvis principebs.
am mxriv, sainteresoa, Tu ra regulaciebs Seicavs dRes moqmedi Sromis kanonmdebloba
dekretul Svebulebis gamoyenebaze uflebamosil subieqtebTan mimarTebiT.
did britaneTSi dekretuli Svebulebis aRebis ufleba aqvs kacebsac, Tumca aseTi
40
zenaiSvili a., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis komentarebi, Tbilisi 2017, gv. 101.
41
maisuraZe a., dasaqmebulis Svebulebis ufleba evrokavSirsa da saqarTveloSi, samarTali da msoflio #5,
42
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia, TamaSis wesebi, mokle Sesavali Sromis saerTaSoriso normebSi, Seswore-
buli redaqcia, Tbilisi 2009, gv. 34.
32
periodi, rogorc wesi, SezRudulia erTi an ori kviriT bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg. axali
tendenciebiT ki mamebs eZlevaT ufleba isargeblon dedis kuTvnili Svebulebis nawil-
iT, im SemTxvevaSi Tu deda ise gavida samsaxurSi, rom srulad ar usargeblia 36 anaz-
Raurebadi kviriT. mamis es ufleba arCeviTia.43
6.1.1. orsulobisa da mSobiarobis gamo Svebulebis gamoyenebaze

uflebamosili subieqti
subieqti RirebulebiTi mdgomareobaa, romlis arseboba dakavSirebulia uflebriv
javSanze, rasac Seesabameba garSemomyofTa movaleobani.44 Sromis kodeqsis 27-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis mixedviT, dasaqmebuls Tavisi moTxovnis safuZvelze eZleva orsulo-
bisa da mSobiarobis gamo Svebuleba. aRniSnuli CanawerSi kanonmdebeli iyenebs sityva
dasaqmebuls da ar aviwroebs subieqtTa wres. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am saxis Sve-
bulebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, masSi moiazreba mxolod qali dasaqmebuli. aR-
niSnul konteqstSi mniSvnelovania sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msjeloba iseT SemTx-
vevaSi, ra drosac mamakacma daayena dekretuli Svebulebis gamoyenebaze uflebamosil
subieqtTan dakaviSrebuli normis konstituciurobis sakiTxi.45
mosarCele mxaris ganmartebiT, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 27-e muxlis pirveli
punqti formalurad neitraluri Sinaarsisaa da `dasaqmebuls~ aniWebs bavSvis movlis
gamo Svebulebis uflebas, Tumca miuxedavad amgvari formulirebisa, is misi moqmedebis
sferodan bunebrivad gamoricxavs adamianebis konkretul jgufs, vinaidan Svebuleba
orsulobis, agreTve mSobiarobis gamo, SesaZlebelia gavrceldes mxolod qalze. misi
mosazrebiT, dasaxelebuli sadavo norma aseve, aris bundovani, romelic iZleva misi
arakonstituciurad ganmartebis SesaZleblobas da ver akmayofilebs kanonis ganWvre-
tadobis moTxovnebs. bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba ebmis orsulobisa da mSobiarobis
gamo Svebulebas da saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT ar ganisazRvreba SesaZlebelia Tu ara
TiToeuli komponentiT damoukideblad sargebloba. amdenad, mosarCeleTa mtkicebiT,
teqnikuri da procesualuri TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs mamakacebisaTvis SesaZlebloba,
moiTxovos bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba da, Sesabamisad, amgvari Svebulebis anazRaure-
ba. agreTve, sadavo normebidan gamomdinare orsulobis, mSobiarobis da bavSvis mov-
lis gamo Svebulebis anazRaureba bavSvis mamisaTvis SesaZlebelia mxolod im gamonaklis
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki bavSvis deda mSobiarobisas gardaicvleba.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 27-e mux-
lis pirveli punqtis teqstidan gamomdinare, SvebulebiT sargeblobis ufleba aqvs, zo-
gadad, dasaqmebuls. amgvarad, uSualod sadavo normis teqstis analiziT ar ikveTeba
garemoeba, rac Seqmnida imgvari varaudis safuZvels, rom mamakaci dasaqmebulebisaTvis
ar aris garantirebuli bavSvis movlis gamo anazRaurebadi SvebulebiT sargeblobis Ses-
aZlebloba.
sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom mamakaci dasaqmebulisaTvis anazRaurebadi dekretuli
43
Collins H., Ewing K. D., McColgan A., Labour Law, 2012, pg. 383-384.
44
zoiZe b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda (upiratesad adamianis uflebaTa WrilSi), Tbilisi
2013, gv. 46.
45
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 19 aprilis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #1-3/1/858 _ saqa-
rTvelos moqalaqeebi laSa CalaZe, givi kapanaZe da marika Todua saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTvelos
Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris winaaRmdeg.
33
marika dumbaZe
SvebulebiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs qalaq Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarT-

los administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2015 wlis 24 Tebervlis #3/4193-14 gadawyvetile-
ba. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba, mosarCele da mopasuxe mxareebis poziciebisagan gansxvave-
biT, adasturebs, rom dasaqmebul mamakacs saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 27-e muxlis
safuZvelze, gaaCnia anazRaurebadi dekretuli Svebulebis ufleba,46 rac Semdgom gazi-
arebul iqna Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis mier,
2016 wlis 5 maisis #b/336-16 gadawyvetilebiT. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT sasamarTlom
dasaqmebuli mamakacis mier dekretuli SvebulebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba kidev
erTxel daadastura.47
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, sadavo normis mosarCelis mier SemoTavaze-
buli SinaarsiT, ganmartebis SesaZleblobaze ar miuTiTebs Tavad normis teqsti. mo-
sarCele mxares ar warmoudgenia saTanado mtkicebulebebi, romlebic saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos daarwmunebda, rom gasaCivrebul normas gaaCnia mis mier
sadavod gamxdari normatiuli Sinaarsi.48
aRsaniSnavia, rom italiis sakanonmdeblo regulaciis mixedviT, SromiTi urTierTo-
bis SeCereba orsulobis, mSobiarobis an bavSvis movlis gamo pozitiur diskriminaciad
ganixileba, romlis mizania, gauadvilos nakleb xelsayrel pirobebSi myof sqess SromiTi
saqmianoba.49
6.1.2. bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebis gamoyenebaze uflebamosili

subieqti
bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebis SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebulisaTvis yvelaze rTuli samt-
kicebelia, rom is faqtobrivad uvlis bavSvs, radgan bundovania, Tu ra mtkicebulebiT
unda dadasturdes es garemoeba. kodeqsSi ar konkretdeba, vin igulisxmeba bavSvis mom-
vlelSi, mxolod mSoblebi, naTesavebi, axloblebi Tu sxva pirebic. aRniSnulTan daka-
vSirebiT, mniSvnelovania yuradReba gavamaxviloT dekretuli Svebulebis arssa da mi-
zanze.
dekretuli Svebulebis dacvis erTaderTi obieqti dedis janmrTeloba ar aris. bavS-
vis interesebi am SemTxvevaSi Tanabari dacvis Rirsi interesiT sargeblobs. Sesabamis-
ad, bavSvis dacvis miznis misaRwevad, aucilebelia, rom bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba
mieces nebismier im pirs, visi movlac bavSvs sWirdeba. sainteresoa rogor gadawydeba
sakiTxi, Tu bavSvis dedas obieqturi mizeziT ar SeeZleba axalSobilis movla da am pa-
suxismgeblobas ojaxis sxva wevri, magaliTad bavSvis mama, bebia, babua, mamida an sxva piri
aiRebs. Sromis kodeqsi aRniSnuls ar awesrigebs, Tumca arc krZalavs. kerZo samarTalSi
ki moqmedebs principi, dasaSvebia is, rac akrZaluli ar aris.
agreTve, Sromis kodeqsi calke iTvaliswinebs damatebiT Svebulebas bavSvis movlis
46
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2015 wlis 24 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #3/4193-14.
47
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2016 wlis 05 maisis gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #b/336-16.
48
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 19 aprilis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #1-3/1/858 _ saqa-
rTvelos moqalaqeebi laSa CalaZe, givi kapanaZe da marika Todua saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTvelos
Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris winaaRmdeg.
49
boroni a. (red.), saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis komentari, Tbilisi 2016, gv. 207.
34
gamo da aRniSnavs, rom dasaqmebuls Tavisive TxovniT, uwyvetad an nawil-nawil, magram

aranakleb weliwadSi 2 kvirisa, eZleva anazRaurebis gareSe Svebuleba bavSvis movlis
gamo – 12 kviris odenobiT, sanam bavSvs Seusruldeba 5 weli. amasTan, bavSvis movlis
gamo damatebiTi Svebuleba SeiZleba mieces nebismier pirs, romelic faqtobrivad uvlis
bavSvs. Sesabamisad, bavSvis movlasTan dakavSirebiT, kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebulia ter-
mini `nebismieri~, Tumca am uflebis realizeba nebismieri pirisaTvis sakmaod garTule-
bulia, mtkicebis SesaZleblobis sirTulidan gamomdinare. realurad, bavSvis movlis
garemoebis dadasturebis SesaZlebloba mxolod mSoblebs aqvT, Tu waradgenen mSoblis
Sesabamis mowmobas. sxva pirebisaTvis msgavsi garemoebis dasadastureblad raime sabuTi
ar arsebobs.50 Tumca, aRniSnuli calsaxa ganmartebis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva, ris ga-
moc, SvebulebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba mieniWos nebismier pirs, romelic,
gonivruli saWiroebidan gamomdinare, faqtobrivad unda uvlides bavSvs.51
marTalia, damatebiTi Svebulebis aReba nebismier pirs SeuZlia, Tumca, misi odeno-
ba imdenad mwiri da araintensiuria, rom ver uzrunvelyofs axalSobilis srul dacvas
da realurad, damatebiTi Svebuleba aseT SemTxvevas arc moiazrebs. Sesabamisad, ze-
moaRniSnul problemas Sromis kodeqsis aRniSnuli Canaweri ver agvarebs da Riad rCeba
axalSobilis interesebis dacvis sakiTxi, Tu obieqturi mizezebis arsebobis pirobebSi
bavSvis dedas misi movla ar SeuZlia.
Sesabamisad, Sromis kodeqsi, iseve rogorc sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb kanoni bavSvis
movlasTan dakavSirebul regulaciebSi ar adgens sqesis mixedviT SezRudvas da iyenebs
termins – dasaqmebuli/mosamsaxure, rac gulisxmobs dekretuli Svebulebis aRebis Ses-
aZleblobas mamebisTvisac. Tumca, kanonqvemdebare aqtebi, romlebic am sakiTxebs areg-
ulireben, Tanmimdevruli ar arian da orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis, anaz-
Raurebadi Svebulebis misaRebad adgenen SezRudvas sqesis niSniT.
kerZod, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris
brZanebis mixedviT, orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo daxmarebis gacemis
safuZvels warmoadgens dasaqmebulze/mosamsaxureze Sevsebuli saavadmyofo furceli,
rac mxolod qalebze gaicema.52 aRniSnuli daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels brZanebis dRes
moqmedi redaqciac iZleva. saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis
ministris droebiTi Sromisuunarobis eqspertizis Catarebis da saavadmyofo furclis
gacemis wesis Sesaxeb 2007 wlis 25 seqtembris N 281/n brZanebis me-3 muxlis pirveli pun-
qtis `b~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, saavadmyofo furceli warmoadgens TandarTuli formis
dasaqmebulTa droebiTi Sromisuunarobis damadasturebel dokuments da gaicema or-
sulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSic orsuloba,
mSobiaroba da bavSvis movla erTian konteqstSi ganixileba da kvlav Riaa sakiTxi imis
Taobaze, SeZleba Tu ara piri saavadmyofo furclis aRebas erT-erTi da ara yvela sa-
fuZvlis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi.
sajaro samsaxurSi dasaqmebul pirs SeuZlia isargeblos bavSvis movlis gamo Sve-
bulebiT Tu is faqtobrivad uvlis bavSvs, miuxedavad imisa, qali iqneba is Tu mamakaci,
gansxvavebiT kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli pirisa. Tu bavSvis mama sajaro mosamsaxurea,
50
ZimistariSvili u., Svebuleba – dasaqmebulisaTvis miniWebuli mniSvnelovani ufleba?!, Sromis samarTali
(statiaTa krebuli) III, Tbilisi 2014, gv. 85.
51
SveliZe z., saqarTvelos Sromis samarTali da saerTaSoriso Sromis standartebi, Tbilisi 2017, gv. 223.
52
gv. 20.
35
marika dumbaZe
mas aqvs ufleba aiRos bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba bavSvis dabadebidan 550 kalen-
druli dRiT, aqedan anazRaurebadia 90 kalendruli dRe. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvis dedas
(sajaro mosamsaxure) ar unda hqondes nasargeblebi orsulobis, mSobiarobis da bavSvis
movlis an axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo anazRaurebadi SvebulebiT an misi nawiliT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu deda (sajaro mosamsaxure) ar iRebs Svebulebas orsulobis, mSobiaro-
bisa da bavSvis movlis, aseve axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo, mama (sajaro mosamsaxure)
waradgens bavSvis dabadebis mowmobas da Sesabamisi dawesebulebis (sadac dasaqmebulia
deda) mier gacemuli cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvis dedas ar usargeblia orsulobis,
mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo anazRaurebadi SvebulebiT.
agreTve, pirdapir aris dadgenili, rom orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis
gamo, Svebuleba da Sesabamisad anazRaureba orsuli (mSobiare) qalis ojaxis wevrebs
ar miecemaT, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca mSobiare qalis gardacvalebis gamo, cocxali
bavSvis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, daxmarebas iRebs bavSvis mama an meurve piria. aSkarad
gaumarTlebeli da SromiTi urTierTobis regulirebis mizans acdenilia zemoaRniSnuli
Canaweri, radgan bavSvs kanoni mxolod dedis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi icavs. sadavoa,
rogor gadawydeba sakiTxi, rodesac deda cocxalia, magram mas bavSvis movla ar SeuZlia.
garda aRniSnulisa, amgvari gansxvavebuli regulaciebi kerZo seqtorsa da sajaro
samsaxurSi logikur gamarTlebas moklebulia da vfiqrob, rom ar modis Sesabamisoba-
Si evrodireqtiviT gaTvaliswinebul regulaciebTan. agreTve, kanonqvemdebare aqtiT
materialuri normebis dadgena ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, miTumetes,
rom Canaweri dasaqmebulisa da axalSobilis mdgomareobas araTu aumjobesebs, aramed
auaresebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom organuli kanonis konstituciuri datvirTva mis maRal
konstituciur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs. misi aseTi daniSnulebiT aris ganpirobebuli
parlamentis mier organuli kanonis proeqtis misaRebad ufro maRali umravlesobis
moTxovnac. garda aRniSnulisa, organuli kanonis misaRebad Cveulebrivze ufro maRali
kvorumis arseboba ukavSirdeba gadawyvetilebis miRebis politikur process. aRniSnu-
lis mizania, konstituciiTve gansazRvrul sakiTxebze politikuri gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas arsebobdes xalxis mier arCeul warmomadgenelTa Soris farTo konsensusi.53
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, dauSvebelia organuli kanonidan kanonqvemdebare aq-
tze dasaregulirebel sakiTxTa delegireba. konkretuli sakiTxis organuli kanoniT
mowesrigebaze miTiTeba, srulad ar gamoricxavs am sferos regulirebis procesSi par-
lamentis garda sxva organoebis CarTulobas.54 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia
am sakiTxebis kanonqvemdebare normatiul aqtebSi mowesrigeba. 55 Sesabamisad, konsti-
tuciur logikas srulad moklebulia parlamentis mier organuli kanoniT mosawesrige-
beli sakiTxebis SedarebiT dabali legitimaciis aqtiT mowesrigebis uflebamosilebis
53
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 29 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #3/5/768,769,790,792
_ saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa jgufi (daviT baqraZe, sergo ratiani, roland axalaia, levan beJaSvili
da sxvebi, sul 38 deputati), saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi erasti jakobia da karine Saxparoniani, saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebi nino kotiSaZe, ani doliZe, elene samadbegiSvili da sxvebi, agreTve saqarTvelos parlamentis
wevrTa jgufi (levan beJaSvili, giorgi RviniaSvili, irma nadiraSvili, petre ciskariSvili da sxvebi, sul 38
deputati) saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.
54
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 20 ivlisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #3/3/763 _ saqarT-
velos parlamentis wevrTa jgufi (daviT baqraZe, sergo ratiani, roland axalaia, giorgi baramiZe da sxvebi,
sul 42 deputati) saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.
55
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 16 noembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/5/658 _ saqarT-
velos moqalaqe omar jorbenaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.
36
sakuTar Tavze delegireba.56

italiis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, dedis gardacvalebis an seriozuli avadmyofo-
bis, agreTve, bavSvis mitovebisa da mamis mier bavSvis marto aRzrdis SemTxvevebSi, mamas
ufleba aqvs samuSaos absolutur akrZalvaze (e.w. mamobis Svebuleba) dedobis Svebulebis
sruli moculobiT an darCenili drois ganmavlobaSi, rac qal dasaqmebuls hqonda imave
saxis mopyrobis uflebiT, rasac momuSave deda miiRebda.57
avstraliis kanonmdeblobaSi 2012 wlis damatebebis xarjze Camoyalibda aseve
damatebiTi orkviriani anazRaurebadi Svebulebis miRebis ufleba meuRleebis, part-
niorebis da sxva pirebisTvis, romlebic ar arian ZiriTadi momvlelebi. am SemTxvevaSi
moqmedebs miiRe an dakarges principi, romlis mizania waaxalisos mesame pirebi bavSvze
zrunvaSi.58
italiis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs mSoblis Svebulebasac. 80-iani wlebis sa-
samarTlo praqtikis Sesabamisad, TiToeul mSobels SeuZlia, gaacdinos samsaxuri bavS-
vis cxovrebis pirvel 8 wels, saerTo jamSi, 6 Tvis manZilze (nawil-nawil an erTianad)
10-Tviani periodebis ganmavlobaSi. Tu mxolod erTi mSobeli zrdis bavSvs, mas 10-Tviani
Svebulebis ufleba aqvs.59
6.2. orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebis

uflebis warmoSoba
SromiTi urTierTobis gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs xelSekrulebis mxareTa Soris
arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis TaviseburebaSi, radganac kerZo samarTlisaT-
vis fuZemdebluri mxareTa Tanasworobis principi xelSekrulebis dadebis momentidan
garkveul modificirebas ganicdis.60 anazRaurebadi Svebulebis warmoSobisaTvis kano-
niT gaTvaliswinebulia Tveebis minimaluri odenoba, Tumca SeiZleba mxareTa SeTanxmebis
SemTxvevaSi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul droze adre SeiZleba isargeblos dasaqmebulma
yovelwliuri anazRaurebadi SvebulebiT. msgavsi winapiroba dekretul SvebulebasTan
mimarTebiT Sromis kodeqsSi ar arsebobs. Sesbamisad, Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rodis warmoeS-
veba dasaqmebuls dekretuli Svebulebis moTxovnis ufleba da aris Tu ara Tavisufali
orsuli dasaqmebuli nebismier dros msgavsi Svebulebis aRebis TvalsazrisiT.
sakiTxis ganxilvisas unda aRiniSnos, rom gansxvavebiT, anazRaurebadi da anazRaure-
bis gareSe Svebulebisagan, dekretuli SvebulebiT sargeblobisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris
gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi (mag. 11 Tve) dasaqmebulis mier samuSaos Sesruleba.61
orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da da bavSvis movlis, aseve axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo
Svebulebis anazRaurebis wesis damtkicebis Taobaze saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelo-
bisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2006 wlis 25 agvistos N231/n brZanebis Tanaxmad,
56
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 16 noembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/5/658 _ saqarT-
velos moqalaqe omar jorbenaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.
57
58
Chapman A., The New Na onal Scheme of Parental Leave Payment, Australian Journal of Labour Law #24, 2011, pg. 60-70.
59
boroni a. (red.), saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis komentari, Tbilisi 2016, gv. 216-217.
60
adeiSvili l., kereseliZe d., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis proeqti da kontinenturi evropis qveynebis Sromis
samarTlis zogierTi ZiriTadi principi, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva #1, tomi 6, Tbilisi 2003, gv. 10.
61
37
marika dumbaZe
orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo daxmarebis gacemis safuZvels warmoad-

gens dasaqmebulze Sevsebuli saavadmyofo furceli.
garda amisa, droebiTi Sromisuunarobis eqspertizis Catarebisa da saavadmyofo fur-
clis gacemis wesis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis
ministris 2007 wlis 25 seqtembris N281/n brZanebis mixedviT, saavadmyofo furceli
warmoadgens dasaqmebulTa droebiTi Sromisuunarobis damadasturebel dokuments da
gaicema orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamoc. imave brZanebis me-6 muxlis
me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo saavadmyofo
furceli SeiZleba gaices orsulobis 26-e kviridan. aRniSnuli danawesis Sesabamisad,
dasaqmebuli ver isargeblebs dekretuli SvebulebiT Tu is ar miaRwevs orsulobis 26-e
kviras. aRniSnulidan gamonakliss warmoadgens naadrevi mSobiarobis SemTxveva, ra dro-
sac saavadmyofo furceli SeiZleba gaices orsulobis 26-e kviramdec.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cndeba kiTxva, rogor unda moiqces dasaqmebuli, rodesac
mas aqvs garTulebuli orsuloba da ver axerxebs samsaxurSi gamocxadebas. msgavs SemTx-
vevaSi, mas mouwevs gamoiyenos kuTvnili anazRaurebadi an araanazRaurebadi Svebule-
ba an droebiTi Sromisuunarobis safuZvliT ar gamocxaddes samsaxurSi. ukanaskneli
SesaZlebelia mxolod 40 kalendaruli dRis ganmavlobaSi, rac daaxloebiT 7 kviramde
periods warmoadgens. Riaa sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu aRniSnuli dReebis gasvlis Semdgom
rogor SeiZleba daicvas Tavi dasaqmebulma.
agreTve, problemuria sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda moaxerxos orsulma
dasaqmebulma samedicino gamokvlevebis Catareba da rogor daregulirdeba aRniSnulis
mizniT mocdenili saaTebi. sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 64-e muxlis
me-5 nawilis mixedviT, moxeles orsulobis periodSi samedicino gamokvlevebis Catare-
bis gamo gacdenili samuSao saaTebi gamokvlevebis Catarebis damadasturebeli doku-
mentaciis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi sapatiod CaeTvleba da SeunarCundeba Sromis anazRaure-
ba. aRniSnuli norma emsaxureba orsuli qalisa da nayofis janmrTelobis dacvas. Tumca
igi mxolod sajaro mosamsaxureebze vrceldeba. msgavsi Sinaarsis Canaweri ar arsebobs
Sromis kodeqsSi. Sesabamisad, kerZo seqtorsa da zogierT sajaro samarTlis iuridiul
pirSi dasaqmebulebi, damsaqmeblis keTili nebis ararsebobisas, ver isargebleben samed-
icino gamokvlevebis Catarebis uflebiT, maSinac ki, rodesac samedicino gamokvlevebis
Catareba arasamuSao dros SeuZlebelia. amdenad, maTTvis ar aris garantirebuli xelfa-
sis SenarCunebiT samedicino gamokvlevebis Catarebis ufleba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba 92/85/
EEC direqtivis me-9 muxlis moTxovnas.62
sainteresoa, rogor gadawydeba sakiTxi iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dasaqmebuli
damsaqmebels zogadi xasiaTis informaciiT, yovelgvari TariRebis dazustebis gareSe
Seatyobinebs, rom surs dekretuli Svebulebis gamoyeneba. msgavs SemTxvevasTan daka-
vSirebiT ganmarteba aqvs gakeTebuli uzenaes sasamarTlos, sadac konkretul faqto-
briv garemoebebTan mimarTebiT aRniSnulia, rom naTlad aris gamoxatuli dasaqmebu-
lis neba, iseve rogorc moTxovnis samarTlebrivi buneba, rac, damsaqmebelTan arsebuli
informaciis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, srulyofil safuZvels warmoadgens, ganisazRvros
gamosayenebeli uxelfaso Svebulebis dasawyisi (gancxadebis wardgenis momdevno samuSao
dRidan) da misi xangrZlivoba (kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli xangrZlivoba gamoyenebuli
62
38
anazRurebadi Svebulebis gamoklebiT).63

Sesabamisad, im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac dasaqmebuli dekretuli Svebulebis gamoy-
enebis Taobaze damsaqmebels ar miawodebs informacias da mxolod zogadad am saxis
Svebulebis gamoyenebis Taobaze acnobebs, Svebuleba warmoSobilad, xolo Setyobineba
saTanadod da jerovnad ganxorcielebulad iTvleba.
Sveicariis kanonmdeblobiT, Svebuleba iwyeba bavSvis dabadebiT miuxedavad orsu-
lobis xangrZlivobisa. xolo sruldeba me-14 kviris dasasruls an mSoblis samsaxurSi
dabrunebisas naxevar ganakveTze an srul ganakveTze.64
6.3. Svebulebis gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba da misi ganawileba

orsulobisa da mSobiarobis Semdgom periodebze
mniSvnelovania imis Sefaseba, ras gulisxmobs dasaqmebulis ufleba orsulobis, mSo-
biarobis da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebis nawil-nawil gamoyenebis Taobaze, kuTvnili
saSvebulebo dReebis odenobis farglebSi.65
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 27-e muxlis me-3 punqti uTiTebs anazRaurebad Sve-
bulebaze da aRniSnavs, rom amgvari Svebuleba dasaqmebuls Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr Seu-
Zlia gadaanawilos orsulobisa da mSobiarobis Semdgom periodebze. aRniSnulis Sesa-
bamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasaqmebuls Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr SeuZlia gaanawilos
ara srulad kuTvnili 730 kalendaruli dRe, aramed mxolod 183 kalendaruli dRe,
mSobiarobis garTulebis an tyupebis Sobis SemTxvevaSi ki, 200 kalendaruli dRe. evro-
pis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo (~ECJ~) sakuTar gadawyvetilebaSi uTiTebs, rom 93/104
direqtivis mier dadgenili minimum 4 kviriani yovelwliuri Svebulebis ufleba warmoad-
gens iseT debulebas, romelic misgan gadaxvevas ar icnobs.66
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulia, rom
2012 wlis 10 seqtembers dasaqmebuli gavida dekretul SvebulebaSi, xolo 2012 wlis 3
oqtombers SeeZina Svili. is samsaxurSi dabrunda 2013 wlis 14 ianvars. mas kanoniT gaT-
valiswinebuli anazRaurebadi dekretuli Svebulebidan gamoyenebuli hqonda 126 dRe
(kodeqsis im periodSi moqmedi redaqcia) da damatebiT ekuTvnoda ori kvira garTule-
buli mSobiarobis gamo. damsaqmebeli kompaniis SinaganawesiT, orsulobis Svebuleba
ganisazRvreba 477 kalendaruli dRis xangrZlivobiT, saidanac anazRaurebadi dReebis
odenobaa 126 kalendaruli dRe, xolo garTulebuli mSobiarobis SemTxvevaSi _ 140 kal-
endaruli dRe da dasaqmebuls SeuZlia, es Svebuleba moiTxovos nawil-nawil (aRniSnuli
Canaweri Seesabameboda im dros moqmed regulaciebs).67
aRniSnuli garemoebebis Sefasebisas xazi unda gaesvas saapelacio sasamarTlos
Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, im pirobebSi, rodesac mosarCelis mier orsulobis,
mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo SvebulebaSi gasvlidan gasuli ar aris saqarTvelos
63
#as-1189-1131-2014.
64
SECO – Labour Directorate, Pregnancy Employee protec on, 2010, pg. 12.
65
66
Case C-173/99, R v. Secretary of State, ex parte BECTU [2001] ECR I-04881.
67
#as-1189-1131-2014.
39
marika dumbaZe
Sromis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli 477 dRe, mosarCeles hqonda ufleba, kuTvnili saSve-
bulebo dReebis odenobis farglebSi damatebiT moeTxova araanazRaurebadi SvebulebiT
sargebloba. palatis ganmartebiT, am uflebiT sargeblobaze gavlenas ver moaxdens is
garemoeba, rom mosarCele garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi asrulebda SromiT mova-
leobas.68
sakasacio sasamarTlo erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi askvnis, rom mas Semdeg rac dasaqme-
bulma gamoiyena dekretuli Svebulebis gansazRvruli – anazRaurebadi nawili, Semdgom
dabrunda samuSao adgilze da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi asrulebda SromiT mov-
aleobas, dasaqmebuls kvlav aqvs kuTvnili (darCenili) aranazRaurebadi saSvebulebo
dReebis odenobis farglebSi damatebiT dekretuli Svebulebis gamoyenebis ufleba.69
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Sesabamisad, dasaqmebuls dekretuli Svebulebidan Tavisi
survilisamebr SeuZlia gaanawilos mxolod 183 dRe, xolo mSobiarobis garTulebis an
tyupis Sobis SemTxvevaSi – 200 kalendaruli. ucnobia, rogor ganawildeba darCenili
dReebi 730 dRemde da ra roli eqneba ganawilebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi dam-
saqmebels. amasTan, sainteresoa iseTi SemTxvevis mowesrigeba, rodesac dasaqmebuli mx-
olod bavSvis dabadebis Semdgom gadawyvets Svebulebis aRebas, ramdeni dRis gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba eqneba mas _ srulad 730 dRis, Tu radgan es odenoba moicavs orsulobisa
da mSobiarobis periods, 730 dRis mesamedis. aRniSuli sakiTxis momwesrigebeli da arc
Sesabamisi gamoTvlis meTodologiis ganmsazRvreli regulacia ar arsebobs.
garda aRniSnulisa, sainteresoa, Tu rodidan iwyeba 730 kalendaruli dRis aTvla.
aRniSnuli xom ar unda gadawydes ise, rom aRniSnuli vadis aTvla unda daiwyos Sve-
bulebis pirvelad aRebidan da daangariSdes gamoyenebuli dRe. xolo, Tu deda ise imSo-
biarebs, rom aRniSnulis gamo ar aiRebs dekretul Svebulebas, maSin am vadis aTvla unda
daiwyos mSobiarobidan, miuxedavad imisa, aiRebs Tu ara am periodSic dasaqmebuli am
saxis Svebulebas. aRniSnuli sazRvrebis dadgena aucilebelia imdenad, rom norma praq-
tikaSi gamoyenebadi iyos da Secnobadi iyos damsaqmeblisaTvisac, Tu savaraudod rodis
SeiZleba daubrundes dasaqmebuli samuSao adgils.
italiuri kanonmdeblobiT SemoRebul iqna savaldebulo Svebuleba, romelic moi-
cavs savaraudo mSobiarobis TariRamde or Tves da mSobiarobis Semdeg 3 Tves. metic,
savaldebulo Svebulebis dasawyisi SeiZleba ufro adre iqnes gadatanili Sromis samin-
istros adgilobrivi organos mier, Tu speficikuri problemebi warmoSoba.70
TurqeTis Sromis kodeqsis 74-e muxli uTiTebs, rom dasaqmebuli rogorc wesi, ar
unda asrulebdes samuSaos mSobiarobamde 8 kviriT adre mainc da mSobiarobidan 8 kviris
Semdeg. amgvarad, mTliani dekretuli Svebuleba 16 kvira grZeldeba. aseve, garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, kerZod eqimis daskvnis mixedviT SesaZloa aRniSnuli vadebi gagrZeldes.71
CineTSi qali dasaqmebulebi uflebamosili arian miiRon 90 dRe dekretuli Svebulebis
saxiT. 15 dRe dagegmil mSobiarobamde da 75 dRe mSobiarobis Semdeg. Tu mSobiaroba mox-
da dagegmil mSobiarobamde, 15 dRe ar daemateba mSobiarobis Semdgom Svebulebas, garda
im SemTxvevisa, Tu adreuli (moulodneli) mSobiaroba moxda. orsulobis pirveli 4 Tvis
68
#as-1189-1131-2014.
69
#as-1189-1131-2014.
70
71
Centel T., Introduc on to Turkish Labour Law, Springer Interna onal Publishing AG, 2017, pg. 160.
40
manZilze muclis moSlis SemTxveaSi qali iRebs 15 dRian Svebulebas, xolo orsulobis 4
Tvis Semdeg muclis moSlis SemTxvevaSi 42 dRian Svebulebas.72
TurqeTSi, orsuli dasaqmebulisaTvis aseve SesaZlebelia 16 kviriani anazRaureba-
di Svebulebis Semdeg anazRaurebis gareSe Svebulebis aReba, romlis xangrZlivoba 6
Tvemde periodia. es 6 Tviani periodi ar CaiTvleba rogorc namuSevari `mosacdel pe-
riodSi~ anazRaurebadi Svebulebis gamomuSavebis miznebisTvis.73 italiaSi, savaldebulo
Svebulebis periodSi akrZalulia muSaoba. Tu dasaqmebuli ar emorCileba am wess, is
eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.74
Sveicariis kanonmdeblobiT, bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg Svebulebis periodad 8 kviraa
gansazRvruli. 2005 wlis 1 ivlisis Semdeg dasaqmebulebs SeuZliaT isargeblon minimum
14 kviriani (98 dRiani) SvebulebiT bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg. es periodi aris èrTiani~ da
misi nawil-nawil gamoyeneba dauSvebelia.75 dekretuli Svebulebis ganmavlobaSi dasaqme-
buli uflebamosilia miiRos sakuTari xelfasis 80%, risTvisac ori ZiriTadi piroba
unda daakmayofilon, pirveli _ iyos dazRveuli orsulobamde 9 TviT adre saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi da meore _ bavSvis dabadebamde namuSevari hqondes minimum xuTi Tve.76
ruseTSi orsulobis gamo Svebuleba Seadgens 140 dRes. 70 dRe mSobiarobamde da
70 mis Semdeg (ruseTis Sromis kodeqsi, muxli 255). aRniSnuli dReebi ganixileba er-
Toblivad da eZleva qals, imis miuxedavad, gamoiyena Tu ara mSobiarobamde faqtiurad.
zusti dReebi kanoniT ar aris gansazRvruli da igi SeiZleba damatebiT dazustdes eqi-
mis cnobiT muSaobis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb kidev 16 dRiT.77
britaneTis samarTalSi dekretuli Svebulebis anazRaurebis ufleba gamomdinareobs
92/85/EC direqtividan78 da detalurad mocemulia 1999 wlis dekretuli da mSoblis Sve-
bulebis regulaciaSi. qalebisTvis gansazRvrulia Cveulebrivi dekretuli Svebuleba da
damatebiTi dekretuli Svebuleba, TiToeuli 26 kviris xangrZlivobiT. maT Soris gansx-
vaveba mxolod samuSaoze gamosvlis Taobaze Setyobinebas ukavSirdeba, Tumca praqtikaSi
dRes maT rogorc erTian Svebulebas, ise miiCneven.79 Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom qalebis
umetesoba samsaxurSi 39 kviris Semdeg brundeba, rodesac anazRaurebadi periodi ga-
dis.80 sainteresoa, rom 1999 wlis dekretuli da mSoblis Svebulebis Sesaxeb regulaci-
iT mSobiarobis Semdeg ori kviris aReba savaldebulodaa miCneuli, romelic garkveul
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba gaizardos kidec. regulaciiT gansazRvrulia dekretul Svebule-
baSi gasvlis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis wesic, romelic unda iyos minimum 15 kviriT adre mSo-
biarobis savaraudo kviramde. es TariRi SeiZleba Seicvalos da mas dasaqmebulisTvis
72
Lorenz M., Falder R., The German and Chinese Labour Law, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016, pg. 139.
73
Centel T., Introduc on to Turkish Labour Law, Springer Interna onal Publishing AG, 2017, pg. 161.
74
75
76
77
Голенко Е.Н., Ковалев В.И., Трудовой кодекс Российской Федерации. Научно-практический комментарий (для командиров
воинских частей, профсоюзных работников и гражданского персонала) (постатейный), 2004, стр. 180.
78
Collins H., Ewing K. D., McColgan A., Labour Law, 2012, pg. 375.
79
80
Chanfreau J., Gowland S., Lancaster Z., Poole E., Tipping S., Toomse M., Maternity and Paternity Rights Survey and Women Returners
Survey 2009/10 (Department for Work and Pensions Research Report No. 777, 2011), pg. 2.
41
marika dumbaZe
sauareso Sedegebi praqtikaSi ar aqvs.81

avstraliaSi 2010 wels amoqmedebuli aqti `mSoblis anazRaurebadi Svebulebis~ Ses-
axeb, warmoadgenda aTwleulebis kampaniisa da ganviTarebis Sedegs.82 aRniSnuli aqti gan-
sazRvravs 18 kviramde anazRaurebad Svebulebas (Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri ode-
nobiT) im mSoblebisTvis, romlebsac bavSvi SeeZinaT an aiyvanes 2011 wlis 1 ianvris
Semdeg. imisaTvis rom `mSoblis anazRaurebadi Svebulebis~ aqtis sferoSi moxvdes, pir-
ma garkveuli kriteriumebi unda daakmayofilos, rac ukavSirdeba wliur Semosavals,
rezidentobas, iyos bavSvis ZiriTadi momvleli, ar gamovides samsaxurSi garda dadgeni-
li gamonaklisebisa, rac aseve kanoniTaa gansazRvruli.83
6.4. orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebaze

miTiTeba, rogorc SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetisgan Tavis
aridebis saSualeba
socialuri qartia ukanonod miiCnevs damsaqmeblis mier qalis samsaxuridan daTx-
ovnas misi fexmZimobis Sesaxeb damsaqmeblisaTvis informaciis miwodebidan dekretuli
Svebulebis dasrulebamde periodis ganmavlobaSi.84 aseve, SromiTi urTierTobebis Sewyve-
tis Sesaxeb 1982 wlis (#158) konvencia icavs dasaqmebulis uflebas, ar Sewydes masTan
SromiTi urTierToba dekretuli Svebulebis gamo. Tumca, aRniSnuli ar unda iqnes ise
gagebuli, rom am uflebiT dasaqmebulma borotad isargeblos.
moxele qalbatonis mimarT moqmedebs dacvis ufro maRali standarti da igi ar Sei-
Zleba gaTavisufldes samsaxuridan orsulobis an bavSvis 3 wlis asakamde aRzrdis peri-
odSi Statebis Semcirebis, xangrZlivi Sromisuunarobis an janmrTelobis mdgomareobis,
agreTve atestaciis Sedegebis gamo. Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis moSlis
SezRudva moqmedebs dasaqmebuli qalis mier misi orsulobis Sesaxeb damsaqmeblisaTvis
Setyobinebis momentidan. es arsebiTad aumjobesebs dasaqmebuli qalis mdgomareobas
orsulobisa da Semdgomi periodisaTvis. mowesrigeba icavs mas ara mxolod dekretuli
Svebulebis miRebis momentidan (rac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sSk-Si 2013 wlis 12 ivniss
ganxorcielebul cvlilebebamde arsebuli redaqciiT), aramed im momentidan, rodesac
damsaqmebels dasaqmebulma Seatyobina Tavisi orsulobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, problemuri
iqneba calkeul SemTxvevaSi mtkicebis tvirTi Setyobinebis ganxorcielebis Taobaze.85
aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom muSakis mier samsaxurSi gamoucxadeblobis sapa-
tiod miCnevisaTvis unda arsebobdes is garemoebebi, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia Sromis
kanonmdeblobiT (sSk-is 36 muxli), muSakis mier samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis informireba
(piradad Tu sxva TanamSromlis meSveobiT) avadmyofobis gamo samsaxurSi gamoucxade-
81
82
Dreyfus T., Paid parental leave and the ‘ideal worker’: a step towards the ‘worker-carer’ in Australian labour law, Labour & Industry: a
journal of the social and economic rela ons of work, 2013, 23:1, pg. 107-119.
83
Dreyfus T., Paid parental leave and the ‘ideal worker’: a step towards the ‘worker-carer’ in Australian labour law, Labour & Industry: a
journal of the social and economic rela ons of work, 2013, 23:1, pg. 113.
84
kobaxiZe i., dedaTa ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis problema saqarTvelos Sromis samarTalSi, adamianis ufleba-
Ta dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, statiaTa krebuli, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 138.
85
CaCava s., Sromis xelSekrulebis nebaze damokidebuli da mxareTa nebisagan damoukidebeli Sewyveta – 2013
wlis 12 ivnisis cvlilebebiT damkvidrebuli axali klasifikacia, Sromis samarTlis uaxlesi cvlilebebis
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi 2014, gv. 123.
42
blobis Sesaxeb ar niSnavs imas, rom misi gamoucxadebloba am valdebulebis (informaciis

miwodebis) Sesrulebis gamo, upirobod sapatiod unda iqnes miCneuli, amisaTvis mniS-
vnelovania dasaqmebulma waradginos saavadmyofo furcelze (droebiT Sromisuunaro-
bis) yofnis damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba.86
2013 wlis 13 dekembers dekretuli Svebulebidan axladdabrunebulma (mas ar hqonda
srulad gamoyenebuli Svebulebis odenoba) dasaqmebulma miiRo Setyobineba mosalod-
neli gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romlis Sesabamisad, igi gaTavisuflebul iqna samuSaodan
organizaciuli cvlilebebisa da samuSao Zalis Semcirebis gamo, rac ewinaaRmdegeba
Sromis kodeqsis 37-e muxlis me-2 punqtis `g~ qvepunqts. dasaxelebuli normis mixedviT,
dauSvebelia SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyveta qalis orsulobis da bavSvis movlis peri-
odSi.87 mas Semdgom, rac dasaqmebulma Seityo gaTavisuflebis Taobaze, man gancxadebiT
mimarTa ss `T-is~ generalur direqtors da moiTxova kuTvnili araanazRaurebadi Sve-
buleba orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo.
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sesafasebelia, dasaqmebulis dasaxelebuli Setyo-
binebis gacnobis Semdgom dawerili gancxadeba warmoadgenda konkretuli SvebulebiT
sargeblobiT interesiT ganpirobebel gancxadebas Tu igi miznad isaxavda SromiTi xe-
lSekrulebis Sewyvetis Tavidan acilebas. agreTve, sainteresoa, damsaqmeblis Setyobine-
ba, rogorc SromiTi xelSekrulebis mosalodneli Sewyvetis Sesaxeb gamovlenili neba
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis SewyvetasTan dakavSirebiT, gamoricxavda Tu ara dasaqme-
bulis mier SvebulebiT sargelobis Sesaxeb gamovlenili nebis realizebis SesaZleblo-
bas.
sakasacio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom qalTa uflebebis dacvis mimarT gansakuTrebuli
sazogadoebrivi interesi ganapirobebs SromiT-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisaTvis spe-
cialuri regulaciebis asaxvas rogorc saerTaSoriso aqtebSi, aseve saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobaSi.88 sabolo jamSi, sakasacio sasamarTlom ar gaiziara kasatoris miTiTeba, rom
Setyobineba SromiTi xelSekrulebis mosalodneli Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, romelic warmoad-
genda damsaqmeblis mxridan gamovlenil nebas samarTlebrivi urTierTobis SewyvetasTan
dakavSirebiT, gamoricxavda SvebulebiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb gamovlenili nebis reali-
zebis SesaZleblobas.89 bavSvis movlis gamo araanazRaurebadi Svebulebis arsidan gamom-
dinare, misi gamoyeneba uflebamosil pirs nebismier dros upirobod SeuZlia kanoniT
dadgenili xangrZlivobiT da am uflebis realizebis damabrkolebel garemoebad ar Sei-
Zleba miCneul iqnas mosalodneli gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb dasaqmebulis gafrTxileba.90
zemoaRniSnuli msjeloba orientirebulia dasaqmebuli qalebis interesebis dacvaze,
rac saerTaSoriso aqtebisa da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani moTx-
ovnaa, Tumca arcerTi regulacia da kanoniT dadgenili mometebuli dacva ar unda ga-
vaigivoT mxolod erTi mxaris uflebebis realizaciis aucileblobasTan. susti mxaris
86
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2017 wlis 19 oqtombris gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #as-903-843-2017.
87
#as-1189-1131-2014.
88
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2017 wlis 10 ianvris gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#as-476-457-2016.
89
#as-1189-1131-2014.
90
#as-1189-1131-2014.
43
marika dumbaZe
interesebis dacvas ar unda Seewiros damsaqmeblis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da gad-

awyvetilebebis miRebis SesaZlebloba. vfiqrob, rom zemoaRniSnul da sxva msgavs SemTx-
veveSi maRali riski ikveTeba dasaqmebulTa mier uflebis borotad gamoyenebis Tval-
sazrisiT da aucilebelia sasamarTlos mier praqtikis imgvarad Camoyalibeba, rom ar
iqnes xelyofili dasaqmebulis uflebebi, Tumca, amavdroulad, gaTvaliswinebul iqnes
damsaqmeblis interesebic.
6.5. orsulobis, mSobiarobis, bavSis movlis, axalSobilis Svilad

ayvanis gamo Svebulebisa da bavSvis movlis gamo damatebiTi
Svebulebis cal-calke gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba
surogaciis sakiTxis ganxilvisas warmoSveba kiTxvebi, romelTaTvis pasuxis gace-
mac mxolod Teoriuli msjelobis, normaTa teleologiuri ganmartebebisa da logikuri
meTodebis gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli. sainteresoa, SeiZleba Tu ara, rom Svebuleba or-
sulobis gamo, bavSvis movlis gamo, axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo da bavSvis movlis
gamo damatebiTi Svebuleba ramdenime pirze ganawildes da isini cal-calke gamoiyos.
mag: Tu surogat dedasa da bavSvis Svilad amyvan dedas saerTo damsaqmebeli yavT, unda
gaices Tu ara surogat dedaze orsulobis gamo Svebuleba, xolo Svilad amyvan pirze
axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis Svebuleba an bavSvis movlis gamo damatebiTi Svebuleba? Tu
am sakiTxs dadebiTad gadavwyvetT, ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad ekuTvniT maT cal-calke
daxmareba saxelmwifosgan. dasaxelebul kiTxvebs arc Sromis kodeqsi, arc kanonqvemde-
bare aqtebi da arc sasamarTlo praqtika pasuxs ar scems.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra mizans isaxavs dekretuli Svebuleba da ramdenad mniS-
vnelovania dedisa da bavSvis janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis dacva, sasvebiT Sesa-
Zlebeli unda iyos zemoaRniSnuli Svebulebis ganawileba ramdenime pirze. aRniSnuli
sakiTxis srulfasovnad Sesafaseblad mniSvnelovania standartuli meTodis gamoyeneba
da imis dadgena, ramdenad mZime tvirTi SeiZleba aRmoCndes es damsaqmeblisaTvis da
agrTve, ramdenad SeiZleba aseTi tvirTi davakisroT mas. vfiqrob, rom erT damsaqme-
belTan dasaqmebuli ori piris mier erTi bavSvis gamo Svebulebis aRebam SeuZlebelia
dasaqmebuli daazaralos garda iseTi SemTxvevisa, rodesac mas aqvs aRbuli valdebuleba
Tavad aunazRauros dasaqmebul pirebs dekretuli Svebuleba. Tumca, vinaidan, damsaqme-
beli winaswar iTvaliswinebs msgavsi SeTanxmebis samarTlebriv Sedegebs da gacnobiereb-
ulad iRebs msgavs valdebulebas, roca aseTi valdebuleba mas kanoniT ar gaaCnia, logi-
kuria am saxis tvirTis masze dakisreba.
agreTve, aRniSnuli SemTxveva arafriT gansxvavdeba iseTi SemTxvevisgan, rodesac
ori dasaqmebuli piria orsulad da isini iReben dekretul Svebulebas. amave argumen-
tiT problemuri SemTxveva ar iqneba tvirTis dakisreba damsaqmeblisaTvis arc samuSaos
Seferxebis TvalsazrisiT. rac Seexeba daxmarebis gacemas, erTaderTi problema SeiZleba
warmoiSvas saxelmwifosaTvis amgvari ganmartebis pirobebSi finansuri tvirTis dakis-
rebis kuTxiT. aRniSnuli sakiTxi Sesafasebelia qveynis ekonomikisa da finansuri mdgo-
mareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
aseve, Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, bebiam isargeblos dekretuli Sve-
bulebiT bavSvis movlis gamo, Tu bavSvis movla mSoblebs ar SeuZliaT obieqturi mize-
zebiT? saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2006 wlis
44
25 agvistos N 231/n brZanebiT damtkicebuli orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis mov-

lis, aseve axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebulebebis anazRaurebis wesis me-9 muxlis
me-7 punqtis Tanaxmad, orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba da
Sesabamisad anazRaureba orsuli (mSobiare) qalis ojaxis wevrebs ar miecemaT, garda im
SemTxvevisa, roca mSobiare qalis gardacvalebis gamo cocxali bavSvis dabadebis SemTx-
vevaSi daxmarebas Rebulobs bavSvis mama an meurve piri. Sesabamisad, Tu bavSvis deda
cocxalia, magram mas ar SeuZlia bavSvis movla obieqturi mizeziT (rTuli janmrTelo-
bis mdgomareoba), xolo bavSvis mama cocxali aRar aris, bavSvis interesebi rCeba daucve-
li da sxva piri ver SeZlebs masze izrunos. amgvari Sefaseba calsaxad gaumarTlebelia.
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom germaniis federaciuli respublikis kanonmde-
blobis Tanaxmad, damoukideblad regulirdeba, erTi mxriv, Svebuleba orsulobis da
mSobiarobis, xolo, meore mxriv, bavSvis movlis gamo.91 Sesabamisad, germaniis kanonmde-
bloba maT mijnavs da cal-calke uflebebad ganixilavs, risi gaziarebac saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobaSi dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso saSualeba
iqneboda.
6.6. dekretuli Svebulebisas SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyveta da

Tanmdevi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi
saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlo erT-erT saqmeze ganmartavs, rom Sromisuunaro-
bis, aseve, dekretuli Svebulebis winapirobebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisi anazRaure-
bis misaRebad damsaqmebels unda ecnobos kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, kerZod, mas unda
waredginos saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris #281/n
brZanebiT damtkicebuli droebiTi Sromisuunarobis eqspertizis Catarebisa da saavad-
myofo furclis gacemis wesis moTxovnaTa dacviT Sedgenili saavadmyofo furceli.92
dasaxelebul saqmeSi sasamarTlo xazs usvams dasaqmebulis braliT savadmyofo fur-
clis warudgenlobas da Sesabamisad ar akisrebs damsaqmebels iZulebiTi ganacduris
anazRaurebas.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrob, rom iZulebiTi ganacduri ebmis ukanono gaTavi-
suflebis faqts da Tu sasamarTlos mier dadgindeba, rom adgili hqonda SromiTi urT-
ierTobis ukanonod Sewyvetas, dasaqmebuls unda mieces iZulebiTi ganacduri Svebulebis
moqmedebis periodSic, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxareTa SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Sve-
buleba iqneboda anazRaurebadi. Tu damsaqmebels dekretuli Svebulebis anazRaurebis
valdebuleba ar hqonda aRebuli is iZulebiTi ganacduris anazRaurebaze valdebuli
iqneba dekretuli Svebulebis periodis gamoklebiT arsebul periodze.
garda amisa, dasaqmebuls unda mieces damsaqmeblisgan im zianis anazRaurebis moTx-
ovnis SesaZlebloba, romelic man miiRo damsaqmeblis ukanono qmedebiT, rac moyva Se-
sabamisi dokumentaciis moumzadeblobas da ramac gamoiwvia saxelmwifosgan daxmarebis
miRebis SeuZlebloba. Sesabamisad, dasaqmebuls SeuZlia sxva moTxovnebis paralelurad,
sasamarTloSi moiTxovos 1000 laris anazRaureba zianis saxiT. Tumca, aRniSnuli Tanx-
is odenobis gansazRvra damokidebulia dasaqmebulis xelfasze. aRniSnuli daskvnis ga-
91
92
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2018 wlis 13 ivlisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#as-1206-1126-2017.
45
marika dumbaZe
keTebis SesaZleblobas maZlevs is garemoeba, rom kanonmdebloba mometebulad icavs or-

sul qals samuSaodan daTxovnis TvalsazrisiT. orsuli qalis amgvari dacvis pirobebSi,
damsaqmeblis mxridan valdebulebis darRveva Sesabamis reagirebas imsaxurebs, rac san-
qciaSi hpovebs realizebas.
6.7. vadiani SromiTi urTierTobebisas dekretuli Svebulebis

gamoyenebis specifika
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erT-erT saqmeSi dgindeba, rom dasaqmebulTan
2014 wlis 25 oqtombris SeTanxmebiT 2013 wels dadebuli SromiTi xelSekruleba 1 wliT
gagrZelda, xolo 2015 wlis 19 ivlisidan 2016 wlis 18 ianvris CaTvliT dasaqmebuls or-
sulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo anazRaurebadi Svebuleba mieca. 2015 wlis
31 ivlisis brZanebiT mosarCele axal poziciaze gadaiyvanes. axal poziciaze muSaobis
pirobebi 2013 wlis 25 oqtombris xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreboda.
saapelacio sasamarTlom gaiziara pirveli instanciis msjeloba da miiCnia, rom mo-
sarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris, 2015 wlis 25 oqtombers, SromiTsamarTlebrivi urTier-
Toba ar Sewyvetila, ris gamoc mxareTa Soris arsebuli SromiTi urTierToba uvadod
Seafasa.93 aRniSnuli mosazreba ar gaiziara uzenaesma sasamarTlom. sakasacio sasamarT-
lom Seafasa iyo Tu ara xelSekrulebis uvadod miCnevis safuZveli is garemoeba, rode-
sac damsaqmebelma pirs dekretul SvebulebaSi gasvlis ufleba misca xelSekrulebis
moqmedebis vadis amowurvis Semdgom TariRamde.
sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom im dros, roca dasaqmebuli, misive TanxmobiT, mTavari
specialistis poziciaze gadaiyvanes, SromiTi urTierToba, sSk-is 36-e muxlis meore naw-
ilis `z~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, SeCerebuli iyo. 2013 wlis 25 oqtombris xelSekrulebis
moqmedebis vada 1 weli iyo, Sesabamisad, dasaqmebuls axal Tanamdebobaze 1 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi unda emuSava. am erTwliani vadis aTvla ki 2015 wlis 25 oqtombers unda daiwyos,
maSin roca mosarCeles sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxuris ufrosis Tanamdeboba-
ze muSaobis vada amoewura. mosarCelis saorganizacio departamentis mTavar specialis-
tad muSaobis vada 2016 wlis 25 oqtombramde unda ganisazRvros. yovelive zemoaRniSnu-
li miuTiTebs imas, rom dasaqmebuls ganacduri xelfasi 2016 wlis 25 oqtombramde unda
aunazRaurdes. imis gamo, rom 2016 wlis 19 ianvramde mosarCeles SromiTi urTierToba
SeCerebuli hqonda.94
saapelacio sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnuli ganmartebis safuZvelze SeiZleba imgvari
daskvnis gakeTeba, rom vadiani SromiTi urTierTobis periodSi aRebuli Svebuleba, iseT
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Svebulebis mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli vada aRemateba SromiTi xe-
lSekrulebis moqmedebis vadas, warmoadgens urTierTobis uvadod miCnevis safuZvels. aR-
niSnulis paralelurad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo erT-erT saqmeze ganmartavs,
rom vinaidan gamosacdeli vadis amowurvis droisaTvis _ 2014 wlis 15 dekemberi, Sromi-
Ti xelSekruleba ar Sewyda, aramed gagrZelda da warmoiSva prezumcia, rom xelSekrule-
ba gagrZelda ganusazRvreli vadiT [sSk-is me-6 muxli].95 aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebebis
93
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2018 wlis 29 agvistos gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #as-1481-1401-2017.
94
meze #as-1481-1401-2017.
95
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2018 wlis 16 noembris gadawyvetileba saq-
46
erTobliv Sefasebas mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom dasaqmebuli qalis dekretul Svebule-

baSi yofnis periodi iTvleba SromiTi xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadaSi da SvebulebaSi
yofnis SemTxvevaSi SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyveta vadis gasvlis gamoc ki SezRudulia
iseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu damsaqmebeli SesaZleblobas miscems dasaqmebuls imaze meti xniT
iyos SvebulebaSi, vidre xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadaa.
Tumca, aRniSnul msjelobis ar iziarebs uzenaesi sasamarTlo da aRniSnavs, rom
dekretul Svebulebamde muSaobis periodi jamSi Seadgenda 29 Tvesa da 25 dRes, xolo
dekretuli Svebulebis ganmavlobaSi SromiTi urTierToba SeCerebuli iyo.96 aRniSnulis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu SromiTi urTierToba 30 Tveze meti vadiTaa gagrZelebuli, Tum-
ca am periodSi dasaqmebuls aqvs dekretuli Svebuleba gamoyenebuli, gamodis, rom mas
SromiTi urTierTobis uvadod miCnevis moTxovnis safuZeli ar aqvs, rasac ar viziareb,
radgan dekretuli Svebulebis dros SromiTi urTierToba ki ar wydeba, aramed Cerdeba.
7. axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebulebis aRebis samarTlebrivi

mniSvneloba
7.1. axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebulebis uflebis warmoSoba

da misi xangrZlivoba
dasaqmebuls Svebulebis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis SemTx-
vevaSic bavSvis dabadebidan 550 kalendaruli dRis odenobiT. aRniSnuli regulaciebis
ganmartebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba imis aRniSvna, rom Tu piri iSvilebs 11 Tvis anu
daaxloebiT 335 dRis bavSvs, mas SeeZleba SvebulebiT sargebloba 550 dRemde darCenili
odenobiT, am SemTxvevaSi ki, 215 dRiT.
erTi SexedviT, aRniSnuli Canaweri diskriminaciuli niSnebis Semcvelia, radgan
kanoni erTmaneTisgan ar unda mijnavdes bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebasa da axalSobilis
Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebulebas da pirvels upiratesobas ar unda aniWebdes. Tu pirvel
SemTxvevaSi Svebuleba gaTvaliswinebulia 730 kalendaruli dRiT, axalSobilis Svilad
ayvanis SemTxvevaSi Svebulebis odenobaa 550 kalendaruli dRe. 11 Tvis bavSvis Svilad
ayvanis SemTxvevaSi ki, darCenili dReebis raodenoba Zalian mcirea da SromiT kanonmde-
blobiT gaTvaliswinebuli axalSobilis dacvis interesebs ar emsaxureba.
Tumca, amosavali wertili am SemTxvevaSi bavSvis movlisTvis Sesaferisi drois gam-
oyofaa. Tu piri 11 Tvis bavSvs aiyvans Svilad, mas SedarebiT naklebi resursi sWirdeba,
vidre axaldabadebul bavSvs, ris gamoc bavSvis dabadebidan 550 dRe savsebiT logikuri
periodia bavSvis movlis TvalsazrisiT.
meze #as-1052-2018.
96
meze #as-1481-1401-2017.
47
marika dumbaZe
7.2. axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebulebis gamoyenebaze

uflebamosili subieqti
axalSobilis Svilad ayvanasTan dakavSirebul SvebulebasTan mimarTebiT kanonqve-
mdebare aqtebiT pirdapir ar aris dadgenili sqesis mixedviT SezRudva, radganac Sve-
bulebis micemisa da anazRaurebis safuZvels warmoadgens Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb kanoni-
er ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba. Tumca, CanawerSi, romelic daxmarebis
odenobis gaangariSebis wess ukavSirdeba, miTiTebulia, rom orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da
bavSvis movlis an axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo SvebulebaSi myofi piri aris qali.
Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli aqti anazRaurebadi SvebulebiT sargeblobis sakiTxs mxolod
qalebze aviwroebs.97
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zemoaRniSnuli regulacia ewinaaRmdegeba Svilad ayvanis in-
stituts da masTan dakavSirebiT gaTvaliswinebul danawesebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 1245-e muxlis mixedviT, mSvilebeli SeiZleba iyos piri, romelic akmayofilebs
Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenil moTxovnebs
da aRricxulia gasaSvilebel bavSvTa da mSvilebelTa reestrSi. Sesabamisad, Svilad
ayvanis gamo Svebulebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia, rogorc mamakac, aseve qal dasaqmebuls.
saerTo jamSi, Tu orsulobisa da mSobiarobis gamo bunebrivi iyo dedis mier Sve-
bulebis aReba, aRniSnuli gamarTlebuli aRar iqneba Svilad ayvanis SemTxvevaSi, radgan
bavSvi Svilad SeiZleba aiyvanos rogorc dedam, ise mamam. Sesabamisad, dRes moqmedi reg-
ulacia ar icavs mamis interesebs da diskriminaciul niSnebs Seicavs am mimarTulebiTac.
8. orsulobis, mSobiarobis, bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebisa da

axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebulebis anazRaureba
SromiTi urTierTobis mimarT gamosayenebeli Tanasworobis fundamenturi princi-
pis garda mniSvnelovania mamakacTa da qalTa Tanabari Rirebulebis SromisaTvis Tana-
bari anazRaurebis uzrunvelmyofi debulebebi.98 orsuli qalisaTvis Sesabamisi da samar-
Tliani kompensaciis miReba da samuSao adgilis SenarCuneba mniSvnelovan problemad
da gamowvevad ganixileba.99 Tanabari pirobebis Seqmnis idea mxolod qalis interesebis
dacvis meqanizmad ar unda iqnes gagebuli. qalis msgavsad, mamakasac unda SeeZlos Sesa-
bamisi mxardaWeris miReba saxelmwifosgan.
mxolod damsaqmeblis nebaze sakiTxis gadawyvetis mindoba ar iqneboda gonivruli,
ris gamoc mniSvnelovania kanonisa da samarTlis miznis miRweva adamianebis absoluturi
subieqtivizmisa da mikerZoebulobisagan dacvis TvalsazrisiT.100 dedobis dacvis Ses-
axeb 2000 wlis (#183) konvencia iTvaliswinebs, rom qalebs, romlebzec vrceldeba misi
97
gv. 21.
98
SveliZe z., SromiTi diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulireba qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, samarTlis
Jurnali #2, Tbilisi 2012, gv. 236.
99
liparteliani r., organizacia „qea saerTaSoriso kavkasiaSi“, SromiT urTierTobebSi qalTa diskriminaciis
Sesaxeb socialuri angariSi, Tbilisi 2014, gv. 4.
100
kasraZe l., saxelmwifos minimaluri valdebuleba da „gonivruli safuZvlis“ principi dasaqmebulis samuSa-
odan ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi: Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis standarti, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, statiaTa krebuli, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 82.
48
moqmedeba, mieceT orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo daxmareba 14 kviris

xangrZlivobis periodze. sadekreto SvebulebaSi myof qals eZleva fuladi daxmareba,
raTa man SeZlos sakuTari da bavSvis janmrTelobis saTanado doneze SenarCuneba da cx-
ovrebis misaRebi standartis uzrunvelyofa.101
qalis ufleba, isargeblos anazRaurebadi e.w. dekretuli SvebulebiT orsulobis,
mSobiarobis, bavSvis movlis da axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo, Sromis kodeqsiT gan-
sazRvruli mniSvnelovani garantiaa. Tumca, gadaxdis gansxvavebuli wesebia dadgenili
kerZo da sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli qalbatonebisTvis. kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli
dekretuli SvebulebiT mosargeble qalbatonisTvis kompensaciis gadaxdis valdebuleba
damsaqmebels ar gaaCnia, Sesabamisad, kompensaciis gacema mis keTil nebazea damokidebu-
li sruliad. kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli pirebi orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis
movlis gamo Svebulebisas mxolod ssip socialuri momsaxurebis saagentos mier gacemul
1000 laramde daxmarebas iReben.102 maT SesaZloa miiRon kompensacia mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tuki, amis Taobaze dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels Soris arsebobs SeTanxmeba an
damsaqmebeli gamoiCens keTil nebas dasaqmebulis sasargeblod.
zemoaRniSnuli regulaciebidan gamomdinare, Sromis kodeqsiT dasaqmebulisaTvis
miniWebuli ufleba, isargeblos 183 kalendaruli dRiT gansazRvruli orsulobis, mSo-
biarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo SvebulebiT bundovania da Tavisi arsiT, kerZo seqtor-
Si dasaqmebuli pirebisaTvis amgvari regulirebis arseboba azrs moklebulia. magaliTad,
SveicariaSi, Sesabamisad, xelfasis miRebis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia am konkretul
damsaqmebelTan muSaobis xangrZlivobaze. muSaobis pirvel wels xelfasi gadaxdili unda
iyos aranakleb sami kvirisTvis. momdevno wlebSi es ricxvi izrdeba, Tumca araa dakonk-
retebuli ramdeniT. amitomac, teritoriebis mixedviT dadgenilia gansxvavebuli ode-
nobebi.103
kerZo seqtorSi 730 kalendraruli dRiT SvebulebiT sargeblobis pirobebSi Zalian
mizerulia qarTveli dasaqmebulisaTvis SeTavazebuli daxmareba da misi odenoba ar ak-
mayofilebs im miznebs, risTvisac saerTaSoriso kanonmdebloba anazRaurebas iTval-
iswinebs. msgavsi regulacia formalurad aRebuli valdebulebaa da SeiZleba iTqvas
pasuxismgeblobaa pasuxismgeblobis standartis formalurad dasakmayofileblad. ar
SeiZleba qals aseT SemTxvevaSi mieces imaze naklebi anazRaureba, rogorsac miiRebs
dasaqmebuli avadmyofobis periodSi.104
Sveicariis samarTlis mixedviT, orsuli qali SesaZloa muSaobdes mxolod sakuTari
Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasaqmebulTan dadebulia mudmivi/uvado xe-
lSekruleba, igi unda moqmedebdes minimum sami Tve imisaTvis, rom dasaqmebulma miiRos
xelfasi dekretuli Svebulebisas muSaobis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi. xolo gansazRvru-
li vadiT dadebul xelSekrulebebSi aseTi vada sami Tveze meti unda iyos.105
101
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia, TamaSis wesebi, mokle Sesavali Sromis saerTaSoriso normebSi, Seswore-
buli redaqcia, Tbilisi 2009, gv. 63.
102
103
104
ZamukaSvili d., Sromis samarTali, meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tbilisi 2009, gv. 287.
105
SECO – Labour Directorate, Pregnancy Employee protec on, 2010, pg. 7-8.
49
marika dumbaZe
8.1. anazRaurebaze uflebamosil subieqtTa wre

Sroma warmoadgens uflebas da saxelmwifos mxridan sargeblobs Sesabamisi dacviT.106
damqiravebels dasaqmebulis mimarT aqvs nakisri Sesabamisi valdebulebebi, romelTa
Sorisac eqceva dasaqmebulze zrunvis valdebuleba. aRniSnuli gulisxmobs janmrTelo-
bis, usafrTxoebisa da Rirsebis, garkveulwilad sakuTrebis dacvas. am valdebulebis
Seusrulebloba iwvevs ar _ an arajerovnad SesrulebisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis val-
debulebas.107
Tu bavSvis mama aris sajaro mosamsaxure, mas aqvs ufleba aiRos bavSvis movlis gamo
Svebuleba bavSvis dabadebidan 550 kalendaruli dRiT, aqedan anazRaurebadia 90 kal-
endaruli dRe. im SemTxvevaSi Tu deda (sajaro mosamsaxure) ar iRebs Svebulebas, mama
waradgens bavSvis dabadebis mowmobas da Sesabamisi dawesebulebis (sadac dasaqmebulia
deda) mier gacemuli cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvis dedas ar usargeblia orsulobis,
mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo anazRaurebadi SvebulebiT. aRniSnulis Sesabamisad,
Tu bavSvis mama ar aris sajaro mosamsaxure orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis
gamo daxmareba masze ar gaicema.
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2006 wlis 25
agvistos N 231/n brZanebiT damtkicebuli orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis,
aseve axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebulebebis anazRaurebis wesis me-9 muxlis me-7
punqtis Tanaxmad, orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba da Sesabam-
isad anazRaureba orsuli (mSobiare) qalis ojaxis wevrebs ar miecemaT, garda im SemTx-
vevisa, roca mSobiare qalis gardacvalebis gamo cocxali bavSvis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi
daxmarebas Rebulobs bavSvis mama an meurve piri. aRniSnulis mixedviT, kerZo seqtorSi
dasaqmebul mamakacs, romelsac SeeZina bavSvi, Tu mas meuRle ar gardaecvleba. sxva sag-
amonakliso SemTxvevas brZaneba ar Seicavs.
italiis kanonmdeblobiT, qali dasaqmebuli daculia orsulobisa da bavSvis
dabadebidan 7 Tvis ganmavlobaSi iseTi samuSaos akrZalvis meSveobiT, romelic SeiZleba
iyos Zalian rTuli, saSiSi an mavne misTvis. Tu aseTi cvlileba SeuZlebelia, maSin moq-
medebs muSaobis absoluturi akrZalva da qal dasaqmebuls ufleba aqvs, miiRos dedobis
gamo anazRaureba.108
8.2. anazRaurebis odenobis gamoTvla da gacemis wesi

dasaqmebuli qalbatonisTvis fuladi anazRaurebis gacemis valdebuleba ssip so-
cialuri momsaxurebis saagentos akisria. moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, daxmare-
bis gacemis maqsimaluri limiti 1000 laria. sajaro samsaxurisgan gansxvavebiT, SromiTi
xelSekrulebiT dasaqmebul pirs aRniSnuli daxmarebis garda ar ekuTvnis araviTari
kompensacia, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu amaze xelSekrulebis mxareebi winaswar SeTanxm-
debian. winamdebare brZanebis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, dasaqmebuls/saja-
106
SveliZe z., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli dasaqmebulis samarTlebrivi statusis maxasi-
aTeblebi, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) I, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 104.
107
adeiSvili l., kereseliZe d., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis proeqti da kontinenturi evropis qveynebis
Sromis samarTlis zogierTi ZiriTadi principi, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva #1, tomi 6, Tbilisi 2003, gv.
20.
108
50
ro mosamsaxures daxmareba/Svebulebis anazRaureba miecema orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da

bavSvis movlis gamo da axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo.
Tumca, brZaneba ar Seicavs miTiTebas iseTi SemTxvevisTvis, rodesac zemoaRniSnu-
li orive safuZveli erTdroulad SeiZleba warmoiSvas. sainteresoa, rogor ganimarte-
ba regulaciebi iseT pirobebSi, rodesac dasaqmebuli orsuladaa, Tumca paralelurad
Svilad aiyvans axalSobils. msgavs SemTxvevaSi, dasaqmebuls unda hqondes SesaZlebloba,
rom orive SemTxvevaSi cal-calke daxmarebis miRebis uflebiT isargeblos. dasaxele-
bul kiTxvaze pasuxis Ziebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia brZanebis me-7 muxlis me-10 punqti,
romlis Tanaxmadac, orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis an axalSobilis Svilad
ayvanis gamo Svebulebis periodSi morigi orsulobisa da mSobiarobis dadgomis an mori-
gi axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis/Svebulebis anazRaurebis odenoba
gaangariSebuli unda iqnes axali Tanamdebobrivi sargos/Sromis anazRaurebis mixedviT.
Sesabamisad, orive garemoebis erTdroulad dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, pirs unda mieces dax-
mareba TiToeuli garemoebisaTvis damoukideblad.
brZanebaSi aseve miTiTebulia, rom damsaqmeblis/sajaro dawesebulebis likvidaciis
gamo dasaqmebulis/sajaro mosamsaxuris ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaxsnilia saa-
vadmyofo furceli, daxmareba/Svebulebis anazRaureba xorcieldeba srulad, orsulo-
bis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis, aseve axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo anazRaurebadi
Svebulebis mTel periodze, kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul farglebSi. Sesabamisad,
miuxedavad samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebisa, dasaqmebulze mainc gaicema daxmareba iseT
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saavadmyofo furceli ukve gaxsnilia. Tumca, garda likvidaciisa,
Sromis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs orsul dasaqmebulTan SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetis
sxva safuZvelsac. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelime safuZvlebis dadgomisas
orsul dasaqmebulTan SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, Tundac ukve gaxsni-
li iyos saavadmyofo furceli mas ar miecema kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmareba.
dasaxelebuli regulacia badebs kiTxvas, Tu ra mizans isaxavs dasaqmebulisaTvis
daxmarebis micema da ramdenad moiazreba daxmarebis gacemis institutis ukan bavSvisa da
dedis interesebis dacva, maT Soris materialuri xelSewyoba. agreTve, sainteresoa, iseT
pirobebSi, rodesac damsaqmebeli ar gascems Tavisi saxsrebiT daxmarebas, ratom ezRude-
ba dasaqmebul qalbatons erTjeradi daxmarebis aRebis SesaZlebloba, miTumetes, rom is
am periodSi ver SeZlebs axali samsaxuris martivad an saerTod dawyebas.
evropis sabWos 1992 wlis 19 oqtombris 92/85/EEC direqtivis moTxovnaa socialuri
daxmarebis zeda zRvaris dadgena, romlis SesaZleblobac saxelmwifoebs aqvT miniWebu-
li. direqtivis moTxovnaa, rom misi odenoba ar iyos imaze naklebi, rasac dasaqmebuli
droebiTi Sromisuunarobis SemTxvevaSi miiRebda.109 saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa
da socialuri dacvis ministris 2009 wlis 20 Tebervlis #87/n brZanebiT damtkicebuli
droebiTi Sromisuunarobis gamo daxmarebis daniSvnisa da gacemis wesis Tanaxmad, ra ode-
nobiTac ar unda ganisazRvrebodes dasaqmebulis xelfasi kerZo seqtorSi, mas mxolod
daxmarebis saxiT araumetes 1000 laris odenobiT Tanxis miReba SeuZlia, rac SeiZleba
mis yovelTviur xelfasze naklebi odenobac ki iyos. damsaqmebels aranairi valdebuleba
ar gaaCnia Seuvsos dasaqmebuls Tundac nawilobriv anazRaureba.110
xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebasac, rom ministris brZaneba orsul da axalnamSobiareb
109
110
zenaiSvili a., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis komentarebi, Tbilisi 2017, gv. 100.
51
marika dumbaZe
dedebs erT sulze daangariSebuli saarsebo minimumiTac ki ar uzrunvelyofs.111 aRniSnu-

li regulaciebi ar Seesabameba direqtivis moTxovnebs da ufro metic, gaumarTlebelia
im TvalsazrisiTac, rom sajaro seqtorsa da kerZo seqtorSi gansxvavebuli mowesrigebaa
warmodgenili.
didi britaneTis magaliTze naTlad xazgasmulia, rom specialur dacvas saWiroeben
dedebi bavSvis dabadebamde garkveuli vadiT adre da bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg. am peri-
odSi maT unda mieceT anazRaurebadi Svebuleba da adekvaturi socialuri upiratesobe-
bi.112
9. eqstrakorporuli ganayofierebis SemTxvevaSi Svebulebis

gamoyenebis specifika
SromiT urTierTobasTan dakavSirebuli regulaciebis Sefasebisas mxedvelobaSia
misaRebi dasaqmebis sferos Taviseburebani, romlis kontroli da mowesrigeba garkveul
sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli.113
adamianis xelovnurad Casaxvis Sesaxeb evrosabWos eqspertTa moqmedi komitetis an-
gariSSi asaxuli principebis mixedviT, surogatul dedad ganixileba qali, romelic mu-
clad atarebs bavSvs sxva pirTaTvis da orsulobamde aqvs gacxadebuli Tanxmoba bavSvis
gadacemaze umalve mSobiarobis Semdeg.114 janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kan-
onis 143(2) muxlis mixedviT, bavSvis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi wyvili iTvleba mSoblebad,
aqedan gamomdinare pasuxismgeblobiT da uflebamosilebiT. donors an `surogatul de-
das~ ara aqvs dabadebuli bavSvis mSoblad cnobis ufleba. aRniSnuli normis SemoRebiT
mSobel dedas waerTva mSoblad cnobis ufleba, maSin, roca sazRvargareTis TiTqmis
yvela qveynis kanomdeblobiT dedad miiCneva qali, romelmac bavSvi Sva.115
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT qalis gansakuTrebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri dat-
virTva mSobiarobis Semdgomi kvirebis ganmavlobaSi, rac aRniSnul periodSi SromiTi
saqmianobisgan misi dasvenebis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobas ganapirobebs.116 Sesabami-
sad, Svebuleba unda anazRaurdes im odenobiT, rom qals SeeZlos sakuTari Tavisa da
bavSvis kargi mdgomareobis SenarCuneba.117
surogatuli dedoba misi yvelaze martivi formiTa da viwro gagebiT gulisxmobs
Svilis msurvel mSoblebsa da sxva qals Soris dadebul SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac
es ukanaskneli Tavis saSvilosnoSi gamozrdis uSvilo qalis meuRlis spermiT Casaxul
111
kobaxiZe i., dedaTa ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis problema saqarTvelos Sromis samarTalSi, adamianis ufle-
baTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, statiaTa krebuli, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 140.
112
Twining W., McCrudden Ch., Bronwen M., Respec ves on Labour Law (second edi on), 2009, pg. 103.
113
berikelaSvili T., konkurenciis akrZalva SromiTi urTierTobis dasrulebis Semdgom, Sromis samarTali
(statiaTa krebuli) II, Tbilisi 2013, gv. 116.
114
gelaSvili i., surogaciis samarTlebrivi da eTikuri problemebi, samarTlis Jurnali #1, Tbilisi 2011, gv.
90.
115
90.
116
117
ZamukaSvili d., Sromis samarTali, meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tbilisi 2009, gv. 287.
52
bavSvs, Sobs da gadascems mas bavSvis msurvel uSvilo mSoblebs.118 evropis socialuri
qartiis calkeuli debulebebi da moTxovnebi efuZneba interesTa siRrmiseul analizs
da ZiriTad miznad isaxavs orsuli da axalnamSobiarebi qalebis socialuri minimumiT
uzrunvelyofas.119 reproduqciul uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
loba aqvs momavali bavSvis interesebis dacvas.120
surogaciis SemTxvevaSi Svebulebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi mniSvnelovani praqtikuli
problemebis gamowvevis safuZvelia. aRniSnuli problemebi SeiZleba warmoSvas im gare-
moebam, rom dRes moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi araviTari regulacia surogaciis SemTxvevaSi
Svebulebis aRebis TvalsazrisiT ar arsebobs da arc qarTuli sasamarTloebis praq-
tikaSi moiZieba raime saxis ganmarteba, rac sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebis ararsebobis
pirobebSi sakiTxs moagvarebda. marTalia aRniSnuli SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtiT, rom jer
sasamarTlos msgavsi problemiT aravis miumarTavs, Tumca im pirobebSi, rodesac saqarT-
veloSi surogaciis instituti dasaSvebia da bazari surogaciis sakmaod xSir SemTxvevebs
icnobs, sakanonmdeblo da praqtikuli informaciuli vakuumi ar aris gamarTlebuli.
dasaxelebul SemTxvevaSi, problemas warmoadgens Tu ramdenad SeuZlia dekretuli
SvebulebiT sargebloba surogat dedas, radgan kanoni axalSobilis Svilad ayvanis gamo
SvebulebiT icavs im pirs, romelsac surogatTan eqneba dadebuli xelSekruleba. Tumca,
vinaidan, dasaxelebuli SemTxveva Tavisi specifikiT gansxvavdeba Svilad ayvanisagan, ga-
modis, rom saavadmyofo furclis gaxsnis SesaZlebloba aqvs mxolod surogat dedas _
pirs, romelic orsuladaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis meore mxare, qali, romelsac
Svils uCens surogati deda rCeba Svebulebis gareSe. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi iT-
valiswinebs orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebas, axalSobilis
Svilad ayvanis gamo Svebulebasa da bavSvis movlis gamo damatebiT Svebulebas. Sesabami-
sad, orsulobis periodSi dasaqmebulisa da nayofis dasacavad aucilebeli gaxda SeRa-
vaTis daweseba. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, ratom ar SeiZleba daculi iyos surogati
deda orsulobis periodSi da mas mieces SesaZlebloba orsulobis gamo SvebulebiT
isargeblos, aRniSnulis paralelurad, ratom ar unda SeeZlos dedas, romlis inter-
esebisTvisac aCens surogati bavSvs isargeblos bavSvis movlis gamo SvebulebiT (da ara
mxolod damatebiTi SvebulebiT bavSvis movlis gamo misi mizerulobidan gamomdinare).
aRniSnuli sakiTxi ukavSirdeba bavSvis saWiroebas da gamova, rom surogaciis SemTxvevaSi
gaCenili bavSvi gacilebiT daucvelia, amgvari manipulaciis gareSe gaCenili axalSobil-
isgan, radgan mis mSobels SeuZlia isargeblos bavSvis orsulobis, mSobiarobis da bavS-
vis movlis gamo SvebulebiTac.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania, Tu dasaxelebuli sakiTxi
dRes moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT iqneba mowesrigebuli. SesaZlebelia regulacia imgvarad
Camoyalibdes, rom dawesdes daxmarebis gacemis sagamonakliso SemTxvevebi da zemoT
dasaxelebuli SemTxveva swored, rom daxmarebis gacemis sagamonakliso SemTxvevad iqnes
ganxiluli. rac Seexeba mxolod orsulobis pirobebSi dekretuli SvebulebiT sarge-
blobis SesaZleblobas, aRniSnuli sakiTxi dadebiTad unda gadawydes dasaqmebulisa da
bavSvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, miTumetes, rodesac orsulobis periodi arc ise
118
gelaSvili i., surogaciis samarTlebrivi da eTikuri problemebi, samarTlis Jurnali #1, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 92.
119
120
104.
53
marika dumbaZe
did dros moicavs da orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo saavadmyofo

furceli SeiZleba gaices orsulobis 26-e kviridan. aRniSnulis paralelurad, mxolod
bavSvis movlis gamoc unda SeeZlos pirs Svebulebis aReba. aRniSnuli mniSvnelovania,
rogorc surogaciis SemTxvevaSi gaCenili bavSvis interesebis dasacavad, ise mamakacis
mier bavSvis movlis gamo SvebulebiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobis misacemad.
10. daskvna
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis cvlilebebis Semdgomi redaqcia SvebulebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli mowesrigebis TvalsazrisiT garkveulwilad modis SesabamisobaSi saerTaSori-
so standartebTan da Sromis samarTlis zogad principebTan. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs
garkveuli normebi, romlebic bundovani Sinaarsisaa da araerTgvarovani ganmartebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. ufro metic, calkeuli danawesebiT irRveva SromiT urTier-
TobaSi mxareTa interesTa Tanafardoba da saxezea asimetriuli normebi maTi Semdgomi
dabalansebis gareSe. aRniSnuli ki, problemebs warmoSobs marTlmsajulebis ganxor-
cielebis etapzec.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, damsaqmeblis mxridan uflebis borotad gamoyenebis areali ufro
farTovdeba da dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvis Sansebi ufro mcirdeba im pirobebSi,
rodesac sasamarTloSi dava qarTuli marTlmsajulebis magaliTze xSirad wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi mimdinareobs. gaWianurebuli procesi pirdapirproporciuladaa dakavSirebu-
li damsaqmeblis xarjebTan, rac damsaqmeblisaTvis gaumarTlebel ekonomikur tvirTs
warmoadgens.
naSromSi identificirebulia araerTi problemuri sakiTxi da dasaxulia maTi gadaW-
ris gzebi. xarveziani da arasrulyofili normebi qmnian informaciul vakuums, rogorc
Teoriul, ise praqtikul doneze, romlis Sevsebac xangrZlivi da metad safrTxilo pro-
cesia. daskvnaSi ganvixilav ramdenime sakvanZo sakiTxs, romelic Cemi azriT gansakuTre-
bul yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
orsulobis, mSobiarobis, bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebis, axalSobilis Svilad
ayvanis gamo Svebulebisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebulebis gancalkevebiT warmoCe-
nasa da mis regulirebis specifiurobas bavSvisa da dedis interesebis dacva udevs sa-
fuZvlad. Sesabamisad, kanonmdeblobac da mis safuZvelze ganviTarebuli sasamarTlo
praqtikac am miznis realizaciiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli. nebismieri norma, romelic
arasrulfasovnadaa Camoyalibebuli kanonmdeblobaSi da garkveul Sevsebas saWiroebs
sasamarTlos mier danergili erTgvarovani praqtikiT, dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvaze
unda iqnes orientirebuli da misi uflebebis realizacias unda emsaxurebodes. dauSve-
belia, gavemijnoT kanonmdeblis Canafiqrs, daicvas deda da axalSobili da dekretuli
Svebulebis gamoyenebis SezRudviT safrTxis winaSe davayenoT erT-erTi maTgani.
naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi da mis safuZvelze ganviTarebuli msjeloba warmoa-
Cens dRes moqmed Sromis kodeqsSi arsebul xarvezebsa da iseT sakiTxebze informaciul
vakuums, romelTa ganusazRvreloba calsaxad xelyofs dasaqmebuli qalis uflebebs da
winaaRmdegobaSi modis dekretuli Svebulebis arsTan.
dekretuli Svebulebis gancalkevebiT warmoCenasa da mis regulirebis specifiuro-
bas bavSvisa da dedis interesebis dacva udevs safuZvlad. Sromis kodeqsSi Riad datove-
buli sakiTxebi moiTxovs Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo regulirebis ucileblobas. dekret-
ul SvebulebasTan dakavSirebuli materialuri normebis dakonkreteba konstituciis
54
sawinaaRmdegod xdeba kanonqvemdebare aqtebSi, maT Soris dekretuli Svebulebis gamoy-

enebaze uflebamosili subieqtis nawilSi. marTalia, Sromis kodeqsi am saxis SvebulebiT
sargeblobis uflebas aniWebs yvela dasaqmebuls, Tumca norma logikuri ganmartebiTa
da kanonqvemdebare aqtebis danawesebiT mxolod qals aZlevs am saxis Svebulebis gamoy-
enebisa da anazRaurebis miRebis uflebas.
agreTve, problemuria dekretuli SvebulebisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvruli 730 kalen-
daruli dRis aTvlis sakiTxi. ar arsebobs Sesabamisi gamoTvlis meTodologiis ganmsaz-
Rvreli regulacia da arc sasamarTlo praqtika. araprognozirebadi da ganuWvreteli
Sedegebis Tavidan asacileblad kritikulia, sakanonmdeblo doneze daregulirdes Cems
mier miTiTebuli sakiTxi. vinaidan, dasaqmebulzea damokidebuli dekretuli Svebulebis
ganawileba, optimaluri iqneba Tu vadis aTvla araugvianes mSobiarobidan daiwyeba. aR-
niSnul pozicias amyarebs damsaqmeblis dacvis aucilebloba, usasrulod ar elode-
bodes dasaqmebulis gadawyvetilebis miRebas Svebulebis gamoyenebis Taobaze.
garda aRniSnulisa, mniSvnelovania dekretuli Svebulebis periodis CaTvlis sakiTxi
SromiTi urTierTobis uvadod misaCnevad gansazRvrul 30 Tvian periodSi. moqmedi
kanonmdebloba aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT pirdapir mowesrigebas ar Seicavs, Tumca sa-
samarTlo praqtikiT dadgenilia, rom dekretuli Svebuleba, rogorc SeCerebuli Sromi-
Ti urTierToba ar iTvleba SromiTi urTierTobis dinebaSi. vfiqrob, rom aRniSnuli
midgoma ewinaaRmdegeba Svebulebis arssa da qalTa da bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis stan-
darts. rogorc Svebulebis sxva saxeebi, dekretuli Svebulebac unda CaiTvalos im 30
Tvian periodSi, romlis Sesrulebisas SromiTi urTierToba uvadod miiCneva.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom dekretuli Svebulebis anazRaurebis valdebulebas Sromis
kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs. Tumca, gansazRvravs vadas anazRaurebadi SvebulebisaTvis
183 kalendaruli dRis odenobiT. bundovania, Tu ra mizans isaxavs amgvari sakanonmde-
blo danawesi maSin, roca Svebulebis anazRaureba mxolod damsaqmeblis keTil nebazea
damokidebuli. midgoma 183 an araferi safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeba dasaqmebulis momxre
ganwyobas da damsaqmeblis survils, SesaZleblobis farglebSi aanazRauros dekretuli
Svebuleba (mag: 2 Tve, 3 Tve da a.S.). damsaqmebels ufleba unda hqondes saerTod uari
Tqvas anazRaurebaze an misTvis misaRebi odenoba SesTavazos dasaqmebuls.
Sromis kodeqsis bundovani Canaweris pirobebSi ar arsebobs sasamarTlos myarad
dadgenili praqtika mxolod orsulobis gamo Svebulebis gacemis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb,
rac gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad iCens Tavs surogaciis SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnuls kidev
ufro amZimebs is faqti, rom evropis ganviTarebuli samarTlis mqone qveynebSi suroga-
cia kanoniT ar daiSveba da Sesabamisad, SeuZlebeli xdeba saukeTeso praqtikis moZiebac.
surogaciis SemTxvevaSi Svebulebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi mniSvnelovani praqtikuli
problemebis gamowvevis safuZvelia. dRes moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi araviTari regulacia
surogaciis SemTxvevaSi Svebulebis aRebis TvalsazrisiT ar arsebobs da arc qarTuli
sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi moiZieba raime saxis ganmarteba, rac sakanonmdeblo mowesri-
gebis ararsebobis pirobebSi sakiTxs moagvarebda.
Cem mier dasaxuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis SeTavazeba da sakanonmdeblo bazis
srulyofa praqtikuli Sedegebis momtania mxolod am regulaciis efeqturi aRsrulebis
da kontrolis meqanizmebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, mniS-
vnelovani da aucilebelia, rom Sromis inspeqtirebis instituti ufro metad gaZlierdes,
ganviTardes da xeli Seuwyos SromiTi urTierTobebis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis Se-
sabamisad warmarTvas. Sromis inspeqciis nebismieri sistemis pirveladi mizania Sromis
kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofa, raTa Seiqmnas erovnuli standarti, romel-
55
marika dumbaZe
ic daicavs yvela mSromels.121

mniSvnelovania, rom Sromis kodeqsis daxvewis procesi kvlav gagrZeldes da Seivsos
Riad datovebuli iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic dRes dasaqmebuls mZime mdgomareoba-
Si ayeneben da damsaqmebels normaTa Tavis sasargeblod interpretaciis SesaZeblobas
aZleven. aRniSnuli aucilebelia im pirobebSi, rodesac saubari exeba urTierTobis sust
mxares da misi interesebis srulad realizaciis kiTxviTi niSnis qveS dayenebas.
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasurvelia, is normebi, romlebic bundovan Sinaarss
atareben da ganmartebebs saWiroeben, sakanonmdeblo doneze daregulirdes. garda amisa,
mizanSewonilia, TiToeuli sakanonmdeblo danawesis Sinaarsis aRqma moxdes Sromis samar-
Tlis miznebisa da zogadi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT. bunebrivia, SromiTi urTierTo-
bebis axlebur mowesrigebas mohyveba uamravi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTx-
is Sefasebis saWiroeba, romelTa srulyofilad identificireba winaswar SeuZlebelia,
Tumca procesis dawyebis saWiroeba akademiur da biznes seqtorSi eWvs ar iwvevs.
121
JorJoliani l., Sromis kanonmdeblobaze saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba asocirebis xelSekrulebis WrilSi,
samarTlis Jurnali #2, Tbilisi 2017, gv. 88.
56
Giorgi Tsamalaidze (LL.M, Ph.D Student)
REVIEW OF THE PROTECTIVE REGULATIONS AND REMEDIES FOR THE CONSUMERS WITH
RESPECT TO THE DISTANCE CONTRACTS AND CONTRACTS, NEGOTIATED AWAY FROM THE
BUSINESS PREMISES
ABSTRACT
Under the associa on agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy
Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part concluded as of
27 June 2014, Georgia has aimed at the poli cal and economic integra on and harmoniza on of its legal
system with the laws of the EU, which shall further lead to closer coopera on and integra on between
the Georgian entrepreneurs and the European single market.
Chapter 13 of the Associa on Agreement refers to consumer policy, which obliges the par es to
cooperate in order to ensure a high level of consumer protec on and to achieve compa bility between
their systems of consumer protec on. However, it is impossible to discuss the issue of harmoniza on
and compa bility of legal systems without careful examina on, assessment and interpreta on of specific
terms, which may have the capacity to affect the certain rela ons on the market, notwithstanding their
interna onal character. The European market is dis nguished as the most compe ve and is one of the
biggest region suppling goods around the world, thus considered as the most a rac ve for investors.
The rights of consumers in the EU are protected by a number of direc ves that are not divided pursuant
to their fields and therefore, are not unified in a single document.
Therefore, for the purposes of the ar cle, I will concentrate on protec ve guarantees that are
further enshrined by the direc ves for the off-site and distance contracts used in “business-consumer~
rela ons and are essen al for Georgian reality due to absence of respec ve prac ce and insufficient
regula on.
Protec on of consumer rights has become relevant due to the diversity of economic rela ons and
the peculiarity of the posi on of the entrepreneurial market. Considering the character of the issue
and its nature, the aim of this ar cle is a general overview of the important direc ve (2011/83 / EU)
adopted by the European Parliament and the Council concerning the contracts nego ated away from
the business premises and distance contracts, which Georgia undertook to implement within five years
a er signing the Associa on Agreement.
It should also be noted that this ar cle will review the main aspects of the direc ve, such as the
right to withdrawal from a contract, the right to get the informa on and the obliga ons of the state
related to the implementa on of the direc ve. As a conclusion, I will review the opinions given in the
ar cle and provide recommenda ons in a form of statements.
57
giorgi wamalaiZe*
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTlebrivi regulirebis

mimoxilva distanciur da quCaSi dadebul xelSekrulebebSi
1. Sesavali
saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris 2014 wlis 27 ivniss, briuselSi xelmowerili
èrTis mxriv, evrokavSirs da evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxel-
mwifoebsa da meores mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb~ SeTanxmebiT, saqarT-
velom miznad daisaxa evrokavSirSi politikuri da ekonomikuri integracia, sakuTari
kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris regulirebebTan daaxloeba, ramac evropul bazarTan qar-
Tuli mewarmeobis daaxloeba da ekonomikuri integracia unda gamoiwvios1.
asocirebis xelSekrulebis me-13 Tavi momxmarebelTa politikas eZRvneba, romlis
daniSnulebac momxmareblis dacvis maRali donisa da wevr saxelmwifoebTan qarTuli
sistemis daaxloebaa2. SeuZlebelia visaubroT daaxloebasa da Tavsebadobaze samarTle-
brivi sistemis da normebis gaazrebis, maTi interpretaciis gareSe, romlebsac miuxeda-
vad Tavisi saerTaSoriso bunebisa, eqnebaT calkeuli samarTalurTierTobis detaluri
regulireba. evropis bazari, romelic konkurenciiT gamoirCeva da miwodebis wyaroe-
bis msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi resursia3, rac mas gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelad
aqcevs investorebisTvis.
ekonomikuri mdgradobis zrdaze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT sabazro
ekonomikis umniSvnelovanesi monawile _ `momxmarebeli~ (~consumer~), romlisTvisac dac-
ulobis garantiebis Seqmna saxelmwifoebisaTvis araa mxolod ekonomikuri kategoria,
igi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli samarTalsistemasTan da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis gver-
diT Tanaarsebul saerTaSoriso kavSirebis mier miRebul aqtebTanac, romelmac e.w. `so
law~ metwilad Cveulebidan da damkvidrebuli praqtikidan sakanonmdeblo legitimaciiT
aRWurva da savaldebulo unifikaciis SesaZlebloba gaaCina.
evrokavSirSi momxmarebelTa uflebebi araerTi direqtiviTaa daculi4, romlebic
regulirebis sferos mixedviTaa dayofili da unificirebul aqtSi araa moqceuli.
Tumca statiis miznebisTvis yuradReba mieqceva quCaSi dadebul da distanciur xel-
SekrulebebSi momxmareblisTvis direqtiviT ganmtkicebul dacviT garantiebs, romelic
* kerZo samarTlis magistri, ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samarTlis mimarTulebis
doqtoranti, Legal Counsel at EY LLC.
1
èrTis mxriv, evrokavSirs da evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebsa da meores
mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb” SeTanxmeba saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb,
muxli 1(2). asocirebis SeTanxmebis eleqtronuli versiisTvis SegiZliaT ixiloT: <h p://www.eu-nato.gov.ge/sites/
default/files/AA_BodyText%20%2810%29.pdf>, [20.10.2019].
2
iqve. muxli 345.
3
<h p://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/eu-posi on-in-world-trade/>, [20.10.2019].
4
momxmarebelTa uflebebis sferoSi moqmedi direqtivebis CamonaTvali SegiZliaT ixiloT aq: <h ps://wiki.me-
tropolia.fi/download/a achments/132844605/B%202%20List%20EU%20Consumer%20Protec on.pdf?version=1&modifica onDa-
te=1431951403000&api=v2>, [20.10.2019].
58
`biznes-momxmareblur~5 urTierTobebSi gamoiyeneba6 da qarTuli realobisaTvis gansa-

kuTrebiT saintereso sferos warmoadgens misi deregulirebisa da praqtikis simwiris
pirobebSi.
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva aqtualuri ekonomikur urTierTobaTa mraval-
ferovnebisa da mewarmeTa bazarze pozicionirebis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT gaxda.
sakiTxis kompleqsurobisa da naSromis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, statiis mizans evro-
pis kavSirSi quCaSi da distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebaSi momxmarebelTa dacvis
sferoSi miRebuli mniSvnelovani direqtivis (2011/83/EU) zogadi mimoxilva warmoadgens,
romlis implementaciis valdebuleba saqarTvelom SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan xuTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi ikisra7. damatebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom statiaSi mimoxiluli iqne-
ba evrodireqtivis iseTi ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa gasvlis ufleba, informaci-
is miRebis ufleba da saxelmwifos valdebulebebi direqtivis implementaciis nawilSi.
daskvnis saxiT mimovixilav statiaSi moyvanil mosazrebebs da Tezebis saxiT mocemuli
iqneba rekomendaciebi.
2. momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTlebrivi instrumentebi

asocirebis SeTanxmebis 169-e muxli gansakuTrebul regulirebas awesebs momxmare-
belTa dacvis kuTxiT8. momxmareblis janmrTelobas, usafrTxoebasa da ekonomikur in-
teresebs kavSiri gansakuTrebuli zrunvis obieqtad miiCnevs da am mizniT Sida bazris
mowesrigebasTan erTad wevrebis xelSewyobasac moiazrebs.
2.1. evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi aqtebi

evrokavSiris direqtivebSi, romlebic quCaSi da distanciurad dadebul xelSekrule-
bebs aregulireben, aRsaniSnavia 2011/83/EU direqtiva, romelic kavSiris samarTlis
sistemaSi 2014 wlis 13 ivnisidan dadebul xelSekrulebebze moqmedebs da wevrebs imple-
mentaciis specifiur pirobebs ganusazRvravs9.
2011/83/EU direqtiviT cvlileba Sevida 93/13/EEC da 1999/44/EC direqtivebSi, xolo
85/577/EEC da 97/7/EC direqtivebi gauqmda10.
5
B2C (Business to Consumer).
6
Access to Jus ce in Transna onal B2C E-Commerce, Suta p Yuthayo n, pg. 1 ix. agreTve <h p://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/
publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_298_en.pdf>, [20.10.2019].
7
SeTanxmeba saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb, danarTi XXIX.
8
Treaty on the Func oning of the European Union, Official Journal C 326 , 26/10/2012 P. 0001 – 0390, Art.169(1), <h p://eur-lex.euro-
pa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT>, [20.10.2019].
9
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art.28: Member States shall adopt
and publish, by 13 December 2013, the laws, regula ons and administra ve provisions necessary to comply with this Direc ve. They
shall forthwith communicate to the Commission the text of these measures in the form of documents. The Commission shall make use
of these documents for the purposes of the report referred to in Ar cle 30. <h p://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=O
J:L:2011:304:0064:0088:en:PDF>, [20.10.2019].
10
iqve. DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, amen-
ding Council Direc ve 93/13/EEC and Direc ve 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Direc -
ve 85/577/EEC and Direc ve 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. <h p://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.
do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0064:0088:en:PDF>, [20.10.2019].
59
giorgi wamalaiZe
83-e direqtiva, miuxedavad sakuTari dasaxelebisa, ar warmoadgens momxmarebelTa

uflebebis dacvis erTian kodeqss11. misi ZiriTadi debulebebi mxolod quCaSi dadebul
da distanciur xelSekrulebebs Seexeba. biznessa da momxmarebels Soris dadebul xel-
SekrulebaSi direqtiva aregulirebs: informaciis miwodeba movaWris adgilsamyofelze;
informaciis miwodeba savaWro adgilisgan moSorebiT; xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba
da momxmareblis pasuxismgebloba; miwodeba da riskis gadasvla da bolos, gadasaxdelebi
da gadaxdis saSualebebi.
direqtiva Seicavs mTel rig arsebiT damatebebs arsebuli regulirebisaTvis quCaSi
dadebul da distanciur xelSekrulebebze. aRsaniSnavia gasvlis vadis 14 dRemde gaxan-
grZliveba. Tumca, mometebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs `harmonizaciis maqsimumis instru-
menti~12, aRniSnuli gulisxmobs, rom wevr qveynebs ar SeuZliaT ganavrcon, an daamaton
direqtivis harmonizebul pirobebs sakuTari pirobebi Tavisi SexedulebiT erovnul
kanonmdeblobaSi. Sesabamisad, nacionalur sivrceSi moqcevamde kargad unda gaanalizdes
direqtivis moqmedebis sfero da misi sivrcidan garkveuli xelSekrulebebis gamoricx-
vis avtomaturi meqanizmi; aseve, direqtivis dispoziciuri normebi da kidev, direqtivis
aRsrulebis meqanizmebi.
direqtivebTan erTad evropis komisiis mier SemuSavebulia aseve èvrokavSiris momx-
marebelTa politika~ (EU Consumer policy), romelic miznad isaxavs bazarze momxmareb-
lis CarTulobisa da ndobis maqsimalurad gazrdas, risTvisac evrokomisia strategi-
ul xedvaSi periodulad ayalibebs ZiriTad miznebs13. evropis komisiam 2012 wels miiRo
èvropis momxmarebelTa dRis wesrigi~, romliTac Secvala manamde arsebuli 2007-2013
wlebis strategiis erTiani dokumenti14. sagulisxmoa, rom Tavad dokumentis miTiTebiT,
ùkanaskneli 50 wlis manZilze evrokavSirma danerga rigi midgomebi da wesebi evrokav-
Siris momxmareblebisaTvis dacvis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelyofisTvis, raTa mieca maT-
Tvis SesaZlebloba esargeblaT evropisa da misi Sida bazris mier miRweuli socialuri
da ekonomikuri progresiT15~. evrokomisiis mier miRebuli samoqmedo gegmis da konso-
lidirebuli saxelmZRvanelo principebis detaluri analizi saxelmwifos mier wminda
formaluri moqmedebis, direqtivis implementaciis Tanmdevi da sasicocxlod aucile-
beli elementia. swored evropul bazarTan integraciis gardauvali etapia evropeli
klientis (momxmareblisTvis) saqonlis miwodeba, rac ar gulisxmobs mxolod sivrco-
briv gadatanas garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone substanciisa, aramed im midgomebis da
biznesfilosofiis CarCoebSi moqcevas, romelsac evropuli bazari ukve aTwleulebia
amkvidrebs.
kanonmdeblobis analizisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT Sesabamisi
organoebis iniciativebs, romlebic kavSiris tendenciebze migviTiTeben. quCaSi dadebul
da distanciur xelSekrulebebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs informaciul val-
11
CONSULTATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU ON CONSUMER RIGHTS, MAY 2013, 3. <h ps://dbei.gov.ie/
en/Consulta ons/Consulta ons-files/Consulta on-Paper-on-the-Implementa on-of Direc ve-2011-83-EU-on-Consumer-Rights.pdf>,
[20.10.2019].
12
Consumer rights direc ve – significant changes to consumer rights in the EU, <h p://www.kwm.com/en/uk/knowledge/insights/
consumer-rights-direc ve-significant-changes-to-consumer-rights-in-the-eu-20160101>, [20.10.2019].
13
EU Consumer policy, <h p://ec.europa.eu/consumers/eu_consumer_policy/index_en.htm>, [20.10.2019].
14
A European Consumer Agenda _ Boos ng confidence and growth, <h p://ec.europa.eu/consumers/eu_consumer_policy/our-strate-
gy/documents/consumer_agenda_2012_en.pdf>, [20.10.2019].
15
A European Consumer Agenda _ Boos ng confidence and growth, point. 2 Building on strong EU consumer protec on rules.
60
debulebebs16, romlebic direqtivebis nawili gaxda swored iniciativebis Sedegad17.
2.2. momxmarebelTa uflebebis maregulirebeli aqtebi qarTul

kanonmdeblobaSi
momxmarebelTa uflebebis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul samarTlebriv garantiebs kon-
stituciur Rirebulad moiazrebda saqarTvelos konstitucia da mas kanoniT dacul
sferod acxadebda18.
qarTuli samarTlebrivi sivrcis arsebobaze momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis kuTx-
iT SegviZlia 1996 wels `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kano-
nis miRebidan visaubroT, romlis Semdegac, 1997 wlis 15 maiss aseve parlamentma miiRo
saqarTvelos kanoni samomxmareblo kooperaciebis Sesaxeb~19.
sainteresoa, rom `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
miRebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsamde, rac naTlad miuTiTebda qarTveli kanonmdeblis
mzaobaze da maRal samarTlebriv kulturaze, daecva xelSekrulebis susti mxare komer-
santTan urTierTobaSi. 2012 wels saqarTvelos kanonis `produqtis usafrTxoebisa da
Tavisufali mimoqcevis kodeqsis~ miRebiT gauqmda `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. araerTi mcdelobis miuxedavad, unificirebuli aqti am
sferoSi parlaments dRemde miRebuli ar aqvs.
kodificirebuli aqtis ararseboba ar unda miviCnioT regulirebis ararsebobad, rac
momxmarebels daucvels datovebs da Seqmnis samarTlebriv sicarieles samoqalaqo brun-
vaSi. am kuTxiT umniSvnelovanes sakanonmdeblo aqts warmoadgens saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi, romelic iTvaliswinebs nakliani Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi myidvelis
Sesageblebs da usamarTlo pirobebisagan Tavdacvis meqanizmebs. gansxvavebiT germaniis
samoqalaqo kodeqsisgan20, qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar Seicavs momxmarebelTa ufle-
bebis momwesrigebel specialur normebs, rac ufro metad germaniaSi reformis das-
rulebis droiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli21.
araerTi cvlilebisa da damatebis Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom quCaSi dadebul
xelSekrulebebsa da distanciur xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Zir-
iTad sakanonmdeblo aqtad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi unda miviCnioT. romlis reg-
ulirebac metad mxareTa Soris davis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi mis gadawyvetazea mimarTu-
li, vidre prevenciaze. xelSekrulebis dadebamde misawodebeli informaciis detaluri
CamonaTvali, gasvlis procedurebis diferencirebas miwodebis saxis mixedviT da riskis
gadasvlis specialur wess samoqalaqo kodeqsi am saxis xelSekrulebebisaTvis ar icnobs.
16
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011; CONSULTATION ON THE IMPLE-
MENTATION OF DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU ON CONSUMER RIGHTS, MAY 2013, 3.
17
Proposal for a Regula on on agricultural product quality schemes (COM(2010) 733 final), Proposal for a Regula on establishing mar-
ke ng standards (COM(2010) 738 final) guidelines on cer fica on schemes and on food labelling.
18
saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 30, 24/08/1995.
19
saqarTvelos kanoni samomxmareblo kooperaciebis Sesaxeb, 24/07/1997.
20
GmBH, Sub tle 2 Principles applying to consumer contracts; par cular types of sale*), Sub tle 3, Purchase of Consumer goods <ht-
tps://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/>, [20.10.2019].
21
lakerbaia T., xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba: qarTuli da evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sedare-
biTi analizi, Tb., 2016, 41, citirebulia: ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe g., svanaZe g., cercvaZe g., janSia
l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 28.
61
giorgi wamalaiZe
3. quCaSi dadebuli da distanciuri xelSekrulebebis regulireba

2011/83/EU evrodireqtivis mixedviT
quCaSi dadebul da distanciur xelSekrulebebze saubrisas, pirvel rigSi, unda gani-
sazRvros vin warmoadgens momxmarebels da ramdenad eqceva nebismieri myidveli misi
gamoyenebis sferoSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs erTiani midgoma ganmartebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT22 da wevri qveynebi mas garkveulwilad sakuTar sistemebs argeben23,
rac calkeul SemTxvevebSi aRrevasac iwvevs. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, statiis
miznebisaTvis Tavad direqtivis ganmartebas gaviziarebT. direqtivis mixedviT momxmare-
beli _ niSnavs fizikur pirs, romelic ar moqmedebs Tavisi savaWro, biznes, saxelovnebo
an profesiuli miznebidan gamomdinare24. xolo movaWres warmoadgens fizikuri an iurid-
iuli piri, miuxedavad imisa, saxelmwifoa Tu kerZo, romelic moqmedebs, misi savaWro, bi-
zness, saxelovnebo an profesiuli miznebiT im xelSekrulebebTan mimarTebiT, romelic
mocemulia am direqtiviT25.
3.1. xelSekrulebis dadebamde informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba

2011/83/EU direqtivis me-6 muxli amomwuravad CamoTvlis informacias, romlis mi-
wodebac savaldebuloa distanciuri da farTidan moSorebiT dadebuli xelSekrule-
bebis SemTxvevaSi26. amasTanve, informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba vrceldeba ara mxo-
lod saxelSekrulebo boWvaze, aramed aseve Sesatyvis ofertzec27. msgavsi danawesiT
muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebic eqceva, rac samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 317-e da 318-e muxlis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi harmonizaciis maRal dones gana-
pirobebs. informaciis gacemis valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSic amgvari ganmarteba
sasamarTlo praqtikaSic SesaZlebelia28.
direqtivis me-6 muxlSi aris arsebiTi garemoebebis Semcveli debulebebi, romelTa
22
qardava e., doqtorantTa saseminaro naSromebi, momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebis Se-
darebiTsamarTlebrivi mimoxilva quCaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis magaliTze, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva,
specialuri gamoSveba, 2007 miT: Bri sh Ins tute of interna onal and Compara ve Law coordinated by Cees van Dam/Erika Budai-
te, Unfair Commercial Prac ces General Report (Estonian Consumer Protec on Act, Czech Commercial Code and the Act on Consumer
protec on, Hungarian Act on Prohibi on of Unfair and Restric ve Market Prac ces, Lithuanian Law on Consumer Protec on, Polish Act
on Comba ng Unfair Compe on), 32-38, eu.europa.eu/consumers.cons_int/safe_shop/fair_Bus_pract/ucp_general_report.en.pdf.
23
uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi, samarTlis Jurnali N1, 2014, 98 ix. Schulte-Nolke H., Twigg-Fllesner CH., Ebers M., EC Son-
cumer Law Compedium, The Consumer Aquis and its Transposi on in the Member States, Sellier, Münich, 2008, 454.
24
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art.2 (1) ‘consumer’ means any
natural person who, in contracts covered by this Direc ve, is ac ng for purposes, which are outside his trade, business, cra or profes-
sion.
25
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art.2 (2), ‘trader’ means any na-
tural person or any legal person, irrespec ve of whether privately or publicly owned, who is ac ng, including through any other person
ac ng in his name or on his behalf, for purposes rela ng to his trade, business, cra or profession in rela on to contracts covered by
this Direc ve.
26
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU, Art.6 (1).
27
ix. sqolio 26. Art.6(1) Before the consumer is bound by a distance or offpremises contract, or any corresponding offer, the trader
shall provide the consumer with the following informa on in a clear and comprehensible manner.
28
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegia, saqme N2b/1919-15 (2016-02-23).
62
gaumJRavnebloba xelSekrulebis arsebiTi pirobis darRvevas uTanabrdeba. valdebulebis

Sesrulebis nawilSi momxmarebeli `molodinis reJimSi~ imyofeba, maSin, roca kontrahen-
ti aqtiurad moqmedebs da amomwuravi informaciis miwodebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis
matarebelia. direqtiva yuradRebas amaxvilebs SesaZleblobaze, miiRo informacia da
misi faqtobrivi gacnoba ver iqneba gamoyenebuli momxmareblisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis
tvirTis gasazrdelad29.
informaciis miwodebis valdebulebisas tvirTis ganawilebis sakiTxs evropis marTlm-
sajulebis sasamarTlo Seexo araerT saqmeze, sadac ganmarta, rom savaldebulo infor-
maciis miwodebis valdebulebis darRvevas mewarmisaTvis mZime Sedegebi mohyveba. saqmeze
C-42/15 evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom informaciis miuwode-
blobam krediti safasurisgan/procentisgan Tavisufal kreditad aqcia30; rac Seexe-
ba saqmes C-49/11, sasamarTlom aqcenti kvlav mewarmis aqtiur rolze gaamaxvila, erTiani
midgomis damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli da `susti mxaris~31 dacvis maRali standarti daawesa32.
momxmareblis mier mboWavi nebis gamovlenamde, mimwodebelma unda uzrunvelyos
misTvis savaldebulo informaciis naTlad da amomwuravad miwodeba33. direqtivaSi mi-
TiTebuli informacia moicavs produqtisa da mwarmoeblis mikvlevadobisTvis aucileb-
el elementebs, rac momxmarebels ndobasTan erTad produqtis da misi gamyidvelis
identificirebis saSualebasac aZlevs. sanimuSod SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom me-6 muxli
moicavs iseT cnobebs, rogoricaa:
• saqonlis an momsaxurebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, im moculobiT rac See-
sabameba pirobebs/saSualebas da saqonelsa an momsaxurebas;
• movaWris vinaoba, rogoricaa misi savaWro saxeli;
• xelSekrulebis dadebisTvis distanciuri komunikaciis saSualebis gamoyenebisaTvis
gadasaxdeli, Tu es gadasaxdeli ar iangariSeba sabaziso tarifiT;
• gadaxdis, miwodebis, Sesrulebis pirobebi, vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic movaWre val-
debulebas iRebs miawodos saqoneli an Seasrulos momsaxureba da, Tu arsebobs,
movaWris saCivris ganxilvis politika;
• Tu xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba arsebobs, am uflebis ganxorcielebis pirobe-
bi, xandazmuloba da procedura 11.1 muxlis Sesabamisad, aseve xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis sanimuSo forma romelic dadgenilia danarT I(B)-Si;
• yofaqcevis kodeqsis arseboba 2005/29/EC direqtivis 2.f muxlis Sesabamisad da ro-
gor SeiZleba misi egzemplaris mopoveba, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
informaciis miwodebis valdebulebas icnobs produqtis usafrTxoebisa da Tavisu-
29
lakerbaia T., xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba: qarTuli da evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sedarebi-
Ti analizi, Tb., 2016, 124, ix. vaSakiZe g., samoqalaqo kodeqsis garTulebul valdebulebaTa sistema, Tb., 2010,
70.
30
Judgement of the Court (Third number), 9 November 2016, Credit Slovakia a.s. v Klára Bíróová. parag.73: “where a credit agreement
does not include all the informa on required under Ar cle 10(2) of the direc ve, the agreement is deemed to be interest-free and free
of charges, provided that the informa on covers ma ers which, if not included, may compromise the ability of the consumer to assess
the extent of his liability~.
31
lakerbaia T., xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba: qarTuli da evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sedare-
biTi analizi, Tb., 2016, paragrafi 1. 3, 20-23.
32
Judgement of the Court (Third number), 5 July 2012, para. 15: “If the undertaking has failed to comply with its obliga ons to sup-
ply informa on under Paragraph 5d(1) and (2), the me-limit for withdrawal shall run for three months from the dates referred to in
subparagraph (2). If, during that me-limit, the undertaking fulfils its obliga ons, the me-limit for exercising the right of withdrawal
referred to in subparagraph 2 runs from the date on which it communicated the informa on~.
33
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art. 6.
63
giorgi wamalaiZe
fali mimoqcevis kodeqsic34, romelic adgens rogorc mwarmoeblis mier distributori-

saTvis, ise momxmareblisaTvis misawodebeli informaciis saxes da moculobas. aRsaniS-
navia, rom qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT moculi cnobebis CamonaTvali araa amomwuravi da
amave kanonis me-12 muxlis me-5 punqti mwarmoebels/distributors uflebas aZlevs, Ta-
visi samewarmeo miznebisaTvis momxmarebels miawodos ufro meti informacia, vidre es
gaTvaliswinebulia am muxliT.
3.2. quCaSi dadebuli xelSekruleba

quCaSi dadebuli xelSekruleba evropul bazarze Zalzed gavrcelebul da metwilad
imperatiuli normebiT mowesrigebul instituts warmoadgens, romelic qarTul rea-
lobaSi kvlavac Seuswavlel nawilad rCeba.
2005/29/EC direqtiva mas, rogorc movaWris farTidan/Senoba-nagebobidan moSorebiT
dadebul xelSekrulebad ganmartavs da mis konstituciur maxasiaTeblebs CamoTvlis:
• movaWrisa da momxmareblis erTdrouli fizikuri daswreba;
• movaWris komerciuli farTidan moSorebiT;
• romelzec SeTavazeba gaakeTa momxmarebelma zemoaRniSnul garemoebebSi miTiTebu-
li pirobebis msgavsad;
• romelic dadebulia movaWris komerciul farTSi an distanciuri komunikaciis ro-
melime saSualebis gamoyenebiT uSualod mas Semdeg rac momxmarebeli personalu-
rad da individualurad iqna miaxloebuli im adgilas, romelic movaWris komerciul
farTs ar warmoadgens, movaWrisa da momxmareblis erTdrouli fizikuri daswrebiT; an
• dadebulia movaWris mier organizebuli eqskursiis dros, romlis mizani an Sedegia
saqonlisa an momsaxurebis momxmareblisTvis marketingi da gayidva.
aRniSnulis sapirispirod, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 336-e muxli, romelic quCaSi dadebu-
li xelSekrulebis momwesrigebel normas warmoadgens qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi,
zogadi miTiTebiT ifargleba da CamoTvlis: `quCaSi, saxlis win da msgavs adgilebSi~35.
qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi, romelic Zalzec mwiria aRniSnul sakiTze, miTiTebu-
lia, rom yovelgvari xelSekruleba, romlis dadebis adgilic quCaa, avtomaturad 336-e
muxlis moqmedebis sivrceSi ar unda moeqces36, rac maT mimarT TavisTavad gamoricxavs
meoradi uflebebis warmoSobas. amgvari ganmarteba SesabamisobaSia direqtivis miznebTan,
romlis funqciac momxmareblis dacvaa winaswar gaucnobierebeli da moumzadebeli37
nebis gamovlenisagan.
SegviZlia normaTa urTierTSedarebis safuZvelze ganvsazRvroT, rom quCaSi
dadebul xelSekrulebad garigebis miCnevisTvis yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT saTana-
do da srulyofili informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobaze, Sedarebisa da produqciis
maxasiaTeblebis gamokvlevaze, rogorc momxmareblis nebis formirebis damabrkolebel
garemoebebze38.
34
produqtis usafrTxoebisa da Tavisufali mimoqcevis kodeqsi, muxli 12, <h ps://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/
view/1659419>, [20.10.2019].
35
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 336-e muxli, ix.:h ps://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/31702 [20.10.2019].
36
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni 3, 2001, 153.
37
zaaliSvili v., samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierobebis regulirebis sistemuri Taviseburebani qa-
rTul kanonmdeblobaSi, samarTlis Jurnali 1-2, 2010, 69.
38
qardava e., doqtorantTa saseminaro naSromebi, momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebis Se-
64
3.3. distanciuri xelSekruleba

teqnologiuri progresis pirobebSi metad aqtualuri xdeba e.w. ònlain movaWreTa~
definiciis miReba da distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebis samarTlebriv sivrceSi
moqceva. garigebis tipis dadgenisa da valdebulebis Sesrulebis konteqstSi SeuZlebe-
lia igi geografiul-kulturuli konteqstis gareSe ganvixiloT, romelic gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas swored samarTlebrivi sivrcis farglebSi iZens.
distanciuri xelSekruleba warmoadgens xelSekrulebas, romelic dadebulia mim-
wodebelsa da momxmarebels Soris organizebuli distanciuri gayidvebis an servisis
miwodebis sqemis meSveobiT, mimwodeblisa da momxmareblis erTdrouli fizikuri das-
wrebis gareSe, xelSekrulebis dadebamde erTi an ramdenime distanciuri komunikaciis
saSualebis eqskluziuri gamoyenebiT.39.
xelSekrulebis tipis dadgena swored im kriteriumebis dadgenis winapirobaa, rome-
lic pirs SesaZleblobas aZlevs garigebis arseboba da misi namdviloba gansazRvros. aqve
unda mieTiTos, rom garigebis namdvilobisaTvis evropis samarTali Sidasaxelmwifo-
ebriv regulirebas iyenebs40, romelic calkeuli samarTalsistemis mixedviT SesaZloa
gansxvavdebodes41.
evrodireqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebidan gansakuTrebuli regulirebis
sagans warmoadgens informaciis srulyofili wardgenis molodini winasaxelSekrulebo
urTierTobebSi, romelic implementaciis procesSic aqtualurad ganixileboda42. quCaSi
dadebuli xelSekrulebis msgavsad, ualternativodaa miCneuli garigebis dadebamde mx-
arisaTvis mboWavi nebis gamovlenis Secnobadobis aRqmis ganmarteba, romlis uzrunvel-
yofasac direqtivis me-8 muxli emsaxureba da movaWres savaldebulod misawodebeli
informaciis CamonaTvals udgens43, xolo erT-erT komponentad vizualizaciis element-
sac moiazrebs: movaWrem unda uzrunvelyos, rom momxmarebeli, rodesac iZleva Tavis
SekveTas, naTlad aTviTcnobierebs, rom SekveTa gulisxmobs gadaxdis valdebulebas.
Tu SekveTis micema saWiroebs Rilakis aqtivacias an msgavs funqcias, es Rilaki an sxva
msgavsi funqcia unda iyos aRniSnuli martivad, gasagebad mxolod Semdegi sityvebiT
`SekveTa gadaxdis valdebulebiT~ an Sesabamisi naTeli formulirebiT imis aRniSvniT,
darebiT samarTlebrivi mimoxilva quCaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis magaliTze, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva,
specialuri gamoSveba, 2007, 136.
39
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art.2 (7): ‘distance contract’
means any contract concluded between the trader and the consumer under an organized distance sales or service-provision scheme wi-
thout the simultaneous physical presence of the trader and the consumer, with the exclusive use of one or more means of distance com-
munica on up to and including the me at which the contract is concluded., ix. aseve: lakerbaia T., distanciurad dadebul
xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli modeli xelSekrulebis uaryofis magaliTze,
samarTlis Jurnali N1, 2016, 91, citirebs: Twigg-Flesner C., A Cross-Border-Only Regula ons for Consumer Transac ons in
the EU, A Fresh Approach to EU Consumer Law, Springer Briefs in Business, 2012, 5.
40
lakerbaia T., distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli modeli
xelSekrulebis uaryofis magaliTze, samarTlis Jurnali N1, 2016, 92, cit: Fina S., The Consumer’s Right of Withdrawal
and Distance Selling in Europe: A Consumer Stronghold in European Distance Selling and E-Commerce, in Festschri Zehetner F., Haslin-
ger M., Kanonier A., and Zehetner S., (eds.), 2009, 31; Spindler G., Borner F., E-Commerce Law in Europe and the USA, Springer, Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg, 2002, Schmidt W-A., Priess M., Germany, 164-176, Renard I., A., Barberis M. A., France, 97-101.
41
aRniSnuli gansxvavebebi naTlad ikveTeba saerTo da romanul-germanuli samarTlis sistemis wevr qveynebs
Soris, gasakuTrebiT did britaneTsa da centralur evropas Soris.
42
CONSULTATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU ON CONSUMER RIGHTS, 2013, 32.
43
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art. 8.
65
giorgi wamalaiZe
rom SekveTis micemas Sedegad mosdevs movaWrisaTvis Tanxis gadaxdis valdebuleba. Tu

movaWre ar gaiTvaliswinebs am qveparagrafis pirobebs, momxmarebeli ar aris SeboWili
xelSekrulebiT an SekveTiT.
informaciis sicxadisa da miwodebis valdebulebis Seusruleblobas evropeli kanon-
mdebeli mTlianad xelSekrulebis mboWavi Zalis ararsebobas ukavSirebs da amiT erT-
gvar miniSnebas iZleva misi implementaciisas sistemur ganmartebaze, romelic qarTul
kanonmdeblobaSi Semdegnairad unda moiazrebodes: informaciis konkretuli moculoba
da saxe ganisazRvros, rogorc saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 327-e muxlis me-2 naw-
iliT kanoniT dadgenili arsebiTi piroba, romlis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi garigebas ar
eqneba mboWavi Zala kontrahentis mimarT, Tumca detalur regulirebas direqtiva ar
iTvaliswinebs, rac mis universalur xasiaTs ganapirobebs da sxvadasxva sistemaSi imple-
mentaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
4. xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba

xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba, romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWe-
ba momxmarebelTa dacvis samarTalSi, gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis matarebelia quCaSi
dadebul da distanciur xelSekrulebebSi. swored nebis uecari gamovlineba, misi Si-
naarsobrivi acdena kontrahentis namdvil mizanTan ubiZgebs xolme brunvis monawiles,
uari Tqvas kerZo samarTlis principze `pacta sunt servanda~ (valdebuleba unda Sesrul-
des) da gavides samarTalurTierTobidan. gasvlis uflebis mravalmxrivobisa44 da misi
maregulirebeli sistemebis simravlis gamo, statiis miznebisTvis, avtori koncentrird-
eba uflebis informaciul xasiaTze, romelic uflebis realizebis procedurul nawils
warmoadgens.
4.1. xelSekrulebidan gasvlis vada da gasvlis uflebaze miTiTebis

gavlena vadis gansazRvrisas
direqtivis me-9 muxli momxmarebels gasvlis uflebis pirvelad periods, 14 dRian
vadas udgens, romlis gamoyenebisaTvisac araa saWiro sapatio mizezis miTiTeba an araje-
rovan Sesrulebaze apelireba, igi erTgvarad upirobo uflebadac SegviZlia miviCnioT,
romelic direqtivis garantias warmoadgens arasasurveli samarTlebrivi Sedegis Tavi-
dan acilebisTvis.
xelSekrulebidan gasvlaze nebis gamovlena miRebasavaldebulo nebas warmoadgens,
romelic me-11 muxlis mixedviT movaWres unda ecnobos winaswar dadgenili an adekvatu-
ri formiT, romelic misi aRqmis saSualebas iZleva45.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gasvlis uflebaze informacia direqtivis 6.1 muxlis Tanaxmad
movaWris mier momxmareblisaTvis savaldebulod gasacnobi kategoriaa, romlis Seus-
ruleblobac mxarisaTvis sagulisxmo Sedegebs ganapirobebs da xelSekrulebidan gasv-
lis periodi dasruldeba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis pirveladi periodis damTavrebis
44
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art. 11. ix.: <h p://eur-lex.
europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex:32011L0083>, [20.10.2019].
45
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art. 11. ix.: <h p://eur-lex.
europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex:32011L0083>, [20.10.2019].
66
Semdeg 12 TveSi. momxmarebeli xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebas iyenebs 14 dRian da

modificirebul (12 Tvian) periodSi Tu xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb komunikacia gagzavnilia momxmareblis mier sanam es vada iqneba amowuruli.
gasvlis vadis aTvla damokidebulia xelSekrulebis saxesa da Sesrulebis pirobebze,
romelic saqonlis kompleqtaciisa da daniSnulebs mixedviT SesaZloa gansxvavdebodes
da damTavrdes 14 dRis gasvlis Semdeg:
• momsaxurebis xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, xelSekrulebis dadebis dRidan;
• nasyidobis xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, im dRidan, rodesac momxmarebeli an mesa-
me mxare, garda gadamzidvelisa, romelic miTiTebulia momxmareblis mier miiRebs
fizikur sargeblobaSi saqonels an:
• im SemTxvevaSi Tu momxmareblis mier erT SekveTaSi nayidia ramdenime saqoneli da
isini gancalkevebulad aris miwodebuli, im dRidan, rodesac momxmarebeli an mesa-
me mxare, garda gadamzidvelisa, romelic miTiTebulia momxmareblis mier, miiRebs
fizikur sargeblobaSi ukanasknel saqonels;
• im saqonlis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic Sedgeba ramdenime komponentisagan an
nawilisagan, im dRidan, rodesac momxmarebeli an mesame mxare, garda gadamzidveli-
sa, romelic miTiTebulia momxmareblis mier, miiRebs fizikur sargeblobaSi ukanask-
nel nawils an komponents;
• gansazRvrul periodSi saqonlis regularuli miwodebis xelSekrulebis SemTxveva-
Si, im dRidan, rodesac momxmarebeli an mesame mxare, garda gadamzidvelisa, romel-
ic miTiTebulia momxmareblis mier, miiRebs fizikur sargeblobaSi pirvel saqonels;
4.2. xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sedegebi

xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis gamoyenebis Sedegad wydeba mxareebis valdebule-
bebi:
• Seasrulon distanciuri an farTidan moSorebiT dadebuli SeTanxmebebi; an
• dadon distanciuri an farTidan moSorebuli SeTanxmebebi, im SemTxvevaSi Tu ofer-
ti momxmarebels ekuTvnis.
gasvlis SemTxvevaSi ormxrivi restituciis msgavs samarTlebriv reJimSi veqceviT,
romelsac direqtivis me-13 muxli aregulirebs da movaWres momxmareblis mier gadaxdi-
li yvela Tanxis anazRaurebas akisrebs.46aRsaniSnavia, rom anazRaureba ar warmoadgens
ucilobel Sedegs da misi arseboba momxmareblis mier gakeTebul arCevanzecaa damoki-
debuli, movaWres ar moeTxoveba damatebiTi xarjebis anazRaureba, Tu momxmarebelma
aSkarad arCia miwodebis es saxeoba, movaWris mier SeTavazebul ufro iaf standartul
miwodebas47.
movaWris winare moqmedebebs direqtiva misi valdebulebis gansazRvrisas konsti-
tuciur mniSvnelobas aniWebs, Tu movaWres ar gaukeTebia SeTavazeba, rom saqonels Tvi-
Ton wamoiRebda, nasyidobis xelSekrulebasTan mimarTebaSi, movaWres SeuZlia uari Tqvas
46
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art.13: The trader shall reimburse
all payments received from the consumer, including, if applicable, the costs of delivery without undue delay and in any event not later
than 14 days from the day on which he is informed of the consumer’s decision to withdraw from the contract in accordance with Ar cle
11.
47
iqve, muxli 13 (2) Notwithstanding paragraph 1, the trader shall not be required to reimburse the supplementary costs, if the con-
sumer has expressly opted for a type of delivery other than the least expensive type of standard delivery offered by the trader.
67
giorgi wamalaiZe
anazRaurebaze, sanam is ar miiRebs saqonels ukan, an sanam momxmarebeli ar miawvdis

saqonlis ukan gagzavnis mtkicebulebas, imis mixedviT, romelic pirobac ufro adre
dadgeba48.
xelSekrulebidan gasvlisas movaWris interess gadacemulis ukan dabruneba war-
moadgens, rac mxareTa SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad ekisreba erT-erT mxares49. mxareTa ufle-
ba-movaleobebis gansazRvrisTvis direqtivis me-14 muxli saxelmZRvanelo debulebebs
gadmoscems. momxmareblisaTvis gamoiricxeba xarjebis gadaxda, Tu mas ar miuRia movaW-
risagan savaldebulo informacia an/da mis mier Tanxmoba ar yofila gacxadebuli 14
dRian periodSi50.
5. saxelmwifos eqskluziuri uflebebi direqtivis implementaciisas

direqtivis implementaciisas saxelmwifos gaaCnia mTeli rigi uflebamosilebebi-
sa, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs SidasamarTlebriv sferoSi regulirebis miRebisas
eqskluziurad daadginos pirobebi, romelic moqnil da qmediT instrumentebs Seqmnis
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvisaTvis.
5.1. sakomisio gadaxdis saSualebebis gamoyenebisaTvis

saxelmwifom SeiZleba aukrZalos movaWres momxmarebels gadaaxdevinos gadaxdis sa-
Sualebis gamoyenebisaTvis raime sakomisio, romelic aRemateba movaWris aseTi saSualebis
gamoyenebisaTvis gaweul xarjebs.
direqtivis me-19 muxlis amgvari daSveba ar gulisxmobs absolutur Tavisuflebas
sakomisioebis gansazRvrisas, vinaidan igi sakuTrebis konstituciur uflebasa da Tavis-
ufali mewarmeobis konstituciur uflebasTan SeiZleba modiodes winaaRmdegobaSi.
5.2. aRsruleba
direqtiva implementaciis procesSi saxelmwifos farTo diskrecias aniWebs da mas
miznad uflebis garantirebas usaxavs51, romelis uzrunvelyofis gzebic Tavad wevrma
saxelmwifoebma unda daadginon. adekvaturi da efeqturi gzebi, romelsac igi uTiTebs,
ganimarteba Semdgom paragrafSi52 da gulisxmobs erT an met qvemoT CamoTvlil organos,
romelic qveynis kanonmdeblobiT iqneba gansazRvruli, ufleba eqneba kanonis safuZvel-
ze imoqmedos sasamarTlomde an kompetentur administraciul organomde imisaTvis, rom
48
iqve, muxli 13 (3) Unless the trader has offered to collect the goods himself, with regard to sales contracts, the trader may withhold
the reimbursement un l he has received the goods back, or un l the consumer has supplied evidence of having sent back the goods,
whichever is the earliest.
49
iqve, muxli 14 (1).
50
iqve, muxli 14 (4).
51
CONSULTATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU ON CONSUMER RIGHTS, MAY 2013, 8.
52
DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011, Art. 23 (2): The means referred
to in paragraph 1 shall include provisions whereby one or more of the following bodies, as determined by na onal law, may take ac on
under na onal law before the courts or before the competent administra ve bodies to ensure that the na onal provisions transposing
this Direc ve are applied.
68
uzrunvelyos am direqtivis implementaciis safuZvelze miRebuli erovnuli debule-

bebis gamoiyeneba:
• sajaro dawesebulebebi an maTi warmomadgenlebi;
• momxmarebelTa organizaciebi, romlebsac aqvT momxmarebelTa dacvis kanonieri in-
teresi
• profesiuli organizaciebi, romlebsac aqvT moqmedebis kanonieri interesi.
aRsrulebis proceduris gansakuTrebul siaxles qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi ga-
napirobebs momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvisTvis davebis specialuri ganmxilveli or-
ganos Seqmna, romelic administraciul warmoebaSi arsebuli erTjeradi gasaCivrebis
analogad SesaZloa mogvevlinos da sasamarTlos gantvirTvasTan erTad garkveuli pre-
venciuli roli Seasrulos.
sakanonmdeblo bazis ararsebobis pirobebSi rTulia gansazRvra, ramdenad efeqturi
iqneba aRsrulebis meqanizmebi, Tumca winaswari sainformacio kampaniebisa da momxmare-
belTa, iseve rogorc movaWreTa TviTSegnebis amaRleba sakvanZo sakiTxi iqneba uaxloesi
wlebis ganmavlobaSi.
5.3. direqtivis imperatiuli buneba

normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi direqtivis implementaciis miuxedavad rTulia gani-
sazRvros sakanonmdeblo aqtis savaraudo adgili da Sinaarsi, rac evropis komisiis
ganxilvis sagansac warmoadgenda53. swored amitom, Sida bazris dasacavad da harmoni-
zaciis donis SesanarCuneblad wevr saxelmwifoebs erTgvari CarCoebi daudginda, rom-
lis mimarTac daTqmis ganxorcielebis ufleba ar gamoiyeneba.
Tu xelSekrulebis mimarT gamoiyeneba wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba, momxmare-
bels ufleba ar aqvs uari Tqvas im uflebebze, romelic mas aqvs am direqtivis imple-
mentaciis Sedegad. rogorc aRiniSna, rig SemTxvevebSi xelSekrulebaTa namdvilobisa
da formirebis mimarT gamoiyeneba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebi, romelic SesaZlebe-
lia mxares nebis Tavisuflebis konteqstSi utovebdes SesaZleblobas uari ganacxados
subieqturi an obieqturi motivebiT misTvis miniWebul uflebaze. Tumca amgvar uars
direqtiva gamoricxavs, riTac dacvis uflebas zeimperatiul statuss aniWebs samarTal-
urTierTobisTvis da erTgvarad sajaro wesrigis nawiladac ki ganixilavs.
rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis romelime pirobas, romelic pirdapir an arapirdapir
uflebas arTmevs an uzRudavs im uflebas, romelic mas miniWebuli aqvs am direqtivis
Sedegad, momxmareblisTvis ar iqneba savaldebulo. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi momxmarebe-
li Tavad acxadebda uars uflebaze, aq igi eTanxmeba SemzRudvel normas, romelic im-
TaviTve baTilad miiCneva. rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, aq SesaZloa saqme standartul
pirobebTan gvqondes54, romelic ukve asaxulia xelSekrulebis teqstSi55 da momxmarebels
erTgvari stabilurobis gancdas uCens, zrdis rwmenis xarisxs, rom igi pirveli araa,
vinc amgvar Sesrulebas iZens da misi uflebebi garantirebuli iqneba.
direqtivis Semqmnelebis swori mixedulebiT, molodini da mizani uflebaze uaris
Tqmisa ar axdens gavlenas momxmareblis dacvis xarisxze, rac sawinaaRmdego debulebas
53
CONSULTATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU ON CONSUMER RIGHTS, MAY 2013.
54
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 10 seqtembris Nas-755-811-2011
ganCineba.
55
zoiZe b., sk-is komentari, wigni III, 2001, mux. 342, 183.
69
giorgi wamalaiZe
xelSekrulebaSi Tu individualuri gacxadebis pirobebSi baTilad aqcevs, rogorc kano-

nis sawinaaRmdego normas samoqalaqo kodeqsis 54-e muxlidan gamomdinare.
6. daskvna
ZiriTadi sakiTxebis mimoxilvis Semdeg unda aRiniSnos, rom erTian evropul ekono-
mikur sivrcesTan daaxloebis Tanmdevi procesi samarTlebrivi sistemebis harmonizaci-
acaa, romlis ganxorcielebac uaxloes wlebSi dasruldeba da qarTuli samarTlebrivi
wreebi, iseve rogorc praqtikosi iuristebi, aRniSnul process momzadebulebi unda
SevxvdeT. pirvel nabijebs, romelic saxelmwifoebriv doneze gadaidga, warmoadgens
samoqmedo arealis gansazRvras implementaciisaTvis gamiznuli aqtebisTvis, romelTa
Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili momxmarebelTa dacvis samarTals uWiravs.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi da Zaladakarguli aqtebi Seicaven momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis im saWiro qvakuTxeds, romelzec SesaZlebeli iqneba axali regulaciebis morge-
ba da sistemuri danergva. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces termin `momxmareb-
lis~ ganmartebas da urTierTobis mxareTa statusis gansazRvras. xolo harmonizaci-
is am etapze sagulisxmoa saxelmwifos mier pozitiuri rolis kisreba aRsrulebisa da
uflebis darRvevis prevenciis RonisZiebebis danergvisas.
xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis ufleba, rogorc fundamenturi ufleba momxmarebelTa
dacvis sferoSi, Semdgom analizsa da kvlevas saWiroebs, raTa dadgindes misi moqmedebis
sfero, monawile pirTa statusi da meoradi moTxovnebis ganxorcielebis detaluri
regulireba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cven gveqneba forma Sinaarsis gareSe, formalizmis
nayofi, romelic biurokratiuli Segonebis nayofi iqneba da ara samoqalaqo brunvis Se-
degi, romliTac kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtebi isargebleben.
70
Eto Rukhadze (PhD Student, TSU, A orney at Law)
THE MAIN ASPECTS OF ORGANIZATION OF WORKING TIME IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND
ITS REFLECTION IN GEORGIAN LEGISLATION
ABSTRACT
The Associa on Agreement with the EU obliges us to approximate and harmonize Georgian Labour legi-
sla on with the EU law. The present ar cle is dedicated to the research on the legal regula on and prac ce
of implementa on of the ~Working Time Direc ve~ into the Georgian legisla on.
This ar cle starts with a descrip on of its main provisions. The Working Time Direc ve has its own dif-
ferent defini ons of working me and working me limits. The ar cle will also review the similari es and
differences between the EU law and the Georgian legisla on.
Along with all above-men oned issues, the ar cle deals with controversial issues, such as regula on of
rest period that provide analysis of the legisla on, prac ce and offers the author’s opinion and proposals.
Consequently, regula on of rest period becomes more relevant and valuable in prac ce. The topic is based
on a comparison between Georgian and German legisla ons.
Moreover, considering the importance of the issue, the present ar cle will discuss certain aspects of the
shi work. Namely, the ar cle will also touch upon the essence and general condi ons of shi work. A com-
para ve-legal analysis method is used to achieve this goal.
Furthermore, the working me direc ve defines the night me period and working at night. According to
the generally accepted rules of interna onal labour law, people working at night need par cular protec on.
Therefore, the ar cle discusses and evaluates current prac ce of regula on for night workers in the EU and
compares it to the Georgian regula on.
This ar cle is dedicated to the importance of working me organiza on. It explores several actual issues
in both prac ce and theory. Besides, the ar cle deals with methodical and formal problems to make some
recommenda ons in order to fix and improve them. The purpose of the ar cle is to provide readers with
some informa on with regard to the modern regula on of working me.
71
eTo ruxaZe*
evrokavSirSi samuSao drois organizebasTan dakavSirebuli

ZiriTadi aspeqtebi da qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba
1. Sesavali
dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacva Tanamedrove Sromis samarTlis qvakuTxedia. am mizniT
mravali qveynis kanonmdeblobam SemoiRo sustad miCneuli mxaris interesebis dacvis
meqanizmebi. saqarTveloSi ki SromiTsamarTlebrivi sakiTxebis naTlad Camoyalibeba
aucilebelia ara marto dasaqmebulTa dacvis garantiebis Sesaqmnelad, aramed praqtikis
srulfasovnad ganviTarebisaTvisac.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 30-e muxlis 1-li punqtiT ganmtkicebulia Sromis Tav-
isufleba, risi realizebac warmoudgenelia saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebulebis ga-
reSe, xeli Seuwyos dasaqmebasa da SromiTi uflebebis ganxorcilebas.1 winaaRmdeg SemTx-
vevaSi igi aRqmuli iqneboda rogorc mxolod iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva, rac calsaxad
daakninebda Sromis Tavisuflebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi principis mniSvnelobas.2
saxelmwifos valdebuleba xeli Seuwyos SromiTsamarTlebrivi principebis ganmtkice-
basa da maT praqtikaSi marTebulad realizebas warmoeSoba ara mxolod konstitucis,
aramed asocirebis SeTanxmebiT nakisri valebulebebiTac.
saqarTvelosparlamentis 2014 wlis 18 ivlisis #2495 dadgenilebiT ratificire-
buli asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis 354-e muxliT qveyanam ikisra valdebuleba, Tav-
isi kanonmdebloba dauaxlovos evrokavSiris sakanonmdeblo aqtebsa da saerTaSor-
isosamarTlebriv instrumentebs.3 asocirebis SeTanxmebiT evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos
Soris politikuri asocirebisa da ekonomikuri integraciis mizani gamoikveTa, risi
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtic SromiTi uflebebis dacvaa. kerZod,asocirebis Sesax-
eb SeTanxmebis me-6 karis me-14 Tavi exeba dasaqmebas, socialur politikasa da Tanabar
SesaZleblobebs. Sesabamisad, kanonmdeblobis daxvewis valdebuleba vrceldeba Sromis
samarTalzec. dasaxelebuli valdebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sainteresoa, Seesabameba
Tu ara dasaqmebulis uflebebis maregulirebeli normebi evrokavSiris ZiriTad moTx-
ovnebsa da standartebs.
Sromis samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic asocirebis SeTanxmebis
nawilia, aris samuSao drois organizebis aspeqtebi, racwarmoCenilia evroparlamentisa
da evrosabWos 2003 wlis 4 noembris 2003/88/EC direqtivaSi. winamdebare statia miznad
isaxavs, daadginos, Tu rogor aris ganmartebuli samuSao drois organizebis ZiriTadi
sakiTebi rogorc evrokavSirSi, ise saqarTveloSi. statiis farglebSi naTeli gaxdeba
samuSao drois organizebasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebis arsi da maTi moq-
* ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, ks
„korZaZis saadvokato biuros“ iuristi.
1
zoiZe b., Sromis Tavisuflebis arsi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikaSi, Sromis samarTali,
statiaTa krebuli, Tb., 2011, 10.
2
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tb., 2014, 29.
3
maisuraZe a., dasaqmebulis Svebulebis ufleba evrokavSirsa da saqarTveloSi, Jurn. „samarTali da msoflio“,
N5, 2016, 88.
72
medebis sfero. kvleva ganxorcielda SedarebiTi, sistemuri, logikuri da analitikuri

meTodebis gamoyenebiT.kerZod, gaanalizebuli iqneba samuSao drois cneba da misi xan-
grZlivoba, aseve Sesvenebisa da dRiuri dasvenebis drois sakiTxebi da maTi Sesabamisoba
evrokavSirSi arsebul standartebTan. warmoCenili iqneba regulaciebi cvlaSi muSaobisa
da Rame muSaobasTan dakavSirebiT Sesabamisi rekomendaciebiTa da daskvnebiT, aseve, Tu
ramdenad aris gaziarebuli am kuTxiT evrodireqtivis Sexedulebebi da miTiTebebi.
2. samuSao drois cneba da misi xangrZlivoba

dauSvebelia, dasaqmebuls samuSaos Sesruleba moeTxovos ganusazRvreli drois gan-
mavlobaSi, radgan aseT SemTxvevebSi ugulebelyofili iqneba dasaqmebulTa dacvis min-
imaluri standarti. swored amitom, mniSvnelovania, ganisazRvros samuSao drois cneba
da misi xangrZlivoba.
damsaqmebelTa mier samuSao drois kabaluri pirobebiT gansazRvris Tavidan asac-
ileblad evrodireqtivam yuradReba gaamaxvila samuSao drois regulirebis sakiTxze.
evrokavSirSi arsebuli midgoma, rac asaxulia mravali qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi,
dasaqmebulebs aZlevs saSualebas, Tavad gansazRvros samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba da mi-
TiTebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Tavad gadaanawilos Sesasrulebeli samuSao.4
evrodireqtivis mier samuSao drois gansazRvriT gamoikveTa dasaqmebulTa zedmet
saaTebSi muSaobisagan dacvis mizani, rac maTi cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebasa da
sakmarisi Tavisufali drois qonas emsaxureba.5dasaqmebuli Tavis valdebulebebs gansaz-
Rvruli drois ganmavlobaSi unda asrulebdes, rac samuSao drois cnebis dadgenisaTvis
umTavresia.
samuSao dro niSnavs nebismier periods, romlis drosac dasaqmebuli muSaobs dam-
saqmeblis gankargulebaSi da axorcielebs mis saqmianobas an movaleobebs, erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad anda praqtikis mixedviT.6 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, samuSao
dro aris is maqsimaluri yovelkvireuli saaTi, romlis ganmavlobaSic dasaqmebuli as-
rulebs samuSaos damsaqmeblisaTvis. 7
direqtiva wevr saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, miiRon dasaqmebulTaTvis samuSao
drois Sesaxeb regulaciebi usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis gaTvaliswinebiT.
direqtivis Tanaxmad SviddRiani periodis saSualo samuSao dro ar unda aRematebodes
48 saaTs, rac moicavs zeganakveTur samuSaosac.8
imisaTvis, rom dasaqmebulis mier samuSaos Sesruleba samuSao droSi CavTvaloT,
4
Berg P., Appelbaum E., Bailey T., Kalleberg A., Contes ng Time: Interna onal Comparisons of Employee Control of Working Time, Indu-
strial and Labor Rela ons Review, Volume 57, #3, 2004, 332, <h p://www.jstor.org/stable/4126655>, [05.05.2017].
5
Cairns H., Hendry B., Leather A., Moxham J., Outcomes of the European Working Time Direc ve, Bri sh Medical Journal, Volume. 337,
#7667, 2008, 421, < h p://www.jstor.org/stable/20510617> [05.05.2017].
6
Krizan V., Working me of employees posted on a business trip, Juridical Tribune, Volume 6, 2016, 122, <h p://heinonline.org/
HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/juridtrib6&div=28&start_page=118&collec on=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults>,
[07.07.2017], aseve Direc ve 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003, Ar cle 2.1.
7
8
Nowak T., The Working me Direc ve and the European court of jus ce, Maastricht Journal of European and Compara ve Law, Volu-
me 15, 453, 2008, <h p://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/maastje15&div=37&start_page=447&collec on=journals&-
set_as_cursor=7&men_tab=srchresults>, [06.10. 2017], aseve Direc ve 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
4 November 2003, Ar cle 6.
73
eTo ruxaZe
saWiroa, arsebobdes garkveuli winapirobebi. samuSao drois cnebis pirveli arsebiTi

elementis mixedviT, TanamSromlebi valdebulni arian ganaxorcielon TavianTi saqmia-
noba an movaleobebi. meore elementia dasaqmebulis fizikurad damsaqmeblis mier gan-
sazRvruladgilas yofna, raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi dauyovnebliv Seasrulos misTvis
gansazRvruli samuSao. samuSao drois cnebis mesame elementia samuSao periodSi dasaqme-
bulis samsaxurSi yofna, rac arc direqtivT da arc sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebiT
ganmartebuli ar aris.9
qarTuli kanonmdebloba mihyveba evrodireqtivis standartebs samuSao drois orga-
nizebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi da samuSao dros SromiTi xelSekrulebis erT-erT
arsebiT pirobad miiCnevs.10
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, damsaqmeblis mier dasaqmebulisaTvis gan-
sazRvruli samuSao drois xangrZlivoba ar unda aRematebodes kviraSi 40 saaTs, Tum-
ca damsaqmebelma SesaZlebelia daadginos naklebi samuSao drodasaqmebulis interesbis
gaTvaliswinebiT.11
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi samuSao drois organizebis sakiTxebs gansxvavebulad
gansazRvravs specifikuri samuSao reJimis mqone sawarmoebisaTvis, sadac SromiTi pro-
cesi mimdinareobs 8 saaTze meti xangrZlivobis uwyvet reJimSi. am SemTxvevaSi, samuSao
dro kviris ganmavlobaSi ar unda aRematebodes 48 saaTs. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnu-
li Canaweri kanonSi gaxda didi diskusiis sagani, is mainc icavs direqtiviT dadgenil
standarts da abalansebs dasaqmebulisa da damsaqmeblis uflebebs.12
qarTuli kanonmdebloba samuSao drois definicias ar icnobs, magram, samecniero
doqtrinaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, masSi ar Sedis Sesvenebisa da dasvenebis dro,13
radgan samuSao drod miiCneva mxolod is periodi, rodesac dasaqmebuli damsaqmeblis sa-
sargeblod saqmianobs.14 am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs germaniis kanoni samuSao
drois Sesaxeb,15 romlis Tanaxmadac samuSao drod iTvleba drois monakveTi samuSaos
dawyebidan mis damTavrebamde, rac ar moicavs Sesvenebis periods.16
praqtikaSi problemuria ra miiCneva samuSao drod da rodis iwyeba igi. vfiqrob,
samuSao drois gansazRvrisas unda amovideT samuSaos Sesrulebis elementidan da
samuSao drois aTvlisaTvis uSualod muSaobis dawyebis faqtiT vixelmZRvaneloT.
samecniero doqtrinaSi gansxvavebuli midgoma arsebobs mgzavrobis drois samuSao dro-
Si CaTvlasTan dakavSirebiT. mgzavrobisaTvis saWiro dro miekuTvneba samuSao dros Tu
dasaqmebuli sawarmodan damsaqmeblis davalebiT miemarTeba sxvagan, magram saxlidan sam-
9
Krizan V., Working me of employees posted on a business trip, Juridical Tribune, Volume 6, 2016, 123-124, <h p://heinonline.org/
HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/juridtrib6&div=28&start_page=118&collec on=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults>,
[07.07.2017].
10
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tb., 2014, 39-40.
11
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, me-14 muxlis 1-li punqti.
12
zenaiSvili a., Sromis samarTali, Sromis kodeqsis komentari, Tb., 2017, 69.
13
ZamukaSvili d., Sromis samarTali, Tb., 2013, 87.
14
Dima L., The working me _ various developments of the meaning of working me at the European Union level from a Romanian la-
bor rela ons perspec ve, Juridical Tribune, Volume 6, 2016, 144, <h p://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/juridtrib6&-
div=46&start_page=141&collec on=journals&set_as_cursor=2&men_tab=srchresults>, [ 10.06.2017].
15
Arbeitszeitgesetz, §2.
16
Junker A., Grundkurs Arbeitsrecht, München, 2008, 116, aseve Pajor-Bytomski M., Atbeitsrecht in Ungarn, München, 1998, 96.
74
saxuramde mimaval dros samuSao drod ver miviCnevT.17 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT arse-
bobs sapirispiro mosazrebebic. kerZod, evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlom samuSao
drod miiCnia saxlidan samsaxuramde misasvlelad saWiro dro im dasaqmebulisaTvis,
romlesac mudmivi samuSao adgili ar gaaCnda.18
specifikuria dasaqmebulis ramdenime adgilas muSaobis SemTxvevisas samuSao drois
gamoTvlis sakiTxi. sxva qveynebis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic unda gamoiyenebodes Sejamebu-
li aRricxvis wess, rac mimarTulia maqsimaluri samuSao drois dacvisaken. marTalia,
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi icnobs msgavs regulacias, magram es norma bundovania da ar
ikveTeba misi SemoRebis specifikuri mizani samuSao drois regulirebis TvalsazrisiT.19
Sejamebuli aRricxvis wesi srulad miesadageba evrodireqtivis principebs, romelic
dasaqmebuls kviris ganmavlobaSi 40 saaTze meti drois ganmavlobaSi muSaobisagan icavs,
raTa ar moxdes misi gadaRla. es midgoma unda gavrceldes dasaqmebulis ara mxolod
erT adgilas muSaobis SemTxvevaze, aramed ramdenime damsaqmebelTan muSaobisasac.
evrodireqtivis ZiriTadi principebis gaTvaliswinebis miuxedavad, samuSao drois
gansxvavebul xangrZlivobas vxvdebiT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. magaliTad, SvedeTSi,20amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da ungreTSi dadgenili standartiT kviris ganmavlobaSi Sesrule-
buli samuSaos xangrZlivoba ar unda aRematebodes 40 saaTs.21Sesabamisad, dasaxelebul-
ma qveynebma evro direqtivisagan gansxvavebuli, dasaqmebulisaTvis ufro xelsayreli
xangrZlivoba daaweses, rasac garkveulwilad qarTul Sromis samarTalSic vxvdebiT.
xolo did britaneTSi, estoneTsa da poloneTSi vxvdebiT 48-saaTian standarts, rac
akmayofilebs direqtiviT dadgenil moTxovnas da pirdapir asaxavs mis regulaciebs. 22
dasaxelebuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvs bulgareTs. kerZod, 18 wlamde
dasaqmebulTaTvis vxvdebiT 40-saaTian samuSao dros, xolo srulwlovanTaTvis _ 48-saa-
Tians.23
germanuli Sromis samarTlis principebi samuSao drois gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT
awesebs dasaqmebulis dacvis ufro maRal standarts. kerZod, samuSao drois Sesaxeb ger-
manuli kanonis mixedviT dadgenilia dRiuri samuSao drois 8-saaTiani xangrZlivoba,24
rac SeiZleba maqsimum 10 saaTamde gaizardos garkveuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.25
aseTi midgoma calsaxad germanuli kanonmdeblobis miRwevad unda CaiTvalos, radgan
17
bajiaSvili m., samuSao drois Taviseburebani saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis mixedviT (Sedareba germaniis
Sromis samarTalTan), krebulSi: zoiZe b., (red.) Sromis samarTlis krebuli II, Tb., 2013, 77.
18
Case C-266/114, Judgment of the Court of Jus ce of the European Union of 10 September 2015 _ Federaci6n de Servicios Privados del
sindicato Comisiones obreras v Tyco Integrated Security SL and Tyco Integrated Fire & Security Corpora on Servicios SA, the document
is available on line at <h p ://eur lexeuropa.eu/legl-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62014CJ0266> [08.09.2017].
19
zenaiSvili a., Sromis samarTali, Sromis kodeqsis komentari, Tb., 2017, 74, aseve saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi,
saqarTvelos parlamenti. me-16 muxli, wyaro: ssm, 75, 27/12/2010.
20
Anxo D., Working me policy in Sweden, 61, <h p://www.jil.go.jp/english/reports/documents/jilpt-reports/no.7_anxo.pdf>,
[06.10.2017].
21
22
Cabrita J., Op ng Out of the European Working Time Direc ve, 2015, 6-9, <h p://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?ar cle=1453&context=intl>, [02.10.2017].
23
Cabrita J., Op ng Out of the European Working Time Direc ve, 2015, 6, <h p://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
cgi?ar cle=1453&context=intl>, [02.10.2017].
24
Arbeitszeitgesetz, §3.
25
Junker A., Grundkurs Arbeitsrecht, München, 2008, 116.
75
eTo ruxaZe
yvelanairad gamoricxavs dasaqmebulisaTvis miniWebuli uflebebis ugulebelyofas da

maTze lavirebis SesaZleblobas.
qarTvelma kanonmdebelma dualisturi midgoma arCia, radgan, erTi mxriv, awesebs
kviris ganmavlobaSi maqsimum 40 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis moTxovnas, meore mxriv
ki, specifikur SemTxvevebSi uSvebs am drois 48 saaTamde gazrdas. aRsaniSnavia, rom
orive SemTxvevaSi regulaciebi TanxvedraSia direqtivis moTxovnebSi. miuxedavad amisa,
vfiqrob, umjobesi iqneba germanuli midgomis msgavsad maqsimaluri dRiuri zRvris dad-
gena, rac dasaqmebulTaTvis maTi uflebebiT srulyofilad sargeblobis garanti iqneba.
3. Sesvenebis drois ZiriTadi aspeqtebi

samuSao drois organizebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi Sesvenebis drois gansaz-
Rvraa. swored amitom, evrodireqtiva yuradRebas uTmobs am sakiTxs da wevr saxelmwi-
foebs avaldebulebs miiRon Sesabamisi regulaciebi Sesvenebis drosTan dakavSirebiT.
direqtivis Tanaxmad, wevrma saxelmwifoebma im dasaqmebulTaTvis romelTa samuSaoc
6 saaTze metia, unda uzrunvelyon Sesveneba samuSaos mimdinareobisas.26Sesvenebis dro
ar iTvleba samuSao droSi, Sesabamisad am drois ganmavlobaSi dasaqmebuli Tavisufalia
samuSaos Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan.27
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi Sesvenebis drosTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ise de-
talurad ar aris gawerili,rogorc amas samuSao drois Sesaxeb germanul kanonSi vx-
vdebiT.28 samuSao drois Sesaxeb germanuli kanonis mixedviT, samuSao dro, romelic 6
saaTs aRemateba unda Sewydes winaswar dadgenili SesvenebiT, romelic meryeobs 30-dan
45 wuTamde da dgindeba samuSao drois xangrZlivobis mixedviT.29
qarTul Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi ver vxvdebiT Sesvenebis Sesaxeb regulaciebs, ma-
gram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom direqtivis Tanaxmad, 6 saaTze meti drois ganmavlobaSi
muSaobisas aucilebelia Sesvenebis arseboba, saWiroa kanonmdeblobaSi am sakiTxis dax-
vewa. evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi aqtebi xSirad wevr saxelmwifoebs utoveben kompe-
tencias, SidakanonmdeblobiT gansazRvron calkeuli sakiTxebi. Sesabamisad, Sesvenebis
drosTan dakavSirebiT Sromis kodeqsSi unda gaiweros detaluri gansazRvreba, rogorc
Sesvenebis legaluri definiciis, ise misi xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb.
4. dRiuri dasvenebis dro, rogorc dasaqmebulis upirobo ufleba

samuSao drois organizebis Semdeg mniSvnelovan aspeqts dRiuri dasvenebis dro war-
moadgens, rac dasaqmebulisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis uflebaa, raTa man aRidginos
Zalebi da sakuTari survilis mixedviT gaataros samuSaosgan Tavisufali dro.
samuSao dro ganisazRvreba direqtiviT, romlis Tanaxmadac damsaqmeblis muSaoba
damsaqmeblis sasargeblod an mis mier gansazRvruli movaleobebis Sesruleba miiCneva
26
Direc ve 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003, Ar cle 4.
27
28
Sromis samarTalTan), krebulSi: zoiZe b., (red.) Sromis samarTlis krebuli II, Tb., 2013, 86-87.
29
Bosch G., Working me and working me policy in Germany, 22 <h p://www.jil.go.jp/english/reports/documents/jilpt-reports/no.7_
bosch.pdf>, [06.10.2017].
76
samuSao drod, xolo danarCeni nebismieri periodi, romelic ar aris samuSao dro, miiC-
neva dasvenebis drod.30
evrodireqtivis Tanaxmad, 24-saaTiani dRis ganmavlobaSi minimaluri dasvenebis dro
unda iyos 11 saaTi, rac aucileblad unda mohyvebodes samuSao dros, rom ar moxdes
dasaqmebulis gadaRla.31 yoveldRiuri dasveneba aris intervali or samuSao periods
Soris, romliTac sargeblobs yvela dasaqmebuli, miuxedavad imisa, Tu dRis romel mon-
akveTSi asrulebs is samuSaos.32 dasvenebis dro samuSaosagan xangrZliv mowyvetas gulisx-
mobs, romelsac dasaqmebuli Tavad gansazRvravs sakuTari SexedulebebiT.33
dauSvebelia dasvenebis drois uwyvetobaSi Careva. kerZod, damsaqmebels ar SeuZlia
11-saaTiani dasvenebis drois darRveva anda misi ganawileba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki dasaqme-
buli 11-saaTiani dasvenebis ganmavlobaSi Seasrulebs garkveuli samuSaos damsaqmebeli
valdebulia xelaxla misces mas sruli dasvenebis dro.34
evrodireqtivis me-3 muxli awesrigebs dasvenebis drois moTxovnas gadabmulad 11
saaTis odenobiT.35 direqtiviT gansazRvruli dasvenebis drois sakiTxi dazustebulia
evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos 2003 wlis seqtembris gadawyvetilebaSi, romlis
mixedviTac, dasaqmebuls dasvenebis dros damsaqmeblis winaSe ar ekisreba aranairi val-
debuleba, rac mas xels SeuSlida Tavisi interesis mixedviT Tavisuflad da uwyvetad
esargebla aRniSnuli monakveTiT.36
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-14 muxlis me-2 punqtis danawesi ki SromiTi proce-
sis 24-saaTiani uwyveti reJimis pirobebSi imperatiul SezRudvas awesebs samuSao dReebs
(cvlebs) Soris dasvenebis 12-saaTiani monakveTis gansazRvriT.37 am normis mizania da-
icvas dasaqmebuli uwyvetad muSaobisagan. Sesabamisad, erTi samuSao dRis dasasrulsa da
meore samuSao dRis dasawyiss Soris ar unda iyos 12 saaTze naklebi.
is faqti, rom, germanuli kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos Sromis ko-
deqsi ar iTvaliswinebs samuSao drois maqsimalur dRiur zRvars, SesaZleblobas uCens
damsaqmebels borotad gamoiyenos sakanonmdeblo lafsusi. samuSao drois maqsimaluri
dRiuri zRvris ararsebobis farglebSi, SesaZlebelia, damsaqmebelma nebismieri xangr-
Zlivobis samuSao dro dauwesos dasaqmebuls, rac, marTalia, ar daarRvevs 12-saaTiani
dasvenebis moTxovnas, magram mainc ugulebelyofs dasaqmebulis dacvis standartebs.
Sesabamisad, aucilebelia dasaqmebulis dacva msgavsi SemTxvevebisagan samuSao drois
maqsimaluri dRiuri zRvris dadgeniT, rac srulad gamoricxavs dasaqmebulis gadat-
virTvas samuSao drois regulaciebis bundovnad gansazRvris mizeziT.
30
Nowak T., The Working me Direc ve and the European court of jus ce, Maastricht Journal of European and Compara ve Law, Vo-
lume. 15, 450, 2008, <h p://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/maastje15&div=37&start_page=447&collec on=journal-
s&set_as_cursor=7&men_tab=srchresults>, [06.10. 2017].
31
32
Rest Periods: Defini ons and Dimensions, 3, <h p://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/docu-
ments/publica on/wcms_491374.pdf>, [29.06.2017].
33
ZamukaSvili d., Sromis samarTali, Tb., 2013, 88.
34
35
36
37
77
eTo ruxaZe
5. cvlaSi muSaobis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi

cvlaSi muSaoba aris tradiciuli meTodi samuSaos organizebisaTvis, romelic sa-
Sualebas aZlevs kompaniebs, gaagrZelon maTi samuSao saaTebi uwyvetad.samwuxarod,
srulyofili SedarebiTi analizi cvlaSi muSaobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ar arse-
bobs, magram calsaxaa, rom am kuTxiT bevri qveynis kanonmdebloba Seicavs xarvezs.38ami-
tomac evrodireqtiviT ganisazRvra cvlaSi muSaobis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi.
direqtiva cvlaSi muSaobisas ganmartavs, rogorc wyvetili an uwyveti saxiT, samuSao
Zalis organizebis nebismieri formas, romelSic dasaqmebulebis Casma xdeba gansazRvru-
li grafikiT, TanmimdevrobiT, maT Soris, rotaciis gegmiTac, erTsa da imave samuSao
adgilze imgvarad, rom isini valdebulni arian, dRis an kviris ganmavlobaSi TavianTi
samuSao sxvadasxva dros Seasrulon.39
qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Tu damsaqmeblis saqmianoba iTvaliswinebs 24-saa-
Tian uwyvet reJimSi muSaobas, mxareebi uflebamosilni arian dadon SromiTi xelSkruleba
cvlaSi muSaobis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-15 muxli gansazRvravs cvlaSi
muSaobas da adgens, rom personalis gadasvla erTidan meore cvlaSi winawar unda iyos
gansazRvruli specialuri ganrigiT, romelic dadgenilia damsaqmeblis mier.40
marTalia, kanonmdeblobiT araa gansazRvruli cvlaSi muSaobis definicia, magram-
imisaTvis, rom saxeze iyos cvlaSi muSaobisaTvis aucilebelia dasaqmebulebi erTsa da
imave samuSaos sxvadasxva dros asrulebdnen da maT Senacvleba xdebodes garkveuli ge-
gmis mixedviT. cvlaSi muSaobis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelad daculi unda iqnas dasvenebis
drois Sesaxeb arsebuli moTxovnebi.41
cvlaSi muSaobisaTvis arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli niSani is aris, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi,
koleqtivis mxolod erTi nawili asrulebs garkveul samuSaos cvlianobis ganrigis Se-
sabamisad, xolo am dros TanamSromelTa meore nawili samuSaosagan Tavisufalia. amis
magaliTad gamodgeba saavadmyofoSi eqTnebis urTierTSenacvleba cvlebSi.42
cvlaSi dasaqmebuli pirTa dacvis standartis amaRlebis mizniT, umjobesi iqneba
maTTvis damatebiTi regulaciebisa da moTxovnebis damateba qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi.
mxolod is faqti, rom cvlaSi dasaqmeba garkveuli gegmiT dasaqmebulTa monacvleo-
bas gulisxmobs, ar aris amomwuravi dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvisaTvis. Sesabamisad,
aucilebelia am kuTxiT normebis dakonkreteba.
6. dasaqmebulTa dacvis aucilebloba Ramis saaTebSi muSaobisas

Tanamedrove epoqaSi ekonomikuri bazris ganviTarebis fonze sul ufro aqtual-
uri xdeba RamiT muSaoba, radgan damsaqmeblis survilia klientebs uwyvetad gauwion
momsaxureba. msoflios masStabiT araerTi kvleva Catarda RamiT muSaobis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT, riTac gamoikveTa rom bevri qveynis kanonmdebloba Seicavs xarvezs am
38
Lee S., McCann D., Messenger J., Working me around the world, USA, 2007, 96-97.
39
Direc ve 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003, Ar cle 2.5.
40
boroni a. (red.), saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis komentari, Tb., 2016, 163.
41
Bosch G., Working me and working me policy in Germany, 20<h p://www.jil.go.jp/english/reports/documents/jilpt-reports/no.7_
bosch.pdf>, [06.10.2017].
42
78
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.43
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso SromiTsamarTlebrivi principebis Tanax-
mad, RamiT momuSave pirebi saWiroeben met dacvas, vidre dRis ganmavlobaSi momuSaveni,
radgan RamiT muSaoba moiTxovs met Zalisxmevas da igi SedarebiT meti riskebis mqonea.44
Ramis saaTebSi muSaobisas damsaqmebeli valdebulia miiRos adekvaturi damcavi zomebi,
romlebic unda uTanabrdebodes dRis samuSaosaTvis gamoyenebul damcav RonisZiebebs
da Ramis saaTebSi momuSaveni uflebrivad srulyofilad aRWurvon.45
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adamianis Zilisa da gaRviZebis bunebrivi ritmi RamiT
muSaobisas icvleba, aucilebelia aseT muSakTa gansakuTrebuli dacva, radgan Ramis
saaTebSi muSaoba gansakuTrebiT stresulia da pirdapir gavlenas axdens dasaqmebulTa
janmrTelobaze.46 swored amitom 2003 wlis evrodireqtivam gansazRvra Ramis saaTebSi
momuSaveTa dacvisaTvis aucilbeli ZiriTadi standartebi.
evropuli direqtiva Ramis periods ganmartavs, rogorc erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT
gansazRvrul nebismier aranakleb 7-saaTian drois monakveTs, romelic moicavs periods
SuaRamidan dilis 5-saaTamde. Ramis muSakad ki miiCneva nebismieri piri, romelic Sromi-
Ti aqtivobidan sul mcire sam saaTs muSaobs Ramis periodSi, wlis ganmavlobaSi sul
mcire 80 dRis ganmavlobaSi.47
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli drois periodi miiCneva Ramis saaTebSi muSaobad.
magaliTad, direqtivis Tanaxmad Ramis samuSao saaTebad iTvleba 24:00-dan 5:00-saaTam-
de, germanuli kanonis Tanaxmad RamiT muSaobad miiCneva 23:00-dan 6:00-saaTamde,48 xolo
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-18 muxlis Tanaxmad, RamiT muSaobad iTvleba samuSaos
Sesruleba 22:00-6:00-saaTamde.49
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-18 muxliT ganisazRvreba Ramis samuSao saaTis pe-
riodi, xolo meore mxriv, kanoni awesebs SezRudvas arasrulwlovnis, orsulis, axalnam-
Sobiarebi an meZuZuri qalis dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve im pirebis, vinc 3 wlamde
asakis bavSvis momvleli an SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone piria, dasaqmebulis Tanx-
mobis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli SezRudvebi ixsneba50
im qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac ar arsebobs Ramis saaTebSi muSaobis akrZalva,51 saqa-
rTvelos Sromis kodeqsis miRwevaa am sakiTxebze regulaciebis arseboba. magram, vfiqrob,
am tipis samuSaos sirTulidan gamomdinare saWiroa dacvis standartis gaumjobeseba da
Ramis saaTebSi momuSaveTaTvis damatebiTi regulaciebis SemoReba, riTac uzrunvelyo-
43
Lee S., McCann D., Messenger J., Working me around the world, USA, 2007, 98-99.
44
Muda M., Trends in Regula ng Working and Rest Time in Estonia, Juridica Interna onal, Volume 5, 2000, 151, <h p://heinonline.org/
HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jurdint5&div=19&start_page=145&collec on=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults>,
[07.07.2017].
45
46
47
Direc ve 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003, Ar cle 2.3 aseve Ar cle 4.
48
Working me in Germany, 2015, <h p://www.elexica.com/en/legal-topics/employment-and-benefits/04-working- me-in-germany>,
[06.10.2017].
49
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, saqarTvelos parlamenti. me-18 muxli, wyaro: ssm, 75, 27/12/2010.
50
51
Morley J., Sanoussi F., Bile a I., Wolf F., Compara ve analysis of working me in the European Union, 33-35,<h ps://www.euro-
found.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/compara ve-informa on/compara ve-analysis-of-working- me-in-the-european-union>,
[06.10.2017].
79
eTo ruxaZe
fili iqneba maTTvis samuSao saaTebis imgvarad gansazRvra, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iyos
arsebuli samecniero codna adamianis organizmis Sesaxeb da maqsimalurad iqnas Tavidan
acilebuli janmrTelobis gauaresebis riskebi.
7. daskvna
samuSao dro samuSaos Sesrulebis is farglebia, romlis drosac damsaqmebels
samuSaos Sesrulebis legitimuri molodini aqvs, meore mxriv, is gansazRvravs im dros,
romelic dasaqmebulma samuSaos Sesrulebas unda dauTmos.52 Sesabamisad, samuSao drois
organizebis sakiTebi TanabarmniSvnelovania Sromis xelSekrulebis orive mxarisaTvis.
ormxrivi balansis SesanarCuneblad da damcavi normebis araswori interpretaciis Tav-
idan asacileblad saWiroa kanonmdeblis Careva normaTa dakonkretebis saSualebiT.
asocirebis SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebi exeba Sromis samarTalsac, ris Sesas-
rulebladac saxelmwifom unda miiRos evropuli direqtivebis moTxovnebTan Sesaferisi
normebi da moaxdinos qveynis kanonmdeblobis masTan integrireba.
samuSao drois organizebis Sesaxeb arsebuli normebis analizis Sedegad, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom qarTuli Sromis samarTali icavs evrokavSirSi arsebuli miTiTebebsa
da midgomebs. marTalia, 2013 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Semdeg qarTuli
Sromis kanonmdebloba samuSao drois sakiTxebsac dasaqmebulis interesebis sasarge-
blod awesrigebs, magram rigi sakiTxebi kidev ufro met dakonkretebasa da gansazRvras
saWiroebs, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli dasaqmebulTa uflebebis Selaxva. saqarTve-
los Sromis kodeqsSi ar ikveTeba mkveTri winaaRmdegoba evrodireqtivis standartebTan,
magram dasaqmebulTa uflebebi srulyofilad ar aris gawerili da praqtikaSi marTebu-
lad danergvis mizniT saWiroebs dazustebas.
dasaqmebuls mxridan samuSaos Sesruleba gansakuTrebuli produqtia, ramdenadac
igi moiTxovs garkveuli drois daTmobas, rac ar SeiZleba ganusazRvreli iyos. Sesabam-
isad, aucilebelia dasaqmebulisaTvis naTlad gaiweros samuSao drois organizebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
Sromis kodeqsSi samuSao drois organizebis aspeqtebis arasruli mowesrigebis gamo
bevri norma SesaZloa praqtikaSi winaaRmdegobrivad ganimartos, rac warmoSobs proble-
mebs dasaqmebulTa uflebebis realizaciisas. am safrTxis arseboba kidev erTxel xazs
usvams da adasturebs, rom garkveul sakiTebTan mimarTebiT, qarTuli Sromis kanonmde-
bloba saWiroebs gadaxedvasa da Sesabamis cvlilebebisa Tu damatebebis Setanas, raTa
SromiTsamarTlebrivma debulebebma SeZlon maTi funqciis srulyofilad Sesruleba da
ganaxorcielos dasaqmebulis maqsimaluri dacva SromiT urTierTobebSi.
miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, samuSao drosTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli sakiTx-
ebis mxolod sakanonmdeblo doneze regulireba ar kmara, radgan maTi praqtikaSi dan-
ergva mniSvnelovnadaa dakavSirebuli mxareebsa da qveyanaSi arsebul SromiTsamarT-
lebriv kulturasTan, rac mxolod normebis sakanonmdeblo doneze gansazRvriT ver
Camoyalibdeba.
52
80
Ke Benashvili (LL.M., Bucerius Law School)
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE THE CHALLENGE OF MODERN PRIVATE LAW
ABSTRACT
Influence of E-commerce and its implica ons over the consumers who are concluding their agre-
ements via internet, have been subject to con nuous discussions in the modern legal world. Despite
the importance of E-Commerce, it is considered as one of the under-regulated fields in the world.
As for Georgia, currently there is no legal act or regula on that would establish legal framework for
E-Commerce. However, by signing the Associa on Agreement Georgia has undertaken to promote and
support the development of E-Commerce and, more importantly, to enhance its legisla on with respect
to E-Commerce and consumer protec on. Therefore, it is essen al to analyze which framework needs
to be introduced in order to regulate this transna onal field of law.
The present ar cle focuses on E-Commerce as a newly established field of private law, which has
not been yet regulated by the States in a full manner. Since the E-Commerce contracts and legal rela-
onships arising in connec on with E-Commerce take place in the internet, and provided that internet
cannot be generally limited to certain framework, it has become extremely challenging to regulate this
sphere.
The concept of E-Commerce, as a field of law and its correspondence with other spheres of law
will be addressed in the present ar cle. Furthermore, this ar cle will touch upon the current standing
of E-Commerce legal framework across the world, the issues regarding E-Commerce contracts and di-
spute resolu on of the E-Commerce cases. In addi on, the legal aspects of E-Commerce contracts, in
par cular, related to the form of such contracts, will be discussed with reference to Georgian civil law
and case law of Supreme Court of Georgia.
81
qeTi benaSvili*
eleqtronuli komercia - Tanamedroveobis gamowveva kerZo

samarTalSi
1. Sesavali
Tanamedrove realobaSi interneti sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili
gaxda. interneti, rogorc teqnologiis mniSvnelovani ganviTarebis produqti, dRes-
dReobiT Seucvlelia, radgan mis Canacvlebas komunikaciis verc erTi saSualeba ver
axerxebs.
internets Tavisi bunebiTa da arsiT ar aqvs sazRvrebi, xolo, monacemebi, romleb-
sac globaluri qselebis meSveobiT gadavcemT, ar eqvemdebareba romelime iurisdiqcias.
swored amitom aris interneti aseTi saintereso da, amavdroulad, zemoqmedebaunariani.1
swored internetis gavrcelebam ganapiroba msoflios masStabiT adamianTa Soris komu-
nikaciis warmarTvisa da informaciis gacvlis siCqaris Secvla.2
logikuria, rom internetis, rogorc Tanamedrove teqnologiis, amgvarma ganviTare-
bam saWiro gaxada am sferos regulacia, rac, rasakvirvelia, moicavs internetis samarT-
lebriv CarCoebSi moqcevasac. Tumca, Tavad internetis sazRvrebis ararsebobis gamo,
misi regulireba sakmaod rTul da kompleqsur sakiTxs warmoadgens. internet reguli-
rebis mTavari gamowvevaa is garemoeba, rom Tavad interneti yoveli dRis manZilze icv-
leba, viTardeba.3
vinaidan, Tavad interneti kompiuteruli qselebisa da mricxvelebis globaluri,
urTierTdakavSirebuli sistemaa4, misma amgvarma swrafma ganviTarebam SesaZlebeli gaxa-
da internetis meSveobiT faqtobrivad yvela moqmedebis Sesruleba, maT Soris, garige-
bebis dadebac. internetis saSualebiT komunikacia imdenad martivi gaxda, rogorc aras-
dros, Sedegad ki, damkvidrda axali cneba/termini _ eleqtronuli komercia.5 swored,
internetSi dadebul garigebebs exeba eleqtronuli komerciis (vaWrobis) samarTali,
romelic warmoadgens internetis saSualebiT saqonlis yidva-gayidvis maregulirebel
samarTals. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtronuli komercia ZiriTadad saqonlis
yidva-gayidvas ukavSirdeba, mas samarTlis araerT sxva dargTan aqvs mWidro kavSiri.
eleqtronuli komerciis gavlena da misi damkvidreba saxelmwifoebsa da biznes
sferoSi warmoadgens davis sagans.6 Tumca, udavoa, rom eleqtronuli komerciis meSve-
obiT warmoebuli tranzaqciebi internetis saSualebiT ufro da ufro ganviTardeba,
* samarTlis bakalavri (Tsu), samarTlis magistri (LL.M.) (buceriusis samarTlis skola), iuridiuli kompania
LPA-s iuristi.
1
Smith A., E-Commerce in the New Century, New ENG. Journal of Interna onal & Compara ve Law, Vol. 8, No1, 2002, 1.
2
tabataZe d., gamosayenebeli samarTlis da kompetenturi sasamarTlos gansazRvra eleqtronuli xe-
lSekrulebiT, saqarTvelos iuridiuli firmebis asociaciis Jurnali, #1, 2016, 77.
3
4
erqvania T., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebi eleqtronuli vaWrobis sferoSi da qa-
rTuli kanonmdebloba, Jurnali „marTlmsajuleba da kanoni“, #3, 2011, 44.
5
6
Endeshaw A., The Singapore E-Commerce ‘Code’, Informa on & Communica ons Technology Law, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1999, 189.
82
gamravldeba da igi globaluri ekonomikis substanciuri da arsebiTi nawili gaxdeba.7

aRniSnuli ki qmnis SesaZleblobas orive mxarisTvis _ biznesisTvis da momxmareblisTvis.
logikuria, rom axal teqnologiebs SeuZlia miaRwios ekonomikur ganviTarebas da idee-
bis gaziarebas. Tumca, rasakvirvelia, teqnologiis yvela upiratesobas mohyveba Sesa-
bamisi gamowveva.8 amasTan, sagulisxmoa isic, rom eleqtronuli komerciis saerTaSoriso
sazRvrebis miRma moqmedeba, arTulebs biznesisa da momxmareblebis saqmianobas.9
saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar arsebobs samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic eleqtronul
komercias sakanonmdeblo doneze moawesrigebs. Tumca, aRniSnuli sferos mniSvnelobas
da aqtualurobas xazs usvams saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris dadebuli asocire-
bis SeTanxmeba, romelic miuTiTebs, rom SeTanxmebis mxareebma xeli unda Seuwyon ele-
qtronuli komerciis ganviTarebas da urTierTTanamSromlobas im sakiTxebSi, romelic
warmoiSoba eleqtronuli komerciiT.10 agreTve, SeTanxmebaSi aRniSnulia, rom mxareebma
dialogi unda awarmoon eleqtronuli komerciis regulirebis sakiTxebze, maT Soris,
momxmarebelTa dacvisa da eleqtronuli komerciis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebul sxva
sakiTxebze.11
winamdebare naSromSi, ganxilulia swored eleqtronuli komerciis, rogorc samar-
Tlis dargis arsi da misi mimarTeba samarTlis sxva dargebTan. iqidan gamomdinare, rom
dResdReobiT ara mxolod ucxouri, aramed qarTuli kompaniebic sakuTar biznes saqmi-
anobas axorcieleben swored eleqtronuli gziT, internetis meSveobiT, eleqtronu-
li komerciis samarTalic aqtualuri xdeba Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Sesabamisad,
sakmaod mniSvnelovania, Tu ra kavSirSia samarTlis es sfero samarTlis sxva dargebTan,
ra ZiriTad samarTlebriv problemebs vawydebiT eleqtronuli komerciiT dakavSirebul
urTierTobebSi da, aseve, Tu ra samarTlebrivi CarCo unda iqnes SemoRebuli am sferos,
rogorc transnacionaluri dargis, regulirebisaTvis.
2. eleqtronuli komerciis arsi da mniSvneloba

eleqtronuli vaWroba _ komercia12 msoflioSi mimdinare intensiuri digitalizaciis
procesis kvaldakval ganviTarda. eleqtronuli komerciis definiciis zusti gansaz-
Rvra SeuZlebelia, Tumca, ZiriTadad eleqtronuli komercia moicavs yvela komerciul
aqtivobas, romelic sazRvrebs miRma an farTod gavrcelebuli eleqtronuli qselebis,
ufro metad, ki internetis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.13 eleqtronuli komerciis for-
maluri definicia gulisxmobs internetis meSveobiT produqtebis yidvas da gayidvas.14
7
Ferriter C., E-Commerce and Interna onal Arbitra on, University College Dublin Law Review, Vol. 1, 2001, 51.
8
9
iqve, 2.
10
„asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, erTi mxriv, evrokavSirs da evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT
wevr saxelmwifoebsa da, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris“, 127-e muxli.
11
wevr saxelmwifoebsa da, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris“, 128-e muxli.
12
winamdebare statiis miznebisaTvis terminebi: eleqtronuli komercia da eleqtronuli vaWroba gamoiyeneba
identuri mniSvnelobiT.
13
14
Bieron B., Usman Ahmed, Regula ng E-commerce through Interna onal Policy: Understanding the Interna onal Trade Law Issues of
83
qeTi benaSvili
eleqtronuli komercia moicavs: momxmareblebis moqmedebebs, internetis meSveobiT

saqonlis SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT; aseve, momsaxurebis axal formebs, romelTa ganxor-
cielebac SesaZlebeli gaxada axalma teqnologiebma, magaliTad, avtomaturi SeZenis
meqanizmi mwarmoebeli da e.w. `riTeiler~ (ing. Retailer) qselebis meSveobiT. amavdroulad,
eleqtronuli komercia moicavs: savsebiT axali servisis tipebs, romlebic saaplikacio
servis provaiderebis meSveobiT miewodeba; monacemTa hostings, ra drosac kompaniis
Canawerebi da monacemebi mesame piris mowyobilobebis meSveobiT gadaecema. Sesabamisad,
nebismieri komerciuli aqtivoba, romelic dakavSirebulia eleqtronul komunikaciebis
infrastruqturasTan, kvalificirdeba, rogorc eleqtronuli komercia. 15
3. eleqtronuli komerciis regulireba

miuxedavad eleqtronuli komerciis aramdgradobisa da sakmaod farTo xasiaTisa,
araerTma saxelmwifom scada gaeerTianebina am sferos samarTlebrivi da praqtikuli
aspeqtebi,16 Tumca, amisda miuxedavad, dResdReobiT arc erT Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi
ar arsebobs raime erTiani aqti an samarTlebriv aqtTa erToblioba, romelic moawesri-
gebs eleqtronuli komerciis sferosTan dakavSirebul ZiriTad sakiTxebs. mniSvnelo-
vania, rom eleqtronuli komercia qmnis transnacionaluri momxmareblebis globalur
gaerTianebas, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom eleqtronuli komerciis sferoSi warmoSobili
urTierTobebi da am gziT ganxorcielebuli tranzaqciebi globaluri qselebis meSve-
obiT xorcieldeba, ris gamoc SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli urTierTobebi ar
eqvemdebareba konkretulad romelime saxelmwifos samarTals. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia
aseve iTqvas, rom eleqtronul komercias Tan axlavs mniSvnelovani gamowveva msoflios
samarTlebrivi CarCos mimarT, romelic jer kidev dayofilia saxelmwifoebad da Sida
erovnul _ nacionalur samarTlad.17
komerciul sferoSi internets aqvs umniSvnelovanesi gavlena ara mxolod samarTal-
ze, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis bevr aspeqtze. Tumca, albaT, mas yvelaze didi
gavlena samarTlis internacionalizaciaze eqneba. maSin, roca mravali eleqtronuli
komerciuli aqtivoba eqvemdebareba konkretul iurisdiqcias, eleqtronuli komercia
Tavisi bunebiT mainc transnacionaluria. interneti uzrunvelyofs globaluri ele-
qtronuli infrastruqturis Camoyalibebas, rac aadvilebs vaWrobas geografiulad sx-
vadasxva teritoriaze myof mxareebs Soris, sazRvrebis miuxedavad.18
Tanamedrove avtorebi miuTiTeben, rom eleqtronuli komerciis saSualebiT ganxor-
cielebuli tranzaqciebi savaWro reJimis mTlianad gardaqmnas saWiroebs.19 Tumca, arse-
bobs mosazrebac, rom ar aris mizanSewonili eleqtronuli komerciis mimarT erovnuli
samarTlis, tarifebisa da regulaciebis gamoyeneba, im mizniT, rom Semcirdes konkuren-
E-Commerce, Journal of World Trade, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2012, 547.

15
16
17
18
iqve.
19
Bieron B., Usman Ahmed, Regula ng E-commerce through Interna onal Policy: Understanding the Interna onal Trade Law Issues of
E-Commerce, Journal of World Trade, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2012, 545.
84
cia ucxour da erovnul interesebs Soris.20 Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia eleqtronu-

li vaWrobis sferos swored erTiani saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtiT regulireba.
amasTan, im SemTxvevaSi Tu mosaxerxebeli reJimis SeqmnisaTvis ar moxdeba momxmareblebi-
sa da biznesis CarTva/kooperacia, interneti da eleqtronuli komercia, SesaZloa, gax-
des fragmentirebuli sistema, romelic aucileblad kraxs ganicdis.21 Sesabamisad, nebi-
smieri saxiT erTiani samarTlebrivi aqtis an aqtTa erTobliobis SemuSavebis win unda
moxdes yvela SesaZlo sazogadoebrivi segmentis CarTva am procesSi.
regulaciis dros aucileblad unda iqnes daculi idealuri balansi: internet-
komerciis prognozirebadoba da sandooba internetis zrdis Semaferxebeli regula-
ciebis SemoRebis gareSe. amasTan, aucilebelia imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom marTalia, saW-
iroa eleqtronuli vaWrobis sferos regulireba, magram aRniSnuli ar unda gautoldes
mis `zeregulirebas~. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs am sferos zedmetad regulirebis riski
(ing. Overregulate), rac TavisTavad uaryofiTad iqneba asaxuli eleqtronuli vaWrobis,
rogorc globalurad moqmedi dargis, ganviTarebaze. 22
amavdroulad, aRsaniSnavia, UNCITRAL23-is mier Seqmnili eleqtronuli komerciis
samarTlis kodeqsis modelirebuli versia, romelic adgens ZiriTad CarCos eleqtronu-
li komerciis sferoSi. Tumca, am aqtiT ar regulirdeba gamosayenebeli samarTlis, xe-
lSekrulebaTa namdvilobis, valdebulebis darRvevis da zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxebi.
aseve, es kodeqsi ar exeba monacemTa dacvas internetSi.24
4. eleqtronuli komerciis mimarTeba samarTlis sxvadasxva dargTan

dResdReobiT arsebobs mravali problema/gamowveva, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena iqonios
momaval eleqtronul komerciaze. aRniSnuli gamowvevebi exeba, maT Soris, privatulobas,
eleqtronul gadasaxadebs, monacemTa bazis dacvas, saavtoro uflebebis dacvas da sxv.25
4.1. eleqtronuli komercia da inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

samarTali
4.1.1. saavtoro uflebebi

eleqtronuli komerciis meSveobiT moqmedi kompaniebi xSirad awydebian saavtoro
uflebebis kontrafaqciis faqtebs. unda iTqvas isic, rom internetma SesaZlebeli gaxada
saavtoro uflebebTan dakavSirebuli kontrafaqciebis gamovlena da identificireba. 26
mniSvnelovania, rom eleqtronuli komerciis saSualebiT moqmed kompaniebsac Ses-
aZlebelia daekisroT pasuxismgebloba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini nebas darTaven momx-
20
Smith A., E-Commerce in the New Century, New ENG. Journal of Interna onal & Compara ve Law, vol. 8, No1, 2002, 3.
21
22
Smith A., E-Commerce in the New Century, New ENG. Journal of Interna onal & Compara ve Law, vol. 8, No1, 2002, 2-3.
23
gaerTianebuli erebis komisia saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTalTan dakavSirebiT.
24
25
26
Hammond J. H., Cohen J., Intellectual Property Issues in E-Commerce, Texas Wesleyan Law Review, Vol. 18, 2012, 751.
85
qeTi benaSvili
mareblebs, rom gamoiyenon veb-gverdi kontrafaqturi masalis gacvlisaTvis. pirs Sesa-

Zloa daekisros pasuxismgebloba: maSin, rodesac mas aqvs ufleba da SesaZlebloba, rom
zedamxedveloba gauwios kontrafaqtul moqmedebebs; an Tu am pirs uSualo finansuri
interesi aqvs kontrafaqtul moqmedebebTan dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad imisa, aqvs Tu ara
mas codna TiToeuli specifikuri kontrafaqtuli aqtis Sesaxeb.27 aRniSnuli garemoeba
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan gamowvevas iseTi farTo qselebisTvis, rogoricaa Facebook,
Youtube da sxva veb-gverdebi, romlebic momxmareblebs aZleven saSualebas ganaTavson
sakuTari `kontenti~ veb-gverdze.
4.1.2. sasaqonlo niSnebi

eleqtronuli komerciis meSveobiT saqmianobisas sakmaod problematuria sasaqonlo
niSnebis dacvis sakiTxic. magaliTad, internetis qselSi arcTu ise iSviaTia SemTxve-
va, rodesac xdeba msgavsi markebis gamoyeneba msgavs an/da dakavSirebul saqonelTan
mimarTebiT da aRniSnuli saqoneli iyideba an reklamirebulia onlain _ internetis meS-
veobiT. rasakvirvelia, es iwvevs momxmareblis dabnevas da sxvadasxva mwarmoeblis saqon-
lis erTmaneTSi aRrevas.
dResdReobiT internetma da teqnologiebma kidev ufro problematuri gaxada in-
ternetSi sasaqonlo niSnebis dacvis sakiTxi, radgan Semovida e.w. `domenis~ saxelis
cneba. domenic ganixileba rogorc niSani, romelic Zalzed xSirad warmoadgens davis
sagans.28 domenis saxelic aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre kompaniis sasaqonlo niSani,
gansakuTrebiT ki eleqtronul komerciaSi. magaliTad, bevri internet riTeileri da
eleqtronuli komerciiT moRvawe kompania arCevs sakuTar domenis saxels Tavisi kor-
poratiuli saxelis an sasaqonlo niSnis mixedviT. aRniSnuli momxmarebels uadvilebs
kompaniis moZiebis process. amasTan, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu domenis saxelwodebebi emTxveva
sxva piris domenis saxels, korporatiul saxels an sasaqonlo niSans, SesaZloa warmoiS-
vas dava ori mimarTulebiT: 1. e.w. `kibersqueTingi~ (ing. cybersqua ng), ra drosac xdeba
sxva kompaniis domenis msgavsi domenis gamoyeneba, gayidvebis gazrdis da mogebis miRebis
mizniT; 2. kanonieri domenis saxelze dava;29
msgavsi domenebis dayenebisas ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi, domens inarCunebs is, vinc pir-
velad daainstalirebs am saxels, imisda miuxedavad, Tu ramdenad cnobilia ufro gvian
damainstalireblis saxeli an savaWro marka.30
4.1.2.1. yalbi produqciis gayidva

yalbi produqciis gayidva sasaqonlo niSanTa mflobelTaTvis sakmaod problema-
tur sakiTxs warmoadgens. swored amgvari produqciis gayidvis akrZalvis moTxovniT
mimarTa kompania Tiffany-m sasamarTlos kompania Ebay-s winaaRmdeg, radgan am ukanaskne-
lis saSualebiT konkretuli pirebi yiddnen yalb produqcias da asaRebdnen mas Tiffany-s
27
28
iqve, 748.
29
iqve, 749.
30
iqve.
86
produqciad. Tumca, sasamarTlom ar miiCnia sakmarisad Tiffany-s mier wardgenili mt-

kicebulebebi imis dasadgenad, rom Ebay-sTvis cnobili iyo amgvari produqciis gayidvis
Sesaxeb da igi mainc agrZelebda am momxmareblebisTvis imave servisis miwodebas. Sesabam-
isad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Ebay ar iyo uSualod pasuxismgebeli piri meore mxaris
moTxovnebze. metic, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Ebay-s hqonda programa, romelic moni-
torings uwevda uflebebis dacvas da yalbi produqciis gayidvisgan prevencias.31
am saqmidan Cans, rom farTo internet auqcionebisa da gadamyidvelebisaTvis pasux-
ismgeblobis dakisreba, maTi momxmareblebis mier yalbi produqciis gayidvis faqtis gamo,
naklebad savaraudoa. TumcaRa, is kompaniebi, romlebic onlain auqcionebs marTaven an
im wyaroebis mier mowodebul produqcias yidian, romelTa sandoobac saeWvoa, potenci-
urad pasuxismgeblebi arian uflebebis darRvevaze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini faqtobrivad
ar iReben zomebs da ar reagireben sasaqonlo niSnebis mflobelebis saCivrebze.32
4.1.3. patenti
internet komerciis meSveobiT Zalzed xSiria patentebis kontrafaqcia, ra dro-
sac, erTi kompania yovelgvari nebarTvis gareSe onlain yidis meore kompaniis saqonels,
nawarms. eleqtronul komerciaSi ZiriTadad vxvdebiT patentis kontrafaqcias veb-gver-
debis saSualebiT onlain gaiyidvebis an SeTavazebebis dros. amasTan, patentebis kontra-
faqciis saqmeSi, damrRvevi mxaris pasuxismgebloba vrceldeba, rogorc patentis mflo-
belis zianis anazRaurebaze, aseve, saqmianobis akrZalvazec. 33
rac Seexeba gansjadobis sakiTxs, kompaniebs, romlebic bizness awarmoeben internetis
saSualebiT, ufleba aqvT Seitanon sarCeli saxelmwifos nebismier sasamarTloSi. aseve,
mxares, romelic yidis produqtebs an sTavazobs momsaxurebas internetis saSualebiT,
SeuZlia, Seitanos sarCeli qveynis nebismier sasamarTloSi.34
internetis meSveobiT patentebis kontrafaqciebTan dakavSirebul sarCelSi, mo-
sarCeleebs SeuZliaT daasaxelon ara mxolod am saqonlis uSualo gamyidveli, ar-
amed produqciis mwarmoebelic. Tumca, ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi, mwarmoebeli imyofeba e.w.
ofSorSi da mas, SesaZloa, arc hqondes raime saxis finansuri monawileoba uSualod am
nivTebis gamyidvelTan (internet `riTeilerTan~). amasTan, amgvari farTo riTeileris
winaaRmdeg sarCelis wardgenam SesaZloa arapirdapir gamoiwvios mwarmoeblis mier pro-
duqciis warmoebis Sewyveta an licenziis dakargva.35
31
32
iqve.
33
iqve, 744.
34
iqve, 745.
35
iqve, 746.
87
qeTi benaSvili
4.2. eleqtronuli komercia da personalur monacemTa dacva

personaluri informaciis dacvis regulireba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli eleqtro-
nuli komerciis momxmarebelTa Soris sandoobis damyarebasTan.36
personalur monacemTa damuSaveba moicavs, magaliTad, monacemTa Caweras, adapta-
cias, Segrovebas an kompilacias. ZiriTadad, personaluri monacemebi SesaZlebelia da-
muSavdes mxolod maSin, roca pirma neba gamoxata amasTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca, arsebobs
sagamonakliso SemTxvevebic, roca monacemTa damuSaveba xdeba amgvari nebis gamovlenis
gareSe, magaliTad, maSin, rodesac aRniSnuli gaTvaliswinebulia samarTlebrivi aqtiT,
an zogadad maSin, rodesac personalur monacemTa dacvis interess mniSvnelovnad aRe-
mateba am monacemTa damuSavebis aucilebloba da saWiroeba. 37
eleqtronul komerciasTan dakavSirebiT, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba Tanxmdeba,
rom personalur monacemTa damuSavebamde, TiToeulma veb-gverdma unda gaafrTxilos
vizitori imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom veb-gverdi iyenebs vizitorTa monacemebs da, rom
vizitorebs SeuZliaT uari Tqvan maTi monacemebis saitisTvis gadacemaze.38 amasTan, miu-
TiTeben imasTan dakavSirebiTac, rom SesaZlebelia Semcirdes saxelmwifo kontroli
personalur monacemTa dacvasTan mimarTebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momxmarebeli gamoi-
yenebs imgvar teqnologias, romelic mas aZlevs saSualebas gaakontrolos sakuTari mo-
nacemebis privatuloba, daculoba. 39
4.3. eleqtronuli komercia da saxelSekrulebo samarTali

eleqtronuli komerciisTvis arsebiTi sakiTxia internetSi xelSekrulebebis dade-
ba. sakiTxi exeba eleqtronuli momsaxurebis SeTavazebas (sainformacio sazogadoebebis
momsaxurebas) da eleqtronul garigebebs. sainformacio sazogadoebebis momsaxureba mo-
icavs yvela momsaxurebas, romelic anazRaurdeba Sori distanciidan mimRebi piris in-
dividualuri moTxovnis safuZvelze. amasTan, amgvari sazogadoebebi aviTareben ekono-
mikuri saqmianobis mTel speqtrs, romlebic onlain warmoebs da ar izRudeba mxolod
internetiT gaweuli momsaxurebebis xelSekrulebis dadebiT. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba eniWeba anazRaurebaunarianobas. 40
4.4. xelSekrulebis dadeba

internetis saSualebiT gakeTebuli gancxadebebi iTvleba nebis gamovlenad. amasTan,
avtomaturad generirebuli gancxadebebi (e.w. agentebi) nebis gamovlenas warmoadgenen da
isini mis gamomyenebels ekuTvnis. gamomyenebeli/mosargeble piri ganacalkevebs gancxa-
debis gacnobas/gancxadebis gamovlenas, radgan igi parametrebs maSin anTavsebs, rodesac
gancxadeba unda gadaeces/gamoqveyndes. nebis gamovlenad ar iTvleba imgvari eleqtro-
36
37
Antonsson G., Franchising: E-Commerce and Data Protec on Issues in Sweden, Interna onal Journal of Franchising Law, Vol. 4, No. 1,
2006, 28.
38
iqve.
39
40
Heussen/Hamm, Beck’sches Rechtsanwalts-Handbuch, Rn. 66 11. Auflage, 2016.
88
nuli werilebi (e-mail), romlebiTac miRebuli/gadacemuli brZanebebi/SekveTebi muSavde-

ba.41 gansxvavebulia SemTxveva, rodesac e-mail adasturebs, rom SekveTa miRebulia/Ses-
rulebulia.42
onlain SesakveTi gverdebi, romlebic saqonels afasoeben, ganaTavseben da Semd-
gom momxmarebels sTavazoben axali fanjris saSualebiT, samarTlebrivad warmoadgenen
mowvevas ofertze _ ìnvita o ad offerendum~. xolo, am SemTxvevaSi, mboWav SeTavazebas,
oferts, axorcielebs Tavad momxmarebeli, potenciuri myidveli. Semdgom gamyidvels
ekisreba valdebuleba, rom daadasturos momxmareblis mier gakeTebuli SekveTis miRe-
ba dauyovnebliv.43 amasTanave, savaldebulo ar aris, rom Tanxmoba/aqcepti maSinve iyos
gamoTqmuli gamyidvelis mier, SekveTis miRebis dadasturebisas. Tumca, aucilebelia,
aqcepti iyos gamokveTilad aRniSnuli. Cveulebriv SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli gamoxatu-
lad unda iyos naCvenebi. amavdroulad, aqcepti konkludenturad iTvleba saqonlis mi-
wodebis Semdgom.44
amasTanave, eleqtronul kontraqtebSi niSandoblivia, rom ofertis gakeTeba xor-
cieldeba araTanmyofi piris mimarT, radgan SeTavazeba piradad or pirs Soris ver ganx-
orcieldeba.45 imisaTvis, rom nebis gamovlena gaxdes namdvili aucilebeli da gadamwyve-
tia misi misvlis faqti.46 amasTan, mniSvnelovania Cveulebrivi drois arseboba, rodesac
pirs aqvs nebis gamovlenis gacnobis SesaZlebloba. nebis gamovlena eleqtronul garige-
bebSi ZiriTadad imeilis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. amasTan, arsebobs araerTiani pozi-
cia imasTan dakavSirebiT, iTvleba Tu ara imeilis saSualebiT nebis gamovlena misulad,
rodesac imeili misi mimRebis eleqtronul fostaSi ubralod Senaxulia an rodesac
saxezea SecdomiT carieli imeilis gagzavna.47
aseve, niSandoblivia, Tu rodis aris SesaZlebeli mimRebis mier imeilis gamoTxova.
erTi mxriv, sawarmoebisaTvis da meore mxriv, fizikuri pirisTvis gansxvavebuli moTx-
ovnebia dawesebuli. pirveli maTganisTvis (sawarmo), SesaZlebelia samuSao saaTebis nebi-
smier dros imeilis gagzavna, xolo amis sawinaaRmdegod, rogorc wesi, kerZo pirebi
saSualod dReSi erTxel amowmeben sakuTar imeils.
avtomatizirebuli SekveTebis aqceptisTvis sakmarisia onlain sawarmos interfeisis
gamoCena, ris gamoc xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqma praqtikulad kargavs mniSvnelobas.48
amasTan, e.w. internetauqcionebi ar warmoadgenen Cveulebriv auqcionebs.49 saauqciono
saxlis SeTavazeba ki moicavs winaswar gansazRvrul aqcepts yvelaze maRali fasis Sem-
Tavazeblis SeTavazebaze. internetaucionTan dakavSirebiT saxezea kontraqti yvelaze
41
Heussen/Hamm, Beck’sches Rechtsanwalts-Handbuch, Rn. 66 11. Auflage, 2016 – LG Essen NJW-RR 2003, 1207; LG Hamburg MMR
2005, 121; anders AG Wolfenbü el MMR 2003, 492.
42
Heussen/Hamm, Beck’sches Rechtsanwalts-Handbuch, Rn. 66 11. Auflage, 2016 – LG Köln MMR 2003, 481; LG Gießen NJW-RR 2003,
1206.
43
§ 313i Abs. 1 S. 1 Nr. 3 BGB.
44
Heussen/Hamm, Beck’sches Rechtsanwalts-Handbuch, Rn. 66 11. Auflage, 2016 – LG Köln MMR 2003, 481; LG Gießen NJW-RR 2003,
1206.
45
§147 Abs. 1 BGB.
46
§130 Abs. 1 BGB.
47
JurisPK-BGB/Reichold. Band I, 4. Aufl. 2009, BGB §130 Rn. 15.
48
§130 Abs. 1 S. 2 BGB.
49
§156 BGB.
89
qeTi benaSvili
maRali fasis SeTavazebiT, rodesac fasis amwevi SeTavazebis gverdze nebas avlens da im
drois monakveTSi yvelaze maRal SeTavazebas, namdvil oferts akeTebs.50
4.5. xelSekrulebis forma

eletronul komerciaze msjelobisas arsebiTia am gziT dadebuli xelSekrulebis
formis sakiTxis garkvevac. eleqtronuli xelSekrulebis teqsts garigebis monawile ec-
noba eleqtronuli dokumentiT.51 Sesabamisad, sainteresoa aRniSnuli eleqtronuli do-
kumenti xelSekrulebis romel formas warmoadgens. iuridiul wreebSi miuTiTeben, rom
eleqtronuli gziT dadebuli xelSekruleba klasikurad garigebis romelime formas
ar miekuTvneba. marTalia, igi ufro metad axlos dgas garigebis werilobiT formasTan,
Tumca, mas axasiaTebs imgvari Taviseburebebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac misi werilo-
biT garigebad miCneva metad kompleqsuri da problematuri xdeba.
werilobiTi formisgan mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis gamo (maT Soris, im garemoebis
gamo, rom eleqtronuli gziT dadebuli xelmowerili xelSekrulebis originali versi-
is materialurad warmodgena SeuZlebelia) miuTiTeben xelSekrulebis eleqtronul da
teqstur formebzec. eleqtronul formad miiCneven imgvar xelSekrulebas, romelic
xelmowerilia eleqtronuli xelmoweris meSveobiT. xolo, rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis
teqstur formas, aRniSnul formas aRiarebs germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi da mijnavs mas
eleqtronuli formisgan.52
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 126a paragrafi awesrigebs eleqtronuli formis
sakiTxs da adgens, rom Tu kanoniT dadgenili werilobiTi forma unda Seicvalos ele-
qtronuli formiT, maSin eleqtronuli dokumenti unda Sesruldes eleqtronuli xel-
moweris Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. kanonis am danawesiT, germaniis samoqalaqo
kodeqsi uSvebs SesaZleblobas, rom kanoniT moTxovnili werilobiTi formis nacvlad
gamoyenebul iqnes eleqtronuli forma, garda Tavad kodeqsiT dadgenili gamonaklisi
SemTxvevebisa, ra drosac aucilebelia xelSekrulebis werilobiTi formis dacva. ama-
vdroulad, mniSvnelovania isic, rom aRniSnuli kodeqsi eleqtronuli xelSekrulebis
mimarT konkretul winapirobebs iTvaliswinebs, maT Soris, eleqtronuli wesiT xelmow-
eras, dokumentis Semdgenlis monacemebs da xelSekrulebis mxareTa mier dokumentis
erTi da igive aslis xelmoweris aucileblobas.53
rac Seexeba teqstur formas, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 126b paragrafis Tanaxmad,
Tu kanoniT dadgenilia teqsturi forma, maSin nebis gamovlena unda moxdes dokumentSi,
an imgvari saxiT, romliTac SesaZlebelia mudmivad misi werilobiTi reproduqcia. aseve,
kodeqsis aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad, nebis gamomvleni piris dasaxeleba aucilebelia
da Tavad nebis gamovlenac aucileblad unda iyos naTeli. mudmivi reproduqciis qveS
kanonmdebeli gulisxmobs SesaZleblobas, rom nebis gamovlenis Sinaarsi sabeWdi niSnebis
meSveobiT imgvarad unda dgindebodes, rom igi vargisi iyos mudmivi reproduqciisaTvis.
amasTan, nebis gamovlenis mimRebis interesebis dacvisaTvis, ganmcxadebelma (SemTavaze-
50
BGH NJW 2002, 363.
51
WeWelaSvili z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, meore gamocema, Tb., 2010, 71-72 .
52
53
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, z. WeWelaSvilisa da T. darjanias Targ-
mani, e. CaCaniZis, T. darjaniasa da l. ToTlaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2014, 54.
90
belma) unda daasaxelos sakuTari pirovneba; amavdroulad, xelSekruleba unda gaform-

des garegnulad cnobadi xerxiT, maT Soris, magaliTad, skanirebuli xelmoweriT.54
4.5.1. xelSekrulebis eleqtronuli da teqsturi forma saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 59-e muxlis mixedviT, xelSekruleba SesaZlebelia
daidos zepiri, an werilobiTi formiT. kanonmdebeli samoqalaqo kodeqsis am danawesiT
aRiarebs xelSekrulebis mxolod zepir an werilobiT formas. amasTan, aucilebelia
iTqvas isic, rom saqarTveloSi 2017 wlis 21 aprilidan moqmedebs èleqtronuli doku-
mentisa da eleqtronuli sando momsaxurebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni55, romelic ad-
gens eleqtronuli xelmoweris gamoyenebis wess eleqtronul dokumentebTan mimarTebiT.
Sesabamisad, am kuTxiT, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba mowesri-
gebis doneze icnobs xelSekrulebis eleqtronul formas. rasakvirvelia, sainteresoa,
davis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi, gaavrcelebs Tu ara davis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo ele-
qtronuli an teqsturi tipis xelSekrulebasTan werilobiTi garigebebisTvis arsebul
reJims.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvnelovania, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2016
wlis 09 martis gadawyvetileba (saqme #as-898-848-2015), romelSic sasamarTlom imsje-
la eleqtronuli auqcionis bunebasTan dakavSirebiT da ganixila am gziT warmoSobili
garigebis samarTlebrivi xasiaTi. pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom onlain/in-
ternet-auqcionisas gamyidvelis mier gasayidi nivTis Sesaxeb informaciis internetSi
ganTavseba warmoadgens oferts, radgan igi mimarTulia pirTa gansazRvruli wrisadmi _
veb-gverdze registrirebuli da avtorizebagavlili pirebis mimarT. amasTan, gamyidve-
lis mier gasayidi nivTis Sesaxeb informaciis internetSi ganTavseba im garemoebis gamoa
miCneuli ofertad, rom mas aqvs pirdapir gansazRvruli piroba, rom auqcionSi gaimar-
jvebs is piri, romelic yvelaze maRal Tanxaze gaakeTebs SeTavazebas.56
rac Seexeba eleqtronuli auqcionis meSveobiT dadebul garigebas, sasamarTlom
eleqtronuli auqcionis meSveobiT uZrav nivTTan dakavSirebiT dadebuli garigeba ar
gaaTanabra samoqalaqo kodeqsis 323-e muxlis moTxovnaTa dacviT gaformebul werilo-
biT xelSekrulebasTan, mxolod im garemoebis gamo, rom eleqtronul auqcionze Sesabam-
isi moqmedebis ganxorcielebis dros gasxvisebis msurvelisa da potenciuri myidvelis
mier ar momxdara eleqtronuli xelmowerebis gamoyeneba. amasTan, sasamarTlom aRniSna,
rom eleqtronuli xelmoweris gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli garigeba gauTanabrde-
boda materialur dokumentze xelmoweras da am saxiT nasyidobis xelSekrulebis weri-
lobiT dadebas. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi cnoba auqcionSi
gamarjvebis Sesaxeb ar warmoadgenda sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis safuZvels.57 moce-
mul SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom gamoavlina erTgvari formalisturi midgoma kanonis
54
iqve, 56.
55
amave kanoniT Zaladakargulad gamocxadda „eleqtronuli xelmowerisa da eleqtronuli dokumentis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos kanoni.
56
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2016 wlis 09 martis gadawyvetileba #as-
898-848-2015.
57
iqve.
91
qeTi benaSvili
moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT, ris gamoc, mxolod eleqtronuli xelmoweris ararsebo-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT, uZrav qonebaze dadebuli garigeba ar miiCnia werilobiTi formis
mqoned. sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebis analizis Sedegad SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom
sasamarTlo ar aRiarebs xelSekrulebis teqstur formas da masze ar avrcelebs werilo-
biTi xelSekrulebisTvis dawesebul reJims. rasakvirvelia, problematuria, Tu ramdenad
pasuxobs sasamarTlos dasaxelebuli midgoma Tanamedrove samarTlis moTxovnebs, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom garigebebis sakmaod didi nawili dResdReobiT swored internet-
sivrceSi _ teqsturi formiT ideba.
5. eleqtronuli komerciis davis gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi
5.1. eleqtronuli komercia da davis gadawyvetis ganmxilveli

sasamarTlo
naTelia, rom globaluri komerciuli an momxmarebelTa dacvis sasamarTloebis
ararsebobisas, eleqtronuli komerciis davis warmoeba Zalzed kompleqsuri da rTuli
procesia.58 Sesabamisad, pirveli problema, romelic wamoiWreba eleqtronuli komer-
ciis, rogorc internacionalur savaWro davaSi, aris gansjadobis sakiTxi _ Tu romel
sasamarTlos eqneba iurisdiqcia am davaSi. saerTaSoriso savaWro davis ganmxilveli
nebismieri transnacionaluri sasamarTlos ararsebobis pirobebSi, mxareTa dava unda
ganixilos im erovnulma sasamarTlom, romelsac aqvs sakmarisi kavSiri davasTan. 59
pirveli SekiTxva, romelic ismis internetis farglebSi davis warmoSobis SemTxveva-
Si, aris is, Tu romeli saxelmwifos sasamarTloebma unda ganixilon mocemuli dava.60 ra-
sakvirvelia, internetis meSveobiT dadebul xelSekrulebebSi, veb-gverdebi sTavazoben
momxmareblebs sasamarTlosa da gamosayenebeli samarTlis arCevas, Tumca, eleqtronu-
li komerciis transiurisdiqciuli bunebis61 gaTvaliswinebiT, sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad
gamarTlebulia amgvari arCevanis gakeTeba globalur pirobebSi da, am arCevaniT, xom ar
eqmneba momxmarebels sakuTari uflebebis dacvis gaumarTleblad maRali barieri.62
miiCneven, rom globaluri sasamarTloebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, eleqtronuli
komerciis davebis ganxilva arbitraJis meSveobiT bevrad ufro momgebiani da gamoyene-
badia.63 arbitraJi gvTavazobs swraf, kerZo, teqnologiurad mosaxerxebel Sedegs, vidre
nacionaluri sasamarTloebi, miT umetes iseT sferoSi, rogoricaa eleqtronuli komer-
cia.64 amasTan, teqnologiurma ganviTarebam SesaZlebeli gaxada onlain arbitraJis Se-
moReba, romelic gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, monrealSi (kanada). aRniSnuli arbitraJi sTava-
58
59
Ferriter C., E-Commerce and Intern onal Arbitra on, University College Dublin Law Review, Vol. 1, 2001, 53.
60
61
Rotman L.I., The Fiduciary Regula on of E-Commerce, Queen’s Law Journal, Vol. 29, 2004, 739.
62
63
64
iqve.
92
zobs momxmarebels davis gadawyvetis srul serviss. aRniSnuli servisis winamorbedi

iyo monrealSi arsebuli kibertribunali.65 Sesabamisad, Tavad eleqtronuli komerciis
specifikuri bunebidan gamomdinare, gamarTlebuli da mizanSewonilia amgvari xasiaTis
davis arbitraJisaTvis gansaxilvelad gadacema.
5.2. eleqtronuli komercia da gamosayenebeli samarTali

gamosayenebel samarTalze SeTanxmebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, warmoiSvas
sirTule imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli saxelmwifos samarTali unda iqnes gamoy-
enebuli am davis mimarT. amasTan, gasarkvevia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamosayenebeli samar-
Tali saWirod miiCnevs xelSekrulebis werilobiT formas, daakmayofilebs Tu ara veb-
gverdis saSualebiT dadebuli kontraqti am moTxovnas.66
dResdReobiT ar arsebobs saeTaSoriso konvencia, romelic internetis momxmarebe-
li yvela saxelmwifos mieraa xelmowerili da romelic aregulirebs internetis meSveo-
biT warmoebuli transnacionaluri komerciis samarTlebriv CarCos. amasTan, is aqtebi,
romlebic aregulireben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas, sruliad aRar Seesabameba amJamindel
realobas, radgan isini internetis xanamde iqna miRebuli.67
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ganxorcieldeboda Sesabamisi konvenciebis miReba, romlebic daareg-
ulirebda im samarTlebriv sirTuleebs, rac eleqtronul komercias ukavSirdeba da Sei-
muSavebda erovnuli sasamarTloebisaTvis gamosayenebel wesebs, SesaZlebeli iqneboda Tav-
idan agvecilebina erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier araprognozirebadi da winaaRmdegobrivi
gadawyvetilebebis miReba, sxvadasxva iurisdiqciis pirobebSi.68 zemoaRniSnuli garemoebe-
bi cxadyofs, rom dResdReobiT erTian saerTaSoriso doneze SeuZlebelia eleqtronul
komerciasTan dakavSirebiT gamosayenebeli samarTlis sakiTxze msjeloba. Sesabamisad, am
sferos maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso aqtebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, eleqtronul vaW-
robasTan dakavSirebul davaze gamosayenebeli samarTlis gansazRvra moxdeba davis monaw-
ile saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso kerZo kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, rac, rasakvirvelia, ar
aris mizanSewonili isev da isev am sferos transnacionaluri xasiaTidan da specifikidan
gamomdinare.
6. daskvna
Tanamedrove realobaSi eleqtronuli komerciis mniSvneloba imdenad gaizarda, rom
aucilebeli gaxda misi samarTlebrivi regulirebis SemoRebac. rogorc statiaSia ganx-
iluli, dResdReobiT ar arsebobs erTiani momwesrigebeli samarTlebrivi aqti, romel-
ic eleqtronuli komerciidan warmoSobil problematur samarTlebriv sakiTxebs daa-
regulirebs. amasTan, marTalia, calkeulma saxelmwifoebma Sida regulirebis kuTxiT
moawesriges eleqtronul komerciasTan mimarTebiT zogierTi sakiTxi, Tumca, rasakvir-
velia, aRniSnuli ar cvlis im garemoebas, rom eleqtronuli komercia kvlav daureguli-
rebel da mouwesrigebel sferod rCeba.
65
iqve.
66
iqve, 54.
67
iqve, 56.
68
Ferriter C., E-Commerce and Intern onal Arbitra on, University College Dublin Law Review, Vol. 1, 2001, 56.
93
qeTi benaSvili
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, am mxriv Cvens qveyanaSi mxolod ramdenime imgvari samarT-
lebrivi aqti mogvepoveba, romlebic ara mTlianad, aramed mxolod garkveulwilad Tu
ukavSirdebian am sferos. Sesabamisad, ra Tqma unda, aucilebeli da sasicocxlod mniS-
vnelovania eleqtronuli komerciis kuTxiT Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis mowesrigeba, miT
umetes, rom aRniSnulis ganxorcielebis valdebuleba saxelmwifos evrokavSirTan aso-
cirebis SeTanxmebiT calsaxad aqvs gansazRvruli.69 amavdroulad, mniSvnelovania isic,
rom ara mxolod kanonmdeblobiT, aramed sasamarTlo praqtikis meSveobiTac Seicvalos
erTgvarovani, sworxazovani da formalisturi midgoma da eleqtronuli komerciis
sakiTxebis mimarT damkvirdes Tanamedrove moTxovnebs morgebuli sasamarTlo praqtika.
69
wevr saxelmwifoebsa da, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris“, 127-128 muxlebi.
94
Revaz Dekanosidze (MA, TSU)
SAFEGUARDING OF EMPLOYEES’ RIGHTS IN THE EVENT OF TRANSFER OF BUSINESSES OR

PARTS OF BUSINESSES ACCORDING TO THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT.
ABSTRACT
Labour legisla on plays the essen al role in the life of each employee. Therefore, on March 12,
2001, the Council of the European Union adopted Council Direc ve 2001/23/EC on the approxima on
of the laws of the Member States rela ng to the safeguarding of employees’ rights in the event of
transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses.
The change of employees’ juridical organiza on has significant consequences on their rights. The
prac cal importance of presented topic caused the adop on of the above-men oned Direc ve. The
idea of the Direc ve on Transfers of Undertakings is that a mere change of ownership of an undertaking
should not have any consequences for the employees.
Scholarly the ar cle aims to outline some of the most relevant aspects of the direc ve on Tran-
sfers of Undertakings. Namely, the ar cle provides discussion of the characteris cs of legal transfer and
merger. Furthermore, the ar cle es mates procedural obliga ons on employers in this context. The
paper reviews general employees’ rights and discusses the situa on, when a transferor is the subject
of bankruptcy or any analogous insolvency proceedings which have been ins tuted with a view to the
liquida on of the assets of the transferor and are under the supervision of a competent public authority.
Moreover, this ar cle explores the case law of the Court of Jus ce on the Direc ve on Transfers
of Undertakings, with the aim of analysing how the Court deals with the balance between employees’
and employers’ interests. Besides, the ar cle offers the overview of types of informa on that should
be provided to employees’.
The ar cle is based on the compara ve analysing method, comparing and discussing relevant legi-
sla on of different countries. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate further study of an issue and the
establishment of the uniform judicial prac ce in the relevant field.
95
revaz dekanosiZe*
sawarmos sruli an nawilobrivi gadacemisas dasaqmebulTa uflebebis

dacvis garantiebi asocirebis SeTanxmebis mixedviT
1. Sesavali
àsocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas, erTi mxriv, evrokavSirs da evropis atomuri en-
ergiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebsa da, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris~
(SemdgomSi – asocirebis SeTanxmeba) xeli moewera 2014 wlis 27 ivniss da droebiT amo-
qmedda 2014 wlis 1 seqtembridan, xolo ratifikaciis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg, 2016
wlis 1 ivlisidan igi oficialurad Sevida ZalaSi. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobis daaxloebas sxvadasxva dargSi, esenia: sagareo da usafrTxoebis politi-
ka, marTlmsajuleba, dargobrivi politikis yvela sfero, vaWroba, jandacva, kultura,
dasaqmeba da socialuri politika, energetika, turizmi da sxva. asocirebis SeTanxmebis
farglebs miRma, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, ar rCeba SromiTi urTierTobis momwesrigebeli
normebis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis moTxovnac. SeTanxmeba iTvalis-
winebs rig valdebulebebs Sromis usafrTxoebasTan, samuSao saaTebis gonivrulobasTan,
dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis realuri SesaZleblobis miniWebasTan dakavSirebiT.1
asocirebis SeTanxmebaSi erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs sawarmos gadace-
misas dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxs. SromiTi urTierTobebi, Tavisi xasiaTidan
gamomdinare, vertikaluri samarTalurTierTobaa, romelic yvelaze Warbad xasiaTdeba
daqvemdebarebuli urTierTobiT,2 anu dasaqmebuli unda emorCilebodes damsaqmeblis ne-
bas.3 dasaqmebuli valdebulia, Seasrulos SeTanxmebuli samuSao damsaqmeblis miTiTebis,
kontrolisa da zedamxedvelobis farglebSi,4 rac aCens SesaZleblobas, rom damsaqme-
belma sakuTari Zalaufleba aramarto SromiTi urTierTobis mimdinareobisas, aramed
gaTavisuflebis savaraudo SesaZleblobis dros borotad gamoiyenos.
evropis komisiis 2001/23/EC direqtiva sawarmos sruli an nawilobrivi gadacemis
SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebulTa ulebebis dacvis Taobaze (SemdgomSi direqtiva)5 warmoad-
gens 1977 wlis 77/187 direqtivis6 ganaxlebul variants, vinaidan, rig garemoebaTa gamo
* samarTlis magistri (Tsu), ks „korZaZis saadvokato biuros“ iuristi.

1
wevr saxelmwifoebsa da, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris“, Tavi 14, muxlebi 348-354, xelmisawvdomia: <h p://
ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=2445&langId=en>, [10.09.2017].
2
SveliZe z., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli dasaqmebulis samarTlebrivi statusis maxasiaT-
eblebi, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) I, Tb., 2011, 87.
3
ZamukaSvili d., Sromis samarTali, Tb., 2013, 17-18.
4
SveliZe z., saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli dasaqmebulis samarTlebrivi statusis maxasiaT-
eblebi, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli) I, Tb., 2011, 90.
5
Council Direc ve 2001/23/EC on the approxima on of the laws of the Member States rela ng to the safeguarding of employees’ rights
in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses, <h p://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/
EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32001L0023>, [10.09.2017].
6
Council Direc ve 77/187/EC of 14 February 1977 on the approxima on of the laws of the Member States rela ng to the safeguarding
of employees’ rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses, <h p://eur-lex.europa.
eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31977L0187>, [10.09.2017].
96
aucilebeli gaxda axali direqtivis miReba.

cxadia, 1977 wels, anu maSin, rodesac mTlianad evropis kavSiris samarTlebrivi
sivrce arcTu didi iyo da am masStabiT arc saerTo sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba arsebob-
da, dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis garantiebis gaTvaliswineba namdvilad win gadadg-
mul nabijs warmoadgenda. Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi, mas Semdeg, rac evropis kavSiris
bazari gaizarda, aucilebeli gaxda dasaqmebulTa uflebebisa da interesebis ufro far-
Tod gaTvaliswineba. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuls mohyva 2001 wels am direqtivis miReba.
direqtiva exeba, rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo pirebs. es direqtiva moqmedebs, rogorc
mewarme, ise arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis mimarT, anu ganurCevlad imisa, pirisaTvis
samewarmeo saqmianoba ZiriTadia, damxmarea, Tu igi saerTod ar misdevs mas.7 sajaro pirSi
igulisxmeba saxelmwifos monawileobiT dafuZnebuli sawarmo an delegirebuli ufleba-
mosilebiT moqmedi piri. amasTan, subieqtSi SesaZloa moviazroT nebismieri iuridiuli
piri, ganurCevlad imisa, mogebis miRebis mizniTaa igi Seqmnili, Tu ara. aRsaniSnavia, rom
direqtiva ar exeba administraciul organoebSi, sajaro dawesebulebebSi ganxorciele-
bul reorganizacias an xelmZRvanelobis cvlilebas.8
direqtivis SesavalSi aRniSnulia, rom misi SemuSavebisa da miRebis safuZvels
warmoadgens Tanamedrove ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia _ sawarmoTa
struqturuli cvlilebebi sawarmoTa gadacemis an Serwymis dros. aRniSnuli aisaxeba
dasaqmebulTa SromiT da sacxovrebel pirobebze. amavdroulad SesaZlebelia, adgili
hqondes koleqtiur daTxovnas an sawarmoTa gakotrebas. amitomac, saWiro xdeba dasaqme-
bulTa uflebebis dacva, maTi informireba, CarTuloba da konsultaciebi mosalodnel
mZime da uaryofiT SedegebTan dakavSirebiT.9
2. sawarmos gadacemisa da Serwymis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi

aRniSnuli direqtiva exeba sawarmos sruli an nawilobrivi gadacemis dasaqmebulis
uflebebis dacvas. gadacemaSi igulisxmeba aramarto gadacema, aramed Serwymac.10 gadace-
ma SeiZleba gamoixatos, rogorc qonebrivi SeZena/gayidva, wilobrivi SeZena/gayidva da
Serwyma an konsolidacia,11 anu mesakuTris an/da samarTlis subieqtis cvlileba. SesaZle-
belia, erTi an ramdenime sawarmo miuerTdes meores an ori an ramdenime sawarmo gaer-
Tiandes axal sawarmod.12 gadawyvetilebis miReba sazogadoebis Serwymis Sesaxeb gulisx-
mobs partniorTa krebis mier Serwymis xelSekrulebis mowonebas.13
sawarmoTa Serwymis Sedegad gaerTianebuli sawarmoebi wyveten arsebobas, e.i. ro-
7
Lamponen H., The Principle on Employee Protec on in a Merger and a Transfer of an Undertaking, Helsinki, 2009, 62, xelmisawvdo-
mia: <h ps://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/18318/theprinc.pdf?sequence=2>, [04.09.2017].
8
Direc ve 2001/23/EC, Chapter I, Ar cle 1.1(c).
9
zenaiSvili a., Sromis samarTali (Sromis kodeqsis komentari), Tb., 2017, 154-155.
10
Direc ve 2001/23/EC, Chapter I Ar cle 1.1(a).
11
Gevurtz F., Corpora on Law, 2nd Ed., 2010, 675, miTiTebulia maxarobliSvili g., kapitalur sazogadoebaTa struqtur-
aSi fundamenturi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba korporaciul-samarTlebriv qmedebaTa (Serwyma, SeZena) safuZ-
velze, Tb., 2014, 206.
12
Wanturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, mesame gamocema, Tb., 2002, 193.
13
iqve, 194.
97
revaz dekanosiZe
gorc samarTlis subieqtebi, gaerTianebis Semdeg isini aRar arseboben.14 xolo erTi
sazogadoebis meore sazogadoebasTan mierTebis SemTxvevaSi pirveli sazogadoeba wyvets
arsebobas.
imisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli direqtiva gamoviyenoT, upirvelesad unda dadgindes, rom
SromiT urTierTobaSi Seicvala damsaqmebeli sawarmos gadacemis an Serwymis safuZvel-
ze. Tu damsaqmebeli ar icvleba, SromiTi urTierToba Cveulebrivad unda gagrZeldes.
direqtivis mixedviT, sawarmos gadacemisas dasaqmebulTa gaTavisuflebis akrZalvis
moTxovna ar moqmedebs im sawarmoze, romelic imyofeba gadaxdisuunarobis (gakotre-
bis) procesSi.15 am SemTxvevaSi upiratesia ara dasaqmebulTa interesi, aramed sawarmos
gadarCenis mizani, ramac, saboloo jamSi, kvlav unda daafuZnos SromiTsamarTlebrivi
urTierTobebi. Tumca saqmianobis am etapze sawarmosaTvis msgavsi valdebulebis dakis-
reba direqtivam mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia. garda amisa, zogadi principis Tanaxmad, sawar-
mos axalma mesakuTrem, SemZenma, igi unda miiRos valdebulebebisagan Tavisufali. amaSi
igulisxmeba, aramarto finansuri valdebuleba, aramed SromiTsamarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi. magaliTad, `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 38-e muxlis me-13 punqtis mixedviT, `kerZo samarTlis same-
warmeo iuridiuli piris sameurveo qonebis erTiani qonebrivi kompleqsis saxiT SemZeni
(SemZenebi) survilisamebr SesaZloa daregistrirdes am sawarmos erTaderT partniorad.
sakuTrebis uflebis gadasvlis Sedegad sawarmo axal SemZenze dautvirTavi da valebisa-
gan Tavisufali gadadis.~16
marTlmsajulebis evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT, sawarmos sruli an
nawilobrivi gadacema aRqmuli unda iyos, rogorc dasaqmebulebisa da qonebis stabilu-
rad organizebuli erTobliobis gadasvla sxva mesakuTris uflebamosilebis sferoSi17
Tavad am piris formisa da struqturis SenarCunebiT.18 aqedan gamomdinare, sakuTriv
dasaqmebulisaTvis am tranzaqcias didi mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes, radgan erTi dam-
saqmebeli Seicvleba meoreTi, xolo SromiTi xelSekrulebis pirobebi ucveli darCeba.
Tumca ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc sawarmos gadacemisas axal damsaqmebels aqvs dasaqme-
bulebTan SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetis SesaZlebloba, aris is axali ekonomikuri
gamowvevebi, romelic man SeZenil sawarmosTan mimarTebiT unda ganaxorcielos. aqedan
gamomdinare, martooden sawarmos gadacema ar daafuZnebs dasaqmebulTa gaTavisuflebis
SesaZleblobas.
direqtivis me-4 muxlis mixedviT, sawarmos sruli an nawilobrivi gauqmebis SemTx-
vevaSi, axal damsaqmebels ar warmoeSoba dasaqmebulTa gaTavisuflebis Taobaze ufle-
bamosileba. aRniSnuli ufleba mas SeiZleba mieniWos, Tu adgili aqvs ekonomikuri, te-
qnologiuri an organizaciuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis aucileblobas.19
14
iqve, 195.
15
Direc ve 2001/23/EC, Chapter II Ar cle 5.1.
saqarTvelos kanoni „gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb“, m. 38, p. 13, <h ps://matsne.gov.ge/ka/docu-
16
ment/view/23572>, [10.09.2017].
17
Bejan F., The European Law Regarding The Impact of Merger n Employees’ Rights, Romanian Journal of European Affairs, Vol. 13, No.
2, June 2013, 3, <h p://heinonline.org/HOL/Print?collec on=journals&handle=hein.journals/rojaeuf13&id=114>, [09.09.2017].
18
Lamponen H, The Principle on Employee Protec on in a Merger and a Transfer of an Undertaking, Helsinki, 2009, 62,
xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/18318/theprinc.pdf?sequence=2>, [04.09.2017].
19
Direc ve 2001/23/EC, Chapter II, Ar cle 4.1.
98
3. informirebisa da konsultaciis gawevis valdebulebebi sawarmos

gadacemisas
direqtivis me-7 muxlis mixedviT, gamsxvisebeli da SemZeni valdebulni arian, in-
formacia miawodon dasaqmebulebs an dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebs gadacemis Taobaze,
romelSic aRniSnuli unda iyos gadacemis TariRi, gadacemis mizezebi, gadacemis Ses-
aZlo samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri da socialuri gavlenebi dasaqmebulTa uflebebze.
aRniSnuli informacia dasaqmebuls unda miewodos gadacemamde gonivrul vadaSi.20
direqtiva ar akonkretebs, Tu ras niSnavs gonivruli dro, Tumca damkvidrebuli
praqtikis mixedviT, damsaqmebelma dasaqmebuls amis Sesaxeb unda Seatyobinos gadacemis
faqtis dadgomamde, an im momentamde, sanam SromiT xelSekrulebas an SromiT urTierTo-
bas safrTxe Seeqmneba.21
garda aRniSnuli direqtivisa, dasaqmebulTa informirebis, CarTulobisa da monaw-
ileobis valdebulebas gansazRvravs evropis socialuri qartia, romlis mixedviTac,
damsaqmebelma unda miawodos dasaqmebulebs gonivrul vadaSi sawarmos gadacemis, re-
struqturizaciis/reorganizaciis an Serwymis SemTxvevaSi.22
informirebisa da konsultaciis gawevis valdebulebis Zala da misi ugulebelyofis
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi gansxvavebulia evropis kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi. magaliT-
ad, italiaSi, ungreTsa da espaneTSi am valdebulebis darRvevam gasxvisebis procesis Se-
Cereba, an sulac, CaSla SeiZleba gamoiwvios.23 rac Seexeba sxva qveynebs, magaliTad, ger-
maniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 613a paragrafis me-5 nawili gansazRvravs damsaqmeblis mier
dasaqmebulis informirebis calkeul pirobebs.24 aseve, sawarmoTa Sinaganawesis Sesaxeb
kanonis (Betriebsverfassungsgesetz) 111-e paragrafis mixedviT, Tu sawarmoSi dasaqmebulia
20-ze meti piri, damsaqmebeli valdebulia maT informacia miawodos Sromis sabWos (work
council) im dagegmili cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, ramac SesaZloa gavlena moaxdinos samuSao
Zalis Semcirebaze.25 safrangeTis Sromis kodeqsis 432-1 muxlis mixedviT, Sromis sabWo
unda iyos informirebuli iseTi cvlilebebis Taobaze, romelmac SesaZloa gamoiwvi-
os sawarmos samarTlebrivi statusis Secvla.26 direqtivis moqmedebis sferoSi moqceul
qveynebis umravlesobaSi sawarmos gadacemis procesSi ar aris savaldebulo dasaqme-
bulebis an maTi warmomadgenlebis Tanxmoba gadacemaze. erTaderTi saxelmwifo, romel-
Sic msgavs qmedebaze gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia, aris safrangeTi, sadac gadacemis dros
20
Direc ve 2001/23/EC, Chapter III, Ar cle 7.1.
21
Bejan F., The European Law Regarding The Impact of Merger on Employees’ Rights, Romanian Journal of European Affairs, Vol. 13, No.
2, June 2013, 7 <h p://heinonline.org/HOL/Print?collec on=journals&handle=hein.journals/rojaeuf13&id=114>, [09.09.2017].
22
evropis socialuri qartia, strasburgi, 3.V.1996, muxlebi 21, 29,
xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1392164>, [10.09.2017].
23
Gaul B., Jeffreys S., Tinhofer A, Wassenhove S., Study on the Applica on of Direc ve 2001/23/Ec to Cross Border Transfers of Underta-
kings, Final Report, September, 2006, 55.
xelmisawvdomia: <h p://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=2445&langId=en>, [10.09.2017].
24
Sargeant M., Implementa on Report Direc ve 2001/23/EC on the approxima on of laws of the Member States rela ng to the sa-
feguarding of employees’ rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses, June 2007, 80. <h p://
ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=2938&langId=en >, [09.09.2017].
25
Works Cons tu on Act, Sec on 111, <h p://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_betrvg/englisch_betrvg.pdf>, [13.09.2017].
26
Sargeant M., Implementa on Report Direc ve 2001/23/EC on the approxima on of laws of the Member States rela ng to the sa-
feguarding of employees’ rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses, June 2007, 82. <h p://
ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=2938&langId=en>, [09.09.2017].
99
revaz dekanosiZe
aucilebelia sakuTari daskvna warmoadginos am sawarmoSi arsebulma dasaqmebulTa gaer-

Tianebam, e.w samuSao sabWom (`comité d’entreprise~).27
4. SemZenisa da gamsxviseblis pasuxismgeblobis farglebi

SromiTi xelSekrulebidan an SromiTi urTierTobidan gamomdinare damsaqmeblis
uflebebi da valdebulebebi srulad gadaecema SemZens gasxvisebis dRisaTvis arsebuli
moculobiT.28
direqtivis Tanaxmad, sawarmos sruli an nawilobrivi gadacema TavisTavad ar unda
warmoadgendes dasaqmebulTa daTxovnis safuZvels gamsxviseblis an mimRebis mxridan.29
Tumca aRniSnuli ar unda uSlides xels iseT daTxovnas, romelic gamowveulia ekonomi-
kuri, teqnikuri an organizaciuli mizezebiT, rac TavisTavad iwvevs cvlilebebs samuSao
ZalaSi.30
direqtivis 3.1 muxlis mixedviT31, wevrma saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba moawesrigon, rom
gadacemis dRis Semdeg gamsxvisebelma da SemZenma solidarulad an individualurad agon
pasuxi gasxvisebamde SromiTi xelSekrulebidan an SromiTi urTierTobidan gamomdinare
warmoSobili valdebulebebisaTvis.32
safrangeTis Sromis kodeqsis mixedviT, Tu mxareebs sxva ram ar gauTvaliswinebiaT,
axalma damsaqmebelma pativi unda sces damsaqmeblis gasxvisebisas arsebul valdebule-
bebs. amasTan, valdebulebis Sesruleba ekisreba Tavdapirvel damsaqmebels, rac gamom-
dinareobs Semdegi mocemulobidan _ gadacema ar unda iyos saziano dasaqmebulTaTvis.
maT unda hyavdeT mxolod erTi movale. Tumca aRniSnuli ar moqmedebs likvidaciisas
SeZenil qonebaze.33
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis §613a mixedviT, biznesis gadacema ar aTavisuflebs
yofil damsaqmebels pasuxismgeblobisagan. is pasuxs agebs solidarulad axal mesa-
kuTresTan erTad im sarCelebze, romelic gadacemamde warmoiSva da gamowveulia ga-
dacemidan 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi.34 amasTan, Tu valdebuleba warmoiSva gadacemis Semdeg,
magram igi gansazRvruli iyo gadacemamde (mag: yovelwliuri bonusi), gamsxvisebeli naw-
ilobriv agebs pasuxs.35
27
TUPE across Europe, The informa on you need for each country, xelmisawvdomia: <h p://www.eversheds-sutherland.com/docu-
ments/services/interna onal-employment-law/TUPE_across_Europe.pdf>, [20.09.2017].
28
Direc ve 2001/23/EC Chapter II Ar cle 3.1.
29
zenaiSvili a., Sromis samarTali (Sromis kodeqsis komentari), Tb., 2017, 155.
30
Lamponen H, The Principle on Employee Protec on in a Merger and a Transfer of an Undertaking, Helsinki, 2009, 148,
xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/18318/theprinc.pdf?sequence=2>, [04.09.2017]
31
Direc ve 2001/23/EC, Chapter II, Ar cle 3.1.
32
Kuddo A., Labor Laws in Eastern European and Central Asian Countries: Minimum Norms and Prac ces, November 2009, 23, xelmi-
sawvdomia: <h p://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Labor-Market-DP/0920.pdf>,
[18.09.2017]
33
Gaul B., Jeffreys S., Tinhofer A, Wassenhove S., Study on the Applica on of Direc ve 2001/23/Ec to Cross Border Transfers of Underta-
xelmisawvdomia: <h p://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=2445&langId=en>, [10.09.2017].
34
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (zurab WeWelaSvilis Targmani qarTul enaze), §613a, Tb., 2010.
35
Gaul B., Jeffreys S., Tinhofer A, Wassenhove S., Study on the Applica on of Direc ve 2001/23/EC to Cross Border Transfers of Underta-
100
gaerTianebuli samefosagan gansxvavebiT, sadac SromiTi xelSekrulebidan gamomdin-

are valdebuleba miiCneoda personalur valdebulebad da igi gadaucemadi iyo, safran-
geTSi jer kidev 1928 wlidan iyo gaTvaliswinebuli sawarmos gadacemisas dasaqmebul-
Ta uflebebis dacvis garantiebi. sabolood, am direqtivis miRebiT, evropis kavSirSi
gaimarjva frangulma midgomam, romelsac, faqtobrivad, daefuZna direqtiva.36
direqtiva wevr saxelmwifoebs ar akisrebs valdebulebas, rom am direqtivam imoqme-
dos sawarmoze, romelzec mimdinareobs gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoeba.37 sawarmoze,
romelic imyofeba gakotrebis warmoebis procesSi da masze xorcieldeba kompetenturi
sajaro uwyebis zedamxedveloba, ar vrceldeba am direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli val-
debulebebi.38
gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis miRma ganxorcielebuli gadacemisas SromiTi urTier-
Tobidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi gadaecema sawarmos axal mesakuTres. rac Seexe-
ba gakotrebis process, SemZeni Tavisufldeba gamsxviseblis mier dadebuli SromiTi
xelSekrulebebis ganuxreli dacvisagan. igi uflebamosilia yofili dasaqmebulebidan
aarCios da daiqiravos is, vinc mas Semdgomi saqmianobisaTvis dasWirdeba. am midgomam
SesaZloa kompania gaxados gadacemisas mimzidveli, rac saboloo jamSi xels Seuwyobs
gakotrebis procesidan mis gamosvlas.39 direqtivis 3.2 muxlis mixedviT, gamsxvisebel-
ma SemZens unda Seatyobinos uflebebisa da valdebulebebis Sesaxeb srulad da amom-
wuravad, vinaidan am ukanasknelis mflobeli swored SemZeni xdeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
gamsxvisebelma daarRvia es valdebuleba. gadacema namdvili rCeba da arc dasaqmebulis
movale icvleba da igi kvlav axali damsaqmebeli iqneba.
aseTi SemTxvevebisTvis, qveyanas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos, rom ganTavisufleba ar ga-
moiyenon dasaqmebulTa specifikuri kategoriebis mimarT.40
5. dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis garantiebi

eWvgareSea, rom SromiTi xelSekrulebis stabiluroba aris Sromis dacvis umniS-
vnelovanesi principi, romelsac cnobs evropuli kavSiri.41
evrokavSiris kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs sawarmos gadacemisas SromiTi xe-
lSekrulebidan gamomdinare damsaqmeblis valdebulebebis avtomatur gadasvlas axal
damsaqmebelze. aRniSnuli direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvis
garantiebi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos erovnuli kanonmdeblobiTac.42
direqtiva miznad isaxavs moawesrgos sawarmoTa gadacemis procesi dasaqmebulTaT-
36
mia: <h ps://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/18318/theprinc.pdf?sequence=2>, [04.09.2017]
37
iqve, 168.
38
39
Kimhi O., Doebert A., Bankruptcy Law As A Balancing System: Lessons from A Compara ve Analysis of The Intersec on Between Labor
And Bankruptcy Laws, American Bankruptcy Ins tute Law Review, Vol. 23, 2015, 501. xelmisawvdomia: <h p://heinonline.org/HOL/
Print?collec on=journals&handle=hein.journals/abilr23&id=491>, [11.09.2017].
40
41
boroni a. (red.), saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis komentari (Targmani), Tb., 2016, 344.
42
Cannon R., Business Law of the European Union – Prac se Guide, 1996, §5.02.[3][c].
101
revaz dekanosiZe
vis manamde arsebuli saxelSekrulebo pirobebisa da mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.43

magaliTad, britanuli samarTlis mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobaTa gadacema Seicavs zianis
warmoSobaze pasuxismgeblobasac. anu nebismier samoqalaqo zians samuSaodan gamomdin-
are travmebisa da daavadebebisaTvis.
safrangeTis Sromis kodeqsis 122-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dasaqmebuls aqvs Tavisi yofili
damsaqmeblisa da axali damsaqmeblis winaaRmdeg sarCelis Setanis ufleba ukanono gaTa-
visuflebidan gamomdinare zianis anazRaurebis Tavidan asacileblad.44
germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, dasaqmebuli valdebulia Seitanos sarCeli kompeten-
tur Sromis sasamarTloSi gaTavisuflebis werilobiTi brZanebis Cabarebidan 3 kviris
vadaSi,45 xolo espanuri samarTlis mixedviT, dasaqmebulma es qmedeba unda ganaxorcie-
los 20 samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi.
evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs, cxadia, SeuZliaT miiRon iseTi regulaciebi, ro-
melic ufro metad iqneba dasaqmebulTa dacvisaken mimarTuli da ar gaauaresebs maT
samarTlebriv mdgomareobas.46
6. pensioner da SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone dasaqmebulTa

uflebebi
rac Seexeba pensiasa da sxva socialur paketebs, evropis zogierT qveyanaSi SemZenze
es valdebuleba ar gadadis (mag.: holandia, bulgareTi), xolo zogSi (germania espaneTi,
ungreTi) igi miiCneva gamsxviseblis valdebulebad da igi gadaeceba SemZens. Tumca mas-
Si moiazreba mxolod dasaqmebulTaTvis gasacemi Tanxebi. yofili dasaqmebulebisTvis
wydeba kompensaciebis miReba axali damsaqmeblis mier da pasuxismgebloba rCeba gamsx-
visebels.47
7. SromiTi xelSekrulebis cvlilebis SesaZlebloba

gadacemis faqti avtomaturad ar aZlevs axal damsaqmebels uflebas, Secvalos Sromi-
Ti urTierTobis/xelSekrulebis arsebiTi pirobebi. magaliTad, avstriuli samarTlis
mixedviT, xelSekrulebis pirobebis Secvla SesaZlebelia mxolod dasaqmebulis Tanxmo-
bis SemTxvevaSi. franguli samarTlis mixedviT, aseve aucilebelia dasaqmebulis Tanx-
moba. Tanxmobis gaucemlobis SemTxvevaSi damsaqmebelma unda Seasrulos xelSekrulebis
pirobebi an gaaTavisuflos dasaqmebuli. germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, Tu dasaqmebu-
43
boroni a. (red.), saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis komentari (Targmani), Tb., 2016, XVIII.
44
Gaul B., Jeffreys S., Tinhofer A, Wassenhove S., Study on the Applica on of Direc ve 2001/23/EC to Cross Border Transfers of Un-
dertakings, Final Report, September, 2006, 22. xelmisawvdomia: <h p://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=2445&langId=en >,
[10.09.2017].
45
iqve, 25.
46
mia: <h ps://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/18318/theprinc.pdf?sequence=2>, [04.09.2017].
47
dertakings, Final Report, September, 2006, 28. xelmisawvdomia: <h p://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=2445&langId=en >,
[10.09.2017].
102
li ar Tanxmdeba pirobebis Secvlas, damsaqmebels ufleba aqvs igi gaaTavisuflos anaz-

Raurebis gacemiT.48
italiuri samarTlis mixedviT, sawarmos gadacemisas dasaqmebuli inarCunebs Sromi-
Ti xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare uflebebsa da moTxovnebs damsaqmeblis mimarT, magram
damsaqmebels eZleva ufleba, calmxrivad Secvalos SromiTi xelSekrulebidan gamomdin-
are uflebebi da valdebulebebi.49
8. daskvna
asocirebis SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba saqarTvelom
amisaTvis gansazRvrul sxvadasxva vadaSi unda uzrunvelyos. konkretulad, direqtiv-
is debulebebi unda Sesruldes SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi, anu
saqarTvelos mxolod ramdenime weli darCa am direqtiviT gansazRvruli pirobebis
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvisaTvis. Tumca aRniSnuli direqtivis debulebebis
rac SeiZleba swrafad gaTvaliswineba mxolod da mxolod xels Seuwyobs dasaqmebulTa
uflebebis dacvis standartis kidev ufro awevas.
upirveles yovlisa, direqtiva gansazRvravs sawarmos gadacemamde damsaqmeblis mier
dasaqmebulebs informirebisa da konsultaciis gawevis valdebulebas, ris darRvevamac,
rig qveynebSi, SesaZloa mTlianad gadacemis tranzaqciis CaSla gamoiwvios. garda amisa,
direqtiva adgens sawarmos gamsxviseblisa da SemZenis pasuxismgeblobis farglebs, ro-
gorc saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis warmoSobis SemTxveveb-
Si. SesaZloa, orive maTgani solidaruladac ki iyos valdebuli, rac, cxadia, zrdis
dasaqmebulis SesaZleblobas, daikmayofilos Tavisi kanonieri moTxovna.
rac Seexeba SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSlas an Secvlas, direqtiva aRniSnul sakiTxs
srulfasovnad ar aregulirebs da evropis kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs Riad utovebs am
sakiTxis mowesrigebis sakiTxs, Tumca adgens yvelaze zogad safuZvels, romlis mixedvi-
Tac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sawarmos SeZenis Semdeg aucilebelia, samuSao Zalis Semcireba,
damsaqmebels eZleva ufleba, calmxrivad moSalos SromiTi xelSekruleba.
direqtiva gansakuTrebiT icavs pensioner da SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone
dasaqmebulTa uflebebsac. kerZod, utovebs maT uflebamosilebas, moTxovna wauyenon
Zvel an axal damsaqmebels. valdebuli subieqtis ganzRvra Tavad Sida kanonmdeblobiT
xdeba.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, eWvgareSea, rom aRniSnuli direqtivis
pirobebis jer amoqmedeba, xolo Semdgom Sesruleba dasaqmebulTa interesebis dacvis
saukeTeso SesaZlebloba iqneba da dadebiTad aisaxeba saxelmwifoSi maTi uflebebis
dacvis standartsa da SesaZleblobebze.
48
dertakings, Final Report, September, 2006, 30. xelmisawvdomia: <h p://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=2445&langId=en>,
[10.09.2017].
49
iqve, 31.
103
Kris ne Chilingarashvili (Master of Law, TSU)
THE RIGHTS OF CONSUMERS AND LEGAL GUARANTEES FOR THEIR PROTECTION IN

DISTANCE CONTRACTS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GEORGIAN AND EUROPEAN LAW
ABSTRACT
Distance contracts are especially relevant in the modern world. These issues is not fully studied
in Georgia. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to iden fy the rights of consumers during the
contract concluded in distance and study the guarantees for the protec on of these rights. A en on
will be paid to the rights that are at the same me guaranteeing consumers’ protec on. Issues related
to the form and means of distance communica on shall be considered as well. When discussing the
rights of the par es to the distance contract, it is essen al to separate the par es of the contract.
Consequently, contractual par es of the distance contracts shall be iden fied and discussed. Customers
have the opportunity to obtain the informa on they need, but o en when buying a thing or service,
consumers are passive about obtaining informa on. To make the informed decision it is essen al for
consumers to have complete informa on about the goods or services. An informed consumer is the best
protected consumer. Due to the informa on above, obtaining informa on will be discussed as one of
the most vital consumer rights and the cornerstone of consumer protec on. Frequently consumers have
incomplete and/or complete informa on about goods or services, which they are going to buy. Howe-
ver, they want to use the right of withdrawal. The right of withdrawal is not infinitely defined and the
withdrawal period should not be extended endlessly. It is important to determine consumers’ op ons
a er the withdrawal period, namely, how to behave if the consumer finds less of the thing and how
to protect his/her own right. The seller shall be liable before the consumer for any lack of conformity,
which exists at the me the goods are being delivered. In the case of a lack of conformity, the consumer
shall be en tled to have the goods brought into conformity free of charge by repair or replacement. In
addi on, consumer can require the repair. It is important to establish whether consumer can use the
right of redress. It is important to define, if consumer can defend his/her right with other ins tu on
except the court, media on or arbitra on. This issue will be discussed in Chapter VI. Chapter VII will be
dedicated to the summary of the issues discussed and recommenda ons.
104
qristine CilingaraSvili*
distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis dros momxmarebelTa

uflebebi da maTi dacvis samarTlebrivi garantiebi (qarTuli da
evropuli samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi)
1. Sesavali
savaWro urTierTobebSi odiTganve mniSvnelovan gamowvevas warmoadgenda momxmare-
belTa uflebebis dacva. 1970 wlebidan momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva evropuli gaer-
Tianebis mniSvnelovan prioritetad gardaiqmna. momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Ses-
axeb pirvel programaSi samomxmareblo politikis sagnad 5 ZiriTadi punqti dasaxelda:
janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis dacva, ekonomikuri interesis dacvis ufleba, zianis
anazRaurebis ufleba, ganaTlebis ufleba da warmomadgenlobis ufleba (mosmenis ufle-
ba).1 1972 wels parizSi gamarTul evrogaerTianebis samitze mTavrobis meTaurebma gad-
awyvites, rom ekonomikur ganviTarebas Tan unda axldes cxovrebis donis gaumjobeseba.
es imas niSnavda, rom gaerTianebas aqtiuri politika unda gaetarebina samomxmareblo
sferoSi.2 1993 wels maastraxtis xelSekrulebis ZalaSi SesvliT ki evropuli ekono-
mikuri gaerTianebis sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebaSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb uSualod mieTiTa da momxmarebelTa dacva gaerTianebis val-
debulebad iqca.3
Tanamedrove savaWro urTierTobebSi ki gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs distanci-
uri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebi. teqnologiebis ganviTareba saSualebas aZlevs
momxmareblebs gaamartivos sxvadasxva nivTisa Tu momsaxurebis Sesyidva da xelSekrule-
bebs deben saxlidan gausvlelad sxvadasxva distanciur saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT. es
ukanaskneli savaWro urTierTobis gaiolebasTan erTad dakavSirebulia gansakuTrebul
riskebTan. Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi dgeba misi mkacrad regulirebis aucilebloba,
raTa dacul iqnas momxmareblis, rogorc `susti mxaris~4 interesebi.
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT, interesi SeimCneva saqarTvelos kanonmde-
blobaSic. 2014 wlis 27 ivniss xeli moewera èrTi mxriv, saqarTvelosa da meore mxriv,
evrokavSirs da evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris
asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas~ (SemdgomSi _ àsocirebis SeTanxmeba~), romelic ratifi-
cirebul iqna saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 2014 wlis 18 ivliss. aRniSnuli SeTanxme-
bis me-13 Tavis Tanaxmad, mxareebi iTanamSromleben, raTa uzrunvelyon momxmarebelTa
dacvis maRali done da miaRwion Tavsebadobas momxmarebelTa dacvis TavianT sistemebs
Soris. distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis farglebSi momxmarebelTa ufle-
*
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis kerZo samarTlis magistri.
1
erqvaia T., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebi eleqtronuli vaWrobis sferoSi da qar-
Tuli kanonmdebloba, marTlmsajuleba da kanoni, # 3, 2011, 46.
2
qardava e., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebis SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi momoxilva
quCaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis magaliTze, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva _ specialuri gamocema, 2007, 126.
3
ix. (sq. 1), 46.
4
uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi, samarTlis Jurnali, , #1, 2014, 99.
105
bebi da maTi dacvis garantiebi dResdReobiT kvlav ar aris srulyofilad Seswavlili.

es ki gansakuTrebiT exeba saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo normebs, vinaidan am uflebis
maregulirebeli kanoni jer kidev ar aris ZalaSi Sesuli da mimdinareobs masze aqti-
uri muSaoba. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa arsebuli kanonproeqtis Seswavla da xarvezebis
gamovlena.
2. distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebis forma da xelSekrulebis

dadebis saSualebebi
2011/83/EC direqtivis5 (SemdegSi _ direqtivis) me-2(7) muxlis Tanaxmad, distanciuri
formiT dadebuli xelSekruleba niSnavs nebismier xelSekrulebas, romelic dadebu-
lia momxmarebelsa da movaWres Soris momsaxurebis an saqonlis Sesyidvis mizniT, spe-
cialurad organizebuli sistemis meSveobiT, momxmareblisa da movaWris erTdroulad
fizikuri daswrebis gareSe, distanciuri komunikaciis erTi an ramdenime saSualebis
gamoyenebiT, rogorc xelSekrulebis momzadebis, aseve misi dadebis etapze.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis (Semdegi _ ssk) 69 I muxlis Tanaxmad, garigeba Sei-
Zleba daidos zepirad an werilobiTi formiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom xelSekrulebebis
dadeba teqnikuri saSualebebiT, mag.: mokle teqsturi SetyobinebiT, eleqtronuli fos-
tiT, faqsiT, daskanerebuli dokumentebis mimogzavniT da a.S. unda CaiTvalos zepirad
dadebulad, vinaidan am dros ver sruldeba werilobiTi formis winapirobebi, kerZod,
ar aris saxeze xelmowera. sxva SemTxveva gvaqvs maSin, rodesac zemoaRniSnuli saSuale-
bebiT dadebul xelSekrulebas Tan erTvis kvalificiuri eleqtronuli xelmowera.6
èleqtronuli dokumentisa da eleqtronuli sando momsaxurebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonis7 Tanaxmad, kvalificiur eleqtronul xelmoweras aqvs piradi xelmoweris Tana-
bari iuridiuli Zala. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tu distanciuri formiT dadebul
xelSekrulebas Tan erTvis kvalificiuri eleqtronuli xelmowera unda miviCnoT weri-
lobiTi formiT dadebul xelSekrulebad.
bazarze gavrcelebulia, aseve, e.w. eleqtronuli formiT dadebuli xelSekrule-
ba. aRniSnuli formiT dadebuli xelSekruleba Sefasebulia, rogorc martivi weril-
obiTi formiT dadebul xelSekrulebasTan gaTanabrebuli.8 Tumca, erTmaneTisgan unda
ganvasxvaoT eleqtronuli formiT dadebuli da eleqtronulad teqstualuri formiT
dadebuli xelSekruleba. eleqtronuli formiT dadebuli xelSekruleba akmayofilebs
martivi werilobiTi formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis winapirobebs, vinaidan mas erTvis
xelmowera, romelic avtorizebulia. eleqtronulad teqstualuri formiT dadebuli
xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi saxeze ar gvaqvs xelmowera, Sesabamisad, amgvarad dadebuli
5
Direc ve 2011/83/EU Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, amending Council
Direc ve 93/13/EEC and Direc ve 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Direc ve 85/577/
EEC and Direc ve 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, <h ps://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ
:L:2011:304:0064:0088:en:PDF>, [02.06.2018].
6
darjania T., samoqalaqo samarTlis onlainkomentari, gccc.ge, 06.06.2018, mux. 69, veli 2; werilobiT formasTan
dakavSirebiT damatebiT ix.: „werilobiTi forma“ darjania., samoqalaqo kodeqsis onlain komentari, gccc.ge,
mux. 69; Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 340 da Semdegi.
7
saqarTvelos kanoni „eleqtronuli dokumentisa da eleqtronuli sando momsaxurebis Sesaxeb“, mux. 3.I., #639-
IIs, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne (www.matsne.gov.ge.), [10/05/2017].
8
darjania T., samoqalaqo samarTlis onlainkomentari, gccc.ge, 06.06.2018, mux. 69, veli 5.
106
xelSekruleba uTanabrdeba zepirad dadebul xelSekrulebas.9

germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdegSi _ gsk) Tanaxmad, eleqtronuli xelSekrulebis
SemTxvevaSi orive mxarem xelSekrulebis erTiani teqstis Semcvel identur dokuments
unda dausvas Tavisi eleqtronuli xelmowerebi da sakmarisi ar aris, rom TiToeulma
mxarem xeli moaweros mxolod sakuTar oferts an aqcepts.10
distanciur saSualebebi SeiZleba iyos: telefoni, faqsi, meili, internet SekveTe-
11
bi. distanciuri formiT dadebul xelSekrulebebs miekuTvneba presaSi gavrcelebuli
reklamis, radiosa da televiziis meSveobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebic, Tu maTSi sa-
gangebodaa miTiTebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SemTavazebeli piris nomeri an/da
eleqtronuli misamarTi.12
Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis romelime etapze momxmarebels SeuZlia Sexvdes mewarmes
an winaswar, fizikurad daaTvalieros misTvis sasurveli saqoneli da Semdeg SeaTanx-
mos pirobebi, aseTi xelSekruleba ar CaiTvleba distanciurad formiT dadebulad.13
aRniSnulis sapirispirod, xelSekruleba miiCneva distanciuri formiT dadebulad Tuki
mxareebi xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg Sexvdnen erTmaneTs (mag.: saqonlis miwodebis
etapze). gadamwyvetia is, rom mxareebi an maTi warmomadgenlebi winasaxelSekrulebo an
xelSekrulebis gaformebis etapze ar Sexvedrian erTmaneTs.14
saqarTveloSi asocirebis SeTanxmebaze15 xelis moweris Semdeg 2014 wels SemuSavebul
iqna kanonproeqti, romelic aregulirebs momxmarebelTa uflebebs maT Soris distanci-
uri formiT dadebul xelSekrulebebsac. kanonproeqtis mizania momxmarebelTa ufle-
bebis dacvis garantiebis Seqmna da samomxmareblo sferoSi damoukidebeli normatiuli
aqtis arseboba, raTa momxmareblebs SeeZloT TavianTi uflebebis efeqtianad ganxor-
cieleba. saxelmwifos mizans ki aRniSnuli procesis xelSewyoba warmoadgens.16 kanon-
proeqtis17 Tanaxmad, distanciuri xelSekruleba ideba teqnikuri an sxva saSualebebebis
gamoyenebiT da ar moiTxovs movaWrisa da momxmareblis fizikur Tanyofas. yuradRebas
9
darjania T., samoqalaqo samarTlis onlainkomentari, gccc.ge, 06.06.2018, mux. 69, veli 2.
10
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, darjania T., WeWelaSvili z., darjana T.,
CaCaniZe e., ToTlaZe l. redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2014, 54-55.
11
EEC and Direc ve 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, h ps://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:
L:2011:304:0064:0088:en:PDF>, [02.06.2018], Recital 20.
12
xelSekrulebis uaryofis magaliTze, samarTlis Jurnali, # 1, 2016, 91.
13
xelSekrulebis uaryofis magaliTze, samarTlis Jurnali, 2016, # 1, 92., damatebiT ix.: Fina S.,The Consumer’s Ri-
ght of Withdrawal and Distance Selling in Europe: A Consumer Stronghold in European Distance Selling and E-Commerce, in Festschri
Zehetner F., Haslinger M., Kanonier A., and Zehetner S., eds. 2009, 31.
14
Steennot R., Consumer Protec on with Regard to Distance Contracts A er the Transposi on of the Consumer Rights Direc ve in Bel-
gium and France, European Consumer Law Journal, 2013, (415–458) <h ps://biblio.ugent.be/publica on/4233862/file/6807506.pdf>
[02.06.2018].
15
2014 wlis 27 ivnisis asocirebis SeTanxmeba, erTi mxriv, saqarTvelosa da, meore mxriv, evrokavSirsa da evro-
pis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelwifoebs Soris, <www.matsne.gov.ge>.
„momxmareblis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis proeqtze ganmartebiTi baraTi, <www.parlia-
16
ment.ge>, 1.
17
„momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti, 2014 wels inicirebuli.
107
iqcevs kanonproeqtSi aRniSnuli `sxva saSualebebis~ gamoyeneba. axali kanonproeqtiT18

(Semgom -`kanonproeqtiT~), Seicvala muxlis formulireba da mieTiTa, rom distanci-
uri xelSekruleba ideba teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT da ar moiTxovs movaW-
risa da momxmareblis fizikur Tanyofas. aRniSnuli muxli gansazRvravs distanciuri
xelSekrulebis Sinaarss, Tumca srulad ar asaxavs 2011/83/EC direqtivis 2(7) muxlis
Sinaarss.19 Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia kanonproeqtis direqtivasTan SesabamisobaSi moy-
vana da aRniSnuli muxlis Semdegi saxiT Camoyalibeba: `distanciuri formiT dadebuli
xelSekruleba niSnavs nebismier xelSekrulebas, romelic dadebulia momxmarebelsa da
movaWres Soris momsaxurebis an saqonlis Sesyidvis mizniT, specialurad organizebuli
sistemis meSveobiT, momxmareblisa da movaWris erTdroulad fizikuri daswrebis ga-
reSe, distanciuri komunikaciis erTi an ramdenime saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rogorc
xelSekrulebis momzadebis, aseve misi dadebis etapze.~
3. distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis mxareebi
3.1. momxmarebeli
evropis sabWos pirveli direqtiva momxmarebels ganmartavda, rogorc, fizikur pirs,
romelic am direqtvis farglebSi dadebul xelSekrulebaSi moqmedebs Tavisi savaWro an
profesuli saqmianobis miRma.20 evropis sabWos Semdegi direqtivebiT, kerZod 93/13/EC,
97/7/EC, 99/44/EC, 2000/31/EC, 2002/65/EC, 2011/83/EC daixvewa momxmareblis cneba21 da Camoy-
alibda Semdegi saxiT: momxmarebeli aris nebismieri fizikuri piri, romelic moqmedebs
direqtivis farglebSi, Tavisi savaWro, biznes, samewarmeo an profesiuli saqmianobis
miRma22. Dra Common Frame of Reference23 iTvaliswinebs momxmareblis farTo ganmarte-
bas, rac imas niSnavs, rom momxmareblad miiCnevs im fizikur pirs, romelic umTavresad
moqmedebs kerZo interesebidan gamomdinare. am ganmartebiT fizikuri piri, romelic
iZens mag.: kompiuters rogorc profesiuli saqmianobisaTvis, ise video TamaSebisaTvis
da misTvis upiratesia kerZo interesi, miiCneva momxmareblad.
kanonproeqtiT24 gaziarebul iqna direqtivis midgoma da momxmarebeli ganimarteba
Semdegi saxiT-momxmarebeli aris fizikuri piri, romelsac sTavazoben an romelic iZens
18
„momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti, 2017 wlis Tebervlis mdgomareo-
biT.
19
miklici h., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonproeqtis samarTlebrivi analizi
(2017 wlis martis mdgomareobiT), #6, 2018, 67; ix.: <h p://lawlibrary.info/ge/books/2018GIZ-GE-Compara ve-Resear-
ch-Consumer_Law.pdf.pdf>, [30.06.2018].
20
uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi, samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2014` 98.
21
iqve, 99.
22
EEC and Direc ve 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, <h ps://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ
:L:2011:304:0064:0088:en:PDF>, [02.06.2018]. , Art. 2(1).
23
Principles, Defini ons and Model Rules of European Private Law. Dra Common Frame of Reference (Outline edi on), Ch. von Bar et
al. (eds.)., München 2009, 178.
24
saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti „momxarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“, 2017 wlis Tebervlis mdgomarebiT,
mux. 3 à“.
108
an Semdgom iyenebs saqonels an momsaxurebas piradi moxmarebis, da ara misi samewarmeo an

sxva profesiuli saqmianobis mizniT.
momxmareblis ganmartebis dros calkeuli gansxvavebis miuxedavad maT aqvT ori
ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSani: momxmarebels yvela SemTxvevaSi ganixilaven, rogorc
fizikur pirs da gamoricxaven iuridiuli piris momxmareblad miCnevas. meore ki aris
is, rom aRniSnuli piri moqmedebs Tavisi samewarmeo da savaWro-profesiuli saqmianobis
miRma.25
saqmeze France v Di Pinto26 sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mewarme, miuxedavad sxva sferoSi
arasakmarisis gamocdilebisa, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos momxmareblad.27 es pozicia gana-
mtkica meore saqmezec Francesco Benincasa v Dentalkit,28 sadac mopasuxe moqmedebda Tavisi
profesiuli saqmianobis miRma. evrosasamarTlom ganmarta, rom direqtivis miznebisTvis
momxmarebelad ganixileba kerZo myidveli, romlis mier raime sagnis SeZena ar aris daka-
vSirebuli mis profesiul da komerciul saqmianobasTan.29
ramdenime saxelmwifo momxmareblis qveS moiazrebs iuridiul pirsac, Tu igi saqon-
lis an momsaxurebis SeZenis dros moqmedebs arasamewarmoeo mizniT (mag: avstria, Cexe-
Ti). safragenTSi gamoiyeneba àraprofesiuli~ momxmareblis cneba misi didi da Zlieri
kompaniebisgan dasacavad. faqtobrivad, safrangeTis sasamarTlo praqtika momxmareblad
miiCnevs fizikur da iuridiul pirebs romlebic ar moqmedeben TavianTi profesiuli da
samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi.30
3.2.movaWre
distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis meore mxaris ganmartebis dros ro-
gorc qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi, aseve evrokavSiris direqtivebSi SeiniSneba terminolo-
giuri sxvadasxvaoba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania Tu romeli termini unda
iqnes gamoyenebuli mis aRsaniSnavad.
DSD direqtivis31 Tanaxmad, meore mxare moxseniebulia `supplier~-iT. 2011/83/EC direq-
tivis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, ki meore mxare moxseniebulia `trader~-iT, romelic aRniSnavs
nebismier fizikur an kerZo an sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs, romelic moqmedebs,
Tavisi samewarmeo, biznes, savaWro an profesiuli saqmianobis miznebidan gamomdinare.
`momxmarebelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni32 iTvaliswinebda damamzadeblis,
25
uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi, samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2014, 99.
26
saqme C-361/89 France v Di Pinto [1991] ECR I-1189.
27
Cortés P., Online Dispute Resolu on For Consumers in the European Union, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010, 10.
28
saqme C-269/95 Francesco Benincasa v Dentalkit Srl [1997] ECR I-3767.
29
Cortés P., Online Dispute Resolu on For Consumers in the European Union, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010, 10-11.
30
uflebebis dacvis samarTalSi, samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2014, 100.
31
Direc ve 97/7/EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 20 May 1997 on the protec on of consumers in respect of di-
stance contracts, <h ps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31997L0007&from=en>, [02.06.2018], Art. 2 (3).
32
saqarTvelos kanoni „momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani # 007,
30/04/1996 „(Zaladakargulia -25/05/2012).
109
Semsruleblisa da gamyidvelis cnebas. `momxmarebelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~33 saqarTvelos

kanonproeqtiT ki SemoTavazebul iqna axali termini _ `movaWre~.
direqtiva, aseve, saqarTvelos kanonproeqtic movaWris cnebas farTod ganmartavs,
romlis Tanaxmad, movaWre SeiZleba iyos nebismieri fizikuri an sajaro an kerZo samar-
Tlis iuridiuli piri, aseve, nebismieri sxva piri moqmedi misi saxeliT, romelic moq-
medebs Tavisi profesiuli, savaWro an/da samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi.
4. informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba, rogorc momxmareblis dacvis

saSualeba
movaWre ar unda elodos, rom momxmarebeli Tavad moiZiebs informacias. sakiTx-
isadmi amgvari damokidebuleba pirdapir gamokveTilia evropis marTlmsajulebis sa-
samarTlos praqtikaSic. saqmeze `Content Sevices Ltd v. Bundesarbeitskammer~34 sasamarTlom
ganmarta, rom mewarme piri valdebulia miawodos informacia momxmarebels imis molo-
dinis gareSe, rom isini TviTon SeZleben am informaciis moZiebas. momxmarebeli pasiuri
unda rCebodes informaciis moZiebis TvalsazrisiT.35 direqtivis me-8 (1) muxlis sityve-
bis formulirebiT ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pasiuri momxmarebeli yovelTvis SeiZleba ar
moeqces direqtiviT dacvis sferoSi.36
4.1. momxmareblis dacvis mizniT, winasaxelSekruleblo etapze

informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba
4.1.1. informacia ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebisa da jamuri fasi Sesaxeb

direqtivis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, movaWre valdebulia momxmarebels xelSekrulebis
dadebamde miawodos informacia saqonlis an momsaxurebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Ses-
axeb. aRniSnul valdebulebas awesebs, aseve, belgiuri da franguli kanonmdebloba.37 ms-
33
biT; aseve: „momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti, 2014 wels inicirebuli.
34
saqme C-49/11 Content Sevices Ltd v. Bundesarbeitskammer [2012] ECLI:EU:C:2012:419.
35
lakerbaia T., informirebuli momxmareblis evropuli standarti, samarTlis Jurnali, 2015, #1, 148; damatebiT
ix.: Luzak J., Passive Consumers vs. The New Online Disclosure Rules of the Consumer Rights Direc ve (January 22, 2015). Forthcoming
as a chapter in a book edited by M. Loos & I. Samoy, within the series Ius Commune: European and Compara ve Law, published by Cam-
bridge: Intersen a; Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series No. 2015-02; Amsterdam Law School Research
Paper No. 2015-02. Available at SSRN: h ps://ssrn.com/abstract=2553877 or <h p://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2553877>, [02.06.2018],
8 da Semdegi gverdebi.
36
Luzak J., Passive Consumers vs. The New Online Disclosure Rules of the Consumer Rights Direc ve (January 22, 2015). Forthcoming as
a chapter in a book edited by M. Loos & I. Samoy, within the series Ius Commune: European and Compara ve Law, published by Cam-
bridge: Intersen a; Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series No. 2015-02; Amsterdam Law School Research
Paper No. 2015-02. Available at SSRN: h ps://ssrn.com/abstract=2553877 or <h p://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2553877>, [02.06.2018],
11 da Semdegi.
37
gium and France, European Consumer Law Journal, 2013, (415–458) <h ps://biblio.ugent.be/publica on/4233862/file/6807506.pdf>,
[02.06.2018], 6.
110
gavs debulebas iTvaliswinebs `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ 38 saqarTvelos

kanonproeqtic.
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb misawodebeli informaciis gansazRvris dros mxed-
velobaSi unda miviRoT, distanciuri komunikaciis saSualebebi, romliTac xdeba saqon-
lis an momsaxurebis SeTavazeba, aseve, saqonlis an momsaxurebis buneba. is faqti, rom
produqtisa da servisebis buneba SesaZloa iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli muTiTebs imaze, rom
Tuki aRniSnuli produqti an servisi aris nacnobi da maTi maxasiaTeblebi momxmarebelma
kargad icis, maSin maTi mTavari maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb saerTod aRaraa saWiro infor-
maciis miwodeba, an mxolod mcire doziT.39 amasTanave, is faqtic gasaTvalsiwinebelia,
rom komerciuli sakomunikacio saSualebebi ar iZlevian bevri informaciis miwodebis
saSualebas.40 Ving Sverige-is saqmeze,41 sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ar SeiZleba moTxovnil
iqnas produqtis aRwerilobaSi detalizaciis erTi da igive xarisxi. aRniSnuli ki damok-
idebulia gamoyenebuli komerciuli komunikaciis formaze (magaliTad: radio, telev-
zia, elqtronuli saSualebebi Tu qaRaldi). sasamarTlom, aseve daadgina, rom SesaZloa
sakmarisi aRmoCndes produqtis mxolod zogierTi maxasiaTeblis miwodeba (datana) da
movaWres SeuZlia gamoiyenos veb-saitic, im pirobiT, rom aRniSnul veb-gverdze gan-
Tavsebuli iqneba sakmarisi informacia produqtis mTavari maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb.42
misawodebeli informacia, aseve, unda Seicavdes informacias saqonlis da momsax-
urebis jamuri fasi Sesaxeb, gadasaxadebis CaTvliT. sadac fasis winaswar miTiTeba Su-
Zlebelia miTiTebuli unda iyo is gza Tu rogor moxdeba Tanxis gamoangariSeba. aseve,
miTiTebuli unda iyos yvela damatebiTi Tanxebi gadazidvis, safosto Tu mitanis xar-
jebis CaTvliT, da Tu am ukanasknelis zusti saxiT miTiTeba SeuZlebelia miTiTebuli
unda iyos, rom am xarjebis gadaxda mouwevs momxmarebels da, aseve, unda mieTiTos ro-
gor moxdeba misi daangariSeba.43 aRniSnulis msgavs debulebas iTvaliswinebs, kanonpro-
eqtic.44 distanciuri xelSekrulebis gaformebis dros fasis Sesaxeb misawodebeli in-
formacia, aseve, unda Seicavdes informacias xelSekrulebis dadebis dros gamoyenebuli
38
biT, mux. 7.I.
39
[02.06.2018] 6; damatebiT ix.: saqme C-122/10 Konsumentombudsmannen V Ving Sverige AB [2011] ECR I-3903.
40
[02.06.2018], 6; damatebiT ix.: saqme C-122/10 Konsumentombudsmannen V Ving Sverige AB [2011] ECR I-3903.
41
saqme C-122/10 Konsumentombudsmannen V Ving Sverige AB [2011] ECR I-3903.
42
[02.06.2018], 6; damatebiT ix.: saqme C-122/10 Konsumentombudsmannen V Ving Sverige AB [2011] ECR I-3903.
43
EEC and Direc ve 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, <h ps://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=O
J:L:2011:304:0064:0088:en:PDF>, [02.06.2018], Art.6; damatebiT ix.: Twigg-Flesner, Chris an and Metcalfe, Daniel, The Proposed
Consumer Rights Direc ve _ Less Haste, More Thought? (February 12, 2009). European Review of Contract Law, 2009. Available at SSRN:
<h ps://ssrn.com/abstract=1345783>, [02.06.2018], 10 da Semdegi.
44
saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti „momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“, 2017 wlis Tebervlis mdgomareo-
biT, mux. 7.
111
distanciuri komunikaciis xarjebis Sesaxeb, Tu igi ar Sedis ZiriTad fasSi. 45

momxmareblis dacviT funqcias asrulebs is debulebac, romelic awesebs, rom Tu
momxmarebeli damatebiTi xarjebis Sesaxeb ar iqneba informirebuli, igi araa valdebuli
gadaixados aRniSnuli xarjebi.46 kanonproeqtis SemuSavebis dros arsebobs, rekomenda-
cia, rom informaciis miuwodeblobis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos kanonproeqtSi gaCndes
Semdegi Canaweri: Tu movaWre ar Seatyobinebs momxmarebels informacias gadazidvis,
miwodebis an safosto xarjebis Sesaxeb, an sadac amgvari xarjebis winaswari kalkulacia
SeuZlebelia, im faqtis Sesaxeb, rom SesaZloa gadasaxdeli iyos amgvari damatebiTi xar-
jebi, momxmarebeli ar iqneba valdebuli es damatebiTi xarjebi gadaixados.47 aRniSnuli
debulebis damatebis SemTxvevaSi es muxli iqneba direqtivasTan Sesabamisi.
ganusazRvreli vadiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebis dros an gamoweris xelSekrule-
bebis dros, jamuri fasi daangariSebul unda iqnas TiToeuli saangariSo periodisaTvis.
Tu aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebi formdeba fiqsirebuli ganakveTiT, jamuri fasi niSnavs
Tviur jamur Rirebulebas. Tu fasebi ver daangariSdeba winaswar, maSin unda mieTiTos
Tu ra gziT moxdeba misi daangaroSeba.48 aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kanonproeqti ar
iTvaliswinebs msgavs debulebas.
onlain SekveTis ganxorcielebis dros momxmarebeli unda aanalizebdes, misTvis
gasagebi formiT unda iyos miwodebuli informacia, rom SekveTis ganxorcielebiT war-
moeSoba gadaxdis valdebuleba. kargi iqneba Tu SekveTis ganxorcielebamde iqneba Rila-
ki `SekveT gadaxdis valdebulebiT~. am SemTxvevaSi eWvgareSe iqneba, rom momxmarebeli
informirebuli iyo gadaxdis valdebulebis Sesaxeb. Tu aRniSnuli ar aris miTiTebuli
am SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli ar iqneba SeboWili am xelSekrulebiT.49
4.1.2. informacia movaWris Sesaxeb

2011/83/EC direqtiva, aseve safrangeTisa da belgiis kanonmdebloba ganamtkicebs, rom
misawodebeli informacia unda Seicavdes informacias movaWris savaWro saxelis Sesaxeb,
misi geografiuli misamarTis, sadac ganTavsebulia, Tu SesaZlebelia, telefonis nomer-
is, faqsisa da eleqtronuli meilis misamarTis Sesaxeb informacias, romlis meSevobiTac
momxmarebels SesaZlebloba eqneba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi dauyovnebliv daukavSirdes da
hqondeT efeqturi komunikacia. `sadac SesaZlebelia~ niSnavs, rom movaWre ar aris val-
debuli Tavis veb-saitze miuTiTos telefonis nomeri, im SemTxvevaSi Tu momxmarebli-
45
biT, mux. 8.3.
46
Steennot R., Consumer Protec on with Regard to Distance Contracts A er the Transposi on of the Consumer Rights Direc ve in
Belgium and France, European Consumer Law Journal, 2013, (415–458) <h ps://biblio.ugent.be/publica on/4233862/file/6807506.
pdf>, [02.06.2018], 6; damatebiT ix.: (sq. 6), Art. 6(6); Twigg-Flesner, Chris an and Metcalfe, Daniel, The Proposed Consumer Rights
Direc ve _ Less Haste, More Thought? (February 12, 2009). European Review of Contract Law, 2009. Available at SSRN: <h ps://ssrn.
com/abstract=1345783>, [02.06.2018], 9.
47
48
[02.06.2018], 7.
49
iqve, 13.
112
saTvis SesaZlebelia movaWres daukavSirdes swrafad da hqondes efeqturi komunikacia

komunikaciis sxva saSualebis gamoyenebiT50 da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeZlebs saCivriT
mimarTvas.51 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, momxmareblisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod
sandoobis xarisxi, aramed SesaZlebloba, rom hqondes swrafi da efeqturi komunikaciis
saSualeba, raTa SeZlos Tavisi uflebebis dacvis realizeba.
evropis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT saqmeze Deutsche Internet Versicherung52 imsje-
la telefonis nomris Sesaxeb, informaciis miwodebis savaldebulobis Sesaxeb, sadac
ganmarta, rom ar aris savaldebulo miwodebul iqnas informacia telefonis nomris
Sesaxeb, mTavaria miwodebul iqnas informacia sad SeiZleba daekontaqtos momxmarebeli
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi swrafad da efeqturad.53 msgavs regulirebas, aseve, Tvaliswinebs
zemoaRniSnuli kanonproeqtic54.
4.1.3. informacia samarTlebrivi garantiis Sesaxeb

rogorc direqtivis, ise franguli da belgiuri kanonmdebloba Seicavs danawess rom-
lis Tanaxmad, movaWre valdebulia momxmarebels miawodos informacia saqonlis Sesabam-
isobis Sesaxeb samarTlebrivi garantiis arsebobis Taobaze.55 aRniSnuli ar iyo gaTval-
iswinebuli DSD direqtiviT da es valdebuleba gamoCnda 2011/83/EC direqtiviT.56 ufro
metic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom momxmareblebi aRar arian valdebuli Tavad moiZion infor-
macia TavianTi samarTlebrivi uflebebis Sesaxeb da aRniSnulis valdebuleba ekisreba
movaWres.57 momxmareblisaTvis miwodebul unda iqnas informacia yvela im garantiisa da
misi gamoyenebis pirobebis Sesaxeb rac SeuZlia gamoiyenos mag.: Tanxis dabruneba, saqon-
lis dabruneba, kompensaciis miRebis ufleba da a.S.
saqarTvelos kanonproeqtis58 Tanaxmad, ki miwodebul unda iqnas informacia sagaran-
tio pirobebis an sxva valdebulebebis, maT Soris, Semdgomi momsaxurebisa da produqciis
saTadarigo nawilebiT uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. misi Sinaar-
50
[02.06.2018], 7.
51
Twigg-Flesner Ch., Metcalfe D., The Proposed Consumer Rights Direc ve _ Less Haste, More Thought? (February 12, 2009). European
Review of Contract Law, 2009. Available at SSRN: <h ps://ssrn.com/abstract=1345783>, [02.06.2018] 10.
52
saqme C-298/07 deutsche internet versicherung [2008], ECLI:EU:C:2008:572.
53
[02.06.2018], 7.
54
biT, mux. 7.1.a.
55
[02.06.2018], 9.
56
iqve.
57
iqve.
58
biT, mux. 7.
113
sidan ise Cans, TiTqos igi 1999/44/EC direqtivis59 me-6 muxlis (samomxmareblo garantiebi)
implementacias isaxavs miznad. Tu es asea, maSin misawodebeli informacia gacilebiT
ufro detaluri unda iyos.60 aseve, miwodebul unda iqnas informacia xelSekrulebaze
uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi produqciis ukan dabrunebisTvis saWiro xarjebis erT-erTi mx-
aris mier dafarvis Sesaxeb movaWris mxridan finansuri garantiis moTxovnis uflebisa
da am moTxovnis winapirobebis Sesaxeb, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. informaciis amgvari
xarisxiT miwodebis valdebuleba, calsaxad zrdis momxmareblis dacvis garantias. momx-
marebels, romelsac eqneba saTanado informacia dawesebuli garantiebis Sesaxeb SeZlebs
sakuTari uflebebis jerovnad reliazebas.
4.1.4. misawodebeli informaciis Sinaarsi xelSekrulebidan gasvlis

uflebis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis gasvlis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba gulisxmobs, rom momxmarebel-
ma ara Tu mxolod unda icodes, rom ufleba aqvs uaryos mis mier gamoxatuli neba, ar-
amed unda flobdes informacias, ra drois ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia gamoiyenos aRniSnuli
ufleba da ra procedura unda gaiaros mis gansaxorcieleblad.61 movaWrem momxmarebels,
aseve, unda miawodos xelSekrulebis gasvlis uflebis gansaxorcieleblad direqtiv-
is mixedviT dadgenili standartuli forma. movaWre valdebulia momxmarebels miawo-
dos informacia, Tu SesaZlebelia saqonlis ukan dabruneba. aseve, aRniSnuli unda iyos
rogor xdeba ukan dabruneba da rogor moxdeba ukan dabrunebis xarjebis ganawileba.
miTiTebuli unda iyos, rom xelSekrulebidan gasvlis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebels daeki-
sreba saqonlis dabrunebis xarjebi. Tu saqoneli, Tavisi bunebis mixedviT ar SeiZleba
dabrundes fostis meSveobiT, momxmarebeli informirebuli unda iyos misi dabrunebis
xarjebis odenobis Sesaxeb. Tu zemoaRniSnuli xarjebis Sesaxeb momxmarebeli ar iyo
inormirebuli Sesabamisad, mas am xarjebis gadaxdac ar daekisreba. amasve ganamtkicebs
belgiuri da franguli samarTalic.62
kanonproeqti ar iTvaliswinebs debulebas, rom movaWre valdebulia miawodos in-
formacia xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, Tumca gaTvaliswinebu-
li xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis realizebis mimarT moqmedi wesebi. aseve, unda
aRiniSnos, rom kanonproeqts aklia: debuleba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis formasTan da-
kavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moxdes gafrTxilebis gagzavna informaciis gadacemisa da
xangrZlivad Senaxvis saSualebebiT Tu werilobiT. rogor da ra saSualebiT unda is-
argeblos momxmarebelma xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebiT, ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
momxmarebels ar Seatyobines xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis Sesaxeb.63 vfiqrob, rom
59
Direc ve 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods
and associated guarantees.
60
61
[02.06.2018] 7.
62
iqve.
63
114
unda moxdes kanonproeqtis direqtivasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom im SemTxvevaSi Tu momxmarebeli ar iyo informirebuli xe-
lSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis Sesaxeb, gamoTxovis uflebis gamoyenebis vadis dena
arasdros daiwyeba.64 aRniSnul midgomas daeTanxma evropis sasamarTlo Heiniger65 saqmeze.
aRniSnuli midgoma Seusabamod iqna miCneuli evropuli kanonmdeblis mier da direqtiva-
Si aRniSnulia, rom xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis gamoyenebis xandazmulobis vadad
unda dadgindes 12 Tve im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac momxmarebeli am uflebis Sesaxeb ar iyo
informirebuli.
4.1.5. misawodebeli informaciis Sinaarsi telefonisa da SezRuduli

adgilis an drois meSveobiT xelSekrulebis dadebis dros
Tu movaWre momxmarebels ukavSirdeba telefonis meSveobiT, ar aris sakmarisi mxolod
zemoaRniSnuli informaciis miwodeba da movaWre aseve, valdebulia saubris dasawyisSi
gaamJRavnos informacia Tavisi vinaobis Sesaxeb. xolo Tu sxva piris davalebiT ukavSir-
deba, valdebulia miawodos momxmarebels informacia im piris Sesaxeb visi davalebiTac
ukavSirdeba. aseve, unda gaamJRavnos komerciuli mizani ris gamoc ukavSirdeba. amaves
iTvaliswinebs, saqarTvelos kanonproeqtic. direqtivis msgavsad iTvaliswinebs weril-
obiT dadasturebas distanciuri formiT xelSekrulebis dadebis Sesaxeb. es varianti
SemoRebuli iqna mas Semdeg, rac cnobili gaxda, rom momsaxurebis zogierTi mimwodebeli
iyenebda satelefoni zarebs, raTa xelSekrulebis pirobebi momxmareblis interesebis
sazianod Seecvala.66 distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebis dros, romelic
sruldeba satelefono kavSiris meSveobiT SesaZlebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iyos, rom
movaWrem SeTavazebis miReba daudasturos momxmarebels. 67 amasTanave, movaWre valdebu-
lia momxmarebels saubris dasawyisSive Seatyobinos Tu mouwevs telefonis meSveobiT
xelSekrulebis dadebis dros komunikaciis gazrdili xarjebis gadaxda. erT-erT saqmeze
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom telefoniT komunikaciam ar unda gamiwvios momxmareblisaT-
vis komunikaciis standartuli saSualebisgan gansxvavebiT damatebiTi xarjebis gadaxdis
dakisreba.68
SesaZlebelia SeTavazeba ganxorcieldes iseTi distanciuri formis saSualebiT, sa-
dac SezRudulia informaciis ganTavseba. mag.: SMS -is meSveobiT, sadac informaciis
64
[02.06.2018], 8.
65
saqme C-481/99 Heininger [2001], <h p://curia.europa.eu>, [02.06.2018], I – 9965.
66
67
Luzak J., Mak V., The Consumer Rights Direc ve (December 21, 2012). De Invloed van het Europese Recht op het Nederlandse Priva-
atrecht, 2nd edi on, C. Sieburgh, eds., Kluwer Interna onal, Forthcoming; Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2013-05; Centre
for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series No. 2013-01. Available at SSRN: <h ps://ssrn.com/abstract=2192603>,
[02.06.2018], 5.
68
saqme C-568/15 Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren We bewerbs Frankfurt am Main eV v comtech GmbH [2017] ECLI:EU:C:2017:154.
115
ganTavseba SezRudulia sityvaTa raodenobiT. yvela zemoaRniSnuli informaciis SMS-

is velSi moTavseba aragonivruli iqneba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, movaWre valdebu-
li iqneba miawodos informacia ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis
uflebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, jamuri fasis, movaWris Sesaxeb informacia da xelSekrulebis
xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb informacia, xolo Tu ganisazRvreli vadiT moqmedebs, maSin misi
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb informacia, xolo sxva danarCeni informacia miawodos sxva xelsayre-
li saSualebiT.69
4.2. informaciis miwodebis forma
4.2.1. informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba ~CLEAR AND COMPREHENSIBLE~

formiT
2011/83/EC direqtivis Tanaxmad, informacia miwodebul unda iqnas naTeli da gasagebi
formiT ìn a clear and comprehensible manner~. kanonproeqtSic70 mocemuli, rom informaci-
is miwodeba unda moxdes gasagebi eniT.
amasTanave, Tanamedrove vaWrobisa da momxmarebelTa Taviseburebebis gaTvalis-
winebiT SeuZlebelia movaWris davaldebuleba, rom uzrunvelyos yvela momxmarebil-
saTvis informaciis gasagebi formiT miwodeba. evrokavSiris sasamarTlos mier gamoy-
enebulia `saSualo momxmareblis~ cneba, romelic aris gonivrulobis farglebSi kargad
informirebuli, dakvirvebuli da mimomxilveli.71 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, samarTlis
mizania gonivrulad moazrovne momxmarebeli.72 Sesabamisad, miwodebuli informacia `sa-
Sualo~73 momxmareblisaTvis ar unda iyos gaugebari da arasruli. axali standarti aval-
debulebs movaWres ara mxolod miawodos informacia, aramed aRniSnuli informacia
gaxados gamWirvale. Sesabamisad icavs pasiur momxmarebelsac.74
69
[02.06.2018], 8.
70
saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti “momxarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb, 2017 wlis Tebervlis mdgomareobT,
mux. 8.3.
71
Micklit H., Reich N., Ro P., Understanding EU Consumer Law, Antwerp-Oxford- Portland, 2009, 21-22.
72
lakerbaia T., informirebuli momxmareblis evropuli standarti, samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2015, 151.
73
Luzak J., Passive Consumers vs. The New Online Disclosure Rules of the Consumer Rights Direc ve (January 22, 2015). Forthcoming as
a chapter in a book edited by M. Loos & I. Samoy, within the series Ius Commune: European and Compara ve Law, published by Cambri-
dge: Intersen a; Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series No. 2015-02; Amsterdam Law School Research Pa-
per No. 2015-02. Available at SSRN: h ps://ssrn.com/abstract=2553877 or <h p://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2553877,5>, [02.06.2018].
74
iqve, damatebiT ix.: Luzak J., Online Consumer Contracts, University of Amsterdam _ Centre for the Study of European Contract
Law (CSECL); University of Amsterdam _ Faculty ofLaw, Amsterdam Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-47, Centre for
the Study of European Contract Law, Working Paper Series No.2014-08, ERA Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, 2014, <h p://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/
papers.cfm?abstract–id=2487222##>.
116
4.2.2. informaciis miwodebis forma materialuri TvalsazrisiT

2011/83/EC direqtivis Tanaxmad, informaciis miwodeba SeiZleba werilobiTi formiT
an Tu momxmarebeli Tanaxmaa `myari matareblis75 meSveobiT. direqtiva myar matarebels
ganmartavs, rogorc nebismier instruments, romelic momxmarebels an movaWres miscems
saSualebas TavisTvis ucvlelad Seinaxos informacia ganusazRvreli drois ganmavloba-
Si. aRniSnulidan gamomdianre, informaciis miwodeba unda ganxorcieldes iseTi formiT,
rom momxmarebels yovelTvis hqondes SesaZlebloba misTvis sasurvel dros gaecnos
miwodebul informacias. rac qmnis momxmareblis dacvis gazrdil garantias. vinaidan
onlianvaWrobis mizans warmoadgens savaWro sferos gaZliereba. am dros ar xdeba weril-
obiTi xelSekrulebis gaformeba da saqonlis SeZena xdeba martivad calkeul Rilakebze
xelis daWeriT. swored am dros informaciis miwodeba xdeba sxvadasxva linkze gadasvliT
an informaciis saitze ganTavsebiT.76 am SemTxvevaSi linki saitze ise unda iyos ganTavse-
buli, rom gonivrul momxmarebels SeeZlos misi SemCneva da informaciis miReba.77
4.2.3. informaciis miwodebis ena

movaWres ar moeTxoveba yovel SemTxvevaSi gadaamowmos momxmareblis Semecnebis done
da miT ufro mis mier enebis codnis sakiTxi. aRniSnuli aris momxmareblis pasuxismge-
bloba.78 im SemTxvevaSi Tu movaWre saqmianobas eweva veb-saitis meSveobiT da igi mimarTu-
lia konkretuli wevri saxelmwifoebisaken, movaWre valdebulia informacia ganaTavsos
am wevri saxelmwifos enaze.79 aRiSnuli regulireba calsaxad zrdis momxmareblis dacis
garantias, vinaidan informaciis aRqma nebismieri CvenganisTvis SesaZlebelia mSobli-
ur enaze ukeTaa SesaZlebeli. kanonproeqtiT80 saqarTvelom moaxdina misi adaptireba.
gansazRvravs informaciis ara mxolod qarTul enaze miwodebis valdebulebas, aramed
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi sxva enazec.
4.3. informaciis miwodebis dros mtkicebis tvirTi

informaciis miwodebis Taobaze mxareTa Soris davis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi mtkice-
bis tvirTi ekisreba movaWres.81 Sesabamisad, movaWrem unda uzrunvelyos saTanado mt-
75
lakerbaia T., informirebuli momxmareblis evropuli standarti, samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2015, 156.
76
lakerbaia T., informirebuli momxmareblis evropuli standarti, samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2015 , 158.
77
gium and France, European Consumer Law Journal, 2013, (415–458) 14, <h ps://biblio.ugent.be/publica on/4233862/file/6807506.
pdf>, [02.06.2018], 13.
78
lakerbaia T., informirebuli momxmareblis evropuli standarti, samarTlis Jurnali, #1, 2015, 154-155.
79
Dg Jus ce Guodance Document concerning Direc ve 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011
on consumer rights, amending Council Direc ve 93/13/EEC and Direc ve 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
and repealing Council Direc ve 85/577/EEC and Direc ve 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, <h ps://ec.europa.
eu/info/sites/info/files/crd_guidance_en_0.pdf>, [02.06.2018], 21.
80
biT, mux. 7.1.
81
ix.: (sq. 5), Art. 6.9.; damatebiT ix.: Luzak J., Passive Consumers vs. The New Online Disclosure Rules of the Consumer Rights
Direc ve (January 22, 2015). Forthcoming as a chapter in a book edited by M. Loos & I. Samoy, within the series Ius Commune: European
117
kicebulebebis qona, raTa daamtkicos, rom uzrunvelyo informaciis miwodeba. aRniSnul

valdebulebas akisrebs movaWres safrangeTisa da belgiis kanonmdeblobac.82 momxmare-
belTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonproeqti ki ar iTvaliswinebs aR-
niSnul sakiTxs. es ki mniSvnelovnad amcirebs momxmareblis dacvis garantias da mizanSe-
wonilia kanonproeqtSi cvlileba iqnas Setanili.
4.4. informaciis miuwodeblobis Sedegebi

informaciis miwodebis valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi direqtiva iTvalis-
winebs momxmareblis uflebas, rom gavides xelSekrulebidan. Tumca sxva saxis Sedegebs,
rogoricaa kompensaciis ufleba, nivTis Secvlis moTxovnis ufleba da a.S. ar iTval-
iswinebs da wevr saxelmwifoebs aqvT ufleba Tavad gadawyviton da erovnul kanonmde-
blobaSi gansazRvron.
kanonproeqtis me-7 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, mcdari an SecdomaSi Semyvani in-
formaciis miwodebisTvis movaWre pasuxs agebs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvalis-
winebuli wesiT. ra unda moxdes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelSekrulebis monawile partnio-
ri ar axdens savaldebulo informaciis miwodebas? qarTul kanonmdeblobaze miTiTeba
ar mianiSnebs, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebi.83 Sesabamisad, mi-
zanSewonilia moxdes informaciis miuwodeblobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb regulirebis asaxva,
vinaidan momxmarebelma SeZlos sakuTari uflebebis jerovni dacva. amdenad, rekomendaci-
is Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos kanonproeqtSic unda gaCndes Canaweri informaciis miuwode-
blobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Semdegi saxiT: Tu movaWris mxridan
adgili aqvs informaciis miwodebis valdebulebis Seusruleblobas, ramac momxmarebeli
samomxmareblo xelSekrulebis dadebaze waaqeza, amgvari xelSekruleba gauqmebas daeqve-
mdebareba. momxmarebels SeuZlia uari Tqvas samomxmareblo xelSekrulebaze am safuZv-
lebiT, miuxedavad imisa, movaWris mier me-7 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis
Seusruleblobisas, arsebobda Tu ara misi mxridan klientis xelSekrulebis dadebaze
waqezebis ganzraxva. xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis ufleba wydeba misi dadebidan erTi
wlis Semdeg.84
aRsaniSnavia, rom belgiisa da safrangeTis kanonmdebelma uari Tqva damatebiT sxva
valdebulebis, kompensaciis an sxvaTa SemoRebaze. Tumca gaTvaliswinebulia, rom in-
formaciis miwodebis moTxovniebis darRvevam SeiZleba gamoiwvios dajarimeba.85 vinaidan
and Compara ve Law, published by Cambridge: Intersen a; Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series No.
2015-02; Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2015-02. Available at SSRN: h ps://ssrn.com/abstract=2553877 or <h p://dx.doi.
org/10.2139/ssrn.2553877>, [02.06.2018], 10.
82
pdf >, [02.06.2018], 17.
83
84
ch-Consumer_Law.pdf.pdf>, 30.06.2018.
85
pdf, 19>, [02.06.2018].
118
xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis sakiTxi araerT literaturaSia ganxiluli upriania

aRar SevyovndeT aRniSnulze da gadavideT momxmarebilis uflebebis dacvis sxva sa-
Sualebebze.
5. momxmareblis dacvis sxva saSualebebi
5.1. xelSekrulebis uaryofis vadis gasvlis Semdeg gamovlenili

Seusabamobis dros momxmareblis dacvis saSualebebi
5.1.1. unaklo nivTis miwodebis valdebuleba

saxelSekrulebo samarTlis zogadi principidan gamomdinare, nebismier saxelSekrule-
bo urTierTobaSi movaWre valdebulia momxmarebels miawodos unaklo nivTi.
ssk-is 488-e I muxlis 1-li winadadebis Tanaxmad, nivTi nivTobrivad unakloa Tu igi
SeTanxmebuli xarisxisaa. marTalia kanonmdebeli iyenebs termins `xarisxi~, Tumca es
termini farTo gagebiT unda ganimartos da gsk-is 434-e paragrafis msgavsad moicvas
nivTis `Tvisebebic~.86 SeTanxmebuli xarisxis mqone nivTi SesaZlebelia ar iyos yovelT-
vis SeTanxmebuli Tvisebebis matarebeli, Tumca naklebad savaraudoa, kanonmdeblis mi-
zani aRniSnuli gansxvavebis Segnebuli daSveba yofiliyo.87 SeTanxmebul Tvisebad unda
CaiTvalos sacdeli da samagaliTo (nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebis dros nimuSis
an sinjis Sesabamisi) egzemplarebis Tvisebebi, Tu aseTi SesaZlebloba swored SemZenis
mier nivTis Tvisobriobis Semowmebasa da dadgenas emsaxureba da ar emsaxureba mxolod
reklamirebas.88
kanonproeqtis me-10 muxlis 1-li punqtisa da me-2 punqtis à~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad,
movaWre valdebulia momxmarebels gadasces xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi saqoneli. Tu mx-
areebi sxvagvarad ar SeTanxmebulan saqoneli CaiTvleba xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad, Tu
Seesabameba movaWris mier momxmareblisTvis miwodebul aRweras da gaaCnia igive Tvisebe-
bi, rac movaWris mier momxmareblisTvis wardgenil saCvenebel saqonels gaaCnda.
1999/44/EC direqtiva calke gamoyofs da miuTiTebs, rom nivTi unda Seesabamebodes
momxmareblis mier moTxovnil konkretul mizans. calsaxaa, rom momxmareblis mizani
cnobili unda iyos gamyidvelisaTvis da gamyidvelic Tanaxma unda iyos.
Tu momxmarebeli yidulobs konkretul nivTs im varaudiT, rom mas eqneba mis mierve
moTxovnili specifiuri maxasiaTeblebi, saWiroa, rom aRniSnulis Sesaxeb acnobos movaW-
res da SeaTanxmos pirobebi. sxvagvarad SeTanxmebis gareSe momxmarebeli Tu moelis, rom
mis mier moTxovnili specifiuri maxasiaTeblebi eqneba SeZenil nivTs da ar aRmoCndeba am
maxasiaTeblebis matarebeli, am SemTxvevaSi ar gveqneba Seusabamoba, vinaidan calmxrivi
varaudi ar miiReba mxedvelobaSi.89
86
CaCava s., samoqalaqo kodeqsis onlainkomentari, gccc.ge, 06.06.18, mux. 488, veli 6; cit.: CaCava, myidvelis meo-
radi uflebebis SedarebiT samarTlebrivi analizi, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, 49; Sdr. mesxiSvili, nivTo-
brivi naklis cneba germanulsa da qarTul samarTalSi, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, specialuri gamocema,
2004, 31.
CaCava s., samoqalaqo kodeqsis onlainkomentari, gccc.ge, 06.06.18, mux. 488, veli 6, cit.: CaCava, myidvelis meo-
87
radi uflebebis SedarebiT samarTlebrivi analizi, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, 49.

88
CaCava s., samoqalaqo kodeqsis onlainkomentari, gccc.ge, 06.06.2018, mux. 488, veli 10.
89
Micklit H., Reich N., Ro P., Understanding EU Consumer Law, Antwerp-Oxford- Portland, 2009, 161.
119
ssk calke ar gamoyofs msgavs regulirebas, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom kanonmdebelma

regulirebis miRma datova igi. mxareTa SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis mizanze, rogorc wesi,
gulisxmobs nivTis calkeul Tvisebebze SeTanxmebas, Tumca TiToeul maTganze damatebi-
Ti Sejereba saWiro ar aris, vinaidan xelSekrulebis mizani TavisTavad moicavs maT.90
kanonproeqtis me-10 muxlis 1-li punqtis `g~ qvepunqtic gansazRvravs, rom Sesabamisi
unda iyos momxmareblis mier moTxovnili konkretuli miznis. Tumca, iseve rogorc wina
SemTxvevaSi am sakiTxis calke muxliT regulirebis aucilebloba ar arsebobs.
me-3 sakiTxi, rasac exeba 1999/44/EC direqtiva, aris is, rom nivTi unda iyos msgav-
si maxasiaTeblebis mqone saqonlis msgavsad gamosadegi Cveulebrivi gamoyenebisaTvis.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis aucileblia dgas, rodesac mxareTa Soris ar momxdara Tvisebebze
SeTanxmeba. am sakiTxis regulirebas icnobs, aseve ssk-is 488-e I muxlis me-2 winadadeba,
romlis Tanaxmad, Tu xarisxi ar aris winaswar SeTanxmebuli, maSin nivTi unaklod CaiT-
vleba, Tuki igi vargisia xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli an Cveulebrivi sargeblobi-
saTvis. gvarovnuli nivTis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, miiCneva, rom Cveulebrivi sarge-
blobisaTvis vargisia nivTi, Tu is sul mcire saSualo xarisxisaa ssk-is 380-e muxlis
Sesabamisad.91
kanonproeqtis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis `b~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, ki Sesabamisia Tu
vargisia imgvari sargeblobisTvis, romlisTvisac am tipis saqoneli Cveulebriv gamoi-
yeneba.
1999/44/EC direqtiva me-4 sakiTxsac exeba, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu aCvenebs im xarisxs,
romelic aris normaluri msgavsi tipis saqonelis an momsxaurebis SemTxvevaSia da rom-
lis gonivruli molodinic SeiZleba hqonda momxmareblebs saqonlis maxsaiaTeblebidan
gamomdinare miiCneva Sesabamis saqonlad. mxedvelobaSi miiReba gamyidvelis mier saqon-
lis specifiuri maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb, sajaro gancxadebebze, etiketebze da reklam-
ebSi, miTiTebuli informacia. normaluri xarisxi Seesabameba saSualo xarisxs, romelic
Cveulebrivia konkretul bazarze, Tu konkretul SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli xarisxi ar
moiTxoveba.92 ivaraudeba, rom xelSekrulebiT gansazRvrul pirobebs Seesabameba saqone-
li Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis dros momxmarebelma icoda an gonuvrulad ar ecodine-
boda an Tu Seusabamoba gamoiwvia momxmareblis mier miwodebulma saqonelma. sajaro
gancxadebebs ar eqneba gamyidvelisaTvis mboWavi Zala Tu nakli misTvis ucnobi iyo an
gonivruli mizezebis gamo ver iqneboda cnobili, xelSekrulebis dadebis droisaTvis
es pirobebi gamosworebulia, an Tu xelSekrulebis dadebaze gavlena ar mouxdenia am
pirobebs.93 kanonproeqtis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis `d~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, ki saqoneli
aris xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli xarisxis Sesabamisi Tu aqvs is Tvisebebi, romelic am
tipis saqonlisaTvis Cveulebrivia da romlis gonivruli molodinic momxmarebels Sei-
Zleba hqonoda saqonlis bunebidan da im sajaro gancxadebebidan gamomdinare, romelic
gakeTda movaWris, mwarmoeblis an bazarze ganaTavsebaze pasuxismgebeli sxva piris mier,
maT Soris reklamisa da etiketis saSualebiT. aRniSnuli wesi sajaro gancxadebebTan
mimarTebiT ar gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac movaWre daamtkicebs, rom man ar
icoda an ar SeiZleboda scodnoda im maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Semdgom aR-
90
91
ix.: (sq. 98), veli 27.
92
93
Direc ve 99/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods
and associated guarantees, <h ps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31999L0044&from=EN>, [06.06.2018].
120
moaCnda saqonels an maT Sesaxeb winaswar ecnoba momxmarebels xelSekrulebis dadebis

dros.
gsk-gan gansxvavebiT, ssk-i ar iTvaliswinebs nivTobrivi naklis ganmartebaSi montaJi-
sa Tu misi instruqciis naklis SemTxvevas. Tumca aseTi nakli xelSekrulebiT SeTanxme-
buli Tvisobriobisa Tu gamoyenoebadobis naklis ganmartebaSi moiazreba.94 aRniSnulis-
gan gansxvavebiT, kanonproeqtis me-10 muxlis me-3 punqtSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna, rom
movaWris mier an misi pasuxismgeblobis qveS, saqonlis araswori damontaJebis Sedegad
warmoqmnili Seusabamoba uTanabrdeba xelSekrulebis pirobebTan saqonlis Seusabamo-
bas, Tu saqonlis montaJi xelSekrulebis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli
wesi, aseve vrceldeba saqonelze, romelic gankuTvnilia momxmareblis mier asawyobad
an dasamontaJeblad da saqonelze TandarTuli instruqciis naklovanebis gamo awyoba an
montaJi arasworad ganxorcielda.
amdenad saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba metnaklebad amomwuravad aregulirebs Sesyidu-
li saqonlis naklTan dakavSirebul debulebebs. Tumca Seicavs zemoaRniSnul xarvezebs.
Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia Tu moxdeba zemoaRniSnuli xarvezis gamosworeba da samomx-
mareblo samarTalTan dakavSirebuli zogadi maregulirebeli normebis intergrireba
ssk-Si. xolo calke kanonis arseboba gamarTlebulia Tu SemoRebul iqneba specialuri,
zogadi debulebebisgan gansxvavebuli urTierTobis maregulirebeli normebi.
distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis drosac msgavsi Seusabamoba, an qa-
rxnuli nakli SeiZleba gamovlindes xelSekrulebis uaryofisaTvis dadgenili vadis
gasvlis Semdegac. momxmareblis dacvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens nak-
liani nivTis miwodebis dros zianis anazRaurebis, fasis Semcirebis, Secvlis, SekeTebis
moTxovnis ufleba. 1999/44/EC direqtivis farglebSi momxmarebels Tavisi uflebis da-
sacvad aqvs 4 saSualeba. kerZod, aqvs _ SekeTebis, Canacvlebis, fasis Semcirebis an
xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis moTxovnis ufleba. aRniSnuli moTxovnebis ganxorcieleba
garkveul Tanmimdevrobas eqvemdebareba. kerZod, moqmedebs e.w. or safexuriani95 dacvis
saSualeba. pirvel safexurze SeuZlia moiTxovos SekeTeba an Canacvleba, xolo meore
safexurze fasis Semcireba an xelSekrulebis Sewyveta. aseTi sistemis idea aris is, rom
ramdenadac SesaZlebelia SeinarCunos Tavdapirveli xelSekruleba da amiT Seamciros
xarjebi.96
5.1.2. SekeTeba an/da Canacvleba

1999/44/EC direqtivaze dayrdnobiT momxmarebels xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli
Seusabamo saqonlis miwodebis dros Tavdapirvelad ufleba aqvs, yovelgvari zedmeti
Tanxis gadaxdis gareSe, gamyidvelis xarjiT, moiTxovos nakliani nivTis Canacvleba an
SekeTeba. sityvasityviTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, momxmarebelis arCevanzea damokidebuli
moiTxovs Canacvlebas Tu SekeTebas.
ssk-is 490-e I muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu gayiduli nivTi naklis mqonea, gamyidvelma an
94
95
Smits, Jan M., The New EU Proposal for Harmonised Rules for the Online Sales of Tangible Goods (COM (2015) 635): Conformity, Lack
of Conformity and Remedies (February 12, 2016). European Parliament Commi ee on Legal and Parliamentary Affairs, briefing note PE
536.492, European Union Publica ons Office, February 2016; Maastricht European Private Law Ins tute Working Paper No. 2016/01.
Available at SSRN: <h ps://ssrn.com/abstract=2731811>, [02.06.2018], 11.
96
iqve.
121
unda gamoasworos es nakli, an, Tu saqme exeba gvarovnul nivTs, Secvalos nivTi saami-
sod aucilebel vadaSi. aRniSnuli muxlis analizidan dgindeba, rom gamyidvelis nebazea
damokidebuli gamoasworebs nakls Tu Secvlis mas axali nivTiT.
kanonproeqtis me-10 muxlis me-4 da me-5 punqtebis Tanaxmad, momxmarebeli, romlis
mier SeZenili saqoneli xelSekrulebis Seusabamo aRmoCnda, uflebamosilia moiTxovos
movaWrisgan saqonlis gadacvla an SekeTeba, xelSekrulebis pirobebTan misi Sesabamiso-
baSi moyvanis mizniT. movaWres SeuZlia uari Tqvas rogorc naklis gamosworebaze, aseve
nivTis Secvlaze, Tu es moiTxovs Seusabamod did xarjebs. am SemTxvevaSi momxmarebe-
li uflebamosilia, dauyovnebliv gavides xelSekrulebidan da saqarTvelos kanonmde-
blobiT dadgenili wesiT moiTxovos xelSekrulebis SeusruleblobiT miyenebuli zianis
anazRaureba.
gsk-is &439-e I Tanaxmad, damatebiTi Sesrulebis or saxes Soris arCevanis ufleba
ekuTvnis myidvels.97 mecnierTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom es regulireba Seusabamoa Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom damatebiTi Sesrulebis xajebs kisrulobs gamyidveli.98 kanon-
mdebeli 1999/44/EC direqtiviT arCevanis momxareblisaTvis miniWebis sakiTxs asabuTebs,
imiT, rom nebismieri gamyidveli, romelmac valdebuleba daarRvia nakliani nivTis mi-
wodebiT, ufro naklebad imsaxurebs dacvas, vidre myidveli.99
konkretul situaciaSi is Tu ra SeiZleba iyos yvelaze Sesabamisi momxmareblis an
gamyidvelisaTvis SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan. gamyidvelis
gadmosaxedidan SekeTeba SeiZleba saukeTeso saSualeba iyos maRali xarisxisa da grZel-
vadiani gamoyenebis saqonlis dros, xolo Canacvleba xarjebis TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso
alternativaa dabali xarisxis masobrivi warmoebis saSualebebis dros.100
Tu momxmarebels amoewura maragi saqonlis da amitom SeiZina igi mniSvnelovani ziani
SeiZleba miadges imTaviTve, rodesac nakliani saqoneli miewoda. aseve, Tu pirveli cdaze
warumateblad dasrulda SekeTebis mcdeloba.101
ssk-iT gamyidvelzea damokidebuli airCevs SekeTebas Tu Canacvlebas. es reguli-
reba vrceldeba nebismier nasyidobis xelSekrulebaze. samomxmareblo samarTlis, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Taviseburebidan ga-
momdinare, momxmareblis dacvis garantiebis uzrunvelsayofad, mizanSewonilia, rom
arCevanis ufleba mieces momxmarebels da aRniSnuli sakiTxi daregulirdes damoukide-
beli maregulirebeli normebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom germanuli samarTali gamyidvels uflebas aZlevs Seusabamo nivTis
miwodebis gamo misi SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT, rodesac moxda nivTis Canacvleba,
moiTxovos kompensaciis gadaxda im sargeblis gamo, rac miiRo momxmarebelma Seusabamo
nivTis Canacvlebamde misi gamoyenebiT.102 aRniSnuli sakiTxis daregulirebis diskrecia
97
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, darjania T., WeWelaSvili z., darjana T.,
CaCaniZe e., ToTlaZe l. redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2014, 251; damatebiT ix.: lakerbaia T., xelSekrulebis uaryofis
ufleba: qarTuli da evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi, sadisertacio naSromi samar-
Tlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad, 183 da Semdegi.
98
baCiaSvili v., damatebiTi Sesrulebis, xelSekrulebidan gasvlisa da fasis Semcirebis meoradi moTxovnis
uflebebi nasyidobaSi (saqarTvelosa da germaniis samarTlis mixedviT), qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva _ spe-
cialuri gamocema, 2008, 172.
99
iqve.
100
101
iqve.
102
iqve.
122
wevrs saxelmwifoebs aqvT da SeuZliaT erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvron.103

saqonlis specifiuri maxasiaTeblebis gamo SesaZlebelia misi Canacvleba an ga-
mosworeba SeuZlebeli iyos. es gansakuTrebiT exeba individualuri niSniT gansazRvrul
nivTebs.
gamyidveli valdebulia gamoasworis situacia Tu es obieqturad SesaZlebelia. aseve,
unda ganisazRvros ramdenad proporciuli an gonivrulia dacvis am saSualebis gamoyene-
ba. 1999/44/EC direqtivis 3(3) muxlsa da Sesavalis (11), Tanaxmad, araproporciuloba unda
ganisazRvros obieqturad. dacvis es saSualeba araproporciulia Tu igi gamosworebis
sxva alternatiul saSualebasTan SedarebiT dakavSirebulia aragonivrul xarjebTan.
xarjebis aragonivruloba ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu dacvis erTi saSualebis ga-
moyeneba sxva saSualebasTan SedarebiT warmoSobs mniSvnelovnad did xarjebs. xarjebis
aragonivrulobaze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba: saqonels eqneba Rirebuleba Tu igi
unakloa, is Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania nakli da Tu dacvis sxva alternatiuli sa-
Sualebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebels ar miadgeba didi ziani.
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis dros ama Tu im qmedebis ganxorcielebis dros aqvs
arsebiTi mniSvneloba. direqtiva ar uTiTebs aRniSnuli periodis dawyebis dros, Tumca
aRniSnavs, rom unda iyos gonivruli.104 mocemul urTierTobaSi es sakiTxi dgeba gonivru-
lobis testis105 gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg. direqtivis 3(3) muxlis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari
SekeTeba an Canacvleba unda ganxorcildes gonivruli droSi ise, rom momxmarebels ar
miadgens ziani, mxedvelobaSi miiReba saqonlis Tavisebureba da mizani risTvisac momx-
marebels sWirdeba aRniSnuli nivTi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, gonivruloba ganisazRvreba nivTis Taviseburebis, defeqtis
Tviseburebisa da misi SeZenis miznis mixedviT. (mag.: maqana ufro mniSvnelovania vidre
tosteri). rac ufro mniSvnelovania nakli miT ufro didi droa saWiro mis SesakeTeb-
lad.106
zemoaRniSnuli direqtivis Tanaxmad, SekeTebis xarjebi moicavs saqonlis mitanis,
samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis yvela saWiro xarjebs, romelic unda gaiRos gamyidvelma. am
xarjebSi SeiZleba Sediodes daqiravebuli muSis xarji, gadazidvis xarji, gamosworebi-
saTvis SeZenili saqonlis xarji da a.S.
aRniSnuliT calsaxad dgindeba, rom distanciuri formiT xelSekrulebis dadebis
dros gadamwyveti mniSvneloba interesTa dabalansebas. gonivrulobis farglebSi momx-
mareblisaTvis uflebis miniWebas, rom Tavad gadawyvitos pirvel rigSi moiTxovs Canacv-
lebas Tu SekeTebas.
5.1.3. fasis Semcireba an xelSekrulebis Sewyveta

e.w. meore safexuris moTxovna aris, momxmareblis ufleba, rom Sesabamisi proporci-
iT moiTxovos fasis Semcireba an xelSekrulebis Sewyveta. aRniSnuli uflebis gamosay-
eneblad unda akmayofilebdes 1999/44/EC direqtiviT gansazRvrul Semdeg moTxovnebs:
Tu momxmarebels ara aqvs arc Canacvlebis da arc SekeTebis moTxovinis ufleba, an Tu
103
104
iqve.
105
iqve.
106
iqve.
123
momxmarebelma ar gamoaswora nakli gonivrul droSi, an Tu ver Seasrula meoradi moTx-

ovna didi danakargis gareSe. amasTanave, izRudeba xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis moTxovnis
ufleba. kerZod, momxmarebels ar SeuZlia moiTxovos xelSekrulebis gauqmeba Tu nakli
meorexarisxovania, mxolod SeuZlia fasis Semcireba moiTxovos.
momxmarebels ufleba aqvs, Tavisi e.w. meore donis uflebiT isargeblos dauyovne-
bliv, Tu momxmarebels ar SeuZlia moiTxovos SekeTeba an Canacvleba zemoT aRniSnu-
li mizezebidan gamomdinare an Tu warumateblad dasruldeba gamyidvelis mxridan Se-
keTebis an Canacvlebis mcdeloba, Tu didxans lodini aragonivruli da uSedego iqneba
momxmareblisTvis SeuZlia pirveli donis moTxovnebis gareSe gamoiyenos fasis Semcire-
bis an xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis ufleba.107 saqonlis drouli SekeTebis an Canacvlebis
SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba adgili hqondes momxmareblisTvis did zians. rodesac aSkaraa,
rom SeiZleba did zians hqondes adgili SeuZlia moiTxovos saqonlis pirdapir fasis
Semcireba an xelSekrulebis Sewyveta.108 amasTanave, umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia xarjebis
ganawilebis sakiTxi, romelic sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Putz/Weber-is Sesabamisad
unda Sefasdes. am gadawyvetilebaSi evropulma sasamarTlom naTlad ganmarta, rom gamy-
idvelis valdebuleba aanazRauros saWiro CanacvlebiT gamowveuli xarjebi, sakmaod
farTod vrceldeba.109
ssk-is 492-e muxli calsaxad gansazRvravs, rom fasis Semcirebis moTxovnis ufleba
myidvels mxolod xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia. mi-
uxedavad amisa, gamarTlebulia normis farTod ganmarteba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac val-
debulebis umniSvnelo darRvevis gamo xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba gamoiricxeba.
aseT dros, gamarTlebulia, myidvels mainc hqondes fasis Semcirebis ufleba, radgan is
naklebad mkacri da radikaluri zomaa xelSekrulebidan gasvlasTan SedarebiT. 110
kanonproeqtic iTvaliswinebs direqtivis msgavs regulirebas. kanonproeqtSi iseTi
STabeWdileba rCeba, rom qarTveli kanonmdebeli arCevans 2 etapian gadawyvetaze aCe-
rebs. me- 10 muxlis me-5 punqti exeba gacvlas (Secvlas) da SekeTebas, rogorc naklo-
vanebis aRmofxvris pirveli rigis saSualebebs, me-5 da me-6 punqtebi gansazRvravs im
moTxovnebs, romelTa Sesabamisadac momxmarebels SeuZlia gadavides fasis Semcirebaze
da xelSekrulebidan gasvlaze. miTiTebuli formulireba cota damabnevelia. ufleba da
saSualeba momxmareblis mxaresaa. mxolod amis Semdeg SeuZlia gamyidvels momxmareblis
uSualo saCivris uaryofa, romelic fasis Semcirebas an xelSekrulebidan gasvlas exeba
im pirobiT, rom mas dasabuTebuli da sapatio mizezebi aqvs. gamyidvels pirvels unda
mieces mdgomareobis gamosworebis saSualeba. Sesabamisad, me-5 punqtis formulireba
unda Seicvalos.111 gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, momxmarebels sruli Tavisufle-
ba unda hqondes sxvadasxva dacvis saSualebas Soris arCevanSi.112 rasac veTanxmebi da
107
iqve.
108
iqve.
109
110
CaCava s., samoqalaqo kodeqsis onliankomentari, gccc.ge, 06.06.2018, mux. 492, veli 16.
111
ch-Consumer_Law.pdf.pdf>,[30.06.2018].
112
iqve.
124
vfiqrob, rom kanonproeqtSi 1999/44/EC direqtiviT regulirebuli sakiTxebis moTavse-

bis mizania, rom SemoiRos ssk-gan gansxvavebuli regulireba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi azr-
smoklebuli iqneba reglirebuli sakiTxis calke kanonSi gameoreba.
5.2. Seusabamobis gamovlenis xandazmulobis vada

1999/44/EC direqtivis Tanaxmad, momxmarebels ufleba aqvs Seusabamo saqonlis mi-
wodebisaTvis moiTxovos direqtviT ganszaRvruli dacvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba saqon-
lis miwodebidan 2 wlis vadaSi, rodesac nakli arsebobda miwodebis dResve. aRniSnul
debulebas iTvaliswinebs kanonproeqtic. Tumca Zalze sadavoa 2 wliani vadis SemoReba.
aRniSnuliT arapirdapir xdeba momxmareblis davaldebuleba, rom Seamowmos miRebuli
produqti da arapirdapir ekisreba misi Semowmebis mtkicebis tvirTi. vinaidan direq-
tivis es debuleba ar aris savaldebulo, veTanxmebi gamoTqmul mosazrebas da mizanSe-
wonilad mimaCnia, rom gaziarebul ar iqnas igi113 da ar dawesdes SeusabamobisaTvis dadge-
nili xandazmulobis vada. amave direqtiviT gansazRvrulia, rom Tu nakli gamovlindeba
nivTis miwodebidan 6 Tvis vadaSi, ivaraudeba, rom es nakli arsebobda nivTis miwodebis
dResve, garda im SemTxvevaSi Tu es varaudi ar Seesabameba nivTis an naklis bunebas. aR-
niSnuli warmoadgens momxmareblis dacvis garantias da misTvis xdeba mtkicebis tvir-
Tis Semsubuqeba. Sesabamisad, momxmareblis maqsimaluri dacvis garantiis Seqmnis mizniT
mizanSewonilia, rom moxdes mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kanonproeqtis 1999/44/EC
direqtivasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
6. momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis procesualuri saSualebebi

momxmarebeli ukmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi pirveli rasac akeTebs aris is, rom dava
gadaWras molaparakebis gziT. molaparakebis miuRwevlobis SemTxvevaSi mxareebi ZiriTa-
dad mimarTaven sasamarTlos, rac calkeul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba momgebiani iyos ar iyos.
momxmarebelTa umravlesobisTvis sasamarTlosTvis mimarTva evrokavSiris wevr
qveynebSi iTvleba `Zvirad Rirebul~ , droSi gawelil, biurokratiul da araefeqtur
`saSualebad~. im qveynebSic ki sadac SedarebiT efeqturi sasamarTlo sistemaa, sasamarT-
lo gadawyvetileba momxmareblis davasTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis ar iTvleba gadawyve-
tis saukeTeso meTodad. mag.: oridan erTi germaneli momxmarebelic ki ar CaTvlis saW-
irod, mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT, Tu davis sagnis Rirebuleba 500 evroze naklebi
iqneba.114
tradiciuli sasamarTlo procesisagan gansxvavebiT calkeuli qveynebi B2C Soris
davis gadawyvetis dros sTavazoben gansxvavebul, bevrad martiv da mxareze morgebul
process. literaturaSi aRniSnuli cnobilia mcire davebis proceduri saxeliT (SCP).
113
iqve, 75.
114
berlini q., davis mogvarebis alternatiuli meTodi mewarmeebisa da momxmareblebis konfliqtSi, davebis
alternatiuli gadawyeta, wliwadeuli, i. burdulisa da g. cercvaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2013, 108.
125
6.1. mcire davebis procedura (SCP)

SCP aris ufro araformaruli da martivi procedura, mosarCele ar aris valdebuli,
rom Tavisi sarCeli samarTlebrivi argumentebiT gaamyaros amitom iuridiuli warmo-
madgenlis arsebobsac araa savaldebulo, zepiri ganxilvis dros mosamarTleebi ere-
vian saqmis ganxilvaSi, kerZod, kanonieri warmoamdgenlis gareSe warmodgenil mxareebs
exmarebian proceduruli sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi, mxareebs aqvT ufro meti moqniloba
TavianTi mtkicebulebebis warmodgenaSi, mosamarTleebs ki aqvT ufro meti diskrecia
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, mxareebi xSirad ixdian TavianT samarTlebriv xarjebs
da ara aqvT riski rom mouwevT mouwevT mopasuxe mxaris xarjebis (advokatis xarjebis
CaTvliT) gadaxda Tu waageben process.115
irlandiaSi aRniSnul davaSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba aqvs mxolod momxmareb-
els, romelmac saqoneli an/da momsaxureba iyida sakuTari piradi miznebisTvis mewarm-
isgan. SCP proceduriT SeiZleba ganixilon davebi, romelic exeba mcire qonebrivi zianis
miyenebas. Tumca pirad dazianebebTan, daqiraveba-Sesyidvis SeTanxmebebis, lizingisa da
savalo xelSekrulebebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebuli davebi aris gamonaklisi da ar
ganixileba aRniSnuli proceduriT. SCP-is mixedviT ganixileba davebi, sadac sasarCe-
lo moTxovnis Rirebuleba ar unda aRematebodes 2000 evros. aRniSnuli procedura
saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels dava gadawyvitos mcire danaxarjebiTa da kanonieri
warmomadgenlis saWiroebis gareSe. 116
mxareebs Soris davis SemTxvevaSi daiwyeba molaparakebis procesi, raTa miRweul
iqnas wina sasamarTlo SeTanxmeba. registratorma SeiZleba SesTavazos mxareebs davis
gadawyvetis gza mxareebis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi. am SemTxvevaSi saqmis TiTqmis naxevari
wydeba sasamarTlos monawileobis anu zepiri ganxilvis gareSe da SeiZleba iTqvas rom es
forma hgavs mediacias. mag.: mediatoris msgavsad registratoric mxareebs ganumartavs
proceduras, mouwodebs maT, rom miaRwion SeTanxmebas. Tu mxareTa Soris ver miiRweva
SeTanxmeba am SemTxvevaSi mxareebi valdebuli iqnebian wardgenen sasamarTloSi. zepir
ganxilvaze uflebamosili arian wardaginon mowmeebi faqtebis dasasabuTeblad da Seu-
ZliaT yvadeT advokatebi.117
sasamarTloSi am gzis gamoyenebis mizania xarjebis Secireba, magram Tu ver moxdeba
misi Semcireba am SemTxvevaSi davis am formiT ganxilvis upiratesoba eWvqveS dgeba.
inglisisa da uelsis samarTalic icnobs mcire davebis ganxilvis proceduras, Tumca
sxvagvari saxecvlilebiT. davebis daaxloebiT 70% ganixileba swored am formiT. am pro-
ceuris mixedviT ganixileba saqme Tu fuladi TanxiT gamoxatuli limiti ar aRemateba
5000 funt sterlings, xolo piradi dazianebebis da saxlebis SekeTebis davebze 10000
funti sterlings. aRniSnuli formiT davis dawyebis saSualeba aqvs ara mxolod momx-
marebels, aramed mimwodebel biznesmensac. 100,000 funti sterligamde dakavSirebuli
dava SeiZleba daiwyos onlian ganacxadebis Sevsebis gziT.118
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs, msgavs wess. viqrob, rom mizanSewonil-
ia daiwyos masze fiqri da ganmtkicebul iqnas mcire Rirebulebis davebze biurokrati-
uli wesebisagan Tavis aridebis SesaZlebloba. aSkaraa, rom msgavsi proceduris SemoRe-
115
Cortés P., Online Dispute Resolu on For Consumers in the European Union, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010, 18.
116
iqve.
117
iqve.
118
iqve.
126
bis SemTxvevaSi moxdeba sasamarTloebis gantvirTva da davebis gadawyveta metad moqnili

da swrafi gaxdeba.
7. daskvna da rekomendaciebi
winamdebare naSromidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom distanciuri saSuale-
bebis gamoyenebiT xelSekrulebebi SeiZleba daidos rogorc werilobiT, ise zepirad. xe-
lSekrulebebi unda miviCnioT werilobiTi formiT dadebulad Tu identur dokumentze,
orive mxaris mier iqneba kvalificiuri eleqtronuli xelmowera dasmuli. yvela sxva
SemTxvevaSi ki unda mivakuTvnoT zepir xelSekrulebaTa ricxvs. distanciuri komunik-
aciis saSualebebi ki SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva mag.: telefoni, faqsi da a.S..
distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani sxva
saxis xelSekrulebebisgan aris is, rom xelSekrulebis dadeba xdeba mxolod distancuri
komunikaciis saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, mxareTa erTdrouli daswrebis gareSe, mas Sem-
deg, rac momxmarebeli gamoxatavs xelSekrulebis dadebis nebas werilobiTi formiT an
sxva qmedebiT.119 `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonproeqti
ki srulad ver asaxavs distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis ganmartebas da
rekomendirebuli, rom 2011/83/EC direqtivasTan SesabamisobaSi iqnas moyvanili da Camoy-
alibdes Semdegi saxiT: `distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekruleba niSnavs nebismier
xelSekrulebas, romelic dadebulia momxmarebelsa da movaWres Soris momsaxurebis an
saqonlis Sesyidvis mizniT, specialurad organizebuli sistemis meSveobiT, momxmare-
blisa da movaWris erTdroulad fizikuri daswrebis gareSe, distanciuri komunikaciis
erTi an ramdenime saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rogorc xelSekrulebis momzadebis, aseve
misi dadebis etapze.~
rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis mxareebs, direqtivisa da evropis sasamarTlos praqtikis
analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom momxmarebeli SeiZleba iyos mxolod fizikuri piri,
romelic momsaxurebis an saqonelis SeZenis dros moqmedebs Tavisi samewarmeo, profesi-
uli, savaWro saqmianobis miRma da gamoricxulia iuridiuli piris momxmareblad miCnevis
SesaZlebloba. iuridiuli piris, miuxedavad misi sxva sferoSi naklebi gamocdielbisa,
momxmareblad miCneva SeuZlebelia. aRniSnulis sapirispirod ki movaWre SeiZleba iyos
nebismieri fizikuri da sajaro Tu kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri, romelic moq-
medebis Tavisi samewarmeo, savaWro, komerciuli an sxva profesiuli saqmianobis far-
glebSi. aseve, SeiniSneba terminTa aRrevis SesaZlebloba da mizanSewonilia saqarTvelo-
Si meore mxaris aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebul iqnas sityva `movaWre~.
momxmareblis dacvis miznebidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs wina-
saxelSekruleblo etapze informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba. evrokavSiris kanonmde-
bloba sakmaod detalurad gansazRvravs misawodebeli informaciis Sinaars, romelic
unda iyos naTeli da gasagebi. am mxriv `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqa-
rTvelos kanonproeqtic iTvaliswinebs regulirebas, Tumca Seicavs mniSvnelovan xarve-
zebs. kerZod, momxmareblis dacvis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa, rom direqtiva movaWres
avaldebulebs, uzrunvelyos informaciis miwodeba, davis warmoSobis SemTxvevSi ki masve
ekisreba informaciis miwodebis Taobaze mtkicebis tvirTs. aseve, direqtivis Tanaxmad,
Tu momxmarebeli ar iyo informirebuli damatebiTi xarjebis Sesaxeb momxmarebels ar
119
faCuaSvili n., distanciuri xelSekrulebebi da maTze uaris Tqmis ufleba germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
mixedviT, studenturi samarTlebrivi Jurnali, 2014, 145.
127
ekisreba misi gadaxdis valdebuleba. am regulirebas ar iTvaliswinebs zemoaRniSnuli

kanonproeqti, rac mniSvnelovanad amcirebs momxmareblis dacvis garantiebs. kanonpro-
eqti ar iTvaliswinebs informaciis miwodebis formis sakixebs. kerZod, informaciis mi-
wodeba unda ganxorcieldes werilobiT formiT, eleqtronul meilze gadagzavniT Tu
myari matareblis meSveobiT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, garTuldeba mtkcebis sakiTxi
moxdaa Tu ara informaciis miwodeba. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia moxdes am normebis
daxvewa da direqtivasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana. kanonproeqti nawilobriv aregulirebs
xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis sakiTxs, Tumca ar Seicavs valdebulebas, rom unda
moxdes xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis arsebobis Sesaxeb momxmareblisaTvis infor-
maciis miwodeba. unda ecnobos momxmarebels, Tu ra vadaSi SeuZlia am uflebis reali-
zeba. am valdebulebis ararseboba momxmareblisTvis warmoSobs mniSvnelovan problemas,
vinaidan Tu ar aris informirebuli verc mis realizebas SeZlebs.
aseve, mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, ra moxdeba Tu dadgenil vadaSi movaWre dadgenil va-
daSi ar Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas. vfiqrob, rom am SemTxvevSi momxmarebels ara
mxolod xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba unda hqondes, aramed unda SeeZlos moiTxo-
vos kompensaciis anazRaurebac.
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebisaTvis vadis
gasvlis Semdeg momxmareblis dacvis saSualebebi. am mizniT, mniSvnelovania momxmarebels
hqondes ufleba sakuTari survilis Sesabamisad gadawyvetos moiTxovos SekeTeba, Canacv-
leba, fasis Semcireba Tu xelSekrulebis Sewyveta. ssk nasyidobis TavSi aregulirebs
msgavs sakiTxebs. Tumca, mizanSewonilia moxdes samomxmareblo normebis ssk-Si inter-
grireba da gansazRvra, rom arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba momxmarebels mieces. arsebi-
Ti mniSvnelobisaa saqarTvelos kanonis proeqtSi Caiweros, rom Tu nakli gamovlindeba
pirveli 6 Tvis vadaSi ivaraudeba, rom es nakli arsebobda Tavidanve. aRniSnuli ki gaz-
rdis momxmareblis uflebis dacvis garantias. aseve, vfiqrob, rom gaziarebuli midgoma
Sesabamisobis gamovlenis 2 wlian vadasTan dakavSirebiT, araa mizanSewonili da ar unda
dawesdes Sesabamisobis gamovlenis xandazmulobis vada, vinaidan amiT arapirdapir momx-
arebels ekisreba naklis gamovlenis valdebuleba.
rekomendirebulia, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiTac gaTvaliswinebul iqnas momx-
marebelsa da movaWres Soris mcire Rirebulebis davebze, sasamarTlos, arbitraJisa
da mediaciisagan gansxvavebuli wesi, ise, rom ar iqnas gamoricxuli sasamarTlosaTvis
mimarTvis uflebac.
128
Teona Todua (MA Student, TSU)
LEGAL ASPECTS OF REGULATION OF COLLECTIVE REDUNDANCY UNDER THE EU DIRECTIVE

AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE GEORGIAN LEGISLATION
ABSTRACT
This ar cle analyzes collec ve redundancy as regulated under the Council Direc ve 98/59/EC of 20 July
1998 on the approxima on of the laws of the Member States rela ng to collec ve redundancies. The Di-
rec ve has harmonized na onal legisla ons on the procedures and prac cal arrangements. In Ar cle 1 the
Direc ve defines “collec ve redundancies~ as “dismissals effected by an employer for one or more reasons
not related to the individual workers concerned, where, according to the choice of the Member States, the
number of redundancies is as specified in the Direc ve. Given that the direc ve does not provide a defini ve
list of reasons that may be invoked for collec ve redundancies, European countries have wide room for ma-
noeuvre and this leads to significant differences between the EU Member States. The subsequent sec ons
of the Direc ve deal with informa on and consulta on, as well as no fica on to the competent authori es.
The Direc ve sets a minimum standard for informa on and consulta on with workers in the event if a
significant number of workers are affected by proposed redundancies. The EU Direc ve (98/59/EC) on this
ques on aims to improve protec on for workers affected by decisions of this kind. It sets out rules on the
informa on and consulta on of workers’ representa ves before collec ve redundancies are made, as well as
provisions on par cular support for the employees who are laid off.
Collec ve redundancies are in many ways a natural and structural facet of capitalist industrial economies.
Economic transforma ons and cycles, industrial restructuring processes, and the dynamics of compe ve
market economies all dictate that managers may have to contemplate restructuring businesses in ways that
are likely to have an adverse impact on either the number of jobs in the company or the terms and condi ons
of employment, or both. The law is called upon to regulate this natural facet of capitalist economies, while
striking a balance between a number of (o en) compe ng interests, typically those of businesses, workers
and society at large.
It should be noted that this Ar cle analyses possible challenges of implementa on into our Legisla on
according to the EU Direc ves, as this par cular point was seen as important for the scope of the present
work. The Present ar cle also analyzes collec ve redundancy according to the Georgian Legisla on and case
law.
129
Teona Todua*
evropuli kavSiris direqtiviT regulirebuli SromiTi urTierTobis

koleqtiurad Sewyvetis ZiriTadi principebi da qarTuli
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba direqtivasTan
1. Sesavali
saqarTvelos damoukidebel qveynad aRiarebis Semdeg, qveynis sagareo politikis mTa-
vari prioriteti evrokavSirTan daaxloeba da sabolood, masSi gawevrianeba gaxda. 1990-
iani wlebis dasawyisidan saqarTvelo aqtiurad TanamSromlobs evrokavSirTan. 1999 wels
ZalaSi Sevida evrokavSirTan partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmeba, ramac gan-
sazRvra saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris urTierTobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. 2006
wels miRebul iqna saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris evropuli samezoblo politikis samoqme-
do gegma,1 romelic gansazRvravs TanamSromlobis strategiasa da prioritetul mimar-
Tulebebs 2013 wlamde. 2010 wels daiwo molaparakeba saqarTvelos asocirebis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebaze, romelic 2013 wlis martSi dasrulda. amave wlis noembris dasasruls ki,
vilniusSi (litva), aRmosavleT partniorobis saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis samitze, moxda
asocirebis SeTanxmebis inicireba parafirebis saxiT.2 SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Seva saqarTvelos
da evrokavSiris 28 wevri-saxelmwifos mier misi xelmowerisa da ratificirebis Semdeg.
statiaSi ganxiluli sakiTxis aqtualuroba gamowveulia saqarTvelos mier asocire-
bis SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebiT moaxdinos kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia evro-
kavSiris mTel rig direqtivebTan, maT Soris, masobrivi daTxovnis Sesaxeb N98/59/EC
direqtivasTan. amasTan, SromiT kanonmdeblobaSi dRemde am kuTxiT cvlilebebi ar ganx-
orcielebula.
naSromSi gadmocemulia evropuli kavSiris direqtiviT mowesrigebuli SromiTi urT-
ierTobis erT-erTi saxe _ dasaqmebulTa masobrivi daTxovna. aRniSnuli direqtiva iZle-
va SesaZleblobas Seswavlil iqnes evropaSi arsebuli standarti masobriv daTxovnasTan
mimarTebiT. statiis farglebSi, aseve, ganxilulia saqarTvelos SromiTi kanonmdebloba
zemoxsenebuli sakiTxis WrilSi. naSromi SesaZleblobas aZlebs mkiTxvels Seadaros ev-
ropuli direqtiviT dadgenili stardarti, amJamad moqmed qarTul kanonmdeblobas da
daanaxos is perspeqtivebi, rac SeiZleba arsebobdes am kuTxiT.
garda amisa, statiaSi ganxilulia evropis im qveynebis praqtika, romlebmac ukve
danerges direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli regulaciebi maT kanonmdeblobaSi. ganxilulia,
rogorc direqtiviT dadgenili wesebis dadebiTi gavlena kanonmdeblobaze, aseve misi
xarvezebi praqtikuli kuTxiT.
asocirebis SeTanxmeba3 adgens Semdgomi ormxrivi urTierTobebis prioritetebsa da
ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. igi erTgvari CarCo xelSekrulebaa, romelic garkveul SemTx-
vevebSi, qveyanas amzadebs evrokavSiris wevrobisaTvis. sxva sityvebiT, instituciurad
* kerZo samarTlis magistri, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ss „alians jgufi holdingis“ iuristi.
1
<h p://www.eu-nato.gov.ge/ge/eu/neighborhood-policy>, [20.04.2019].
2
Joint Declara on of the Eastern Partnership Summit, Vilnius, 28-29 November 2013, Eastern Partnership: the way ahead.
3
ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 18 ivlisis #2495-rs dadgenilebiT, <h ps://matsne.gov.ge/index.
php?op on=com_ldmssearch&view=docView &id=2406480&lang=ge>, [20.04.2019].
130
da formalurad, asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ar warmoadgens wevrobis winapirobas,

Tumca arc gamoricxavs mas. asocirebis xelSekruleba evrokavSiris ZiriTadi instru-
mentia aRmosavleTis partniorobis qveynebis evrokavSiris standartebTan da normebTan
maqsimalurad daaxloebisaTvis. misi xelmoweris Semdeg saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas,
miiRos evrokavSiris mTeli rigi samarTlebrivi aqtebi vaWrobis, dasaqmebulTa ufle-
bebis dacvisa Tu garemos dacvis normebis Sesaxeb.
2. evrokavSiris direqtiviT gansazRvruli regulireba

da mimarTeba qarTul kanonmdeblobasTan
saqarTvelo SeTanxmebiT iRebs valdebulebas gaataros reformebi da uzrunvelyos
kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia evrokavSiris mTel rig direqtivebTan, romelTa Sorisac
aris SromiTi urTierTobebisa da dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi 1998 wlis 20
ivlisis sabWos 98/59/EC4 direqtiva masobrivi daTxovnis Sesaxeb.5
masobrivi daTxovna warmoadgens damsaqmeblis gadawyvetilebas dasaqmebulTa jgu-
fis samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebis Taobaze. evrokavSiris direqtiva 98/59/EC6 aRniSnul
sakiTxze miznad isaxavs damsaqmeblis aseTi xasiaTis gadawyvetilebisas dasaqmebulTa
dacvas.7
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis8 381-e muxlis gansazRvravs masobriv daTxovnas, ro-
gorc 15 kalendaruli dRis ganmavlobaSi sul mcire 100 dasaqmebulTan SromiTi xe-
lSekrulebebis Sewyvetas ekonomikuri garemoebebis, teqnologiuri an organizaciuli
cvlilebebis gamo, romlebic aucilebels xdis samuSao Zalis Semcirebas.9 saqarTve-
los Sromis bazarze damkvidrebuli midgoma da sasamarTlo praqtika ekonomikuri da/
an organizaculi garemoebebiT ganpirobebul SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetas yov-
elTvis ukavSirebs termin `reorganizacias~.10 reorganizacia Tavisi arsiT moicavs
mxolod organizaciul cvlilebebs. es norma ki, organizaciuli cvlilebebis gar-
da, SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetis safuZvlad ganixilavs nebismier sxva ekonomi-
kur garemoebas an teqnologiur cvlilebas.11 muxlis meore elementi – `samuSao Zalis
Semcireba~ – sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, xSirad, moixsenieba `Statebis Semcire-
4
Council Direc ve 98/59/EC of 20 July 1998 on the approxima on of the laws of the Member States rela ng to collec ve redundancies,
h p://eur-lex.europa.eu/ legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31998L0059.
5
dokumentis mixedviT, am direqtivis debulebebi unda Sesruldes asocirebis xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan
xuTi wlis vadaSi.
6
Council Direc ve 98/59/EC of 20 July 1998 on the approxima on of the laws of the Member States rela ng to collec ve redundan-
cies; Official Journal L 225 , 12/08/1998 P. 0016 – 0021, <h ps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A31998L0059>,
[20.04.2019].
7
<h ps://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=707&intPageId=215&langId=en>, [20.04.2019].
8
2010 wlis saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi #4113-rs (sSk), <h ps://matsne.gov.ge/
index.php?op on=com_ldmssearch&view=d ocView&id=1155567&lang=ge>, [20.04.2019].
9
SveliZe z., masobrivi daTxovnis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis aspeqtebi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsisa da ev-
ropuli kavSiris direqtivis mixedviT, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), Tb., 2014.
10
SveliZe z., masobrivi daTxovnis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis aspeqtebi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsisa da
evropuli kavSiris direqtivis mixedviT, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), Tb., 2014, 36.
11
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-194-185-2016, 29.07.2016 weli; aseve ix.
gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-143-2019, 05/07/2019;
131
Teona Todua
bad~.12 reorganizaciasa da Statebis Semcirebas (Sesabamisad, organizaciul cvlileba-

sa da samuSao Zalis Semcirebas) Soris urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb sasamarTlom ganmar-
ta, rom `reorganizacia~ sawarmos/dawesebulebis/organizaciis Sida organizaciuli
cvlilebaa, romelic piris samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Sei-
Zleba daedos safuZvlad, Tu piris samsaxuridan gaSveba reorganizaciis Sedegebma ga-
napiroba da ara uSualod reorganizaciis procesma. sakiTxis sxvagvari gadawyvetiT,
damsaqmebels yovelTvis SeeZleba kanoniT akrZaluli safuZvliT dasaqmebulis sam-
saxuridan gaTavisufleba da aRniSnuli procesis e.w. `Sida organizaciuli cvlilebiT~
gamarTleba.13
sasamarTlos SefasebiT,14 reorganizacia, Tundac marTlzomieri da saWiroebisamebr
Catarebuli, yovelTvis ar aris dasaqmebulTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis le-
gitimuri safuZveli. reorganizaciis (anu organizaciuli cvlilebis), iseve, rogorc
nebismieri sxva ekonomikuri garemoebebis an teqnologiuri cvlilebis Sedegi, unda
iyos samuSao Zalis (anu `Statebis~) Semcireba.15 amdenad, masobrivi daTxovnis special-
uri norma gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis safuZvelia
ekonomikuri garemoebebi, teqnologiuri an organizaciuli cvlilebebi. aseTi garemoe-
ba, amavdroulad, aucileblad unda iwvevdes samuSao Zalis Semcirebas. 16 mniSvnelovania
sakasacio sasamarTlos arsebuli ganmarteba, rom SromiTi xelSekrulebis damsaqmeblis
mier calmxrivad moSlis ufleba ar aris SeuzRudavi. qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan
da TiToeuli dasaqmebulis saqmis individualuri Sefasebisas gamoyenebuli unda iqnes
e.w. `favor prestatoris~ principi, rac dasaqmebulTaTvis sasargeblo wesTa upirateso-
bas niSnavs. swored aRniSnuli principis gamoyenebisas, saWiroa damsaqmeblis da dasaqme-
bulis moTxovnebisa da interesebis wonasworobis dacva samarTlianobis, kanonierebisa
da TiToeuli maTganis qmedebis keTilsindisierebis konteqstSi. 17
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis N15818 konvencia dasaqmebis Sewyve-
tis Sesaxeb masobrivi daTxovnis safuZvlad ganixilavs ekonomikur, te-
19
qnologiur, struqturul an msgavsi xasiaTis garemoebas. saqarTvelos
Sromis kodeqsisgan gansxvavebiT direqtiva iTvaliswinebs masobrivi daTxovnis ufro
zogad safuZvels. direqtivaSi masobrivi daTxovna ganmartebulia, rogorc damsaqmeblis
iniciativiT erTi an meti mizeziT ganxorcielebuli daTxovna, romelic ar aris daka-
vSirebuli individualur dasaqmebulTan.20 amdenad, evropuli kavSiris regulirebasTan
12
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-665-636-2016; 09/12/2016. saqme Nas-281-263-
2014; 27/03/2015.
13
SveliZe z. masobrivi daTxovnis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis aspeqtebi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsisa da ev-
ropuli kavSiris direqtivis mixedviT, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), Tb., 2014, 5.
14
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-665-636-2016; 09/12/2016. saqme Nas-281-263-
2014; 27/03/2015.
15
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-1444-1364-2017, 9.03.2018; saqme #as-1611-
2018, 26.02.2019;
16
SveliZe z. masobrivi daTxovnis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis aspeqtebi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsisa da ev-
ropuli kavSiris direqtivis mixedviT, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), Tb., 2014.
17
ix. susg:#as-941-891-2015, 29.01.2016w; Sdr. #as-1124-1080-2016,10.03.2017w; #as-1145-1101-2016,17.03.2017w.
18
<h ps://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C158>, [20.04.2019].
19
158 _ Termina on of Employment Conven on, 1982 (No. 158), Ar cle 2.
20
Foster N., Blackstone’s Statutes EC Legisla on, 17th Edi on, 2006/2007, 365.
132
SedarebiT, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT masobrivi daTxovna SezRudulia konkretuli

safuZvliT.
3. koleqtiuri daTxovnis winapirobebi evrokavSiris

direqtivis mixedviT
masobriv daTxovnas adgili aqvs roca damsaqmebels sWirdeba21: daxuros an gadaita-
nos sadme biznesi srulad an nawilobriv; danakargis anazRaurebis mizniT dazogos Tanxa;
axali teqnologiebis SemoReba an biznesis reorganizacia.
1998 wlis 20 ivlisis evrosabWos direqtiva 98/59/EC masobrivi daTxovnis Sesaxeb wevr
saxelmwifoebs sTavazobs masobrivi daTxovnis ganmartebis or kriteriums:
koleqtiur daTxovnad iTvleba 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi:
1. aranakleb 10 dasaqmebulis daTxovna dawesebulebaSi, sadac dasaqmebulia aranak-
leb 20 da araumetes 100-ze meti piri;
2. dasaqmebulTa aranakleb 10%-is daTxovna dawesebulebaSi, sadac dasaqmebulia,
sul mcire 100, magram 300-ze naklebi piri;
3. aranakleb 30 dasaqmebulis daTxovna dawesebulebaSi, romelSic dasaqmebulia 300
an meti piri.
direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli meore pirobis Tanaxmad, koleqtiur daTxovnad iTv-
leba 90 dRis ganmavlobaSi aranakleb 20 dasaqmebulis daTxovna, imisgan damoukideblad,
Tu ramdeni piria dasaqmebuli dawesebulebaSi.
garda raodenobrivi safuZvlisa, direqtiva iTvaliswinebs koleqtiuri daTxovnis
Semdeg safuZvelsac. imisaTvis, rom daTxovna masobriv daTxovnad dakvalificirdes
dasaqmebulebTan SromiTi urTierToba unda Sewydes kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil vadaSi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, direqtivis erTi varianti moicavs 30 dRes, xolo meore 90 dRes.
masobriv daTxovnad iTvleba minimum 10 an 20 dasaqmebulos ganTavisufleba samsaxuri-
dan.22
garda aRniSnulisa, direqtivis meore paragrafi awesebs damsaqmeblis valdebulebas
SromiTi urTierTobis SewyvetisTanave daiwyos konsultaciebi dasaqmebulis warmomad-
genelTan.
direqtivis mixedviT, es konsultaciebi sul mcire unda isaxavdes miznad masobrivi
daTxovnis Tavidan acilebis gzebis moZebnas an im dasaqmebulTa ricxvis Semcirebas,
visTanac unda Sewydes SromiTi urTierToba. am mizniT, damsaqmebelma gonivrul vadaSi
dasaqmebulis warmomadmgenlebs unda Seatyobinos Semdegi garemobebis Taobaze:
miawodos yvela aucilebeli informacia masobriv daTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT.
nebismieri garemoebis Taobaze werilobiT Seatyobinos masobrivi daTxovnis mize-
zebis Taobaze, im dasaqmebulebis raodenoba, visi masobrivi daTxovnac unda ganxor-
cieldes; Cveulebriv kompaniaSi dasaqmebulTa kategoria da raodenoba; periodi, romlis
ganmavlobaSic unda moxdes dasaqmebulTa koleqtiuri daTxovna; kriteriumi, romlis
mixedviTac xdeba dasaqmebulTa ganTavisufleba samsaxuridan; ganTavisuflebulTaTvis
21
Acas, Handling large-scale Redundencies, April 2014.
22
Philip M. Berkowitz, Thomas Müller-Bonann, Interna onal Labor and Employment Law, Editors: , Second Edi on, Volume I (Europe),
2008, 80-85.
133
Teona Todua
kompensaciis gadaxdis gamoTvlis meTodi da odenoba. 23

damsaqmebeli direqtivis Tanaxmad aseve valdebulia aRniSnuli informacia miawo-
dos rogorc dasaqmebulis warmomadgenels, aseve saxelmwifos kompetentur organos.24
direqtiva ar iTvaliswinebs konkretulad Tu romeli organo SeiZleba iyos kompeten-
turi, radgan igi individualuria yoveli wevri saxelmwifosTvis. saqarTvelos Sromis
kodeqsis Tanaxmad, aseTi kompetenturi organoa saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da
socialuri dacvis saministro.25 kodeqsiT ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ra informacia unda
iqnes miTiTebuli werilobiT SetyobinebaSi. 26
SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyveta warmoadgens SromiTi samarTlis erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. dResdReobiT mniSvnelovania,rom samarTlebrivi regulacia ica-
vdes rogorc dasaqmebulis uflebebs, aseve iyos damsaqmeblis uflebis SezRudvis
kuTxiT moqnili da gonivruli. 27 daTxovna SesaZloa ar ganxorcieldes Setyobinebidan
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. 98/59 direqtiva adgens aseT vadad minimum 30 dRes, am
vadis 60 dRemde gagrZelebis SesaZleblobiT. aRniSnuli wesi gaziarebulia CexeTis, es-
toneTis, poloneTis, rumineTis da slovakeTis mier.28 amasTan, holandiis mier 60 dRemde
gagrZelebis SesaZleblobis gareSe. zogi saxelmwifo adgens ufro did vadas daTxovnis
procesis dawyebamde. magaliTad, bulgareTSi aseTia minimum 45 dRe, xolo latviaSi 60
dRe, misi 75 dRemde gaxangrZlivebis SesaZleblobiT, xolo litvaSi 2 Tvemdec ki. 29
wevr saxelmmwifoTa umravlesoba iyenebs direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebul pirvel wess,
romlis Tanaxmadac aRniSnuli specialuri danawesi vrceldeba Tu daTxovnilTa odeno-
ba 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi aris:
1. minimum 10 dasaqmebulis ganTavisufleba im dawesebulebaSi, sadac dasaqmebulia
20-ze meti da 100-ze naklebi dasaqmebuli;
2. minimum dasaqmebulTa 10%-is ganTavisufleba im dawesebulebaSi, sadac dasaqmebu-
lia aranakleb 100 magram araumetes 300 dasaqmebuli;
3. minimu 30 dasaqmebulis ganTavisufleba im dawesebulebaSi, sadac dasaqmebulia 300
an meti dasaqmebuli.
am wess iyenebs bulgareTi, CexeTi. holandia, litva, malta, poloneTi, rumineTi da
23
evropuli kavSiris direqtivis mixedviT, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), Tb., 2014.
24
praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, xelisuflebis kompetentur organod iTvleba Sromis inspeqcia, dasaqmebis saxel-
mwifo samsaxuri, Sromis saministro. Interna onal Labour Office, Interna onal Labour Conference 82nd Session, 1995.
25
26
27
Kresal B., Termina on of Employment Rela onships; Legal situa on in the following Member States o he European Union: Bulgaria,
Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, Manuscript completed
in Ljubljana, March 2007, 8.
28
29
in Ljubljana, March 2007., 11.
134
slovakeTi.30
dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebi,romlebic monawileoben masobrivi daTxovnis proces-
Si ZiriTadad arian savaWo gaerTianebebi (mag. poloneTi,slovakeTi) an SromiTi sabWoebi
(holandia an orive saxis organizaciebi (bulgareTi,litva,rumineTi).
4. masobrivi daTxovnis winapirobebi saqarTvelos

Sromis kodeqsis mixedviT
damsaqmeblis mier dasaqmebulTa masobrivi daTxovnis sakiTxi mowesrigebulia saqa-
rTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 381 muxliT. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saqarTvelos Sromis kod-
eqsi masobrivi daTxovnis konkretul safuZvels iTvaliswinebs. Sromis xelSekrulebis
Sewyvetis safuZvlebi Sromis kodeqsiT zustad aris gansazRvruli, romelTagan erT-
erTs warmoadgens SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyveta, romelic gamowveulia ekonomikuri
garemoebebiT, teqnologiuri an organizaciuli cvlilebebiT, romlebic aucilebels
xdis samuSao Zalis Semcirebas. kanonmdebelma CaTvala, rom masobrivi daTxovnis samarT-
lebriv safuZvlad swored am garemoebebis gamoyeneba iqneboda mizanSewonili da moaqcia
igi konkretuli regulirebis sferoSi.31
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli proceduruli regulaciac mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba evrosabWos regulaciisagan. aRniSnuli ki ganapirobebs masobrivi daTx-
ovnis sxvagvari definiciis Camoyalibebas. Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad masobriv daTxovnad
iTvleba sul mcire 100 dasaqmebulTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyveta 15 kalendaruli
dRis ganmavlobaSi.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi ar akonkretebs ramdeni dasaqmebuli SeiZleba iyos aR-
niSnul kompaniaSi, ra Sefardeba SeiZleba arsebobdes ganTavisuflebul TanamSromel-
Ta da dasaqmebulTa srul odenobasTan da aRniSnuli axdens Tu ara gavlenas drois
im monakveTze roca xdeba pirTa ganTavisufleba. es sakiTxebi Sromis kodeqsis Tanax-
mad regulirebis miRma rCeba da imperatiulad aris gansazRvruli yoveli konkretuli
SemTxvevisaTvis mxolod am normiT dadgenili wesis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.32 Tumca,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT drois is mcire monakveTic, romelic dadgenilia Sromis kodeqsis
Tanaxmad (15 kalendaruli dRe). am kuTxiT SesaZloa iTqvas, rom Sromis kodeqsi cota ar
iyos win uswrebs direqtivas da dasaqmebulis dacvis ufro maRal standartsac gvTava-
zobs.
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Sromis kodeqsis 381 muxli iTvaliswinebs dasaqmebulis val-
debulebas sul mcire 45 kalendaruli dRiT adre werilobiTi Setyobineba gaugzavnos
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros da im dasaqme-
bulebs, romelTac uwydebaT SromiTi xelSekrulebebi. aRniSnuli danawesi axlos dgas
evrosabWos direqtivis im debulebasTan, romelic avaldebulebs dasaqmebuls masobrivi
daTxovnis dros aRniSnulis Taobaze Setyobineba gaugzavnos uflebamosil organos.
30
31
Svelize z., masobrivi daTxovnis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis aspeqtebi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsisa da
32
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 2 aprilis ganCineba saqmeze #as-695- 1025-07; 2010 wlis 17 ivni-
sis ganCineba saqmeze #as-275-260-10; 2011 wlis 1 dekembris ganCineba saqmeze #as-343-327-2011.
135
Teona Todua
amasTan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sromis kodeqsis es norma blanketuri xasiaTisaa da direq-
tiviT gaTvaliswinebuli miznis miRwevas naklebad emsaxureba.33 evrosabWos direqtiva
Setyobinebis valdebulebas akisrebs damsaqmebels,34 radgan Tavidan iqnes acilebuli mis
mier uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba da organos mier Sefasebul
iqnes masobrivi daTxovnis ganxorcielebis obieqturi garemoebebi.35
praqtikulad, es unda iyos damsaqmeblis SeboWvis saSualeba ar moaxdinos susti mx-
aris interesebis Selaxva obieqturi da realuri safuZvlis gareSe. Sromis kodeqsi ar
iTvaliswinebs ra saxis informacia unda miawodos uflebamosil organos damsaqmebel-
ma, ra unda miuTiTos am SetyobinebaSi _ miawodos organos detaluri informacia Tu
ubralod faqtis SetyobinebiT Semoifarglos. Sromis kodeqsi arc imas iTvaliswinebs ra
saxis berketi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli organos mier am proceduris dros da aqvs Tu
ara saerTod raime berketi mas. praqtikaSi normis es danawesi mizans ver aRwevs da igi
mxolod danawesad rCeba Sromis kodeqsSi.
5. dasaqmebulis warmomadgenlis CarTvisa da

informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba
Tu damsaqmebeli daiTxovs 20 an met TanamSromels 90 dRis ganmavlobaSi erTi da imave
mizeziT, masobrivi daTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvelic saxezea. direqtivis Tanaxmad,
nebismieri damsaqmebeli masobrivi daTxovnis procesis dawyebamde valdebulia gaiaros
konsultacia dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebTan, Semdgomi SeTanxmebis miRwevis mizniT.
36
direqtiva ara mxolod adgens masobrivi daTxovnis ganxorcielebamde dasaqmebulTa
warmomadgenlebisaTvis informaciis miwodebisa da maTTan konsultaciis valdebulebas,
aramed aseve avaldebulebs damsaqmebels dasaqmebulTaTvis garkveuli xasiaTis daxmare-
bis gawevas.37aRniSnuli konsultaciebi, yvelaze cota, miznad unda isaxavdes masobrivi
daTxovnis procesis Tavidan acilebas an daTxovnil dasaqmebulTa odenobis Semcirebas,
da Sedegis Semsubuqebis mizniT, maTi sxva poziciaze gadayvanis an momavalSi dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobis gzebis Ziebas.38
imisaTvis, rom msgavsi konsultaciebi miCneul iqnes Sedegis momcemad da efeqturad,
damsaqmebelebi valdebulni arian dasaqmebulTa warmomadgeneblebs miawodon werilobiT
informacia imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ratom xorcieldeba masobrivi daTxovnis proce-
si, gasaTavisuflebel dasaqmebulTa odenoba, Cveulebriv dasaqmebulTa kategoriebi da
odenoba, periodi, roca unda ganxorcieldes masobrivi daTxovna, dasaqmebulTa arCev-
is kriteriumi, da damatebiTi anazRaurebis gadaxdis gamoTvlis meTodi. dasaqmebuli,
aseve, valdebulia Seatyobinos saTanado sajaro dawesebulebas werilobiTi formiT
dagegmili masobrivi daTxovnis Sesaxeb.39
33
Foster N., dasax. naSromi, 366.
34
Informa on and Consulta on Direc ve 2002/14/EC art 4(2).
35
36
Collins H., Ewing K., and McColgan A., Labour law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012, 858−859.
37
38
39
136
garda sajaro administraciuli organoebisa da sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi-

sa, sazRvao gemebis ekipaJi da fiqsirebuli vadiani kontraqtebis safuZvelze dasaqmebul
pirTa daTxovna (garda im SemTxvevisa,roca daTxovnas adgili aqvs xelSekrulebis vadis
gasvlisas), eqceva aRniSnuli direqtivis farglebSi Tu dasaqmebulia 20-ze meti piri.
40
direqtiva mkacrad adgens molaparakebis warmoebis valdebulebas dasaqmebulebTan,rac
ganpirobebulia qvemoT mocemuli mizezebiT.
nebismieri organizaciis muSaobis safuZveli dasaqmebulebTan damyarebuli urTier-
Tobebia. damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebulebis warmomadgenlebs Soris damyarebuli molapa-
rakebis Sedegad, damsaqmebeli SeZlebs41:
1. hqondes ukeTesi diskusia _ dasaqmebulebi SeZleben gaigon mizezebi yoveli SeTava-
zebis da warmomadgenlebi Seasruleben maTi azris damsaqmeblamde miRwevis karg
plactarmas.
2. datovos dasaqmebulebi motivirebuli _ dasaqmebulTa CarTuloba procesSi mniS-
vnelovania jansaRi samuSao garemos Sesaqmnelad.
3. sxva dasaqmebulTa ganwyobis SenarCuneba _ samsaxuris dakargvis SiSiT yofna sakma-
od did stresTan aris dakavSirebuli im dasaqmebulTaTvis, romlebic rCebian am
samsaxurSi, menejerebis CaTvliT, romlebic valdebuli arian miawodon daTxovnaze
informacia dasaqmebulebs.
4. daexmaros bizness gadarCenaSi da momavlis gegmis SemuSavebaSi _ organizacia
fokusirebulia daTxovnis procesze, magram aviwydeba amis Semdeg muSaobis gagr-
ZelebisaTvis saWiro gegmis SemuSaveba.
5. airidos Tavidan masobrivi daTxovna an Seamciros daTxovnilTa odenoba _ gaer-
Tianebebi an dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebma SesaZloa miawodon damsaqmebels idea,
romelic daexmareba mas samuSao adgilebis gadarCenaSi.
6. dazogos fuli _ sasamarTlom SesaZloa damsaqmebels daakisros sakmaod maRali
anazRaurebis gadaxdis valdebuleba dasaqmebulTaTvis, rac SeiZleba acilebul
iqnes Tavidan warmomadgenlebTan molaparakebis dros.
rac ufro didia daTxovna da rac met adamians moicavs igi, miT metad mniSvnelovania
konsultaciebisa da molaparakebis warmoeba am pirebTan.42
direqtivis mixedviT, rodesac damsaqmebeli gegmavs masobriv daTxovnas, man go-
nivrul vadaSi unda daiwyos konsultacia dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebTan im mizniT,
rom miRweul iqnes SeTanxmeba.43 Tu dasaqmebuls ar hyavs warmomadgenebli, bunebrivia,
misi informirebis valdebuleba isev ZalaSia da ar unda moxdes mxolod am safuZvliT
pirisaTvis informaciis miuwodebloba.44
direqtivis Tanaxmad, es konsultaciebi miznad isaxavs problemis srulad an nawilo-
briv gadaWris mcdelobas.45 damsaqmebli valdebulia miawodos informacia dasaqmebul-
sa da mis warmomadgenels gasatarebeli RonisZiebis Sesaxeb, romlis mizania masobrivi
40
h ps://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=707&intPageId=215&langId=en>, [20.04.2019].
41
42
43
44
evropuli kavSiris direqtivis mixedviT, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), Tb., 2014, 8.
45
Informa on and Consulta on Regula ons 2004 (SI 3426/2004).
137
Teona Todua
daTxovnis Tavidan acileba, dasaTxov pirTa raodenobis Semcireba, an masobrivi daTx-

ovnis uaryofiTi Sedegebis Semsubuqeba. garda amisa, yvela saWiro informacia, romelic
dakavSirebulia gasatarebel RonisZiebebTan da SesaZloa gavlena moaxdinos dasaqmebu-
lis mdgomareobaze. aRniSnuli gamowveulia isev da isev susti mxaris _ dasaqmebulis
saukeTeso interesis dacvisaken. masobrivi daTxovna ar unda atarebdes SeniRbul xa-
siaTs. procesi unda mimdinareobdes samarTlianad da maqsimalurad gamWvirvale iyos
dasaqmebulTaTvis. aRniSnul daTqmas Sromis kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs. damsaqmebeli
valdebulia 45 kalendaruli dRiT adre Seatyobinos dasaqmebuls samsaxuridan ganTa-
visuflebis Taobaze Sesabamisi safuZvlis miTiTebiT, Tumca aseTi valdebuleba mas ar
ekisreba dasaqmebulis warmomadgenlis mimarT. aseve ar aris miTiTeba imasTan dakavSire-
biT Tu ra saxis unda iyos damsaqmeblis mier dasaqmebulisaTvis miwodebuli informacia.
Sesabamisad, yovelive es srulad aris damokidebuli damsaqmeblis keTil nebaze da isev
uTanasworo mdgomareobaSi ayenebs dasaqmebuls.
6. dasaqmebulTa SerCeva konkretuli niSniT da maTi

xelaxla dasaqmebis prioriteti
masobrivi daTxovnisas mniSvnelovania Tu ra niSniT xdeba pirTa daTxovna samsaxu-
ridan da ramdenad arsebobs maTi xelaxla dasaqmebis perspeqtiva am dawesebulebaSi.46
qarTuli kanonmdebloba dasaqmebulTa daTxovnis safuZvlad iTvaliswinebs ekonomikuri
garemoebebis, teqnologiuri an organizaciuli cvlilebebis Sedegad damdgar pirobebs
da ar uTiTebs dasaTxov pirTa im kriteriumze, riTac unda moxdes pirTa daTxovna, rac
sakmaod problemuri SeiZleba gaxdes praqtikaSi. sakiTxi mniSvnelovania, radgan Sesa-
Zloa damsaqmebelma borotad gamoiyenos igi susti mxaris winaaRmdeg.47
#166 rekomendaciis mixedviT, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri, struqturuli an msgav-
si xasiaTis safuZvliT SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyvetisas dasaTxovi pirebis SerCeva
unda ganxorcieldes winaswar gansazRvruli kriteriumebiT.48 sxvadasxva qveynis kanon-
mdeblobebiT gaTvaliswinebuli SerCevis kriteriumebia,49 mag.: dasaqmebulis profesiuli
unarebi, samuSao gamocdileba, ojaxuri pasuxismgebloba, asaki. am kriteriumebs Soris
xSirad gvxvdeba dasaqmebulis unari, produqtuloba da socialuri faqtorebi. mag., es-
toneTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebsa da dasaqmebulebs,
romlebsac hyavT sam wlamde bavSvebi, unda mieniWoT samuSaos SenarCunebis upiratesoba.
rumineTSi SerCevis kriteriumia dasaqmebulis mier samuSaos Sesrulebis Sefaseba. argen-
tinaSi, meqsikis, niderlandis, SvedeTis, aSS-is kanonmdeblobebiT SerCevis kriteriumi
efuZneba princips– ùkanaskneli midis pirveli~.50 es principi ukavSirdeba erTsa da imave
damsaqmebelTan dasaqmebulis samuSao staJsa da gamocdilebas. Tumca, praqtikiT aseve
irkveva, rom aRniSnuli kriteriumi SeiZleba ganixilebodes arapirdapir diskriminaciad
asakis niSniT, vinaidan igi araTanabar mdgomareobaSi ayenebs axalgazrdebs xanSiSesul
pirebTan SedarebiT. am konteqstSi arapirdapir diskriminaciad SeiZleba aseve CaiTvalos
46
ix. me-10 sqolio.
47
Collins H., Ewing K., and McColgan A., Labour law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012, 858−859.
48
Na onal execu on measures of Direc ve 98/59/EC.
49
Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Wür emberg (1986) C-66/85.
50
United States of America v Nolan [2015] UKSC 63.
138
kriteriumi – samuSaos gacdena.51

qarTuli kanonmdebloba lavirebis saSualebas aZlevs damsaqmebels misi Sexedulebi-
samebr gansazRvros kriteriumebi pirTa daTxovnis SemTxvevaSi. Sromis kodeqsi mxolod
samarTlebriv safuZvels uTiTebs, rodesac SesaZlebelia pirTa masobrivi daTxovnis
RonisZiebis gamoyeneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, dasaqmebuli SesaZloa aRmoCndes uTanasworo
mdgomareobaSi misi uflebis dacvis dabali standartidan gamomdinare. gamosavali Sesa-
Zloa iyos sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli ganmartebebi masobrivi daTxovnisas pirTa Ser-
Cevis kriteriumTan mimarTebiT.52 amasTan, saeWvoa sakiTxi imasTan dakavSirebiTac ramde-
nad SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli ganmarteba miviCnioT piris uflebis
dacvis kriteriumad, iseTi samarTlebrivi sistemis mqone qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTve-
loa. aRniSnuli xarvezi nawilobriv SesaZloa aRmoifxvras sakanonmdeblo regulirebis
gziT da im konkretul garemoebebze miTiTebiT, romelic erTgvarad SezRudavs dam-
saqmebels misi survilisamebr gansazRvros masobrivi daTxovnis Sedegad ganTavisufle-
bul pirTa wre.53 Tumca, aRniSnuli mainc ar warmoadgens imis garantias, rom dasaqmebuli
yovelTvis iqneba daculi uTanasworo mopyrobisagan, amitom, aranakleb mniSvnelovania
sasamarTlos rolic am procesSi.
Sromis kodeqsi aseve ar avaldebulebs damsaqmebels masobrivi daTxovnis Sedegad
ganTavisuflebul pirebs mianiWos prioriteti kadrebis xelaxali SerCevis dros.
#166 rekomendaciaSi miTiTebulia, rom dasaqmebulebi, romlebTanac SromiTi xe-
lSekruleba Sewyda ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri, struqturuli an msgavsi xasiaTis sa-
fuZvliT, uzrunvelyofilni unda iyvnen xelaxla dasaqmebis prioritetiT, Tu damsaqme-
beli gadawyvets, kvlav daiqiraos analogiuri kvalifikaciis mqone piri. amasTan, Tu
masobrivi daTxovnisas pirTa SerCevis kriteriumad gamoyenebul iqna maTi kvalifikacia
TavisTavad gamoiricxeba dasaqmebulis es valdebuleba, magram sakiTxi SeiZleba sadavo
gaxdes Tu es kriteriumebi ar yofila gansazRvruli. Sesabamisad, logikuri bma am or
sakiTxs Soris garkveulwilad arsebobs da iarsebebs, sanam kanonmdeblobiT ar moxdeba
maTi konkretizacia. bunebrivia, es ar unda gaxdes damsaqmeblis uflebis usafuZvlod
SezRudvis safuZvelic. 54
7. dasaqmebulisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdis

valdebuleba masobrivi daTxovnisas
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyvetisas dam-
saqmeblis valdebulebas dasaqmebulis aranakleb 30 kalendaruli dRiT adre gafrTx-
ilebis SemTxvevaSi am ukanasknelisaTvis aranakleb 1 Tvis Sromis anazRaurebis odeno-
biT kompensaciis gadacemas, xolo aranakleb 3 kalendaruli dRiT adre gafrTxilebis
SemTxvevaSi – kompensacias aranakleb 2 Tvis Sromis anazRaurebis odenobiT. sSk-is 38-e
51
SveliZe z., masobrivi daTxovnis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis aspeqtebi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsisa da ev-
ropuli kavSiris direqtivis mixedviT, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), Tb., 2014, 18.
52
evropuli kavSiris direqtivis mixedviT, Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), Tb., 2014. 18
53
54
139
Teona Todua
muxlis mixedviT, damsaqmebels kompensaciis gadaxdis valdebuleba ekisreba mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis safuZvelia: ekonomikuri garemoebebi,
teqnologiuri an organizaciuli cvlilebebi, romlebic aucilebels xdis samuSao Zalis
Semcirebas, dasaqmebulis kvalifikaciis an profesiuli unar-Cvevebis Seusabamoba mis
mier dakavebul TanamdebobasTan/Sesasrulebel samuSaosTan, xangrZlivi Sromisuunaro-
ba da sxva obieqturi garemoeba. #158 konvenciis mixedviT, kanonmdeblobiT SesaZlebe-
lia, kompensaciis gadaxdis valdebuleba gamoiricxos dasaqmebulis mier valdebulebis
seriozuli (uxeSi) darRvevisas.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi masobrivi daTxovnisas calke kompensaciis gadaxdis
valdebulebas ar iTvaliswinebs,55 Tumca calsaxaa, rom am dros damsaqmebels kompensaci-
is gadacemis valdebuleba dasaqmebulisaTvis warmoeSoba. aRniSnuli kompensacia ar unda
iyos dasaqmebulis 1 Tvis SromiT anazRaurebaze naklebi.56
8. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis praqtika

evrosabWos 98/59/EC direqtiva masobrivi daTxovnis Sesaxeb aqtiurad gamoiyeneba ev-
rokavSiris wevri qveynebis mier aRniSnuli sakiTxis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis proces-
Si. wevri qveynebis praqtika am kuTxiT sakmaod mravalferovani da sainteresoa. direqti-
va ar warmoadgens imperatiulad dadgenili wesebis erTobliobas, igi saSualebas aZlevs
TiToeul wevr saxelmwifos moargos direqtiva mis Sida kanonmdeblobas. magaliTad,
belgiis Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, masobriv daTxovnad miCneulia 60 dRis ganmavlobaSi:57
• minimum 10 dasaqmebuls im dawesebulebaSi sadac dasaqmebulia 20-ze meti da 100-ze
naklebi dasaqmebuli;
• minimum dasaqmebulTa 10% im dawesebulebaSi,sadac dasaqmebulia aranakleb 100 ma-
gram araumetes 300 dasaqmebuli;
• minimum 30 dasaqmebuli im dawesebulebaSi, sadac dasaqmebulia 300 an meti dasaqme-
buli.
rac Seexeba germanias58, masobriv daTxovnad miiCneva 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi:
1. minimum 5 dasaqmebulis ganTavisufleba im dawesebulebaSi, sadac dasaqmebulia 20-
ze meti da 60-ze naklebi dasaqmebuli;
2. minimum dasaqmebulTa 10% an 25-ze meti dasaqmebulis gaTavisufleba im dawese-
bulebaSi, sadac dasaqmebulia aranakleb 60, magram araumetes 500 dasaqmebuli;
3. minimu 30 dasaqmebulis ganTavisufleba im dawesebulebaSi, sadac dasaqmebulia 500
da meti dasaqmebuli.
gansxvavebulia safrangeTis mier SemoRebuli regulacia am kuTxiT, radgan aq aris
ori saxis masobrivi daTxovnis SemTxveva59. pirvel SemTxvevaSi masobriv daTxovnad miiC-
55
<h p://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61990CJ0006:EN:HTML>, [20.04.2019].
56
sSk-is 38. 8 muxli da #158 konvenciis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad kanonmdebloba aseve uSvebs SromiTi xe-
lSekrulebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb damsaqmeblis gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisas sasamarTlos mier gansaz-
Rvruli kompensaciis gadaxdis valdebulebas.
57
Termina on of employment rela onships Legal situa on in the Member States of the European Union; European Commission Direc-
torate General Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportuni es Unit D2. Manuscript completed in April 2006, 87.
58
Termina on of employment rela onships Legal situa on in the Member States of the European Union; European Commission Direc-
59
Termina on of employment rela onships Legal situa on in the Member States of the European Union, European Commission Direc-
140
neva 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi:

1. 2-dan 9 TanamSromlis daTxovnamde 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi unda Seatyobinon region-
alur SromiT ofiss (~directeur départemental du travail et de l’emploi~);
2. 10 da meti TanamSromlis daTxovna 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi, regionalurma SromiTma
ofisma unda daadasturos TanxvedraSia Tu ara es qmedeba moqmed kanonmdeblobas-
Tan da SromiT xelSekrulebebTan.
orive SemTxvevaSi damsaqmebeli valdebulia daelaparakos dasaqmebuls. aRniSnul
Sexvedraze SeTavazeba unda gakeTdes werilobiTi formiT gagzavnili weriliT an ganx-
orcieldes pirispir. dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebi unda iqnen Setyobinebulni. daTx-
ovna unda iqnes Setyobinebuli werilobiTi formiT. werili ar unda iqnes gagzavnili
Tu:
1. dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels Soris gamarTuli Sexvedridan ar gasula 7 dRe.
2. SromiTi ofisis mier gamogzavnili Setyobinebidan 30-60 dRe ar gasula.
Tu ar iqneba daculi es pirobebi dasaqmebuls ufleba aqvs miiRos minimum 1 Tvis
SromiTi anazRaureba.60
mniSvnelovania, aseve, zemoaRniSnuli qveynebis praqtika masobrivi daTxovnis Se-
degebTan dakavSirebiT. belgiis Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad,gansakuTrebiT maRali anaz-
Raureba miecema im dasaqmebulebs, romelTac aqvT gafrTxilebis mcire vada gaTavisu-
flebamde. aRniSnuli Tanxa warmoadgens zogadad miRebul anazRaurebasa da umuSevrobis
gamo gadasaxdel anazRaurebas Soris sxvaobas da gadaixdeba 4 Tvis anazRaurebis odeno-
biT. Tu Setyobinebis vada 3 Tveze metia, anazRaurebac mcirdeba proporciulad.61
rac Seexeba germanias, damsaqmeblis mier 20-ze meti dasaqmebulis gaTavisuflebis
SemTxvevaSi SromiTma saagentom SesaZloa moiTxovos socialuri gegma daTxovnis Sede-
gebis Sesamsubuqeblad. socialuri gegma SeiZleba moicavdes damatebiTi anazRaurebis
gadaxdas. dasaqmebuls ufleba aqvs 3 kviris ganmavlobaSi gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba,
xolo aRniSnuli vadis uSedegod gasvlis Semdeg gadawyvetileba iTvleba kanonieri Za-
lis mqoned. damatebiTi anazRaurebis odenoba damokidebulia mxareTa Soris arsebuli
SromiTi urTierTobis xanrZlivobaze: ori kviris anazRaureba yoveli wlisaTvis.62
safrangeTis SromiTi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Tu SromiTi anazRaureba ar aris
gadaxdili damsaqmeblis mier, aRniSnul faqtors ara aqvs gavlena gaTavisuflebis
kanonierebaze. magram damsaqmebels SesaZloa daekisros gadaxdis valdebuleba.63 amasTan
arsebobs gamonaklisi, saberZneTsa da espaneTSi kompensaciis gadaxdis valdebuleba aris
dasaqmebulis daTxovnis kanonierebis aucilebeli piroba.
torate General Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportuni es Unit D2. Manuscript completed in April 2006, 88-89.
60
61
62
63
141
Teona Todua
9. masobrivi daTxovnis Sesaxeb direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli

sanqciebi
evrosabWos 75/129 da 92/56 direqtivebi , romelic awesrigebs masobrivi daTxovnis
Sesaxeb procedurebs, ar iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas Sesabamis pirTaTvis _ Zir-
iTadad damsaqmeblisTvis _ Tu is ar Seasrulebs an ver Seasrulebs direqtiviT gaT-
valiswinebul valdebulebebs. evropis komisiam ar gaiTvaliswina aranairi sanqcia ase-
Ti qmedebisaTvis, ris Sedegadad, aRniSnulis gaTvaliswineba wevri qveynebis diskreciis
farglebSi moeqca. 64 Sesabamisad, yovel wevr qveyanas SeuZlia misi Sexedulebisamebr
daadginos Sesabamisi sanqcia valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis. Tumca, evropis adamianis
uflebaTa sasamarTlom miiCnia erT-erTi wevri saxelmwifos mier dadgenili sanqcie-
bi araTanabarzomierad. sanqcia unda iyos xelsayreli damsaqmeblisaTvis e.i. mas unda
gaaCndes simZimis garkveuli xarisxi. evrosasamarTlom ramdenjerme aRniSna misi msgavsi
midgoma, gansakuTrebiT germaniasTan mimarTebiT.65
Catarebuli kvlevebis Tanaxmad masobriv daTvonasTan arsebul regulaciebTan
mimarTebiT, gamoikveTa, rom gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi sistemis gamo, Sedegis miRw-
eva yovelTvis erTi meTodiT ar aris SesaZlebeli.66 es gamomdinareobs iqidan,rom zogi
wevri qveyana ar aregulirebs masobriv daTxovnas, rogorc samarTlebriv sakiTxs, aramed
igi aRqmulia rogorc SromiTi bazris problema (mag. germania da avstria), maSin roca
sxva wevri qveynebi aRniSnul sakiTxs aregulireben sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi aqtebiT. 67
sanqciebi SesaZloa mowesrigebuli iyos samarTlis sxvadasxva dargebSi: SromiTi
samarTliT, samoqalaqo samarTliT, administaciuli da sisxlis samarTliT. Sesabamisad,
yoveli konkretuli qmedebisTvis sxvadasxva saxelmwifos samarTali SesaZloa iTvalis-
winebs sxvadasxva saxis pasuxismgeblobas.68
10. daskvna
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad masobrivi daTxovnis safuZvelia ekonomikuri
garemoebebi, teqnologiuri an organizaciul cvlilebebi. aseTi garemoebebi, amavdrou-
lad, aucileblad unda iwvevdes samuSao Zalis Semcirebas. regulirebisaTvis aucile-
belia, kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvros dasaTxovi pirebis raodenoba da Sesabamisi drois
periodi. sSk-Si mocemuli dasaTxov pirTa minimaluri raodenobaa 100 dasaqmebuli, ro-
melic mniSvnelovnad aRemateba evropuli kavSiris standartiT gansazRvrul dasaTxovn
pirTa minimalur raodenobas (10 an 20). masobrivi daTxovnis periodi sazRvargareTis
qveynebis praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc wesi, SezRudulia ori an sami TviT. Sromis
kodeqsiT gansazRvruli vadaa 15 kalendaruli dRe, rac naklebia direqtiviT gansaz-
64
Part I: Report on the study of the system of sanc ons applied when Member States transpose the provisions of Direc ves 75/129 and
92/65 on collec ve redundancies, 5.
65
66
Lazear E. P., Job security provisions and employment, in Quarterly Journal of Economics (1990, Vol. 105, No. 3), 699−726.
67
68
92/65 on collec ve redundancie, 11.
142
Rvrul periodze (30 an 90 dRe).

dasaTxov pirTa raodenobisa da masobrivi daTxovnis vadis gansazRvra mniSvnelo-
vania, ramdenadac igi damsaqmeblisaTvis warmoSobs konkretuli proceduris dacvis
valdebulebas.69 es procedurebia dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebTan konsultacia da xe-
lisuflebis kompetenturi organoebisaTvis Setyobinebis gagzavna. sSk-is mixedviT, dam-
saqmebeli valdebulia, werilobiTi Setyobineba gaugzavnos mxolod im dasaqmebulebs,
romelTac uwydebaT SromiTi xelSekrulebebi. direqtivisagan gansxvavebiT, ar aris uz-
runvelyofili masobrivi daTxovnis procesSi dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebis CarTu-
loba. damsaqmebeli ar aris valdebuli, awarmoos konsultacia da miawodos raime konk-
retuli informacia im dasaqmebulebs, romelTac uwydebaT SromiTi xelSekrulebebi.
kodeqsSi ar aris saubari Setyobinebis mizanze maSin, roca direqtiviT gansazRvruli
konsultacia mimarTuli unda iyos masobrivi daTxovnis Tavidan acilebis an socialuri
zegavlenis Semcirebisken.
masobrivi daTxovnis Sesaxeb werilobiT Setyobineba unda gaegzavnos aseve saqarTve-
los Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros. kodeqsSi ar aris gansaz-
Rvruli, Tu ra informacia unda iqnes miTiTebuli werilobiT SetyobinebaSi. erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis
saministro ar aris uflebamosili, Caerios masobrivi daTxovnis procesSi da garkveuli
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos dagegmil masobriv daTxovnaze. sapirispirod, unda iTqvas, rom
gansazRvruli dro (30 dRe) kompetenturma saxelmwifo organom unda gamoiyenos maso-
brivi daTxovnisas wamoWrili problemebis gadawyvetis gzebis ZiebaSi.
saerTo jamSi, sSk iTvaliswinebs masobrivi daTxovnis ganmartebas da Sesabamis spe-
cialur procedurebs. amiT qarTuli Sromis kanonmdebloba SeuerTda im qveynebs (mag.
evropuli kavSiris yvela wevri qveyana, avstralia, kanada, CineTi, SeerTebuli Statebi),
romelTa kanonmdeblobac aregulirebs masobriv daTxovnas.70 Tumca warmodgenili ana-
lizi adasturebs, rom sSk ar Seesabameba direqtivas. Sesabamisad, konkretulad, am in-
stitutTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba im mizniT,
rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes direqtivis debulebebTan daaxloeba. 71
69
Muller A., dasax. naSromi.
70
Barnard C., EU employment law, 4th ed., Oxford, 2012, 629 ff.
71
143
Tamar Zoidze ( Assoc. prof.)
UNFEASIBILITY TO FULFILL OBLIGATION ACCORDING TO THE GEORGIAN AND GERMAN

LAW
ABSTRACT
Based on the compara ve legal analysis of the ins tute of unfeasibility to fulfill obliga on, we can
formulate a couple of proposi ons:
1. In the Georgian legal system, there is no par cular ins tute, which regulates the unfeasibility to
fulfill obliga ons. Because of that, the norms indica ng unfeasibility to fulfill are sca ered all over the
civil code. The only ar cle, tle of which regards to unfeasibility to fulfill, is ar cle 401. In par cular,
~the deadline will not be counted if obliga on was not fulfilled because of the circumstances which was
not provoked by debtor~. It is true, that this par cular case of unfeasibility to fulfill can be found in
other legal systems, from Roman to con nental European countries legal systems, but this is only one
case among lots of others.
2. Unfeasibility to fulfill is systema cally regulated in the German law. The basic ar cle is paragraph
275. All the important cases concerning unfeasibility to fulfill obliga on are indicated in the paragraph.
It would be good, if the ar cle such as 275th paragraph of the German civil code could be implemented
in the Georgian civil code.
3. Based on the results of conducted research, it is obvious that system needs an answer on the
ques on: what kind of event should be considered ~unfeasibility to fulfill~? Viola on of obliga on or
aggrava on to fulfill obliga on?! We think, that when ~unfeasibility to fulfill~ is provoked, and at the
same me there is the debtor’s culpable ac on (deliberate ac on), in that case we face viola on. In
other cases, it should be connected to fulfillment. (for example, because of invincible power, it was
impossible to execute obliga on). Here we get in touch with the results derived from fulfillment, then
with viola on.
144
Tamar zoiZe*
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba
qarTuli da germanuli samarTlis mixedviT
1. Sesavali
samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile subieqtis pasuxismgebloba Sei-
Zleba dadges maSin, rodesac mis mier nakisri valdebuleba ar Sesruldeba, kerZod ki,
rodesac is arRvevs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas Seasrulos garkveuli moqmedeba an
piriqiT, Tavi Seikavos misi Sesrulebisgan. valdebulebis darRvevis mizezi ki SeiZleba
iyos sxvadasxva garemoeba. mniSvnelovania xelSekrulebis romeli monawilis mier iqna
valdebuleba darRveuli, roca ormxriv xelSekrulebebzea saubari. aRniSnuli sakiTx-
ebi gasaTvaliswinebelia pasuximgeblobis dakisrebisas, vinaidan calkeul SemTxvevebSi
SesaZlebelia pirs ar daekisros pasuxismgebloba da Sesabamisad zianis anazRaurebis
valdebulebac gamoricxul iqnes.
Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba gaxlavT swored pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis safuZveli.
SeuZlebelia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile subieqts mosTxovo imis Sesruleba,
rac zogadad SeuZlebelia nebismieri pirisaTvis. Sesabamisad, rig SemTxvevaSi samarTle-
brivi danawesis _ `valdebuleba unda Sesruldes~ (`pacta sunt servanda~) dacva rTuldeba.
aRniSnuli naSromis mizani gaxlavT germanuli da qarTuli samarTlis magaliTze Ses-
rulebis SeuZleblobis institutTan dakavSirebuli normebis analizi, masSi arsebuli
problemebis warmoCena da misi srulyofis mizniT Sesabamisi winadadadebis SeTavazeba.
naSromSi ganxilulia Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis institutis adgili saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi _ ssk) sistemaSi, SeuZleblobis cneba zogadad, misi saxeebi:
obieqturi, subieqturi, iuridiuli, faqtobrivi, droebiTi, xangrZlivi da a.S., bralis
sakiTxi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis WrilSi da a.S.
2. valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis adgili samoqalaqo

kodeqsis sistemaSi
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas jer kidev romis samarTlis araerT wyaro-
Si vxvdebiT. gansakuTrebiT digestebsa da instituciebSi mocemulia mravali SemTxveva,
roca romaeli iuristebi SeuZleblobis problemiT arian dakavebulni. ra Tqma unda, es
yvelaferi sistemurad dalagebuli da mowesrigebuli ar gaxldaT.1
Tu gadavavlebT Tvals samarTlis wyaroebs, maleve cxadi xdeba, rom romis samar-
TalSic ar arsebobda erTiani gageba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisa.2
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom `romis samarTalSi pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebis
safuZvels qmnida valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba zogadad nebismieri pirisa-
* Tsu-s asocirebuli profesori, TinaTin wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis institutis ufro-
si mecnier-TanamSromeli.
1
Wagner E., Studien zum Recht der Unmöglichkeit, 1. Auflage, Baden-Baden, 2007, 23.
2
iqve, 34.
145
Tamar zoiZe
Tvis da ara mxolod xelSekrulebis konkretuli subieqtisaTvis.~3

valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis erTian cnebas saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-
deqsSi ver vxvdebiT. is mimofantulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis sxvadasxva normebSi, kerZod
garigebis, braleulobis da dauZleveli Zalis Sesaxeb normebSi. marTalia, arsebobs ssk-
is 401-e muxli, romelic swored Sesrulebis SeuZleblobiT aris dasaTaurebeli, magram
is srulad ver asaxavs aRniSnul sakiTxs. germanuli samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTul
samarTalSi Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba valdebulebis darRvevis karSia moqceuli. rac Se-
exeba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis saxeebs, igi mxolod samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebSia
sistemurad gadmocemuli.
sakiTxavia, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac valdebuleba subieqturi Tu obieqturi
mizezebis gamo ver sruldeba an misi Sesruleba rTuldeba? qarTuli samarTali calke
ar gamoyofs arc valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebas. is am instituts am cnebiT ar
icnobs. mxolod valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobiT Semoifargleba. samoqalaqo
kodeqsi iZleva SesaZleblobas, mxareebma miusadagon xelSekruleba Secvlil garemoe-
bebs, Tuki es garemoebani swored am xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZveli gaxda. swored es
instituti unda gaigivdes Sesrulebis garTulebasTan, vinaidan am dros mxares eZleva
ufleba xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis adaptirebis gziT Seasrulos dakisrebuli movaleoba.
Sesabamisad, gansxvaveba Sesrulebis garTulebasa da Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas Soris
didia: ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, `Sesrulebis valdebuleba kanonis ZaliT qarwyldeba, ra-
meTu uazrobaa moiTxovo is, risi gakeTebac nebismieri adamianisTvis an piradad moval-
isTvis SeuZlebelia. Sesrulebis garTulebisas ki valdebulebis Sesruleba jer kidev
SesaZlebelia, magram kreditoris interessa da movalis mier gasawev danaxarjebs So-
ris imdenad aSkara Seusabamobaa, rom misi gauTvaliswinebloba keTilsindisierebisa da
samarTlianobis moTxovnebs ewinaaRmdegeba.~4
maSasadame, `Sesrulebis garTulebas maSin aqvs adgili, roca misi Sesruleba mar-
tooden rTuldeba, xolo obieqturad igi mainc Sesrulebadia.~5 germanuli samarTali
calke gamoyofs aseve xelSekrulebis safuZvlis rRvevas, rac Tavis TavSi Sesrulebis
garTulebis umravles SemTxvevebs aerTianebs, magram damoukidebeli Sinaarsic gaaCnia,
ris gamoc misi calke gamoyofa xdeba.
rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTul samarTalSi valdebulebis Sesrulebis
SeuZlebloba ssk-is valdebulebis darRvevis karSia moTavsebuli, iseve rogorc xe-
lSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi. sakiTxavia, ratom ar iqna am kuTx-
iT germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi – gsk) sistema gadmoRebuli. valdebulebis
Sesruleba Tuki sxvadasxva obieqturi Tu subieqturi garemoebebis gamo ar xdeba da araa
movalis brali, ratom miiCneva is maSin valdebulebis darRvevad? valdebulebis dar-
Rvevas xom sxva samarTlebrivi Sedegebi mosdevs.
3
CitaSvili n., bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis, samarTlis Jurnali,
#1, 2009, Tb., 143.
4
vaSakiZe g., samoqalaqo kodeqsis garTulebul valdebulebaTa sistema, Tb., 2010, 95.
5
#1, 2009, Tb., 180.
146
3. valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis cneba zogadad

valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis cneba dakavSirebulia mis sapirispiro cne-
basTan _ SesrulebasTan. is, rom xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes _ `pacta sunt servanda~ _
yvelasTvis cnobili samarTlebrivi danawesia, magram es ar niSnavs, rom misi Sesruleba
yovelTvis SesaZlebelia. bunebrivia, arsebobs sxvadasxva garemoebebi, romlebmac Sesa-
Zlebelia gaarTulos an SeuZlebeli gaxados misi Sesruleba. aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
eniWeba bralis sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebda movale dakisrebuli valdebulebis Ses-
rulebisas: braleulad Tu arabraleulad, ramdenad SeuZlebeli iyo am ukanasknelisTvis
ama Tu im valdebulebis Sesruleba Tu yvelasTvis SeuZlebels warmoadgenda aRniSnuli
da a.S. gamodis, rom Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba ar iwvevs yovelTvis piris pasuxismgeblo-
bisgan gaTavisuflebas. Tumca, cnobili gamoTqma _ `pirs ar SeiZleba daekisros Seu-
Zleblis Sesruleba~ daculi unda iyos.
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis instituti farTodaa gavrcelebuli kontinenturi ev-
ropis samarTalSi. igi umTavresad germaniis samoqalaqo samarTlis mecnierebam ganavi-
Tara. amitomac mas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi.
mas Semdeg rac ganxorcielda am kodeqsis reforma, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis insti-
tutmac ganicada cvlileba.6 valdebulebiTi samarTlis reformis Semdeg, valdebulebis
yovelgvari Seusrulebloba gaerTianda saerTo cnebis — `valdebulebis darRvevis~ _
qveS, romelmac moicva oTxi saxis Seusrulebloba: 1) movalis mier vadis gadacileba; 2)
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba; 3) nakliani Sesruleba; 4) dacvis valdebulebis
darRveva. rac Seexeba qarTul samarTals, rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, erTob aras-
rulyofiladaa mowesrigebli es sakiTxi. amitomac, germanuli samarTlis gaTvaliswineba
kargi iqneba mis dasaxvewad.
4. Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis saxeebi

doqtrinasa Tu sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gamoyofen Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis sx-
vadasxva saxeebs, rogoricaa Sesrulebis obieqturi da subieqturi SeuZlebloba, Ses-
rulebis bunebrivi da iuridiuli SeuZlebloba, sawyisi/Semdgomi SeuZlebloba, nawilo-
brivi, ekonomikuri SeuZlebloba, droebiTi Tu xangrZlivi SeuZlebloba da a.S.
4.1. obieqturi SeuZlebloba

`Sesrulebis obieqturi SeuZlebloba maSin gvaqvs, rodesac valdebulebis Sesrule-
ba SeuZlebelia aramarto mocemuli movalisaTvis, aramed sxva nebismieri pirisaTvis.
magaliTad, Tu Zlieri da naadrevi yinvebis gamo mdinare adre gaiyineba da gadamzidve-
li ver gadaitans tvirTs daniSnulebis adgilamde, aseTi SeuZlebloba obieqturi Seu-
Zlebloba iqneba,7 an kidev `Tu gayiduli nivTi mis gadacemamde ganadgurda, an arc ara-
sodes ar arsebobda. movale ver Seasrulebs valdebulebas, igi ver gaaCens da ver Seqmnis
am nivTs Tavidan. obieqtur SeuZleblobas utoldeba aseve nivTis gardaqmna arsebiTad
6
CitaSvili n., Secvlili garemoebebis gavlena valdebulebis Sesrulebas da mxareTa SesaZlo meorad moTx-
ovnebze (SedarebiTi analizi), Tb., 2015, 103-111.
7
zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari (m. 394), wigni mesame, Tb., 2001, 377.
147
Tamar zoiZe
sxva nivTad, rac am nivTis garegnul saxes da RirebulebiT Tvisebebs cvlis. es SesaZloa
gamowveul iqnes drois, an garemos zemoqmedebiT.~8
maSasadame, Sesrulebis es saxe kvalificirdeba pirTa wris da Sesrulebis sagnis
mixedviT. anu obieqturi SeuZleblobis dros aramarto movalea uZluri Seasrulos val-
debuleba kreditoris winaSe, aramed sxva nebismieri subieqti _ `pirTa ganusazRvreli
wre.~
obieqturi SeuZleblobisas, gansxvavebiT subieqturi SeuZleblobisgan, movales, misi
bralis miuxedavad, ar SeiZleba daekisros zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba, radgan mas
ar SeiZleba moeTxovos imis Sesruleba, rac nebismieri adamianisTvisaa SeuZlebeli.
4.2. piradi (subieqturi) SeuZlebloba

subieqturi SeuZleblobis maxasiaTebeli is aris, rom movale uunaroa Seasrulos
valdebuleba da mas ver SeZlebs nivTis SovniT an aRdgeniT.9
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 275-e paragrafis mesame nawili valdebulebis Ses-
rulebaze movales aZlevs uaris Tqmis uflebas, rodesac valdebuleba piradad unda
Seasrulos da mas es ar SeiZleba moeTxovos movalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis
xelis SeSlis xarisxis kreditoris interesebTan Sewonisas. magaliTad, momRerals ar
SeuZlia gamovides da Seasrulos simRera, rodesac misi Svili Zlier avad aris, an kidev:
samsaxuris gacdena eqimTan savaldebulo vizitis gamo; ojaxis wevri mZime avadmyofisaT-
vis gadaudebeli daxmarebis aRmoCenis gamo; sasamarTloSi an saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi
aucilebeli gamocxadebis gamo.10
gsk-s 275-e paragrafis mesame nawili me-2 nawilisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is damok-
idebulia aramarto Sesrulebis interesebsa da danaxarjebs Soris obieqtur Seusabamoba-
ze, aramed movalis mier arSesrulebis interesisa da kreditoris Sesrulebis interesis
Sewonvaze.11
gsk-is 275-e paragrafis mesame nawili moraluri SeuZleblobis saxeliTac aris
cnobili, kerZod `romlis drosac Sesruleba obieqturad SeuZlebeli ar aris, magram
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi warmoSobili dabrkolebisa da kreditoris interesebis
urTierTmimarTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, movales Sesruleba ar SeiZleba moeTxovos.~12
subieqtur SeuZleblobad adre kvalificirdeboda germaniis samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis 275-e paragrafis pirveli nawili, rogorc `konkretulad movalisaTvis SeuZlebe-
li Sesruleba~. kerZod, roca personaluri an individualuri valdebulebis Sesruleba
movalisaTvis SeuZlebelia, magram mesame piri am valdebulebis Sesrulebas SeZlebda.
magaliTad. sayvavile, romelic a-m b-s mihyida, ucnobma pirma moipara. a-m amis Taobaze
policias acnoba, romelmac policiam qurdis kvals ver miagno. SesaZloa sxva piri aR-
8
9
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, me-13 gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tornike
darjaniasa da zurab WeWelaSvilis Targmani, Tb., 2014, gsk-is §275, veli 3.
10
darjaniasa da zurab WeWelaSvilis Targmani, Tb., 2014, gsk-s §275, veli 5.
11
Lorenz S., Riehm T., Lehrbuch zum neuen Schuldrecht, München, 2002, Rn. 311.
12
#1, Tb., 2009, 177.
148
niSnuli sayvavilis b-s sakuTrebaSi gadacemas SeZlebda, roca es a-sTvis SeuZlebelia.13

roca nivTi moparulia, magram qurdi cnobilia, maSin subieqturi SeuZlebloba gardam-
avali xasiaTisaa.14
`subieqturi SeuZlebloba, Tu igi movalis braliTaa gamowveuli, marTalia, gamor-
icxavs Sesrulebis valdebulebas, magram kreditors aniWebs zianis anazRaurebis ufle-
bas.~15
maSasadame, Sesrulebis subieqturi SeuZlebloba maSinaa, rodesac igi dakavSirebu-
lia movalis pirovnebasTan, mis fizikur, inteleqtualur, emociur Tu sxva uunarobas-
Tan, rac iuridiuli aqtis safuZvelze SeiZleba zogjer obieqtur SeuZleblobasac gau-
Tanabrdes.16
aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi qarTveli mecnieris azriT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-
deqsSi, piradi da praqtikuli SeuZlebloba gsk-is 275-e paragrafze ukeTesadaa mowesri-
gebuli sxvadasxva muxlebSi. Tumca, ajobebda ufro sistematizirebulad mowesrigebu-
liyo igi, rogorc es germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSia.17 cxadia, ukeTesi iqneboda. yvela
norma romelic exeba qarTul samarTals, calkeul saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebs awes-
rigebs da ar Seicavs zogad wess.
4.3. faqtobrivi (praqtikuli) SeuZlebloba

germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 275-e paragrafis meore nawilis pirveli winadadeba
movales aniWebs valdebulebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis uflebas, rodesac Sesruleba
moiTxovs Seusabamo xarjebs, romelic valdebulebis Sinaarsisa da keTilsindisierebis
principis gaTvaliswinebiT Sesrulebis mimarT kreditoris interesebTan mniSvnelovnad
Seusabamoa.18 faqtobriv SeuZleblobas praqtikuli SeuZleblobis saxeliTac moixsenie-
ben.
faqtobrivi SeuZleblobis winapiroba aris didi Seusabamoba movalis mier Sesrulebi-
saTvis gasawev xarjebsa da kreditoris Sesrulebis interess Soris. Sesrulebis xarjebi
movalis mier SesaZlebelia dakvalificirdes, rogorc finansuri danaxarji, magaliT-
ad, Sesrulebis sagnis SekeTebis xarjebi. SesaZlebelia, rom faqtobrivma SeuZleblobam
gaarTulos valdebulebis Sesruleba movalis mxridan. aqedan gamomdinare, gsk-is 275-
e paragrafis meore nawili, SeiZleba miviCnioT valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis
SemTxvevad. is faqti, rom movalis mier nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba did Zalis-
xmevas saWiroebs da garkveuli msxverplis gaRebas, ra Tqma unda, es valdebulebis Ses-
rulebis garTulebaa da ara SeuZlebloba. is rac Teoriulad SesaZlebelia Sesruldes,
praqtikulad SeiZleba SeuZlebeli gaxdes.
13
14
Brox/Walker, Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 35. Auflage, München, 2011, §22, Rn. 7.
15
#1, Tb., 2009, 177.
16
SakiaSvili b., saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, sakandidato disertaciis avtorefe-
rati, Tb., 1998, 10.
17
mariamiZe g., valdebulebiTi samarTali (saxelSekrulebo samarTali), zogadi nawili, II nawili, I gamocema, Tb.,
2013, 88-89.
18
Lorenz S., Riehm T., Lehrbuch zum neuen Schuldrecht, München, 2002, Rn. 304.
149
Tamar zoiZe
arcerTi kreditori ar daelodeba Sesrulebas, Tuki winaRobis gadalaxva Teori-

ulad SesaZlebelia, magram praqtikulad es miuRwevadia. magaliTad, beWedi, romelic
movales kreditorisaTvis unda gadaeca, SemTxveviT zRvaSi Cauvarda; monetebis koleq-
cia, romelic aseve xelSekrulebis sagania, caTambjenis fundamentSi moeqca.19
roca SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli winaRobebi movalis braliTaa gamoweuli, igi
valdebuli xdeba miiRos saTanado zomebi mis aRmosafxvrelad. magaliTad, movalem
braleulad an sruliad gaazrebulad mihyida nivTi mesame pirs, misi gamosyidvisaTvis
sabazro fasze metis gadaxdac rom mouwios, man es tvirTi unda ikisros. Tuki winaRo-
bis dadgomaSi movales brali ar miuZRvis, arc misi aRmofxvra daekisreba. maSasadame,
Tu winaRoba movalis braliT dadga, igi unda aRmofxvras, Tu araa amaSi misi brali, ar
unda aRmofxvras. am ganmartebis Semdeg kropholeri Tvlis, rom swori iqneba winaRobis
aRmofxvris valdebulebis dakisreba yvela SemTxvevaSi _ braleulad gaCndeba winaRoba,
Tu bralis gareSe.20 rogorc Cans, movalis braleuloba zrdis misi mxridan winaRobis
aRmofxvris Zalisxmevas, rac arabreulobis SemTxvevaSicaa, magram SesaZlebelia iyos
ufro susti.
4.4. fizikuri SeuZlebloba

fizikuri SeuZlebloba maSin gvaqvs saxeze, rodesac Sesruleba SeuZlebelia bunebis
kanonebis (naturgesetze) mixedviT: Sepirebuli nivTi ise ganadgurdeba, rom misi xelax-
la warmoeba, ganaxleba SeuZlebelia; aseTi SeuZlebloba obieqturi SeuZleblobis si-
nonimia, SeiZleba subieqturisac. magaliTad, movales Sepirebuli manqana mopares, rom-
lis adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb man ar icis, anda Sepirebuli samuSaos Sesruleba Tavisi
avadmyofobis gamo ar SeuZlia.21
fizikuri SeuZleblobis azriT, sainteresoa ra Sedegebi mosdevs gvarovnuli niv-
Tis daRupvas? aris azri, rom am dros ar dgeba Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, radganac ar
SeiZleba daiRupos nivTebis mTeli gvari. Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis safuZvelze val-
debuleba Sewyvetilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tuki movales ar SeuZlia warmoebis gafar-
ToebiT Seavsos daRupuli nivTi, romelic gvarovnuladaa gansazRvruli an mas ar hqon-
da ufleba anda SesaZlebloba SeeZina msgavsi sagnebi kreditorisTvis.22 am sakiTxs qvemoT
calke SevexebiT.
4.5. iuridiuli SeuZlebloba

gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa, roca Sesruleba SeuZlebelia kompetenturi saxelmwifo
organos mier aqtis gamocemiT, riTac ikrZaleba is moqmedeba, romelic xelSekrulebis
sagans exeba an sxva gziT xeli eSleba valdebulebis Sesrulebas.
iuridiuli SeuZleblobaa maSinac, roca samoqalaqo brunvidan amoiReba nivTi, rome-
19
darjaniasa da zurab WeWelaSvilis Targmani, Tb., 2014, gsk-is §276, veli 4.
20
iqve, §275, Rn. 4.
21
Mediсus D., Schuldrecht I, Allgemeiner Teil, 15. Auflage, München, 2004, Rn. 366.
22
Иоффе О. С., Обязательственное право, Москва, 1975, 190.
150
lic valdebulebis sagania.23 iuridiuli SeuZlebloba dgeba saaRsrulebo aqtis safuZ-

velzec.
ismis kiTxva, ra xdeba maSin, roca iuridiuli SeuZleblobis gamomwvevi aqti gauqm-
deba, Sesruleba (valdebuleba) unda aRdges Tu ara? ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 417-e
muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT, aseT SemTxvevaSi valdebuleba aRdgeba, Tuki sxva ram
ar gamomdinareobs mxareTa SeTanxmebidan, valdebulebis arsidan da Tuki Sesrulebas ar
daukargavs interesi kreditorisTvis.24
iuridiul SeuZleblobas aqvs adgili, rodesac Sepirebuli valdebulebis Sesruleba
minimum movalisTvis akrZalulia (magaliTad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis Cadena),
ris Sedegac xelSekruleba gsk-is 134-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, baTilia. meores mxriv, Ses-
aZlebelia Sesruleba SeuZlebeli gaxdes samarTlebrivi dabrkolebebis gamo.25
4.6. nawilobrivi SeuZlebloba

SeuZlebloba SesaZlebelia rogorc mTel Sesrulebas Seexos, ise mis nawilsac. nawi-
lobrivi SeuZleblobis mTavari pirobaa Sesrulebis gayofadoba.26 nawilobrivi Sesrule-
ba Sesrulebis mcire nawilisaTvis dafiqrebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, rodesac SekveTili
xuTi manqanidan mxolod ori iqneba miwodebuli, radgan maTi warmoebisas fabrika daiw-
va. meore mxriv, nawilobriv SeuZleblobaze SesaZlebelia visaubroT, rodesac mravali
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, magram sxvadasxva saxis Sesrulebidan, erT-erTi SeuZlebe-
li gaxdeba; mesames miekuTvneba is SemTxveva, rodesac erTiani Sesruleba arajerovnad,
arasrulyofilad ganxorcieldeba. Sesrulebis nawilobriv SeuZleblobasTan dakavSire-
biT movale Tavisufalia; sakiTxavi mxolod is aris, SeuZlia Tu ara kreditors uari
Tqvas darCenili Sesrulebis miRebaze.27 ra Tqma unda, es kreditorzea damokidebuli.
Tuki darCenili nawilis Sesrulebam kreditorisaTvis dakarga interesi, maSin mas Seu-
Zlia uari ganacxados masze.28
germanul samarTalSi cnobilia aseve, Sesrulebis xarisxobrivi SeuZleblobis kate-
goria (`qualita ven Unmöglichkeit~). rogorc nawilobrivi SeuZlebloba, gamonaklisis saxiT,
srul SeuZleblobasTanaa gaTanabrebuli. xarisxobrivi SeuZlebloba maSinaa, roca nasy-
idobis sagnis nakli SeuZlebelia gamoswordes. am dros marTalia xelSekruleba namd-
vilia, myidveli valdebulia miawodos unaklo nivTi, magram 275-e paragrafis pirveli
nawilis mixedviT, Semdgomi Sesrulebisgan igi Tavisufldeba.29
23
Иоффе О. С., Обязательственное право, Москва, 1975, 190.
24
ix. Гражданский кодекс Российской Федераций. Официальный текст, Москва 2014, 166.
25
26
Brox/Walker, Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 35. Auflage, München, 2011, §22, Rn. 13.
27
Medicus D., Schuldrecht I, Allgemeiner Teil, 17. Auflage, München, 2006, Rn. 379.
28
CitaSvili n., Secvlili garemoebebis gavlena valdebulebis Sesrulebasa da mxareTa SesaZlo meorad moTx-
ovnebze (SedarebiTi analizi), Tb., 2015, 112.
29
Brox/Walker, Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 35.Auflage, München, 2011, §22, Rn.14.
151
Tamar zoiZe
4.7. sawyisi da Semdgomi SeuZlebloba

mniSvnelovania imisi garkveva, sawyis SeuZleblobasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu SemdgomTan. es
gamijvna emyareba imas, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas adgili hqonda xelSekrulebis dadebis
momentSi Tu mis Semdeg.30
sawyisi, igive Tavdapirveli SeuZlebloba maSinaa, roca valdebulebis Sesruleba Seu-
Zlebelia misi warmoSobis momentidan. magaliTad, xelSekrulebis dadebis ganmavlobaSi
nadgurdeba nivTi, romlis gadacemac unda moxdes, anda igi mesame piris xelSi xvde-
ba, romlisganac gamoTxova dauSvebelia.31 Tuki am faqts adgili eqneba xelSekrulebis
dadebis Semdgom, maSin Semdgomi SeuZlebloba gveqneba.
erTmaneTisagan mijnaven sawyis obieqtur SeuZleblobasa da sawyis subieqtur Seu-
Zleblobas. pirveli maSinaa, rodesac moxdeba, vTqvaT, damwvari avtomobilis gayidva;
meore SemTxveva maSin gvaqvs, rodesac iyideba nivTi, romelic ekuTvnis ara gamyidvels,
aramed sxvas. aseve imijneba erTmaneTisagan Semdgomi obieqturi SeuZlebloba da Semd-
gomi subieqturi SeuZlebloba. pirveli maSinaa, rodesac gayiduli nivTi daiwveba. meore
SemTxveva ase SeiZleba warmovidginoT: a. miyidis Tavis avtomobils jer b-s, Semdeg g-s
da gadascems mas. b-s mimarT misi valdebuleba iqneba subieqturad SeuZlebeli.32
roca piri kisrulobs iseT valdebulebas, risi Sesrulebac SeuZlebelia, am SemTx-
vevaSi xelSekruleba unda CaiTvalos Seumdgarad. roca xelSekrulebis dadebamdea moq-
medebis Sesruleba SeuZlebeli, arc misi Sesrulebis valdebuleba warmoiSoba.33
rusuli samarTlis mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom aucilebelia zogadi normis SemoReba,
romelic baTilad gamoacxadebda valdebulebas, romelic xelSekrulebis dadebis momen-
tSi Seusrulebadi iqneba. magaliTad, mxarem ikisra valdebuleba meore mxares gadasces
nivTi, romelic xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi ganadgurda (daiRupa). Tuki man icoda
xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi am garemoebis Sesaxeb, maSin SeiZleba mas moeTxovos
zianis anazRaureba dadebiTi zianis saxiT im normebis safuZvelze, romelic exeba arse-
biTi cdomilebis gavleniT garigebis baTilobas. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi azriT, garige-
ba, romliTac SeuZlebeli moqmedebis Sesrulebaa nakisri, arSemdgarad unda CaiTvalos.34
qarTul samarTalSi erTi SexedviT, es problema mogvarebulia. saqarTvelos samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis 91-e muxliT baTilad cxaddeba iseTi pirobiT dadebuli garigeba, romlis
Sesrulebac SeuZlebelia. unda iTqvas, rom roca Sesrulebis SeuZleblobazea saubari,
igulisxmeba, rom saxezea Sesrulebis valdebuleba da saqme exeba misi ganxorcielebis
SeuZleblobas. amitomac, saeWvo unda iyos garigebis baTilobisa da Sesrulebis sawyisi
SeuZleblobis gaigiveba.
germanuli samarTali sawyis SeuZleblobas ar miiCnevs valdebulebis ararsebobis sa-
fuZvlad, miuxedavad imisa, rom xelSekrulebis Sesruleba SeuZlebelia misi dadebis mo-
mentidan. gsk-is 311-e a. paragrafis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: ` xelSekrulebis samarT-
lebrivi Zala ar ibRaleba im faqtiT, rom movales §275-is 1-3 nawilebis Tanaxmad, SeuZlia
ar Seasrulos da valdebulebis xelis SemSleli garemoeba saxezea ukve xelSekrulebis
30
Будман Ш. И., Павлодский Е. А., Невозможность исполнения обязательств в современном договорном праве. ix. wignSi:
Проблемы современного гражданского Права, Городец, Москва, 2000, 228.
31
Brox/Walker, Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 35.Auflage, München, §22, Rn.10; Rn.12.
32
Fikentscher W., Schuldrecht, 8. Auflage, Berlin, New York: de Gruyuter, 1992, Rn. 319.
Будман Ш. И., Павлодский Е. А., Невозможность исполнения обязательств в современном договорном в праве. ix. wignSi:
33
Проблемы современного гражданского Права, Городец, Москва, 2000, 229.

34
iqve, 229-230.
152
dadebis momentSi.~ aqedan Cans, rom sawyisi SeuZlebloba ar xdeba xelSekrulebis Sewyve-
tis safuZveli. rogorc germanuli doqtrina adasturebs, am SemTxvevaSi saxezea ZiriTa-
di valdebulebis gareSe moqmedi xelSekruleba, romelic xdeba moTxovnis safuZveli 311
a. paragrafis meore nawilis Sesabamisad. kerZod, rogorc masSia naTqvami, ..kreditors
SeuZlia, Tavisi arCevaniT moiTxovos Sesrulebis nacvlad zianis an Tavisi xarjebis
anazRaureba §284-iT dadgegnil farglebSi.35
Sesrulebis sawyisi SeuZlebloba kerZo samarTlis unifikaciis saerTaSoriso insti-
tutis mier SemuSavebuli saerTaSoriso savaWro xelSekrulebebis principebis mixedviT,
dakavSirebulia xelSekrulebis namdvilobasTan. gansxvavebiT bevri evropuli qveynis
samarTlisagan, valdebulebis sawyisi SeuZlebloba ar iwvevs xelSekrulebis baTilobas.36
misi 3.3 muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. TavisTavad is faqti, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi
aRebuli valdebulebis Sesruleba SeuZlebelia, es gavlenas ar axdens xelSekrulebis
namdvilobaze; 2. TavisTavad is faqti, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi, mxare ar
iyo uflebamosili ganekarga qoneba, romelsac exeba xelSekruleba, es ar axdens gavle-
nas xelSekrulebis namdvilobaze.~37
aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc sawyisi, ise Semdgomi SeuZlebloba SeiZleba arsebobdes,
rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi SeuZleblobis saxiT.38 Sesrulebis Semdgomi Seu-
Zlebloba umetes SemTxvevaSi dauZleveli ZaliT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli. am dros
bralis sakiTxi SeiZleba arc dadges.
4.8. droebiTi da xangrZlivi SeuZlebloba

Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba ar niSnavs imas, rom valdebulebis realuri Sesruleba saer-
Tod SeuZlebelia. is, rac amJamadaa SeuZlebeli, momavalSi SeiZleba iyos SesaZlebeli,
magaliTad, im samarTlebrivi aqtis gauqmebis Semdeg, ris gamoc valdebulebis Sesruleba
gaxda SeuZlebeli. Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis aRiarebisTvis sakmarisia, rom mas adgi-
li hqondes ganusazRvreli vadiT. Sesrulebis droebiTi SeuZlebloba ar aTavisuflebs
movales valdebulebis Sesrulebisgan, magram igi Tavisufldeba vadis gadacilebis gamo
pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tuki es misi bralis gareSe dgeba.39 xangrZliv SeuZleblobas adg-
ili aqvs maSin, rodesac valdebulebis Sesrulebis sagani ganadgurdeba, anu obieqturi
SeuZleblobisas. aseve mas adgili aqvs dauZleveli Zalis zegavleniT. magaliTad, rode-
sac gadamzidavma gemma tvirTi daniSnulebis adgilas ver miitana imitom, rom Zlieri
qariSxlis gamo gemi CaiZira. ra Tqma unda am dros xangrZliv SeuZleblobas aqvs adgili.
yvelaze axlos erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba da dro
vadiani xelSekrulebebis dros. magaliTad, sadgurSi an aeroportSi taqsis gamoZaxebi-
sas, misi dagvianeba gamgzavrebas uSedegod aqcevs, azrs akargvinebs.40
35
Brox/Walker, Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 35. Auflage, München, §22, Rn. 11; kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi,
saswavlo komentari, me-13 gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tornike darjaniasa da zurab WeWelaSvilis Targmani, Tb.,
2014, gsk-is §311a-s komentari, veli 1,2.
36
Schulze R., Zimmermann R., Basistexte zum Europäischen Privatrecht, 2. Auflage, Baden-Baden, 2002, 445.
37
Принципы международных коммерческих договоров, Москва, 1996, 75.
38
zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari (m.394), wigni mesame, Tb., 2001, 378.
Будман Ш. И., Павлодский Е.А., Невозможность исполнения обязательств в современном договорном в праве. ix. wignSi:
39
Проблемы современного гражданского Права, Городец. Москва, 2000, 225.

40
153
Tamar zoiZe
4.9. ekonomikuri SeuZlebloba

SeuZleblobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saxe gaxlavT valdebulebis Sesrulebis ekono-
mikuri SeuZlebloba, romelic gaigivebulia fulis inflaciasTan, kursis arsebiT cvl-
ilebasTan, fasebis zrdasTan da a.S. samarTlianobisa da Tanazomierebis principebidan
gamomdinare, rac samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebia, angari-
Si unda gaewios movales, romelmac unda Seasrulos valdebuleba. Tumca, aq sakiTxavi
is aris, Tu rasTan ufro gvaqvs saqme: valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobasTan Tu
mis garTulebasTan. am ukanasknelis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi kanoni iZleva SesaZleblobas
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis Secvlis gziT daabalansos movalis interesebi kreditoris
mimarT.
am mxriv sainteresoa pirveli msoflio omis Sedegebze damyarebuli germanuli sa-
samarTlo praqtika. omis Semdeg germaniaSi moiSala sameurneo kavSirebi, samoqalaqo
brunva garTulda, xelSekrulebebi Secvlili garemoebebis gamo damamZimebeli gax-
da mxareebisaTvis. venis kongresze wamoyenebuli iyo brZnuli azri, romlis Tanaxmad
òRond principebi SenarCunebuliyo, faqtebis Taobaze SeiZleboda molaparakeba.~ raix-
is sasamarTlo daemyara ra am princips, gamosavali monaxa èkonomikur SeuZlebloba-
Si.~keTilsindisierebis principze dayrdnobiT gsk-is 157-e da 242-e paragrafebidan
gamomdinare, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas raixis sasamarTlom gauTanabra aseve is SemTx-
vevebi, roca Sesruleba imdenad mZime da xarjiani SeiZleba yofiliyo mxarisaTvis, rom
keTilsindisierebis principidan da samoqalaqo brunvis tradiciebidan gamomdinare,
SeuZlebeli iyo misi movaleze dakisreba.41
mwvave kritikis gavleniT, raixis sasamarTlom ukan daixia da 1920 wlis maisis gad-
awyvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom e.w. `cl.r.s.st.~ ar aRiarebs samoqalaqo sjuldeba, rogorc
zogad princips. mas arc raixis sasamarTlo aRiarebs Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi.42 Tumca,
sul male isev cno sasamarTlom cl.r.s.st. aramarto faqtobrivad, aramed iuridiuladac.
raixis sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, mxaris moTxovna xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis Taoba-
ze, CaiTvleba marTlzomierad, roca ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Secvlis pirobebSi Seu-
Zlebelia misi SenarCunebis davaldebuleba mxarisaTvis.43 raixis sasamarTlos gagebiT,
325-e paragrafSi igulisxmeba aramarto faqtobrivi SeuZlebloba, aramed ekonomikuri
SeuZleblobac.44
germanul samarTalSi ekonomikuri SeuZlebloba fuladi valdebulebis ararsebobas
gulisxmobs. `fuladi valdebulebis mimarT SeuZleblobis instituti ar moqmedebs (Geld
muss man haben).~45 fuli gvarovnuli niSniT mkacrad gansazRvruli sagania da Sesabamisad
misi mopoveba bazarze yovelTvis SeuzRudavad aris SesaZlebeli. `garda amisa fuladi
valdebulebis gansazRvra yovelTvis winaswar aris SesaZlebeli da mis SemTxvevaSi mova-
lis moulodneli riskisagan da valdebulebaTa disbalansisagan dacvis aucilebloba ar
arsebobs.~46 aqac mxareebs ufleba aqvT xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis, kerZod, fuladi val-
41
Зеиц А. Г., Влияние Изменившихся обстоятельств на силу договоров (clausula rebus sic stan bus). Серия научных монографий
N4, выпуск XIII, отдель юридический, под. Ред. Б.Д.Сперанского и Б.Б. Черепахина, Иркутск, 1928, 11.
42
iqve.
43
iqve, 12.
44
iqve.
45
46
iqve.
154
debulebis Secvla moiTxovon.

literaturaSi ekonomikuri SeuZlebloba ZiriTadad gaigivebulia im xarjebis gaw-
evasTan, romelic movalem unda gaiRos kreditoris winaSe nakisri valdebulebis Sesas-
ruleblad. unda dadgindes Tu ra raodenobis danaxarjebTan gvaqvs saqme. Tuki mova-
lem unda gaiRos didi odenobis xarjebi, romelic araproporciuli iqneba kreditoris
winaSe Sesasrulebeli valdebulebis sagnisa, ra Tqma unda movale Tavisufldeba Ses-
rulebisagan misi SeuZleblobis motiviT. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 275-e paragraf-
is meore nawilSi pirdapiraa naTqvami, rom `movales SeuZlia uari Tqvas valdebulebis
Sesrulebaze imdenad, ramdenadac Sesruleba moiTxovs Seusabamo xarjebs, romelic val-
debulebiT-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaarsisa da keTilsindisierebis principis
gaTvaliswinebiT Sesrulebisadmi kreditoris interesis mniSvnelovnad Seusabamoa, rode-
sac gansazRvrulia, Tu gonivrulad ra Zalisxmeva SeiZleba moeTxovos movales, mxedve-
lobaSia aseve misaRebi movalis braleuloba Sesrulebis xelis SeSlaSi.~47 am sakiTxs Cven
nawilobriv SevexeT subieqturi SeuZleblobis mimoxilvis drosac.
4.10. dauZleveli Zala da Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba

dauZlevel Zalasa da Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas Soris iseTi mimarTebaa, rogorc
mizezsa da Sedegs Soris. isini erTmaneTs ar faraven, radganac Sesrulebis SeuZleblo-
ba SeiZleba dadges dauZleveli Zalis gareSec:48 dauZleveli Zala imiT gansxvavdeba
Sesrulebis iuridiuli SeuZleblobisgan, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi movales ar SeuZlia
Seasrulos valdebuleba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki ar aris amaze uflebamosili.49 isini arc
arsobrivad emTxvevian erTmaneTs. Sesrulebis iuridiuli SeuZleblobis Sinaarsi ar Sei-
Zleba daxasiaTdes dauZleveli Zalis niSnebiT.50
miuxedavad amisa, dauZleveli Zala Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis yvelaze gavrcelebu-
li magaliTia. dauZlevelma Zalam SesaZlebelia valdebulebis Sesruleba rogorc Seu-
Zlebeli gaxados, ise gaarTulos misi Sesruleba. am dros movale srulad Tavisufldeba
pasuxismgeblobisgan. Tu ra moiazreba dauZlevel ZalaSi, es TiToeuli konkretuli
SemTxvevis magaliTze unda dadgindes. dauZleveli Zala, igive `forsmaJoruli garemoe-
baa stiqiuri ubedurebani, kataklizmebi, qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri Tu ekonomiku-
ri mdgomareoba, romelTa acileba an winaswar gaTvaliswineba movalis mxridan SeuZle-
belia, vinaidan igi mis nebaze damokidebuli ki ar aris, aramed movalisaTvis Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobis garegan mizezs warmoadgens.51
dauZleveli Zalis SemTxvevaSi valdebulebis Sesruleba obieqturadaa SeuZlebe-
li, misi Sesruleba ar SeuZlia aramarto movales, aramed nebismier sxva adamians. am
dros valdebulebis Seusruleblobas SeiZleba hqondes mudmivi an droebiTi xasiaTi.
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi Sesruleba SeiZleba gadaidos garkveuli vadiT, sanam ar aR-
47
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, BGB, Tb., 2010, 48.
48
ix. Генкин Д.М. К вопросу о влиянии на обязательство невозможности исполнения, сб. Памяти Профессора Габриэля
Феликсовича Шершеневича. Москва, 1915, 122; damowmebulia naSromidan: Будман Ш. И., Павлодский Е. А., 233.
49
ix. Брагинский М. И., Категория юридической невозможности исполнения в хозяиственных договорах// Проблемы
совершенствования советского законодательства, Тр.ВНИИСЗ. М.,1984, N29, с.134. damowmebulia naSromidan: Будман Ш.
И., Павлодский Е. А., 234.
50
ix. Будман Ш. И., Павлодский Е. А., Невозможность исполнения обязательств в современном договорном в праве, 234.
51
zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari (m. 374), wigni mesame, Tb., 2001, 373-375.
155
Tamar zoiZe
moifxvreba misi damabrkolebeli garemoebani. cxadia, kreditors unda hqondes interesi

Sesrulebis mimarT.
maSasadame, dauZleveli Zala gaxlavT Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis zogadi garemoeba,
romelic Tavis TavSi garkveulwilad moicavs SeuZleblobis sxva saxeebsac.52
4.11. Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba individualurad an gvarovnulad

gansazRvruli nivTis SemTxvevaSi
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 382-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `Tu Sesrulebis sagania niv-
Ti, romlis Secvlac SeiZleba (gvarovnuli nivTi), movalem valdebuleba yovelTvis unda
Seasrulos.~ valdebulebis Sesrulebadoba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom am saxis nivTebis
mopoveba samoqalaqo brunvaSi sirTules ar warmoadgens. amitomac valdebuleba kredi-
toris winaSe unda Sesruldes, magram roca Sesruleba mxareebs aSkarad araeqvivalentur
mdgomareobaSi ayenebs da movales daawveba araTanazomieri, aragonivruli tvirTi didi
danaxarjebis gawevis gamo, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom Sesrulebis SeuZleblobasTan gvaqvs
saqme, gsk-is 275-e paragrafis meore nawilis azriT.
SesaZlebelia aseve adgili hqondes Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas gvarovnuli nivTis
arsebobis miuxedavad sxva safuZvliTac. magaliTac, `gamyidveli saxelSekrulebo val-
debulebaTa Seusruleblobis gamo pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufldeba Tu mis mier mi-
sawodebeli gvarovnuli niSnis mqone saqoneli, Tumca aris, magram ar SeuZlia misi ga-
datvirTva ucxo saxelmwifos embargos gamo, an xelisuflebis organoTa miTiTebis gamo,
romlis Tanaxmad, am saxeobis saqoneli unda gaigzavnos mxolod saxelmwifo saeqsper-
to organizaciis meSveobiT, an xelisuflebis mier saqonelze yadaRis dadebis gamo.~53
aRniSnuli magaliTidan Cans, rom adgili aqvs valdebulebis iuridiul SeuZleblobas
gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvruli nivTis SemTxvevaSi.
roca xelSekrulebis sagani individualurad gansazRvruli nivTia, aq Sesrulebis
SeuZlebloba aSkaraa, Tuki nivTi ganadgurdeba. samagiero nivTis miReba sxva Sesrule-
bad unda dakvalificirdes. kreditorma, romc gamoiyenos ssk-is 381-e muxliT gaTval-
iswinebuli ufleba da miiRebs sxva nivTs, es ar niSnavs imas, rom am kategoriis nivTis
daRupva ar iwvevs Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas.
amdenad, ìndividualuri niSniT gansazRvruli sagnis SemTxvevaSi valdebuleba
Semoifargleba am sagniT. `mag. Tu a kisrulobs valdebulebas b-s mihyidos cxeni, a-s
valdebuleba b-s mimarT gaqarwyldeba, Tu misi cxeni daiRupeba. marTalia, mas SeuZlia
mezoblis cxenis SeZena da misi b-sTvis miyidva, magram a valdebuli ar aris ase moiqces.
misi Sesrulebis valdebuleba Semoifargleba im konkretuli nivTiT, romlis gadacemac
aw ukve SeuZlebelia. garda amisa, a-s cxeni Tvisobrivad individualuri sagania da mis
sanacvlod miwodebuli cxeni sxva Sesrulebad CaiTvleba.~54
52
forsmaJoruli garemoebebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobasTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT: Cita-
Svili n., Secvlili garemoebebis gavlena valdebulebis Sesrulebasa da mxareTa SesaZlo meorad moTxovnebze
(SedarebiTi analizi), Tb., 2015, 50-119.
53
cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, tomi II, Tb., 2001,
181.
54
vaSakiZe g., samoqalaqo kodeqsis garTulebul valdebulebaTa sistema, Tb., 2010, 103-104.
156
5. bralis mniSvneloba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas pasuxismgeblobis

dakisrebis WrilSi
kreditoris brali mxedvelobaSi miiReba valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblo-
bis kvalifikaciisas da aqedan gamomdinare SedegebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesrulebis Seu-
Zlebloba SeiZleba dadges kreditoris moqmedebiT. ssk-is 390-e muxlis meore nawilis
Tanaxmad, movalisTvis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba dgeba, roca kreditori ar Seasrulebs
iseT moqmedebas, rac saWiro iyo movalis mier valdebulebis Sesasruleblad. aRniSnuli
moqmedebis Seusrulebloba iTvleba kreditoris mxridan vadis gadacilebad. aq umniS-
vneloa kreditoris moqmedebis xasiaTi, braleuloba. Tumca, roca movale ganzrax an
uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT moqmedebs, igi SeusruleblobisaTvis kreditoris winaSe agebs
pasuxs.
aris azri, romlis Tanaxmadac, roca movalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis Seu-
Zlebloba gamowveulia kreditoris braliT da am ukanasknels Sesrulebuli aqvs Tavi-
si valdebuleba, maSin igi movalisagan veRar moiTxovs Sesrulebulis ukan dabrunebas.
magram es norma ar iTvaliswinebs im SemTxvevas, roca sapirispiro viTarebasTan gvaqvs
saqme. magaliTad, movales Sesrulebuli aqvs Tavisi valdebuleba, magram kreditoris
mxridan Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba gamowveulia misi braliT. am problemis gadaWra Sei-
Zleba valdebulebis Sewyvetis momwesrigebel normaTa ganmartebiT, kerZod, Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobiT wydeba Zveli valdebuleba. magram mxare, romelic braleulia Sesrulebis
SeuZleblobaSi, kontragentis winaSe pasuxs agebs.55 e.i. erTi valdebuleba wydeba da war-
moiSoba meore valdebuleba.
movales brali SeiZleba miuZRodes valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebaSi,
rac ganmtkicebulia ssk-is 401-e muxlSi. kerZod, masSi naTqvamia: `vada gadacilebulad
ar CaiTvleba, Tuki valdebuleba ar Sesrulda iseT garemoebaTa gamo, rac movalis bral-
iT gamowveuli ar aris.~ am debulidan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom movalis mier vadis ga-
dacileba yovelTvis braleul qmedebas unda ukavSirdebodes. Tuki arabraleulad moxda
mis mier vadis gadacileba, kerZod, rodesac dauZlevel Zalas aqvs adgili an Tundac
kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebas, maSin misi pasuxismgebloba, rogorc zemoT iTqva,
valdebulebis arSesrulebisaTvis unda gamoiricxos.
`gsk-is mixedviT, movalis mier vadis gadacileba SeiZleba dafuZndes mxolod ganz-
raxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT (saxeze unda iyos gsk-is 276-e paragrafis winap-
irobebi). vadis gadacilebis, rogorc braleuli darRvevis Sedegad warmoSobili ziani
gsk-is 280-e I paragrafisa da 286-e paragrafis kombinaciiT yovelTvis eqvemdebareba anaz-
Raurebas. ssk-is Tanaxmad, vadis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna
efuZneba ssk-is 404-e muxls, romelic specialuria ssk-is 394-e muxlTan mimarTebiT da
upiratesad gamoiyeneba zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis safuZvlad uSualod vadis gad-
acilebis pirobebSi. mniSvnelovania, rom 404-e muxli damatebiT ar ganamtkicebs daTqmas
movalis braleulobaze. aRniSnuliT kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom vadis gadacileba
yovelTvis braleuli qmedebis Sedegia, ris gamoc kanonmdebeli aRar uTiTebs bralze,
rogorc zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis aucilebel winapirobaze.~56
ix. Братусь С. Н., Юридическая ответственность и законность, Москва, 1976, 90. damowmebulia naSromidan: Будман Ш. И.,
55
Павлодский Е. А., Невозможность исполнения обязательств в современном договорном в праве, 227.

56
ix. CitaSvili n., bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis, samarTlis Jurna-
li 1, 2009, Tb., 170.
157
Tamar zoiZe
6. daskvna
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis institutis SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi ana-
lizis safuZvelze SeiZleba CamovayaliboT ramdenime Tezisi:
1. qarTul samarTalSi ar gvaqvs Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis institutis calke mow-
esrigeba. amis gamoa, rom Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis amsaxveli normebi gabneulia mTel
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. erTaderTi muxli, romlis saTauric Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas ex-
eba, aris 401-e muxli. kerZod, `vada gadacilebulad ar CaiTvleba, Tuki valdebuleba ar
Sesrulda iseT garemoebaTa gamo, rac movalis braliT ar aris gamowveuli.~ marTalia,
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis es SemTxveva, romis samarTlidan dawyebuli, kontinenturi
evropis bevri qveynis samarTalSia dafiqsirebuli, magram igi mxolod erTi SemTxvevaa
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisa.
2. sistemuradaa Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis sakiTxi mowesrigebuli germanul samar-
TalSi. ZiriTadi norma, romelic am sakiTxs exeba aris 275-e paragrafi. masSi mocemulia
Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis mTavari SemTxvevebi. kargi iqneboda Tu saqarTvelos samoqa-
laqo kodeqsSi aisaxeba germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 275-e paragrafis msgavsi mowesri-
geba.
3. Catarebuli kvlevidan gamoCnda, rom pasuxia gasacemi kiTxvaze, Sesrulebis Seu-
Zlebloba ra movlenad CaiTvalos: valdebulebis darRvevad Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis
garTulebad. migvaCnia, rom roca Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba imavdroulad gamowveulia
movalis braleuli moqmedebiT, am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs valdebulebis darRvevas. sxva
SemTxvevebSi igi SesrulebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. (magaliTad, dauZleveli Zalis
Sedegad valdebulebis Sesruleba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda). aq Sesrulebidan gamomdinare
SedegebTan ufro gvaqvs saqme, vidre darRvevasTan.
158
Mariam Gaiparashvili (Ph.D Student, TSU)
COMPENSATION FOR NON PECUNIARY DAMAGES IN WRONGFUL DEATH CASES

ACCORDING TO THE GEORGIAN LAW
ABSTRACT
The author of the ar cle analyses issues concerning the claims in wrongful death cases. In par-
cular, conclusions are made on the basis of considering relevant statutory regula ons, compara ve
analysis, academic doctrine and case law.
Rela ves are denied in fatal injury cases insofar as emo onal harm of the third party is at stake.
Moreover compensa on for non-pecuniary loss is not awarded even if the loss of the direct vic m
causes an injury to the rela ve’s health, i.e if the emo onal harm of the rela ve qualifies as an illness.
This conclusion is derived from exis ng regula on and case law including three excep onal decisions
from the Supreme Court of Georgia. The ar cle provides compara ve analyses of regulatory framework
of Georgia and other European countries in rela on to non-pecuniary loss of secondary vic ms. The
statutory regula ons and prac ce of Austria, Germany, Great Britain, France and So law governing the
issue of non-pecuniary damages in wrongful death cases, are sequen ally and separately evaluated in
the ar cle.
The awarding of compensa on for non-pecuniary loss to rela ves of direct vic ms of fatal accidents,
which is accepted by the ECtHR prac ce, is also established in the majority of European countries, but
in different ways. At the domes c level varying approaches are taken to the ques on of whether mere
mental suffering not amoun ng to a psychiatric disorder is sufficient or whether a psychological injury
which can be qualified as illness is required. Similar to the ECtHR case-law, in some na onal systems not
only family members are granted compensa on for bereavement/non-pecuniary loss, but independent
from the civil law status between the vic m and the third party so are persons with a ‘strong emo onal
bond’ to the vic m. The ar cle, inter alia, analyses the latest ECtHR case Sarishvili-Bolkvadze v. Georgia
and argues that denial of non-pecuniary damages violates Ar cle 2 of the Conven on.
In order to overcome the problems iden fied in the ar cle author emphasizes the necessity of
amendments to the legisla on, together with unifying case law with ECtHR prac ce. The author conclu-
des that the latest decision of ECtHR is a legi mate basis of subsequent amendments in the legisla on.
159
mariam gaiparaSvili*
axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis

anazRaureba saqarTvelos samarTlis mixedviT
1. Sesavali
demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principebi umniSvnelovanesia konsti-
tuciur principebs Soris1 da moiTxovs, rom qveynis samarTali uzrunvelyofdes adami-
anis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis yvela saWiro garantiis Seqmnas.2
arsebobs sferoebi sadac adamianis uflebebis srulyofili dacvis uzrunvelsayofad
saWiroa garkeuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba. specifikiT gamorCeuli
sakiTxis aqtualobam ganapiroba problemis analizis aucilebloba da naSromis dawera.
kvleva Seexeba axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis anaz-
Raurebis sakiTxs. winamdebare naSromis mizania sakanonmdeblo doneze da sasamarT-
lo gadawyvetilebebSi problemebis identificireba, romelic xels uSlis adamianis
uflebis dacvas da maT efeqtian ganxorcielebas. sakiTxis aqtualobas cxadhyofs adami-
anis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos erT-erTi bolo gadawyvetileba, romelic miRe-
buli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da romelic ganxilulia naSromSi. statia miznad isaxavs
kanonmdeblobis mecnierul analizs, evropis qveynebis magaliTze ganxiluli sakanonmde-
blo aqtebiT problemis gansxvavebuli regulirebis dadebiTi mxareebis warmoCenas da
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofis gzebis SeTavazebas.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar arsebobs safuZveli, romlis Tanaxmadac del-
iqtis Sedegad gardacvlilis axloblebi moiTxoven miyenebuli tkivilisTvis moraluri
zianis anazRaurebas. dasaxelebul sakiTxs da samoqalaqo kodeqsis erTsa da imave nor-
mas, gansxvavebulad ganmartavs saqarTvelos uzenasi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo da admin-
istraciuli palatebi. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi ganxilulia
naSromis pirvel TavSi.
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa konvenciis,3 46-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
xelSemkvreli mxareebi kisruloben valdebulebas, daemorCilon sasamarTlos saboloo
gadawyvetilebas nebismier saqmeze, romlis mxareebic isini arian.4 aqedan gamomdinare
* doqtoranturis mesame semestris studenti, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
iuridiuli fakulteti; magistri saerTaSoriso da evrokavSiris samarTalSi, gentis universiteti, samarTlis
da kriminologiis fakulteti.
1
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 dekembris #1/3/407 gadawyvetileba saqmeze, „saqarT-
velos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da saqarTvelos moqalaqe ekaterine lomTaTiZe saqarTvelos parla-
mentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 2.
2
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 ivnisis gadawyvetileba #1/466 saqmeze, „saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 2.
3
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, miRebulia 1950 wlis 4 noembers, ZalaSia 1953 wlis 3 seqtembridan,
saqarTvelosTvis ZalaSia 1999 wlis 20 maisidan.
4
kerZo samarTalze adamianis uflebaTa eropuli konvenciis gavlenaze ufro detalurad ix.: Cons tu onalisa on
of Private Law, Edited By Barkhuysen T., Lindenbergh S., Leiden, 2006, 49 da Semdgomni; Cremer H., Human Rights and the Protec on
of Privacy in Tort Law: A Comparison between English and German Law, New York, 2011, 111 da Semdgomni; Human Rights in Private
Law, Edited by Friedmann D., Barak-Erez D., Portland, 2001, 167 da Semdgomni; EU Compendium Fundamental Rights and Private
Law: A prac cal Tool for judges, Edited by Busch C., Schulte-Nolke H., Munich, 2011, 38 da Semdgomni; Kiestra L., The Impact of the
160
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da samoqalaqo normebis ganmarteba unda iyos konvenciasTan

da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebTan SesabamisobaSi. naS-
romSi mesame Tavi daeTmo saqarTvelos praqtikis da kanonmdeblobis mimarTebas adamian-
is uflebaTa evropul konvenciasTan.
kvlevis meoTxe Tavi eTmoba SedarebiT analizs. dasaxelebul nawilSi ganxilulia
sakiTxis regulaciebi da sasamarTlo praqtika avstriaSi, germaniaSi, inglisSi, safran-
geTSi da unficirebuli samarTlis dokumentebSi. am kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvalsiwineba
mniSvnelovania evropul regulaciebTan harmonizaciisTvis.
mexuTe TavSi ganxilulia sakiTxi, Tu vin iTvleba moraluri zianis anazRaurebis
miznebisTvis axlobel adamianad. sakiTxis Seswavlisas gamoikveTa ori mTavari problema:
samarTlebriv sivrceSi mimdinareobs msjeloba, daSvebuli unda iyos Tu ara axlobeli
adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis anazRaureba da meore, bevr qvey-
anaSi, sadac axloblis gardacvalebis dros dasaSvebia moraluri zianis anazRaureba,
davis sagans warmoadgens is, Tu vis unda aunazRaurdes moraluri ziani.
2. axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli
regulacia da misi ganmartebebi
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 413-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, araqone-
brivi zianisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba pirma SeiZleba moiTxovos mxolod kanoniT zustad
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis saxiT. saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos rekomendaciebSi moraluri ziani Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli:
`Tavisi arsiT araqonebrivi ziani aris fizikuri da fsiqologiuri tanjva, romelsac
piri ganicdis ama Tu im sikeTis, umeteswilad ki aramaterialur faseulobaTa xelyofis
gamo.~5 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTo-
bebs, SesaZloa, Tan axldes moraluri gancdebi, magram samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba da-
saSvebia mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. gansaxilveli normis mizania,
Seamciros, SezRudos am normiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis dausabuTebeli gafarToe-
ba, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos samoqalaqo brunvis stabiluroba da wesrigi.6 saqarTve-
los samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar aregulirebs axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi
moraluri zianis anazRaurebas, Sesabamisad, kanonis sityvasityviTi ganmartebis Tanax-
mad, aseT SemTxvevebSi ziani ar unda anazRaurdes.
doqtrinis Tanaxmad, moraluri zianis gancdas iwvevs zneobrivi da fizikuri tan-
jva rac fsiqikuri janmrTelobis darRvevaSi gamoixateba.7 axlobeli adamianis gar-
dacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCele Tavad ganicdis fsiqikur tanjvas da, Sesabamisad,
Tavad xdeba araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis damoukidebeli sub-
European Conven on on Human Rights on Private Interna onal Law, Hague, 2014, 27 da Semdgomni.
5
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos rekomendaciebi samoqalaqo samarTlis sasamarTlo praqtikis problema-
tur sakiTxebze, 2007, 69, onlain versia xelmisawvdomia: <h p://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/rekomend.
pdf>, [20.04.2019].
6
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 10 seqtembris gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #as-979-940-2014.
7
kvantaliani n., pacientis uflebebi da janmrTelobis dacvis personalis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasux-
ismgeblobis safuZvlebi, 2014, 153.
161
mariam gaiparaSvili
ieqti.8 damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, moraluri ziani SeiZleba realurad dadges,

magram, Tu kanoniT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli misi anazRaureba, igi ar anazRaurdeba,
Tumca, es midgoma unda Seicvalos da sasamarTloebma Tavad unda Seavson kanonis xarve-
zebi da dasabuTebuli aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, Seqmnan moraluri zianis anazRaurebis
axali precedentebi.9
2.1. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis

mier dadgenili praqtika axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis anazRaurebis Taobaze
saqarTveos uzenaesma sasamarTlom axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi
moraluri zianis Taobaze praqtika daamkvidra 2005 wels erT-erT saqmeSi, rodesac mo-
sarCele iTxovda mamis gardacvalebiT miyenebuli moraluri zianis anazRaurebas. sakasa-
cio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, moraluri zianis dakisrebis nawilSi, sakasacio saCivari
usafuZvlo iyo saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me–19 da 413–e muxlebidan gamomdin-
are.10 unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlos mxridan ssk-s me–19 muxlze dayrdnobiT, moTx-
ovnaze uaris Tqma da am muxlze msjeloba ar iyo marTebuli, radgan mosarCele mama-
misisTvis miyenebuli moraluri zianis anazRaurebas da misTvis memkvidreobis wesiT am
Tanxis gadacemas ar iTxovda.11 sasarCelo moTxovna iyo, moraluri zianis anazRaureba im
gancdisa da tkivilisaTvis, rac gamoiwvia mamis daRupvam.
erT-erTi saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis Tanaxmad, mosarCelis meuRle muSaobda
durglad, romelic samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas Camovarda meore sarTulis
saxuravidan da miiRo mZime travma da gardaicvala. ojaxis erTaderTi marCenalis gar-
dacvalebis, masTan dakavSirebuli fsiqoemociuri stresis Sedegad, mosarCeles dauz-
ianda janmrTeloba, kerZod, daudginda depresia da Semowmebis Sedegad Sromisuunarod
iqna cnobili. sakasacio sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi – saxelSekrulebo
Tu deliqturi urTierTobis dros (miT umetes piris gardacvalebisas), SeiZleba dadg-
es moraluri ziani, magram Tu kanoniT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli misi anazRaureba, igi
ar anazRaurdeba. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom ojaxis wevris gardacvaleba yovelTvis
ukavSirdeba mZime gancdebs da fsiqologiur travmas, ramac, garkveul SemTxvevaSi, Ses-
aZlebelia, janmrTelobis dazianebac gamoiwvios, magram janmrTelobis dazianeba zianis
mimyeneblis qmedebasTan uSualo da pirdapir mizezobriv kavSirSi unda iyos.12 mopasuxe
pasuxismgebelia zianze, romelic marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis bunebrivi da Tanmdevi
Sedegia, Sesabamisad, dazaralebuli aseT SemTxvevaSi aris uSualo msxverpli da ara misi
ojaxis wevri.13
8
biWia m., piradi cxovrebis dacva saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, 2012, 252-253.
9
zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., Wanturia l., xecuriani j. (red.), saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari,
wigni mesame, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, 2001, 471.
10
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2005 wlis 25 mai-
sis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-469-783-05.
11
Sead. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2011 wlis 14 Tebervlis gadawyvetile-
ba saqmeze #as-1337-1177-2010.
12
Sead. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 30 seqtembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #1/6/561,568,
II, 23, 24, 67.
13
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 1 maisis gadawyvetileba #as-113-
162
zemoT moyvanili praqtikis msgavsia gadawyvetilebebi davebze, romlebic efuZneba

ssk-s 1007-e muxls. kerZod, erT-erTi saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis Tanaxmad, mSo-
biarobis dros daSvebuli samedicino Secdomis Sedegad gardaicvala pacienti. mo-
sarCelis (gardacvlili pacientis Svilis) meurvem moiTxova mopasuxeebisaTvis, 50 000
laris dakisreba moraluri zianis asanazRaureblad. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT, sarCeli moraluri zianis anzRaurebis Taobaze ar dakmayofilda. sa-
samarTlom miiCnia, rom moraluri zianis moTxovnis dakmayofilebis safuZveli, moce-
mul SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobda. saapelacio sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova gadawyvetileba
da saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom sssk-is 391-e muxlis safuZvelze, sakasacio sa-
Civari cno dauSveblad.14
2017 wels miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom moral-
uri ziani anazRaurdeba janmrTelobis xelyofis SemTxvevaSi, ris Sedegadac dazarale-
buli ganicdis sulier tanjvas, fsiqikur stress.janmrTelobis dazianebaSi igulisxmeba
iseTi zemoqmedeba, romelic xelyofs dazaralebulis sxeuls an misi organizmis Sinagan
procesebs. ganxilul SemTxvevaSi ki moraluri ziani ar anazRaurda, radgan mopasuxem
marTlsawinaaRmdego, braleuli qmedebiT xelyo mosarCelis Svilis sicocxle da ara
uSualod mosarCelis janmrTeloba.15
zemoT dasaxelebuli gadawyvetilebebis Tanaxmad, ssk-s 413-e muxli ganimarteba
sakmaod viwrod da im SemTxvevaSic, Tu gardacvalebam gamoiwvia ojaxis wevris fsiqiku-
ri janmrTelobis dazianeba, moraluri ziani ar anazRaurdeba.16 Tu mxare iTxovs axlob-
lis tanjvisTvis moraluri zianis anazRaurebas da Tanxis memkvidreobis wesiT misTvis
gadacemas sarCeli ar kmayofildeba ssk–s me–19 muxlidan gamomdinare.17 Tu mosarCele
iTxovs moraluri zianis anazRaurebas im tanjvisTvis rac mas miadga axlobeli adamianis
gardacvalebis gamo, sarCeli ar kmayofildeba ssk–s 413 muxlidan gamomdinare, radgan
axloblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis anazRaureba ar aris kanoniT
pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli. aramarTebulia, kanonis damrRvevs ufro naklebi pasuxismge-
bloba daekisros piris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, vidre mas daekisreboda msxverpli
rom gadarCeniliyo. problemas warmoadgens isic, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo
saqmeTa palata dRemde miyveba gakritikebul gadawyvetilebebSi asaxul pozicias, ma-
Sin rodesac msgavs davas gansxvavebulad wyvets uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul
saqmeTa palata.18 kerZod, administraciuli palata eyrdnoba adamianis uflebaTa evro-
puli sasamarTlos praqtikas19 da ganmartavs: `kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris
108-2014; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 26 noembris gadawyvetile-
ba #as-889-839-2015.
14
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2016 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetileba #as-
891-841-2015.
15
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2017 wlis 14 ivlisis #as-593-568-2016 gad-
awyvetileba.
16
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetilebebi: #3k-1218-01, #3k-1754-01,
#as-14-1466-05, #as-665-626-2012, #as-1566-1469-2012.
17
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetilebebi:
#3k-1218-01, #as-14-1466-05.
18
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli kolegiis gadawyvetilebebi: #bs-972-936(3k-08), # bs-
78-78(k-12), #bs-1521-1478(2k-08), #bs-1107-1096(k-11), #bs-914-878(k-08).
19
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2017 wlis 29 ivnisis gadawyvetileba
#bs-344-342(2k-17).
163
mariam gaiparaSvili
Svilis an sxva axloblis sicocxlis xelyofis gamo miyenebuli moraluri zianis anaz-
Raureba anu moraluri ziani, romelic ar atarebs restituciis mniSvnelobas, fuladi
kompensaciiT SeiZleba aunazRaurdes mxolod dazaralebuls da ara mis uflebamonacv-
les, Tumca aRniSnuli ar gamoricxavs gardacvlilis mSoblisaTvis moraluri zianis
anazRaurebas, ukeTu mas danaSauliT uSualod miadga ziani.~20 Sesabamisad, kanonis norma
radikalurad gansxvavebulad ganimarteba kolegiebis mier.
2.2. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa

palatis gansxvavebuli praqtika axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis anazRaurebis Taobaze
erT-erT saqmeSi, mosarCele iTxovda misi Svilis gardacvalebiT miyenebuli moral-
uri zianis anazRaurebas, romelic imyofeboda samkrunalo dawesebulebaSi da amave or-
ganizaciis aRsazrdelma mokla is. mosarCele iTxovda organizaciisgan moraluri da
materialuri zianis anazRaurebas, radgan man ver uzrunvelyves misi Svilis usafrTx-
oeba. saapelacio palatam ganmarta, rom Svilis gardacvalebis gamo, mosarCelis janmr-
Telobis mdgomareobis (vegetonevrozis diagnozi) gauareseba, zianis anazRaurebis da-
kisrebis kanonismier winapirobas qmnis. sakasacio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, sakasacio
saCivris ganxilvisa da sakasacio sasamarTlos axali gadawyvetilebis miRebis saWiroeba
ar arsebobda samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoy-
alibebisTvis da saCivari cno dauSveblad.21 dauSveblobis gadawyvetilebiT, sakasacio
sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos ganmarteba, rom Svilis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi moraluri ziani unda anazRaurdes, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ewinaaRmdegebo-
da dadgenil praqtikas.
kidev erT sagamonakliso saqmeSi, mosarCele iTxovda Svilis wamebisa da mkvlelobis
gamo, mopasuxeTa mier misTvis miyenebuli moraluri zianis anazRaurebas. mosarCelem
miuTiTa, rom gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT mokles misi Svili da mopasuxeTa mier danaSau-
lis Cadena dadasturebulia kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo ganaCeniT. mosarCelis
ganmartebiT, erTadaerTi Svilis sikvdiliT miyenebuli moraluri travmiT gamowveuli
udidesi sulieri tkivili sicocxlis bolomde gahyveba. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos
samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatam sarCeli nawilobriv daakmayofila mopasuxeebs solidaru-
lad daekisraT moraluri zianis _ 40 000 laris anazRaureba. saapelacio sasamarTlom
gaiziara pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos Sefasebebi da daskvnebi saqmis faqtobriv da
samarTlebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT da ganmarta, rom moraluri zianis SinaarsSi
igulisxmeba samarTlebrivad daculi im araqonebrivi interesis xelyofa, romelsac ma-
terialurad araferi Seesabameba. saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba gaasaCivres mopasux-
eebma, radgan maTi ganmartebiT, saapelacio sasamarTlom arasworad ganmarta samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 413-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac araqonebrivi zianisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba
SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes mxolod kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi da saqarT-
velos uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT, meuRlis, Svilis an sxva axloblis si-
cocxlis xelyofis gamo miyenebuli moraluri ziani ar anazRaurdeba, radgan aRniSnuli
20
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2012 wlis 27 dekembris gadawyvetile-
ba #bs-78-78(k-12), saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2012 wlis 3 aprilis
gadawyvetileba #bs-1107-1096(k-11).
21
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 12 martis gadawyvetileba #as-
100-96-2012.
164
pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT. sakasacio sasamarTlom,

samarTlebrivad ar Seafasa kasatoris argumentebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom kasatori mar-
Tebulad miuTiTebda, rom saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmdegeboda
uzenaesi sasamarTlos dadgenil praqtikas. sakasacio sasamarTlom samoqalaqo saproce-
so kodeqsis 391-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sakasacio saCivrebi miiCnia dauSveblad.22
miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoT ganxilul orive saqmeSi saapelacio sasamarTlos gad-
awyvetileba da ganmarteba ewinaaRmdegeboda arsebul praqtikas, sakasacio sasamarTlom
sakasacio saCivrebi cno dauSveblad. erT saqmeSi mSobelma warmoadgina janmrTelobis
dazianebis damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba da sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom marTlsawinaaRm-
dego qmedebis iribi Sedegi – gardacvlilis axloblis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis da-
zianeba, warmoadgenda ssk-s 413-2 muxlis regulirebis sferos. meore SemTxvevaSi, mo-
sarCeles ar warmoudgenia janmrTelobis dazianebis damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba,
magram sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom moTxovna am SemTxvevaSic unda dakmayofilebuliyo. am
ori saqmis analizidan gamomdinareobs, rom ojaxis wevris gardacvaleba dakavSirebu-
lia mZime sulier gancdebTan da ojaxis wevrs unda aunazRaurdes miyenebuli moral-
uri ziani. moTxovnis dakmayofilebis aucilebel winapirobas ar warmoadgens mosarCe-
lis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dazianeba. amgvari ganmarteba aris marTebuli, saCivrebis
dauSveblobiT, sakasacio sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos es midgoma da
amiT Seecada arsebuli praqtikis cvlilebas.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2018 wlis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, ojaxis wev-
ris gardacvalebis gamowveuli dardi, glova da depresia, ar aris moraluri zianis anaz-
Raurebis winapiroba. msgavss SemTxvevebSi moraluri zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba
dasaSvebia gamonaklisis saxiT, `mxolod maSin, rodesac xangrZlivi drois ganmavloba-
Si mimdinareobs mZime fsiqopaTologiuri darRvevebi, romlebic arsebiTad scildeba,
ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo, janmrTelobis zogadi mdgomareobis mimarT sulieri tkiviliT
miyenebul zians (vnebebs) da, romelic, amis gamo, SeiZleba, gavaigivoT sxeulis an janmr-
Telobis dazianebasTan.~ Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saapelacio sasamarTlom
arasworad CaTvala moraluri zianis anazRaurebis sakmaris safuZvlad mxolod mosarCe-
lis sulieri tkivili da tanjva (fsiqologiuri ziani), radgan amas ar gamouwvevia mo-
sarCelis avadmyofoba (janmrTelobis dazianeba). miuxedavad am msjelobisa, `sauaresod
Sebrunebis dauSveblobis principidan gamomdinare~ palatas ar Seucvlia saapelacio sa-
samarTlos gadawyvetileba.23 dasaxelebuli gadawyvetileba udavod wingadadgmul nabijs
warmoadgens am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, rac gvaZlevs imis varaudis safuZvels rom moma-
val gadawyvetilebebSi moraluri ziani SeiZleba anazRaurdes Tu mosarCele janmrTe-
lobis dazianebis faqts daadasturebs.
sssk-s 3911 muxlis 1-li nawilis `b~ punqtis Tanaxmad, saqmis sakasacio wesiT ganmxil-
vel sasamarTlos SeuZlia motivirebuli ganCinebiT saqme gansaxilvelad gadasces saqa-
rTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos did palatas, Tu sakasacio palata ar iziarebs sxva saka-
sacio palatis mier adre Camoyalibebul samarTlebriv Sefasebas (normis ganmartebas).
Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivad swori iqneboda saqme ganexila did palatas da Secvliliyo
dadgenili praqtika, radgan am qveTavSi ganxiluli gadawyvetilebebi warmoadgens sagam-
onakliso SemTxvevebs.
22
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 22 noembris gadawyvetileba #as-
868-817-2010.
23
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2018 wlis 15 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba
#as-1185-1105-2017.
165
mariam gaiparaSvili
3. axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis

anazRaurebis qarTuli regulaciis mimarTeba adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli konvenciis meore da mecamete muxlebTan
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia aregulirebs urTierTobas saxelmwifosa
da adamians Soris, magram samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvisas mosamarTles, romelic ixilavs
deliqtebis sakiTxs, mouwevs imsjelos adamianis uflebebze da Seafasos dapirispire-
buli interesebi proporciulobis principiT.24 adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias
aqvs horizontaluri efeqti da is pirdapir SeiZleba moqalaqeebs ar zRudavdes, magram
mosamarTle, rogorc samosamarTlo xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli, SeboWilia am kon-
venciiT gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.25 Sesabamisad, Sefasdeba sakiTxi, xom ar irRveva evro-
puli konvenciis me-2 muxlidan gamomdinare pozitiur valdebuleba roca ar mosarCeles
alxoblis dakargviT gamowveul moralur ziani ar unazRaurdeba. es Tavi afasebs, saqa-
rTveloSi arsebuli regulacia ramdenad warmoadgens konvenciis me-13 muxliT dacul
efeqtur saSualebas.
konvenciis me-13 muxli saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs efeqtianad daicvan konvenci-
idan gamomdinare uflebebi. ufleba efeqtur dacvis saSualebaze aris damxmare ufle-
ba. me-13 muxlidan gamomdinare saxelmwifoebs SesaZloa daekisroT valdebuleba miiRon
axali regulaciebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs me-13 muxlidan gamomdinare valdebule-
bebis Sesrulebas.26 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikis Tanaxmad, Tu
dadgindeba me-2 da me-3 muxlebis darRveva, moraluri ziani, rogorc kompensaciis saxe
unda iyos Sida kanonmdeblobiT xelmisawvdomi, rogorc efeqturi dacvis saSualeba da
es valdebuleba am SemTxvevaSi moiazreba me-13 muxlidan gamomdinare.27 evropuli kon-
venciis me-13 muxlidan gamomdinare, Tu arsebobs saWiroeba, pirebs unda SeeZloT kompen-
saciis miReba rogorc materialuri, ise aramaterialuri zianisaTvis rac maT miadgaT.28
3.1. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-2 da me-13

muxlebidan gamomdinare pozitiuri valdebuleba, Tu gardacvaleba
gamowveulia sajaro moxelis qmedebiT
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis Tanaxmad, moraluri
zianis anazRaureba yovelTvis ekisreba saxelmwifos, romelsac brali miuZRvis msxver-
plis mkvlelobisa da wamebis arasaTanado gamoZiebaSi, radgan aseT SemTxvevebSi irRveva
konvenciis me–2 muxli.29 axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, moraluri zianis
24
The Oxford Handbook of Compara ve Law, Edited by Reimann M., Zimmermann R., New York, 2006, 1020.
25
iqve, 1021.
26
Grabenwarter C., European Conven on on Human Rights: Commentary, Oxford, 2014, 328.
27
Keenan v. United Kingdom, no. 27229/95, § 130, ECHR, 2001; kontrova v Slovakia, no. 7510/04, § 64 ECHR, 2007; Poghosyan a Bagh-
dasaryan v Armenia, no.22999/06, § 46, ECHR, 2012.
28
Kaya v. Turkey, no.158/1996/777/978, § 107, ECHR, 1998; Z and Others v. United Kingdom (GC), no. 29392/95, § 109, ECHR, 2001; Paul
and Audrey Edwards v United Kingdom, no. 46477/99, §97, ECHR, 2002; Pereira Henriques v Luxembourg, no. 60255/00, § 86, ECHR,
2006.
29
Kaya v. Turkey, no.158/1996/777/978, ECHR, 1998; Orhan v. Turkey, no. 25656/94, ECHR, 2002; Oğur v. Turkey (GC), no. 21594/93,
ECHR, 1999; Tekin v. Turkey, no. 22496/93, ECHR, 1998.
166
anazRaurebas Rebulobs meuRle an sxva axlo naTesavi.30

saqmeSi reinoldsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg31adamianis uflebaTa evropul-
ma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom axloblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi pirs unda aunaz-
Raurdes moraluri ziani, Tu piris gardacvalebaze pasuxismgebelia saxelmwifo. faq-
tobrivi garemoebebis Tanaxmad, aplikantis vaJs dausves Sizofreniis diagnozi da igi
mkurnalobda saxelmwifo saavadmyofoSi. aplikantis vaJi saavadmyofos meeqvse sarTu-
lidan gadmoxta da Tavi moikla. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina
konvenciis me-13 da me-2 muxlebis darRveva, radgan aplikants ar hqonda SesaZlebloba
mieRo saTanado kompensacia, maT Soris moraluri ziani, Svilis gardacvalebis gamo
da misi Svilis gardacvaleba gamowveuli iyo saxelmwifo saavadmyofos mier daudevari
mopyrobiT.
zemoT ganxiluli gadawyvetilebis msgavsia akoci TurqeTis winaaRmdeg32 – ganmcxa-
deblis meuRle mokles 1993 wels. apelanti saxelmwifosgan iTxovda misi qmrisTvis mi-
yenebuli moraluri zianis anazraurebas, romelic mas unda gadascemoda rogorc mis
memkvidres. ganmcxadebeli aseve iTxovda misTvis miyenebuli moraluri zianis anaz-
Raurebas, rac gamowveuli iyo qmris dakargviT. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiTs Tanax-
mad, dairRva konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebi, radgan saxelmwifom ver uzrunvelyo
efeqtiani gamoZiebis Catareba da Sesabamisi kompensaciis, maT Soris moraluri zianis,
gadaxda ganmcxadeblisTvis.
saqmeSi, kenani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,33 momCivanis vaJma patimrobis peri-
odSi sicocxle TiTmkvlelobiT daasrula. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dedisTvis xelmi-
sawvdomi unda yofiliyo konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebidan gamomdinare misTvis Svilis
sikvdiliT gamowveuli moraluri ziani da dedas unda aunazRaurdes is tanjva rac mis
Svils miayenes sikvdilamde.34 Tanxis odenoba unda iyos im tkivilis, stresis da SiSis
proporciuli rac miadga momCivans.35
daskvnis saxiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu piris gardacvaleba gamowveulia sajaro
moxelis moqmedebiT/umoqmedobiT da sasamarTlo gardacvlilis axloblis sasargeblod
uflebadamrRvevs ar daakisrebs moraluri zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas, es iqneba
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebis darRveva. Semdeg nawil-
Si gaanalizdeba msgavsi midgoma arsebobs, Tu ara, rodesac uflebis xelmyofs warmoad-
gens kerZo piri.
30
Kaya v. Turkey, no.158/1996/777/978, ECHR, 1998; Salman v. Turkey, no. 21986/93, ECHR, 2000; Kiliç v Turkey, no. 22492/93, ECHR,
2000; Cakici v. Turkey, no. 23657/94, ECHR, 1999; Ilhan v. Turkey, no. 22277/93, ECHR, 2000; Güleç v Turkey, no. 54/1997/838/1044,
ECHR, 1998.
31
Reynolds v. the United Kingdom, no. 2694/08, ECHR, 2012.
32
Akkoc v. Turkey, nos. 22947/93, 22948/93, ECHR, 2000.
33
Keenan v. United Kingdom, no. 27229/95, § 130, ECHR, 2001.
34
iqve, § 131.
35
Keenan v. United Kingdom, no. 27229/95, § 130, ECHR, 2001; Z and Others v. United Kingdom, no. 29392/95, § 109, ECHR, 2001.
167
mariam gaiparaSvili
3.2. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-2 da me-13 muxlebidan

gamomdinare pozitiur valdebuleba, Tu piris gardacvaleba
gamowveulia kerZo piris qmedebiT
saqmeSi, zavoloka latviis winaaRmdeg,36 adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom
pirvelad Seafasa sakiTxi, evropuli konvencia avaldebulebs Tu ara saxelmwifoebs
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli hqondeT axloblis gardacvalebis dros moraluri zinis
anazRaurebis ufleba, Tu sicocxlis xelmyofi aris kerZo piri. faqtobrivi garemoe-
bebis Tanaxmad, aplikantis 12 wlis Svili gardaicvala mas Semdeg rac mas daejaxa manqana,
romelsac marTavda kerZo piri. pirma dakrZalvis xarjebis asanazRaureblad gadaixada
2600 evro. ganmcxadebelis ganmartebiT, Sida kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mas ar SeeZlo
Svilis gardacvalebis gamo moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna rac warmoadgenda
konvenciis me – 13 muxlis darRvevas. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom konvenciidan gamomdin-
are saxelmwifoebs ar akisriaT valdebuleba kanonmdeblobiT hqondeT gaTvaliswinebu-
li kompensaciis saxe – moraluri ziani, Tu xelmyofi ar aris saxelmwifos warmomadgene-
li.37 sasamarTlom aseve mxedvelobaSi miiRo is faqti, rom latviis samoqalaqo kodeqsi
icvleboda da SesaZlebeli xdeboda msgavs SemTxvevebSi moraluri zianis anazRaureba.
zemoT ganxiluli gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinare, doqtrinaSi miiCnevdnen, rom Tu
sicocxlis xelmyofi piri aris kerZo piri da saxelmwifos ar daurRvevia konvenci-
is me–2 muxlidan gamomdinare pozitiuri valdebuleba, ar arsebobs moraluri zianis
kompensaciis valdebuleba. Tumca, mogvianebiT, evropulma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom
es warmoadgenda gadawyvetilebis (zavoloka latviis winaaRmdeg) araswor da zedmetad
farTo interpretacias. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, zavolokas saqmeSi, dadginda, rom
moraluri zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar arsebobda im konkretul SemTxvevaSi,
kerZod, rodesac aplikantis Svili gardaicvala sagzao ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad me-
same piris daudevobiT da ar arsebobda saxelmwifos arc pirdapiri da arc iribi pasux-
ismgebloba.38
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom zavolokas saqmisgan gansxvavebuli
standarti daadgina saqmeSi, sadac aplikantis axloblis sikvdili gamoiwvia kerZo piris
gaufrTxilebelma moqmedebam, kerZod avtosagzao SemTxvevam. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT,
kerZo piris daudevari qmedebiT adamiani gardaicvala da samarTlebrivma sistemam ver
uzrunvelyo adekvaturi da drouli reagireba, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom daarRvia kon-
venciis me–2 muxlidan gamomdinare pozitiuri valdebuleba.39 sasamarTlom saxelmwifos
daakisra moraluri zianis anazRaureba aplikantisTvis, radgan man mZime travma ganicada
Svilis moulodneli sikvdiliT, romelzec saxelmwifom saTanado reagireba ar moaxdina.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis Tanaxmad, ev-
ropuli konvenciis me–2 muxlis pozitiuri valdebulebebi40 moicavs, saxelmwifos val-
debulebas, SeimuSavos saTanado regulaciebi, romelic Tanabrad gavrceldeba kerZo da
sajaro saavadmyofoebze, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos pacientebis sicocxlis saTanado
36
Zavoloka v Latvia, no. 58447/00, ECHR, 2009.
37
iqve, § 40.
38
Brincat and others v. Malta, nos. 60908/11, 62110/11, 62129/11, 62312/11, 62338/11, § 26, ECHR, 2014.
39
Anna Todorova v. Bulgaria, no. 23302/03, § 83, ECHR, 2011.
40
Akkoc v. Turkey, nos. 22947/93, 22948/93, ECHR, §§ 77–78, 2000.
168
dacva.41 sasamarTlom samedicino sferosTan dakavSirebiT ganmarta, rom Tu pacienti

kvdeba kerZo an saxelwmifo saavadmyofoSi, xelSemkvrel mxareebs evalebaT gamoikvlion
gardacvalebis mizezi da pasuxi agebinon deliqtis Camdens, aseve, kanonmdeblobiT Sesa-
Zlebeli unda iyos administraciuli/samoqalaqo wesiT zianis anazRaureba.42 igive stan-
darti vrceldeba sagzao SemTxvevebis dros adamianis gardacvalebaze.43 Tu sicocxlis
xelyofa kerZo piris mier ar momxdara ganzrax, me-2 muxli ar avaldebulebs saxelmwi-
fos rom man xelmyofis mimarT gamoiyenos sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjeli,44 Tumca am
SemTxvevaSi me-2 muxli saxelmwifos avaldebulebs dazaralebulis ojaxs hqondes Sesa-
Zlebloba samoqalaqo wesiT idavos zianis45 anazRaurebaze.46
Semdegi gadawyvetileba (kalveli italiis winaaRmdeg47) mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac
is kargad aCvenebs konvenciis meore muxlsa da samoqalaqo wesiT zianis anazRaurebis
SesaZleblobas Soris kavSirs. saqme exeboda eqimis daudevrobis gamo axalSobilis gar-
dacvalebas. aplikantebi evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe daobdnen, rom saxelmwifom daar-
Rvia konvenciis me-2 muxli, radgan eqims ar daekisra sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismge-
bloba. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom eqimis sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba rom ar
dadga ar aris arsebiTi, radgan mosarCeleebs hqodnaT uflebis aRdgenis alternatiuli
saSualeba, kerZod, mosarCeleebs rom edavaT samoqalaqo wesiT, isini SeZlebdnen kompen-
saciis miRebas da, aseve, samoqalaqo davis Sedegi SesaZloa yofiliyo eqimisTvis disci-
plinuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba. sasamarTlos ganmartebidan gamomdinareobs, rom
rig saqmeebSi sisxlisamarTlebr pasuxismgeblobas anacvlebs samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba da moraluri zianis anazRaurebis SesaZlebloba.
Semdegi saqme (kudra xorvatiis winaaRmdeg48) gamorCeulia imiT, rom samoqalaqo samar-
Talwarmoeba – axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis gamo moraluri da materialuri zian-
is anazRaureba, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom pirdapir daukavSira kon-
venciis meore muxlidan gamomdinare pozitiur valdebulebebs. faqtobrivi garemoebebis
Tanaxmad, 1993 wels aplikantis 8 wlis Svilma, romelic TamaSobda mSenebare saxlTan
axlos, Senobis Camoqcevis Sedegad miiRo Tavis mZime dazianeba. incidentis Semdeg is
gadaiyvanes saavadmyofoSi sadac, bavSvs Cautarda operacia mSoblebis nebarTvis gareSe.
bavSvi gardaicvala operaciidan ramdenime dReSi. mSoblebma samoqalaqo wesiT moiTxoves
materialuri da moraluri zianis anazRaureba saavadmyofosgan da samSeneblo kompan-
41
Korff D., The right to life, A guide to the implementa on of Ar cle 2 of the European Conven on on Human Rights, Belgium, 2006,
14–15.
42
Calvelli and Ciglio v. Italy (GC), no. 32967/96, § 49, ECHR, 2002; Vo v. France (GC), no. 53924/00, § 89, ECHR, 2004; Šilih v. Slovenia (GC),
no. 71463/01, § 192, ECHR, 2009.
43
Rajkowska v. Poland (dec.), no. 37393/02, ECHR, 2007.
44
Mastroma eo v. Italy (GC), no. 37703/97, § 90, ECHR, 2002.
45
sasamarTlo arc erT gadawyvetilebaSi ar akonkretebs zianis saxes: „If the infringement of the right to life or to per-
sonal integrity is not caused inten onally, the procedural obliga on imposed by Ar cle 2 to set up an effec ve judicial system does not
necessarily require the provision of a criminal-law remedy in every case. In the specific sphere of medical negligence the obliga on may
for instance also be sa sfied if the legal system affords vic ms a remedy in the civil courts, either alone or in conjunc on with a remedy
in the criminal courts, enabling any responsibility of the doctors concerned to be established and any appropriate civil redress, such as
an order for damages and/or for the publica on of the decision, to be obtained. Disciplinary measures may also be envisaged.“
46
Calvelli and Ciglio v. Italy (GC), no. 32967/96, § 51, ECHR, 2002; Vo v. France (GC), no. 53924/00, § 90, ECHR, 2004; Šilih v. Slovenia (GC),
no. 71463/01, § 194, ECHR, 2009; Igor Shevchenko v. Ukraine, no. 22737/04, § 51, ECHR, 2012.
47
Calvelli and Ciglio v. Italy (GC), no. 32967/96, ECHR, 2002.
48
Kudra v. Croa a, no. 13904/07, ECHR, 2013.
169
mariam gaiparaSvili
iasgan. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom am saqmeSi aucileblad unda Sefasebuliyo Tu ram-

denad miiRes aplikantebma materialuri da moraluri zianis Sesabamisi anazRaureba da
miRebuli anazRaureba Tu Seesabameboda konvenciis me–2 muxlis moTxovnebs.49 am saqmidan
gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom Tu saxelmwifo efeqtianad ver uzrunvelyofs samoqalaqo
samarTalwarmoebas da gardacvilis axloblebs ar miecemaT saSualeba efeqturad ida-
on materialuri da moraluri zianis anazRaurebaze, es iqneba konvenciis meore muxlis
darRveva.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg miRebuli
erT-erTi bolo gadawyvetileba Seexeba samedicino gaufrTxileblobis Sedegad axlobeli
adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxs.50 sasamarT-
lom gaakritika qarTuli kanonmdeblobis midgoma, romlis Tanaxmad, msgavs SemTxvevebSi
moraluri zianis anazRaurebaze arsebobs ùpirobo uari~. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier
imis dadasturebis fonze, rom momCivanma ùdavod~ ganicada fsiqologiuri stresi misi
axalgazrda Svilis gardacvalebis gamo, upirobo sakanonmdeblo SezRudviT momCivans
gaumarTleblad waerTva SesaZlebloba, sasamarTlos gziT moeTxova kompensaciis miReba
araqonebrivi zianis sanacvlod, rogorc misTvis xelmisawvdomi samoqalaqosamarTle-
brivi dacvis saSualeba. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom adgili hqonda konvenci-
is me-2 muxlis proceduruli valdebulebis darRvevas.
gansakuTrebiT, didi yuradReba unda dauTmon samoqalaqo palatis mosamarTleebma
SemTxvevbs, romelic piris gardacvalebis Sedegad damdgar zians exeba, radgan adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs sicocxlis xely-
ofis SemTxvevebSi, ra saproceso moqmedebebi ganaxorciela saxelmwifom uflebadar-
Rvevis sapasuxod.51 gamomdinare iqedan, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
samarTalwarmoebis praqtika savaldebulo Zalis matarebelia saqarTvelos saxelmwifos-
Tvis, sasamarTlom samarTalSefardeba unda ganaxorcielos zemoaRniSnuli principebisa
da samarTalwarmoebis praqtikiT dadgenili regulaciebis dacviT, raTa uzrunvelyo-
fil iqnas darRvevis gareSe uflebebis realizeba. rodesac kerZo samarTlis subieqtis
mier sicocxlis mospobisas, gardacvlilis axloblebs ar aqvT samoqalaqo wesiT moral-
uri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba, es SesaZloa warmoadgendes konvenciis me-2
da me-13 muxlebis darRvevas.
4. moraluri zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb evropis qveynebis

regulaciebi
evropis bevr qveyanaSi axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri
zianis anazRaurebis Taobaze regulaciebi gansxvavdeba. zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblo-
bis Tanaxmad, zianis anazRaurebisTvis sakmarisi winapirobaa mosarCelis fsiqikuri tan-
jva, romelic ar warmoadgens fsiqikur aSlilobas, zog qveyanaSi ki zianis anazRaurebis
aucilebeli winapirobaa fsiqologiuri travma, romelic Sefasebulia, rogorc avadmyo-
foba.52 belgiaSi, inglisSi, safrangeTSi, ungreTSi, irlandiaSi, espaneTSi da SveicariaSi
49
iqve, § 107; Powell v. the United Kingdom (dec.), no. 45305/99, ECHR, 2000.
50
Sarishvili-Bolkvadze v. Georgia, no. 58240/08, ECHR, 2018.
51
Konczelska v. Poland (dec.), no. 27294/08, § 35, ECHR, 2011.
52
Tort Law in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Edited by Fenyves A., Karner E., Koziol H., Steiner E. Berlin/
170
garkveuli xarisxiT fsiqikuri tanjva aris aucilebeli, rom moraluri ziani aunaz-
Raurdes gardacvlilis naTesavs.53 am sakiTxisadmi bevrad ufro mkacri midgomiT xasi-
aTdebia holandia, kerZod, fatalur SemTxvevebSi mesame pirebs unazRaurdebaT moral-
uri ziani, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu maT ganicades nerviuli Soki da Sesabamisad, isini
gamodian qmedebis pirdapiri msxverplebi, radgan maTi janmrTeloba aris dazianebuli.54
4.1. avstria
avstriis samoqalaqo kodeqsis (ABGB) 1325-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, axlobeli adami-
anis gardacalebisas mesame pirs moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas Tavad dauziandeba fsiqikuri janmrTeloba. Tumca, do-
qtrinaSi miiCneoda rom amgvari viwro midgoma unda Secvliliyo da mesame pirebs unda
miscemodaT SesaZlebloba mieRoT moraluri ziani, Tundac maT midgomodaT mxolod
emociuri ziani da fsiqikuri janmrTeloba ar dazianebodaT.55 mogvianebiT, avstriis
uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaiziara doqtrinis mosazreba da daadgina, rom Tu deliqtis
mimyenebeli moqmedebda uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT an ganzraxviT, gardacvlilis naTe-
savs aunazRaurdeba moraluri ziani da janmrTelobis dazianeba ar iqneboda moTxovnis
dakmayofilebis winapiroba.56 mogvianebiT sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom ar aqvs mniSvne-
loba axlo naTesavi Tavad Seeswro Tu ara deliqts da mTavaria rom man ambis gagebis
Semdeg Zlier sulieri tanjva ganicada.57 aRsaniSnavia, rom dadgenili praqtikis Tanax-
mad, Tu pacientis gardacvaleba gamoiwvia eqimis daudevrobam, gardacvlilis meuRles
aunazRaurdeba moraluri ziani saxelSekrulebo urTierTobidan gamomdinare, radgan
xelSekrulebis dacvis mizani msxverplis meuRlesac moicavs.58
Semdeg saqmeSi, sasamarTlom 1325 ABGB gavrcelebis farglebi mniSvnelovnad gaa-
farTova da masSi moiazra iribi ziani. mosarCelis Svili daiRupa avtosagzao SemTx-
Boston, 2011, 695.

53
Boston, 2011, 696; Damages for non-pecuniary loss in a compara ve perspec ve, edited by Rogers H., Austria, 2001, 39, 62, 96 .
54
Boston, 2011, 696; Damages for non-pecuniary loss in a compara ve perspec ve, edited by Rogers H., Austria, 2001, 111; European Tort
Law 2009, Edited by Koziol H., Steininger B., Berlin/New York, 2010, 428; Medical Liability in Europe: A Comparison of Selected Jurisdi-
c ons, edited by Koch B., Berlin/Boston, 2011, 659–660.
55
Damages for non-pecuniary loss in a compara ve perspec ve, edited by Rogers H., Austria, 2001, 5-6.
56
avstriis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 16 maisis gadawyvetileba 2Ob84/01v, onlain xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://
www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Justiz&Dokumentnummer=JJT_20010516_OGH0002_0020OB00084_01V0000_000>,
[20.04.2019].
57
Digest of European Tort Law, Vol 2: Essen al Cases on Damage, Edited by Winiger B., Koziol H., Koch B., Zimmermann R., Belri/
Boston, 2011, 504–505; avstriis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 22 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba 2Ob79/00g, on-
lain xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Jus z&Dokumentnummer=JJT_20010222_
OGH0002_0020OB00079_00G0000_000&ResultFunctionToken=b57e95d4-65d1-4c84-88da-00a969bcff35&Posi-
on=1&Gericht=&Rechtssatznummer=&Rechtssatz=&Fundstelle=&AenderungenSeit=Undefined&SucheNachRechtssa-
tz=True&SucheNachText=True&GZ=&VonDatum=22.02.2001&BisDatum=&Norm=&ImRisSeit=Undefined&ResultPageSi-
ze=100&Suchworte=2Ob79%2f00g>, [20.04.2019].
58
European Tort Law 2010, Edited by Koziol H., Steininger B., Berlin/Boston, 2011, 22; avstriis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010
wlis 30 ivnisis gadawyvetileba 9Ob83/09k, onlain xelmisawvdomia: h ps://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Ju-
s z&Dokumentnummer=JJT_20100630_OGH0002_0090OB00083_09K0000_000.
171
mariam gaiparaSvili
vevis Sedegad, radgan manqanas marTavda alkoholuri Trobis qveS myofi piri. Svilis
gardacvalebis gamo mosarCelem ganicada fsiqologiuri travma, ramac aseve gamoiwvia
wonis sagrZnobi kleba da misi naadrevi dabereba. garegnobis amgvarma cvlilebam mas
gadaawyvetina gaekeTebina plastikuri operacia. mosarCele iTxovda plastikuri qiru-
rgiis xarjebis anazRaurebas da sulieri tanjvisTvis kompensacias. avstriis uzenaesma
sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom mosarCelis naadrevi dabereba gamoiwvia fsiqikurma tanjvam,
rac Tavis mxriv, gamowveuli iyo misi Svilis gardacvalebiT. es ki gulisxmobs, rom
naadrevi dabereba iyo janmrTelobis dazianeba 1325 ABGB miznebisTvis. sasamarTlom
ganmarta, rom plastikuri operacia iyo mkurnalobis xarjebi, romelic misi fsiqologi-
uri mdgomareobis gamosworebisken iyo mimarTuli da, Sesabamisad, aunazRaura plasti-
kuri qirurgiis xarji. mosarCeles aseve aunazRaurda Svilis gardacvalebiT da qirur-
giuli operaciis Tanmdevi tkiviliT gamowveuli moraluri ziani.59
4.2. germania
germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom SezRuda is winapirobebi romlis arsebobis SemTx-
evaSic axloblis gardacvalebis gamo moraluri ziani aunazRaurdeba mosarCeles.60 es
winapirobebia: travma unda warmoadgendes fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dazianebas da ara
ubralod mwuxarebas; daavadeba unda iyos seriozuli da is unda grZeldebodes garkev-
uli drois manZilze; es reaqcia ar unda iyos mosarCelis personaluri gamZafrebu-
li aRqmis gamo damdgari Sedegi;61 unda arsebobdes axlo urTierToba gardacvlils da
mosarCeles Soris.62 sarCeli, axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis gamo moraluri zian-
is anazRaurebaze, rogorc wesi, kmayofildeba Tu mosarCeles dauzianda janmrTelo-
ba.63 germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daakmayofila im qalis sarCeli, romelic Cavarda
Sokur mdgomareobaSi mas Semdegc rac Seityo qmris avariaSi daRupvis Taobaze.64 zianis
anazRaurebis kidev erT winapirobas warmoadgens, rom deliqtis mimyeneblisTvis gan-
Wvretadi da savaraudo unda iyos mosarCelis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dazianeba.65
germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis (BGB)
844 paragrafi ar moicavs Tavis TavSi axloblis gardacvalebis gamo moraluri zianis
anazRaurebas. sasamarTlos amgvari midgoma mkacrad gakritikda doqtrinaSi, magram 2002
wels ganxorcielebuli samarTlis reformis dros paragrafis formulireba ar Secvli-
59
European Tort Law 2005, Edited by Koziol H., Steininger B., Austria, 2006, 128–129; avstriis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2005 wlis
20 ianvris gadawyvetileba 2Ob7/05a, onlain xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Jus z&-
Dokumentnummer=JJT_20050120_OGH0002_0020OB00007_05A0000_000&ResultFunc onToken=1d374226-7d7d-431f-9377-3f4b-
b07c4b49&Posi on=1&Gericht=&Rechtssatznummer=&Rechtssatz=&Fundstelle=&AenderungenSeit=Undefined&SucheNachRechts-
satz=True&SucheNachText=True&GZ=&VonDatum=22.02.2001&BisDatum=&Norm=&ImRisSeit=Undefined&ResultPageSize=100&Su-
chworte=2Ob7%2f05a>, [20.04.2019].
60
Medical Liability in Europe: A Comparison of Selected Jurisdic ons, edited by Koch B., Berlin/Boston, 2011, 272.
61
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1985 wlis 5 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba, NJW 1985, 1390.
62
Damages for non-pecuniary loss in a compara ve perspec ve, edited by Rogers H., Austria, 2001, 111.
63
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1989 wlis 4 aprilis gadawyvetileba, NJW 1989, 2317.
64
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1971 wlis 11 maisis gadawyvetileba, NJW 1971, 1883.
65
iqve; Van Dam C., European tort law, 2013, 177-178.
172
la.66 2017 wlis 22 ivliss ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Sedegad,67 844-e paragrafs daemata
me-3 nawili, romelis Tanaxmad axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri
zianis anazRaureba SesaZlebelia emociuri tanjvisas.
4.3. inglisi
ubeduri SemTxvevebis aqtis (Fatal Accidents Act 1976) Tanaxmad, mxolod meuRleebs,
erTi sqesis registrirebul partniorebs da mcirewlovnebis mSoblebs aqvT avtonomiuri
moTxovnis ufleba moralur zianze, Tu maTi naTesavi gardaicvala.68 am aqtis Tanaxmad,
mTavar winapirobas warmoadgens, mosarCelis mier gancdili erTgvari `Soki~, romelic
gamowveulia moulodneli SemTxveviT. Tumca, samedicino sferoSi sicocxlis gaufrTx-
ileblobiT mospobisas problemas warmoadgens am winapirobis mtkiceba.69
Sesabamisi winapirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, adamiani romelic ar aris qmedebis
uSualo msxverpli, SesaZloa miCneul iqnas arapirdapir msxverplad. rogorc wesi, ara-
pirdapir msxverpls warmoadgens ubeduri SemTxvevis mowme.70 hilsburgis saqmeSi mo-
sarCeleebi iTxovdnen moraluri zianis anazRaurebas, romelic maT miadgaT 1989 wels
Cempionatis televiziiT yurebisas, radgan maT dainaxes rogor daiRupnen maTi megobrebi
da naTesavebi.71 dasaxelebul saqmeSi ziani ar aunazRaurdaT im naTesavebs, romelTac
matCze momxdari SemTxveva ara sakuTari TvaliT, aramed televiziis meSveobiT naxes.72
axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis gamo miyenebuli moraluri zianis anazRaurebi-
sTvis aucilebelia momCivanma daadasturos, rom momxdaris gamo is ganicdis fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis dazianebas; unda arsebobdes mWidro kavSiri msxveplTan; msxverpli Tavad
unda Seeswros ubedur SemTxvevas an maleve naxos momxdari ubeduri SemTxveva sakuTari
TvaliT.73
bolo winapiroba sasamarTlom Camoayaliba erT-erT saqmeSi,74 romlis faqtobrivi
garemoebebis Tanaxmad, qals Seatyobines, rom misi ojaxis wevrebi avtokatastrofis Sem-
deg gadaiyvanes saavadmyofoSi, sadac qalma Tavis TvaliT naxa erTi gardacvlili Svili,
ori Svili da qmari ki mZimed daSavebuli. lordTa palatam aunazRaura qals moralu-
ri ziani, miuxedavad imisa, rom is ar iyo ubeduri SemTxvevis momswre, radgan ubeduri
SemTxvevis Sedegi naxa sakuTari TvaliT. zianis anazRaurebis kidev erT winapirobas
warmoadgens is, rom fsiqologiuri ziani gamowveuli unda iyos moulodnelobiT.75 es
66
Van Dam C., European tort law, 2013, 370.
67
<h ps://thelawreviews.co.uk/edi on/the-avia on-law-review-edi on-6/1173350/germany>.
68
Medical Liability in Europe: A Comparison of Selected Jurisdic ons, edited by Koch B., Berlin/Boston, 2011, 193; Van Dam C., European
tort law, 2013, 171.
69
Ceri AnnWalters v North Glamorgan NHS Trust [2002] EWCA Civ 1792; Van Dam C., European tort law, 2013, 171.
70
Van Dam C., European tort law, 2013, 178-180.
71
Alcock and others v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310; Lunney M., Oliphant K., Tort Law: Text and Materials,
2013, 335-343.
72
Van Dam C., European tort law, 2013, 178-180.
73
iqve.
74
McLoughlin v O’Brian, [1983] 1 AC 410; Lunney M., Oliphant K., Tort Law: Text and Materials, 2013, 332-335.
75
Alcock and others v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310; Lunney M., Oliphant K., Tort Law: Text and Materials,
2013, 335-343.
173
mariam gaiparaSvili
gulisxmobs imas, rom fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dazianebis etapobrivi ganviTarebisas,

moraluri zianis anazRaurebaze veRar idavebs arapirdapiri msxverpli.
4.4. safrangeTi
franguli samarTali aris ufro liberaluri moraluri zianis anazRaurebis sakiTx-
isadmi vidre inglisuri samarTali da ar akeTebs viwro CamonaTvals Tu vin iTvle-
ba axlobel adamianad. sasamarTloebma gaafarToves pirTa wre da ziani aunazRaurde-
ba ara marto naTesavebs, aramed sacole/saqmrosac, partniorsac.76 1923 wels miRebuli
gadawyvetilebiT sasamarTlom daamkvidra praqtika, romlis Tanaxmadac axloblis gar-
dacvalebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia moraluri zianis anazRaureba. kerZod, safrange-
Tis sakasacio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1382–e muxli moicavs
moraluri zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas, Tu axloblebi piris gardacvalebis gamo
ganicdian did travmas.77 mogvianebiT, sasamarTlom ufro farTod ganmarta dasaxele-
buli norma da miiCnia, rom moraluri zianis moTxovnis ufleba aqvT ara marto ojaxis
wevrebs, aramed im mosarCelesac vinc daasabuTebs pirdapir da pirad zians. Tumca, sa-
samarTloebis amgavri liberaluri midgoma doqtrinaSi bevr kritikas iwvevs.78
4.5. unificirebuli samarTali

PETL79 da DCFR80 iTvaliswinebs axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moral-
uri zianis anaRaurebas.81
PETL–is Tanaxmad, axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebam Tu gamoiwvia mosarCelis janmr-
Telobis dazianeba, mas unda aunazRaurdes moraluri ziani. anazRaurdeba mesame pirisT-
vis damdgari ziani Semdeg garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT: ziani unda iyos ganWvretadi
(3:201); unda daziandes daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTe (2:102); pasuxismgeblobis safuZve-
li (1:101); PETL-is 10:301(1) muxlis Tanaxmad, moraluri ziani SesaZlebelia aunazRaurdes
im mosarCeles, romelsac axlo urTierToba hqonda dazaralebulTan82 da romelic gan-
icdis Rrma mwuxarebas.83
DCFR-is VI-2:101(4)(b) muxlis Tanxmad, aramaterialuri ziani gulisxmobs, tkivils,
tanjvas da cxovrebis xarisxis gauaresebas.84 DCFR-is VI-2:202 muxlis Tanaxmad, axlobe-
76
Van Dam C., European tort law, 2013, 171.
77
Cour de cassa on, Chambre civile, Lejars v. Templier Subsequent developments, DP 1923.1.52, 13/02/1923, onlain xelmisawvdo-
mia: <h ps://law.utexas.edu/transna onal/foreign-law-transla ons/french/case.php?id=1232>, [20.04.2019].
78
Digest of European Tort Law, Vol 2: Essen al Cases on Damage, Edited by Winiger B., Koziol H., Koch B., Zimmermann R., Belri/Boston,
2011, 523.
79
Principles of European Tort Law.
80
Dra Common Frame of Reference.
81
European Tort Law 2009, Edited by Koziol H., Steininger B., Berlin/New York, 2010, 671–672.
82
Principles of European Tort Law, Text and Commentary, 2005, Vienna, 175.
83
2011, 612–616.
84
174
li adamianis gardacvalebam Tu gamoiwvia mosarCelis Rrma mwuxareba, romelic ar war-

moadgens samedicino Cvenebas, mas unda aunazRaurdes moraluri ziani. PETL-is msgavsad
DCFR ar akeTebs ganmartebas, Tu vin unda CaiTvalos axlobel adamianad. komentarebis
Tanaxmad, ziani unda aunazRaurdeT im adamianebs, romelTac gardacvlilTan, an kanoni-
dan gamomdinare, an de faqto, hqondaT gansakuTrebiT axlo urTierToba.85 doqtrinaSi
ganmartaven, rom megrobroba, axlo saqmiani an profesiuli urTierToba ar igulisxmeba
am cnebis qveS.86
5. vin unda CaiTvalos moraluri zianis anazRaurebis miznisTvis

axlobel adamianad
imisTvis rom dadgidnes Tu vin unda CaiTvalos axlobel adamianad saWiroa adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlze adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebebis analizi. me-8 muxliT daculia piris ojaxuri cxovrebis pativisce-
mis valdebuleba. ojaxis cnebaSi sasamarTlo aerTianebs registrirebul qorwinebas da
samoqalaqo partniorobas.87 rogorc wesi ojaxSi moiazreba col–qmari/partniorebi, mS-
oblebi, Svilebi, bebia/babua da SviliSvili.88
moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna vis SeuZlia, amis Sesafaseblad sxvadasxva
qveynis sasamarTlo yuradRebas aqcevs ojaxur urTierTobis siaxloves, msxverpli da
mosarCele erToblivad uZRvebodnen Tu ara saojaxo saqmianobas. es winapirobebi zog
qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba alternatiulad, zogan kumulatiurad.89 gabatonebuli mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, aramaterialuri zianisTvis kompensacia SeuZlia moiTxovos qmedebis uSualo
msxverplma, Tumca SedarebiTi samarTali cxadyofs, rom fatalur SemTxvevebSi zianis
anazRaurebas iTxoven is pirebi romlebmac axlo naTesavi dakarges,90 magaliTad, mSoble-
bi, qvrivi, dedmamiSvili,91 an samoqalaqo qorwinebaSi myofi partniori.92 ramdenime qveya-
naSi moraluri zianis moTxovnis ufleba aqvT adamianebs, romlebic ar arian gardacvli-
lis ojaxis wevrebi da romelTac gardacvlilTan `mWidro emociuri kavSiri~ hqondaT.
2011, 612–616.
85
iqve.
86
Principles, Defini ons and Model Rules of European Private Law, Dra Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), Edited by Bar C., Clive E.,
Schulte-Nölke H., 2010, 3109.
87
Velikova v. Bulgaria, no. 41488/98, ECHR, 2000; Oğur v. Turkey (GC), no. 21594/93, § 98, ECHR, 1998; Kaya v. Turkey, no.158/1996/777/978,
§ 122, ECHR, 1998; Ergi v. Turkey, no. 23818/94, § 110, ECHR, 1998; Yaşa v. Turkey, no. 22281/93, § 124, ECHR, 2002; Çakıcı v. Turkey,
no. 23657/94, § 130, ECHR, 1999; Tanrıkulu v. Turkey, no. 23763/94, § 138, ECHR, 1999; Güleç v Turkey, no. 54/1997/838/1044, § 88,
ECHR, 1998.
88
Marckx v. Belgium, no. 6833/74, § 45, ECHR, 1979.
89
Medical Liability in Europe: A Comparison of Selected Jurisdic ons, edited by Koch B., Berlin/Boston, 2011, 660.
90
Tort law in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Edited by Fenyves A., Karner E., Koziol H., Steiner E. Berlin/
Boston, 2011, 70, 617.
91
Solomou and Others v. Turkey, no. 36832/97, § 41, ECHR, 2008.
92
Velikova v. Bulgaria, no. 41488/98, §§ 13, 98, ECHR, 2000.
175
mariam gaiparaSvili
es qveynebia, avstria, belgia, dania, SvedeTi, espaneTi, germania, rumineTi.93 avstriaSi,94

moraluri zianis anazRaurebis miznisTvis araregistrirebul urTierTobaSi myof part-
niors, rom aunazRaurdes ziani, urTierToba unda iyos xangrZlivi, Tavisi xasiaTiT
registrirebuli qorwinebis msgavsi da arc erTi partniors ar unda hyavdes meuRle.95
SveicariaSi doqtrinisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, saqmro/sacole iTvleba na-
Tesavad.96 Tumca, pirebs, romlebic erTad cxovroben SeuZliaT Tu ara moraluri zianis
anazRaureba partnioris gardacvalebis gamo, sadavo sakiTxia Sveicariis samarTalSi.97
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi, moraluri ziani unda
aunazRaurdes gardacvlilis im axlobel adamianebs, romlebic arian misi ojaxis
wevrebi an masTan iyvnen iseT urTierTobaSi, romelic Tavisi arsiT hgavs ojaxur
Tanacxovrebas.
6. daskvna
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos dadgenili praqtikis Tanaxmad, ssk-s 413-e muxli
ganimarteba sakmaod viwrod da axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri
ziani ar anazRaurdeba, radgan es SemTxveva ar aris kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli. uzenaesi
sasamarTlos sagamonakliso gadawyvetilebaTa analizidan gamomdinare, marTlsawinaaRm-
dego qmedebis iribi Sedegi – gardacvlilis axloblis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis daziane-
ba, warmoadgens ssk–s 413–2 muxlis regulirebis sferos. aseve, moraluri zianis anaz-
Raurebis aucilebel winapirobas ar warmoadgens mosarCelis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
dazianeba, radgan ojaxis wevris gardacvaleba yovelTvis dakavSirebulia mZime sulier
gancdebTan. amgvari ganmarteba aris marTebuli da sasamarTloebma es pozicia unda gai-
ziron sakiTxis gadawyvetisas.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis Tanaxmad, moralu-
ri zianis anazRaureba yovelTvis ekisreba saxelmwifos, romelsac brali miuZRvis msx-
verplis mkvlelobisa da wamebis arasaTanado gamoZiebaSi. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ga-
motanili erT-erTi bolo gadawyvetileba cxadhyofs, rom kerZo piris mier sicocxlis
93
Damages for non-pecuniary loss in a compara ve perspec ve, edited by Rogers H., Austria, 2001, 5, 39, 111, 200; Tort Law in the
Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Edited by Fenyves A., Karner E., Koziol H., Steiner E., Berlin/Boston, 2011, 700
94
European Tort Law 2005, Edited by Koziol H., Steininger B., Austria, 2006, 132–134; avstriis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2005 wlis
21 aprilis gadawyvetileba 2Ob90/05g, onlain xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Jus z&-
Dokumentnummer=JJT_20050421_OGH0002_0020OB00090_05G0000_000&ResultFunc onToken=a9e23735-cd9d-40c5-89f5-eecb
1f75b265&Posi on=1&Gericht=&Rechtssatznummer=&Rechtssatz=&Fundstelle=&AenderungenSeit=Undefined&SucheNachRechts-
satz=True&SucheNachText=True&GZ=&VonDatum=22.02.2001&BisDatum=&Norm=&ImRisSeit=Undefined&ResultPageSize=100&Su-
chworte=2Ob90%2f05g>, [20.04.2019], avstriis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2005 wlis 12 maisis gadawyvetileba 2Ob41/03y,
onlain xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Jus z&Dokumentnummer=JJT_20050512_OGH000
2_0020OB00041_03Y0000_000&ResultFunc onToken=922f4556-718f-40a6-b36c->, [20.04.2019].
95
Tort law in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Edited by Fenyves A., Karner E., Koziol H., Steiner E., Berlin/
Boston, 2011, 700; avstriis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 29 agvistos gadawyvetileba 8Ob127/02p, onlain xel-
misawvdomia: <h ps://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Jus z&Dokumentnummer=JJT_20020829_OGH0002_
0080OB00127_02P0000_000>, [20.04.2019].
96
Tort law in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Edited by Fenyves A., Karner E., Koziol H., Steiner E., Berlin/
Boston, 2011, 701.
97
Damages for non-pecuniary loss in a compara ve perspec ve, edited by Rogers H., Austria, 2001, 306; Tort law in the jurisprudence of
the European Court of Human Rights, Edited by Fenyves A., Karner E., Koziol H., Steiner E., Berlin/Boston, 2011, 701.
176
gaufrTxilebeli mospobis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia moraluri zianis anazRaureba, wi-

naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo daarRvevs konvenciis me-2 muxls.
evropis bevr qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli regulaciebia axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis anazRaurebaze. zogierTi qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobis Ta-
naxmad, zianis anazRaurebisTvis sakmarisi winapirobaa mosarCelis fsiqikuri tanjva, ro-
melic ar warmoadgens fsiqiatriul aSlilobas, zog qveyanaSi ki zianis anazRaurebis
aucilebeli winapirobaa fsiqologiuri travma, romelic Sefasebulia, rogorc janmrT-
elobis dazianeba. imisTvis rom qarTuli kanonmdebloba iyos TanxvedraSi ganviTarebu-
li qveynebis praqtikasTan, aucilebelia axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi
anazRaurdes moraluri ziani.
aucilebelia, axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi anazRaurdes moraluri
ziani, radgan es idea gamomdinareobs moraluri zianis arsidan. kerZod, moraluri ziani
gankuTvnilia gancdili dardis, mwuxarebis da dakarguli urTierTobis sakompensaciod.
es idea ki gulisxmobs imas, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT unda iyos gaTval-
iswinebuli axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis anazRaure-
bis SesaZlebloba. deliqtis Sedegad gardacvlilis axloblebs aqvT moraluri zianis
anazRaurebis ufleba gancdili mwuxarebisTvis. sasurvelia, kanonmdebelma gansazRvros
mosarCeleTa wre, romelic ar iqneba viwro da mxolod naTesaur kavSirze mibmuli. saer-
To sasamarTloebma, dRevandeli sakanonmdeblo regulirebis farglebSic unda daakmay-
ofilon axloblis gardacvalebis gamo miyenebuli moraluri ziani, ganurCevlad imisa,
mosarCeles dauzianda fsiqikuri janmrTeloba, Tu is ubralod Rrma mwuxarebas ganic-
dis, radgan moraluri zianis arsidan gamomdinare, orive SemTxvevaSi mosarCeles aqvs
moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba.
177
Giorgi Aladashvili (Ph.D Student, TSU)
COMPENSATION OF LOST PROFITS AND LOSS OF CHANCE AS ITS ALTERNATIVE
ABSTRACT
The aim of the ar cle is to present, in a clear and concise way, the principal means and methods by which
the probability of loss of profits can be ascertained and associated damages can be claimed through courts,
as well as whether or not feasible alterna ves exist. The ar cle shall analyze, in compara ve legal perspec -
ve, the concept of lost profits, its essence and defini on, firm established link with expecta on interest1
and element of foreseeability,2 historical origins in the Roman ins tu on of lucrum cessans and subsequent
development,3 compensa on of damages through it, factual and legal prerequisites for claim to commence
during the li ga on stage,4 the standard of proof (`reasonable certainty~)5 and related procedural requi-
rements. Following this overview, the ins tu on shall be contrasted with a few exis ng alterna ves, from
which special a en on will be given to the loss of chance, par cularly to the fact of its invoca on in medical
negligence cases6 and the methods for its calcula on.7 Other than Georgian law, the work shall call upon
the legal precedents and examples from United Kingdom, United States, French Republic and Federal Re-
public of Germany, both from realm of legal theory and prac ce. A er the discussion on the compensa on
of lost profit as damages and juxtaposi on with the alterna ve paths, principal among which is the loss of
chance theory, the paper shall include a brief synopsis, summarizing the results and pu ng forward relevant
proposals.
1
Farnsworth E.A., Young W.F., Sanger C., Cohen N.B., Brooks R.R.W., Contracts: Cases & Materials, 7th Edi on, 2008, 609.
2
Comment – Lost Profits as Contract Damages: Problems of Proof and Limita ons on Recovery, 65 Yale Law Journal, 1956, 997.
3
Lloyd R.M., Chase N.J., Recovery of Damages for Lost Profits: The Historical Development, University of Pennsylvania Journal of Busi-
ness Law, Vol. 18:2, 2016.
4
Comment – Lost Profits as Contract Damages: Problems of Proof and Limita ons on Recovery, 65 Yale Law Journal, 1956.
5
Comment – The Requirement of Certainty in the Proof of Lost Profits, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 64, No 2, December 1950.
6
Stauch Marc., Causa on, Risk, and Loss of Chance in Medical Negligence, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Volume 17, Issue 2, July,
1997.
7
Pryor J.L., Lost Profit or Lost Chance: Reconsidering the Measure of Recovery for Lost Profits in Breach of Contract Ac ons, Regent
University Law Review, Vol. 19.
178
giorgi aladaSvili*
miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaureba da dakarguli Sansi, rogorc misi

alternativa
1. Sesavali
valdebulebiT samarTals safuZvlad udevs keTilsindisiereba da Tavisufali nebis
gamovlena. mxaris mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedebani unda Seesabamebodes sayovelTaod
aRiarebul princips – pacta sunt servanda – `xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes~. aRniSnulSi ar
unda vigulisxmoT martooden xelSekrulebiT pirdapiri gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebis
meqanikurad aRsruleba. keTilsindisiereba da gulisxmiereba xelSekrulebis qonebisa
da uflebebis mimarT1 valdebulebiTi da zogadad kerZo samarTlis erT-erTi fuZem-
debluri principia. ra Tqma unda, realur samyaroSi arc Tu ise iSviaTia SemTxvevebi,
rodesac valdebuleba jerovnad ar sruldeba da damrRvevi mxaris moqmedebebiT ziani
adgeba meore mxaris interesebs. es meore mxare ki Tavis mxriv uflebamosilia Sesabamisi
kompensacia mosTxovos zianis mimyenebels. zianis ori saxidan, romelsac saqarTvelos
samarTali, kontinenturi samarTlis bevri qveynis msgavsad, aRiarebs, aris faqtobrivad
miyenebuli ziani da miuRebeli Semosavali.2
Tu realurad miyenebuli zianis SemTxvevaSi saqmis garemoebaTa ZiriTadi aspeqtebi
gasagebia da davas ar iwvevs, miuRebeli Semosavlis (anacduri mogebis) SemTxvevaSi anaz-
Raurebis sakiTxi, TviT mtkicebulebaTa didi raodenobis warmodgenis SemTxvevaSic ki,
ufro burusiTaa moculi. realurad miyenebuli zianisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic, ro-
gorc wesi, namdvili faqtebiT aris gamyarebuli da dadasturebuli, miuRebeli Semosav-
lebi yovelTvis atareben hipoTetur xasiaTs. maTSi moiazreba is sargebeli, romelsac
mxare miiRebda, valdebulebis Seusruleblobas rom ar hqonoda adgili. iSviaTi gamon-
aklisebis garda, rodesac Cveulebrivi, saRad moazrovne adamianisTvisac aSkaraa, rom
dazaralebulma mxarem marTlac dakarga aseTi Semosavali, TiTqmis yovelTvis kiTxvis
niSnis qveS dgeba ara marto miuRebeli Semosavlis (da Sesabamisad asanazRaurebeli zian-
is) odenoba, aramed TviT am miuRebeli Semosavlebis dadgomis faqtic. sakmaod maRali
mtkicebiTi standartis arsebobis gamo, SemuSavda sxvadasxva alternativac, romelTa
Soris aRsaniSnavia e.w. dakarguli Sansis varianti, romlis drosac anazRaurebis safuZ-
vlad gvevlineba ara anacduri mogeba, aramed TviT kreditoris Sansi mieRo aseTi Semo-
savlebi.3
ZiriTadad swored am mizezebis gamo miuRebeli Semosavlis Tema iuridiuli mecnier-
ebis yuradRebas imsaxurebs. sakiTxi imisa, Tu kerZod ra saSualebiT unda dadgindes
miuRebeli Semosavlis arseboba da Semdeg gamoTvlil iqnas misi odenoba, aqtualobas
* samarTlis magistri (Tsu), ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samarTlis
doqtoranti, ssip sursaTis erovnuli saagentos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis departamentis ufrosi spe-
cialisti.
1
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis me-2 nawili.
2
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, saxelmZ-
Rvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, 2014, 652.
3
University Law Review, Vol. 19, 571-572.
179
giorgi aladaSvili
ar kargavs. metic – miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis dros mtkicebis standarTan

gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebis gamo iuridiul literaturaSi farTod aris ganxiluli alter-
natiuli gzebic rodesac miuRebeli Semosavali araadeqvaturia da srulfasovnad ver
akmayofilebs samarTlianobis moTxovnebs.
winamdebare naSromis mizania mokled da naTlad warmoadginos is ZiriTadi meTodebi
da saSualebebi, romliTac SesaZlebelia damtkicebul iqnas hipoTeturi samomavlo zian-
is arseboba, iqneba es `gonivruli ueWvelobiT~ Tu sxva romelime standartiT. Sedare-
biT-samarTlebriv perspeqtivaSi ganxiluli iqneba miuRebeli Semosavlis instituti, misi
arsi da cneba, istoriuli saTaveebi, mtkicebiTi standarti da moTxovnis winapirobebi
da aRniSnuli Sepirispirebuli iqneba mis ramdenime alternativasTan, romelTagan gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba mieqceva dakargul Sanss. garda qarTuli samarTlisa, moxmobili
iqneba magaliTebi gaerTianebuli samefos, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, safrangeTis
respublikisa da germaniis federaciuli respublikis iuridiuli doqtrinidan, aseve,
sasamarTlo praqtikidan da SedarebiT konteqstSi ganxiluli iqneba miuRebeli Semo-
savlis anazRaurebis sakiTxi da am ukanasknelis urTierTmimarTeba dakargul SansTan.
sabolood ki mocemuli iqneba daskvna.
2. miuRebeli Semosavlis cneba da istoriuli mimoxilva

zianis anazRaurebis mizans warmoadgens piris im mdgomareobis aRdgena, romelsac
adgili eqneboda xelSekruleba SeTanxmebuli pirobebisamebr rom Sesrulebuliyo.4 mi-
uRebeli Semosavali Tavis mxriv aris ekonomikuri Sedegi im qmedebebisa, romelic Seasru-
la erTma mxarem da romelic saboloo jamSi dadga meore mxarisaTvis. zianis odenobis
gansasazRvravad saWiroa ara marto TviT im faqtis ganxilva, romelsac mohyva ziani,
aramed ganxilva im hipoTeturi sargebelisa, romelsac realurad miiRebda mosarCele,
xelSekruleba rom jerovnad Sesrulebuliyo da mas Cveulebriv gaegrZelebina sakuTari
operaciebi Sesabamis ekonomikur pirobebSi.5 komerciul garigebebSi, rodesac mTavari
motivatori swored momavali Semosavali da mogebaa, miuRebeli Semosavali dakavSirebu-
lia da miaxloebuli unda iyos aseTi momavali Semosavlis miRebis interesTan (expecta on
interest).6
qarTul samarTalSi miuRebel Semosavals iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis(SemdgomSi – ssk) 411-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac `ziani unda anazRaurdes ara
mxolod faqtobrivad damdgari qonebrivi danaklisisTvis, aramed miuRebeli Semosa-
vlisTvisac. miuReblad iTvleba Semosavali, romelic ar miuRia pirs da romelsac igi
miiRebda, valdebuleba jerovnad rom Sesrulebuliyo.~ am mocemulobis Tanaxmad ziani
arsebobs orgvari: faqtobrivad damdgari (qonebrivi)7 da miuRebeli Semosavali. saqarT-
velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 412-e muxlis Tanaxmad, anazRaurdeba mxolod movalisaTvis
winaswar savaraudo ziani da aseTi ziani unda iyos gamomwvevi moqmedebis obieqturi Se-
4
McKendrick E., Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials, 2012, 812.
5
Hart H.L.A., Honoré T., Causa on in the Law, 1959, 280-281.
6
Farnsworth E.A., Young W.F., Sanger C., Cohen N.B., Brooks R.R.W., Contracts: Cases & Materials, 7th Edi on, 2008, 609.
7
mas agreTve uwodeben „pozitiur“, „dadebiT“ zians, ix: ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cer-
cvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali: saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, 2014, 652.
180
degi.8 mTeli mtkicebis tvirTi, rogorc pozitiuri zianis anazRaurebis, aseve miuRebeli
Semosavlis moTxovnis dros, ekisreba mosarCeles.9
2.1. miuRebeli Semosavali qarTuli da ucxo qveynebis samarTlis

mixedviT
paralelurad, aRsaniSnavia sxva qveynebis dRevandeli midgoma miuRebel Semosavlis
sakiTxisadmi. germaniis federaciuli respublikis samoqalaqo kodeqsSic(Bürgerliches Ge-
setzbuch; SemdgomSi – BGB) qarTuli danawesis msgavsi debuleba moqmedebs, rac gasagebia
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qarTuli ssk didwilad swored germanuli kodeqsis zegav-
leniTaa Seqmnili. germanul samarTalSi miuRebel Semosavals (entgangener Gewinn) exe-
ba germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis §252, romlis Tanaxmadac `miuRebel SemosavalSi igu-
lisxmeba Semosavali, romelic Cveulebriv pirobebSi an gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis
arsebobisas, kerZod ki RonisZiebebis gatarebisa da usafrTxoebis zomebis miRebisas,
savaraudod, iqneboda mosalodneli~.10 mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba isev mosarCeles, Tum-
ca, faqti imisa, rom dasamtkicebelia am mosalodnelobis savaraudooba garkveulwilad
amsubuqebs am tvirTs11 – mosarCelem swored is unda daamtkicos, rom aseTi Semosavlis
miReba iqneboda mosalodneli (mit Wahrscheinlichkeit).12 kontinenturi evropis sxva qveynebSi
moqmedi samarTlebrivi principebis msgavsad germanul samarTalSic upiratesoba eniWeba
restitucias kompensaciis miRebamde.13
BGB-s 252-e paragrafi xSirad germaniis savaWro kodeqsis 376-e paragrafis meore
nawilTanaa `dawyvilebuli~da masTan erTad gamoiyeneba. savaWro kodeqsis es danawesi
zaralis abstraqtul gamoTvlas (abstrakte Schadensberechnung) exeba da mas mimarTaven im
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saWiroa dadgindes Tanxis is odenoba, romlis miRebac SeeZlo
banks, Tu misi klienti defolts ar gamoacxadebda.14
mcirediT gansxvavebuli sistemaa saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi. rogorc gaerTianebul
samefoSi, agreTve amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi miuRebeli Semosavlis mimarT kanonebze
(statutebze) uwinares moqmedebs sasamarTlo praqtika da precedentebi. zianis anaz-
Raurebisas miiCneva, rom ziani xelSekrulebis dadebisas unda yofiliyo mosalodneli
(foreseeable) mxarisaTvis.15 TviT miuRebeli Semosavlebis(lost profits) mimarT, rogorc wesi,
moqmedebs `gonivruli ueWvelobis~ (reasonable certainty) standarti, romlis Tanaxmadac
faqti imisa, rom mosarCele miiRebda garkveul sargebels rom ara mopasuxe mxaris qmede-
8
ufro dawvrilebiT ixileT: samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red. Wanturia l., Tb., 2001, 464-466.
9
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, saxelmZ-
Rvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, 2014, 689.
10
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi: saswavlo komentari, me-13 gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2014,
135.
11
Brinkmann T., German Law: Damage to Persons, Property, and the Environment, 22 Tulane Mari me Law Journal, 1998, 547.
12
§ 252, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB). xelmisawvdomia:<h ps://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__252.html>, [28.12.2018].
13
Brinkmann T., German Law: Damage to Persons, Property, and the Environment, 22 Tulane Mari me Law Journal, 1998, 546, 550-551.
14
Markesinis B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract: A Compara ve Trea se, Second Edi on, 2006, 480.
15
181
giorgi aladaSvili
ba, unda dasabuTdes gonivruli ueWvelobiT16 anu sasamarTlo gonivrulobis farglebSi

darwmunebuli unda iyos aseTi Sedegis dadgomaSi. rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba aRniSnuli,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver xerxdeba gonivruli ueWvelobis standartis dakmay-
ofileba, mosamarTleebma SesaZloa mimarTon dakarguli Sansis (lost chance) anazRaurebas,
riTac yuradReba maxvildeba ara spekulatiur da rTulad dasamtkicebel miuRebel Se-
mosavlebze, aramed im faqtze, rom movalis qmedebebiT pirma dakarga Sansi, mieRo aseTi
sargebeli, rac bevr SemTxvevaSi ufro martivad dasasabuTebelia.
2.2. miuRebeli Semosavlis istoriuli mimoxilva

miuRebeli Semosavlis institutis saTaveebi romauli samarTlis wiaRSi unda veZioT.
Zvel romSi vaWrobisa da primitiuli industriis ganviTarebis kvaldakval mopasuxis
mier miyenebuli zianis gamo damdgari dakarguli Semosavalic anazRaurebadi gaxda. ro-
mauli samarTliT ziani or kategoriad daiyo: damnum emergens (romelic realurad dam-
dgar, pirdapir zians warmoadgenda mosarCelisaTvis) da lucrum cessans (sityva-sityviT
`Sewyvetili Semosavali~, qarTulad damkvidrebulia agreTve termini – anacduri mogeba),
romelic iyo is Semosavali, romlis miRebaSic mosarCeles mopasuxis mier miyenebulma
zianma SeuSala xeli.17 romauli samarTali, Tumca cotaTi bundovnad, mainc zRvars av-
lebda am ors Soris da iTvaliswinebda garkveul procesualur instrumentebs, romelTa
saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli iyo swored meore saxis zianis anazRaureba.18 Sua saukuneebSi
eklesiis mier mevaxSeobis akrZalvis kvaldakval, lucrum cessans-s ufro iSviTad anaz-
Raurebdnen, radgan iTvleboda rom imave pirdapiri zianisgan gansxvavebiT, `Sewyveti-
li Semosavlis~ dros mopasuxe valdebuli iyo, gacilebiT ufro meti gadaexada, vidre
realurad, myari faqtebiTa da argumentebiT gamyarebuli damdgari zianis odenoba da
amiT arasasurveli paraleli ivleboda imave mevaxSeobis formalurad akrZalul insti-
tutTan.19 Sua saukuneebis mosamarTleebis SiSebi garkveulwilad gamarTlebulic iyo,
radgan jer kidev Zveli romis epoqaSi iuristebma sesxze procentis asaRebad moifiqres
xriki – gakotrebul msesxebels isini ZiriTad TanxasTan erTad uCiodnen ara farulad
SeTanxmebuli procentis Tanxas, aramed swored im anacdur mogebas (lucrum cessans) rom-
lis miRebac SesaZlebeli iqneboda gasesxebuli Ziri Tanxa droze rom dabrunebuliyo da
msesxebels igi sxva saqmianobaSi rom gamoyenebina.20 swored Sua saukuneebis samarTalSi
unda veZioT safuZveli im wesisa, romlis Tanaxmadac mosarCelem uTuod unda daamtki-
cos obieqturi mtkicebulebebiT, rom igi namdvilad miiRebda ama Tu im Semosavals, rom
ara mopasuxis qmedebani.21
16
Marshall K.S., Beron K. J., Sta s cs and the Law: Proving Lost Profits, Texas Wesleyan Law Review, Vol.2., 1996, 468.
17
ness Law, Vol. 18:2, 2016, 321.
18
Birks P., The Roman Law of Obliga ons, 2014, 211, 219.
19
Zimmermann R., The Law of Obliga ons: Roman Founda ons of the Civilian Tradi on, Juta and Co. Ltd. 1996, 827, Sen. 297. romaul
samarTalSi lucrum cessans-is ufro detaluri ganxilvisaTvis agreTve ixileT: Below K., Die Ha ung für lucrum cessans
im römischen Recht, 1965.
20
ness Law, Vol. 18:2, 2016, 323.
21
Jorge A., Salazar-Carrillo J., Lucrum Cessans, Damnum Emergens and the Market Place, Journal of Forencis Economics 4(1), 1990,
117-118.
182
anglo-saqsuri samarTali adreul Sua saukuneebSi viTardeboda, rogorc Taviseburi

nazavi tradiciuli, CveulebiTi da romauli samarTlisa. male sasamarTlo preceden-
tebis sistemis (stare decisis) CamoyalibebasTan erTad yvela am CveulebiTma Tu romaulma
institutma sakuTari originaluri elferi SeiZina. Lucrum cessans arsebobda anglo-saq-
sur samarTalSic, magram miuRebeli Semosavlis moTxovnis dakmayofilebas xSirad aferx-
ebda garkveuli procesualuri instrumentebis arseboba, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia
Seuracxyofis sarCeli (writ of a aint). am sarCeliT mxares SeeZlo 12 nafici msajulis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba im safuZvliT, rom igi mcdarad an arasworad
iyo gamotanili.22 aseTi sarCelis Setanas mohyveboda 24 raindisgan Semdgari did nafic
msajulTa (grand jury) Sekreba da Tu dadgindeboda, rom mosarCele swori iyo da wina
gadawyvetileba marTlac arasworad iyo miRebuli, maSin es gadawyvetileba ara marto
gauqmebulad gamocxaddeboda, aramed piradi pasuxismgebloba daekisrebodaT nafic msa-
julebs, romlebmac aseTi gadawyvetileba miiRes. dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan sasjeli
ukiduresad mZime da SeiZleba iTqvas araproporciuli iyo Cadenil qmedebasTan mimarTe-
baSi: nafici msajulebi SesaZloa yofiliyvnen dapatimrebulni, maT CamorTmeodaT qoneba
an samudamod yofiliyvnen Sercxvenilni.23 aseTi mkacri sanqciis arsebobis gamo nafici
msajulebi cdilobdnen mosarCelis moTxovna zomierebis farglebSi daekmayofilebinaT,
rac miuRebeli Semosavlis miRebas arTulebda. Tumca istoriulad aseTi sarCeli iSvia-
Tad gamoiyeneboda zianis anazRaurebis saqmeebSi.24
saerTo samarTalSi zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxze fundamentur saqmed iTvleba 1854
wlis saqme hedli beqsendeilis winaaRmdeg25, romlis Tanaxmadac zianis mimyenebeli val-
debulia yvela im zianisaTvis, romelic winaswar savaraudo(ganWvretadi) iyo, magram pa-
suxs ar agebs iseTi zianisaTvis, romelic savaraudo ar iyo im informaciiT rac misTvis
xelmisawvdomi iyo. aseTi winaswari varaudis wesi dRes sasamarTloebis mier ufro nak-
lebad gamoiyeneba da yuradReba ufro faqtobriv Semadgenlobasa da mtkicebulebebzea
gadatanili.
amerikul samarTalSi zogadad mosamarTleebi yovelTvis sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen
miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebas, radgan TviT faqtis dadgena da rac mTavaria, sa-
varaudo odenobis gamoTvla, maTi arcTu usafuZvlo azriT, uamrav ucnob da spekulaci-
ur faqtorze iyo damokidebuli, romelTa srulad gaTvaliswinebac da mxedvelobaSi
miRebac scdeboda adamianur SesaZleblobebs.26 Sedegad didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amerikeli
mosamarTleebi am gaurkveveli da ucnobi faqtorebis momizezebiT uars ambobdnen mi-
uRebeli Semosavlebis dakmayofilebaze an wminda meqanikur meTods eZebdnen maT gasaan-
gariSeblad, romelic, maTi azriT, sruliad miukerZoebeli iqneboda.27 Sedegad sakmaod
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, me-19 saukunis 50-ian wlebamde, miiCneoda, rom Tu saxeze
ar iyo mopasuxis mier ganzrax zianis miyenebis faqti anu ar vlindeboda aSkarad movalis
22
Blackstone W., Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book III: Of Private Wrongs, 2016, 264.
23
iqve, 264-265.
24
ness Law, Vol. 18:2, 2016, 323-326.
25
Hadley v. Baxendale, EWHC J70; xelmisawvdomi: <h p://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Exch/1854/J70.html>, [28.12.2018].
magaliTad saqmeSi The Lively, 15 F. Cas. 631 (C.C.D. Mass. 1812) xazi gaesva swored im faqtorebis did raodenobas,
26
rac saWiro iqneboda hipoTeturi miuRebeli Semosavlebis gamoTvlisaTvis.

27
ness Law, Vol. 18:2, 2016, 335-336.
183
giorgi aladaSvili
braleuloba, xelSekrulebis darRvevisas anazRaureba mxolod faqtobrivad damdgari

zianis moculobiT Semoifargleboda. SemdgomSi rigi sasamarTlo saqmis Semdgom28 gan-
sazRvruli iqna mtkicebis ZiriTadi standarti: xelSekrulebis darRvevidan gamomdinare
asanazRaurebeli ziani unda yofiliyo dadgenili gonivruli ueWvelobiT da aRniSnuli
gavrcelda im Semosavlebzec, romelsac mosarCele miiRebda rom ara mopasuxis qmedeba-
ni.29 TviT ziani xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi mopasuxesaTvis winaswari ganWvretadi
(foreseeable) unda yofiliyo an mas unda scodnoda, rom darRvevis Sedegad adgili eqnebo-
da Semosavlebis miuReblobasac.
rogorc ukve aRniSnul iqna, Hadley v Baxendale-s saqmeze miRebuli winaswar ganWvre-
tadobis (mosalodnelobis) wesi dRes naklebad gamoiyeneba. mosalodnelobis wesi ar-
aerTxel iqna gakritikebuli im safuZvliT, rom is xSir SemTxvevaSi mxolod did
moTxovnebs uSvebda, rogorc xelSekrulebis dadebis momentisas mosalodnelsa da gan-
Wvretads, magram saTvalavSi ar iRebda ufro mcire moTxovnebs, romelic SesaZloa obi-
eturad ar iyo mosalodneli mxaris mier kontraqtis gaformebisas. amis garda kritikis
sagania TviT wesis fokusireba mxareTa subieqtur maxasiaTebelze da ara obieqturad
damdgar Sedegze.30
Sedegad dRevandeli mdgomareobiT anglo-amerikul samarTalSi miuRebeli Semosav-
lis miRebisaTvis gonivruli ueWvelobiT unda dadgindes aseTi Semosavlis miuReblobis
faqti, odenoba da mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri movalis moqmedebasa da damdgar zians
Soris.
3. miuRebeli Semosavlis moTxovnis dakmayofilebis winapirobebi

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 411-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `miuReblad iTvleba Semo-
savali, romelic ar miuRia pirs da romelsac igi miiRebda, valdebuleba jerovnad rom
Sesrulebuliyo~. Sesabamisad moTxovnis dakmayofilebisaTvis saxeze unda iyos Semdgomi
niSnebi: 1) Semosavali ar unda iyos miRebuli da 2) Semosavali iqneboda miRebuli, val-
debulebis jerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. bunebrivia, mosarCelem unda daasabuTos,
rom swored mopasuxis qmedebas mohyva miuRebeli Semosavali.
miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas ramdenime mniS-
vnelovani garemoeba. upirveles yovlisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveulwilad Sesa-
Zlebelia aseTi moTxovnis dakmayofilebisas mopasuxisaTvis imaze ufro meti Tanxis
dakisreba vidre amas saqmis garemoebebi gvkarnaxoben (anglo-amerikul samarTalSi es
exeba gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebs, rodesac mopasuxe ganzrax moqmedebda) zogadi wesiT
miCneulia, rom Tanxa yovelTvis SezRuduli da proporciuli unda iyos. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi aramizanSewonilma anazRaurebam SesaZloa gasaqani misces arakeTilsindisier
mosarCeleebs, romlebsac SeeZlebaT yvelanairi saxis xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTx-
vevaSi miuRebeli Semosavlis moTxovna, ramdenadac absurduli ar unda yofiliyo aseTi
Semosavlebis miRebis albaToba.31 procesis Semdgom etapze unda dadgindes, rom miuReb-
28
Blanchard v. Ely, 21 Wend.342 342(N.Y.1839); Griffin v. Colver, 22 Barb. 587, 587 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.1855); Hinkley v. Beckwith, 13 Wis.31
(1860).
29
ness Law, Vol. 18:2, 2016, 338-354.
30
31
iqve, 996.
184
el Semosavals marTlac eqneboda adgili, rom ara piris qmedeba da unda ganisazRvros
aseTi miuRebeli Semosavlis miaxloebiTi raodenoba.
3.1. miuRebeli Semosavlis dadgomis faqti

zogadad miuRebeli Semosavlis moTxovnis dakmayofilebisaTvis sasamarTloebi konk-
retul obieqtur mtkicebulebebs iTxoven. didia imis SiSi, rom mosarCele mopasuxis
saSualebiT usafuZvlod da arakeTilsindisierad gamdidrdeba mxolod imitom, rom mt-
kicebulebebis magier emociurad datvirTul Txovnas warmoadgens da Civils daiwyebs
dakargul simdidreze.32 simarTlis dadgenas ki yovelTvis arTulebs isic, rom saTvala-
vSi misaRebia uamravi cvladi, faqtori, piroba da faqti. Tanamedrove msoflioSi ar-
sebuli ukiduresad mravalwaxnagiani da kompleqsuri ekonomikuri garemoebebi zogjer
miuRebeli Semosavlis zust, maTematikur gamoTvlas faqtobrivad SeuZlebels xdis33 da
es miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs swored am miznisaTvis Seqmnili sakmaod ganviTarebu-
li kompiuteruli da statistikuri modelebi. miuRebeli Semosavlis mtkicebisas saer-
To samarTlis qveynebSi arc Tu ise iSviaTad mniSvneloba eniWeba imasac, Tu ra doneze
aris mopasuxe braleuli da misi moqmedeba uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT iyo gamowveuli
Tu saerTod ganzrax iyo Cadenili. saerTo samarTalSi mtkicebis dros Tu dadastur-
deba mopasuxis mxridan uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT an ganzraxviT miyenebuli zianis (mag.
qarxnis gadawva) faqti, maSin warsulSi ubralod Semosavlebis arsebobac ki SeiZleba
sakmarisi aRmoCndes imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom moTxovna daakmayofilos, Tundac sxva
mxriv mtkicebulebebi arasakmarisi iyos.34 SedarebisaTvis qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsiT
movalis braleulobis xarisxi anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli ar aris.35
saqmeTa ganxilvisas TviT saqmianobis saxes an sxva konkretul garemoebebsac SeiZleba
mniSvneloba mieniWos. Tu, magaliTad, TviT movalis saqmianoba akrZalul moqmedebebTa-
naa dakavSirebuli, maSin bunebrivia miuRebeli Semosavlebis anazRaurebis sakiTxi saer-
Tod ar dgeba, Tundac yvela sxva komponenti iyos saxeze. agreTve aRsaniSnavia germanuli
danawesi miuRebeli Semosavlis gamoTvlisas dazaralebulis profesionaluri Semosav-
lis potenciuri zrdis gaTvaliswinebis Sesaxeb.36 es niSnavs imas, rom Tu mosarCeles
miyenebuli zianis gamo saSualeba ar mieca profesionaluri kuTxiT ganviTarebuliyo,
magaliTad, igi ar dawinaurda swored movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegad,
maSin mas SeuZlia am profesiuli ganviTarebis Sedegad savaraudod misaRebi Semosavali
moiTxovos.
miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis saqmeebSi faqtis dadgomis mtkicebis gasamar-
tiveblad sasurvelia arsebobdes raRac etaloni, romelTan SedarebiTac SesaZlebeli
iqneba Semosavlis miuReblobis faqtis dadgena da SemdgomSi odenobis gansazRvra. Se-
sabamisad problemuri sakiTxi SeiZleba dadges Tu aranairi aseTi etaloni ar aris anu
32
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2011 wlis 24
oqtombris # as _ 307-291-2011 ganCinebaSi xazi gaesva swored obieqturi kriteriumebis mniSvnelobas zianis
anazRaurebisas, raTa adgili ar hqonoda mosarCelis usafuZvlo gamdidrebas.
33
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali,
saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, 2014, 655-656.
34
Comment – The Requirement of Certainty in the Proof of Lost Profits, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 64, No 2, December 1950, 320.
35
Wanturia l., (red.) samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, Tb., 2001, 463.
36
Brinkmann T., German Law: Damage to Persons, Property, and the Environment, 22 Tulane Mari me Law Journal, 1998, 553.
185
giorgi aladaSvili
rodesac piri raRac originalur an unikalur produqts hyidis an Tu misi saqmianoba

imdenad Taviseburia, rom sxva pirebTan misi Sedareba ver xerxdeba. paradoqsalurad
aseT SemTxvevebSi aSS-s sasamarTlo praqtika ufro metadaa mimarTuli imisaken, rom mi-
uRebeli Semosavlebis moTxovna daakmayofilos. amis mizezia is, rom gvarovnuli an zo-
gadad xelmisawvdomi produqtis ganadgurebis gamo miuRebeli Semosavlebis moTxovnis
dros miiCneva, rom dazaralebuli piri moqmedebs im sferoSi sadac msgavsi gvarovnuli
bunebis produqtebi martivad saSovnelia. SedarebisaTvis Tu produqti unikaluria, misi
Secvla SeuZlebelia da Sesabamisad anazRaureba ZiriTadad erTaderTi gamosavalia.37
zogadad mtkicebulebis saxiT sasamarTlom unda dauSvas is informacia, romelic
exeba piris mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs da ar unda moiTxovos imaze ufro meti mo-
nacemi, vidre amas ama Tu im sferoSi moRvawe pirebi TavianTi yoveldRiuri saqmianobis
dros iyeneben. am ukanasknels SeiZleba iribad mohyves is, rom miuRebeli Semosavlebis
miReba faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.38
3.2. miuRebeli Semosavlis odenobis dadgena

aRiarebulia, rom martooden im faqtis gansazRvra, rom mosarCeles realurad miad-
ga ziani da man gaacdina mogeba, magram amave dros mocemuli araa miuRebeli Semosavlis
gamoTvlis konkretuli meTodi an saerTod raime xelSesaxebi mtkicebuleba, romliTac
SesaZlebelia miaxloebiT mainc azris Seqmna aseTi miuRebeli Semosavlebis odenobaze,
kargi winapirobaa imisaTvis, rom mosarCelem mxolod simboluri anazRaureba miiRos
an saerTod araferi. aseTi SemTxveva iqneba, magaliTad, im dros rodesac satelefono
cnobarSi mopasuxis mizeziT ar gamoqveyndeba mosarCelis reklama an ar qveyndeba da ar
vrceldeba wignis tiraJi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aSkaraa rom mosarCelem raRac raodeno-
biT marTla dakarga Semosavali, am Semosavlebis gamoTvla imdenad spekulatiur xasiaTs
atarebs da imden ucnob faqtorze aris damokidebuli, rom sasamarTloebi amjobineben
saerTod uari ganacxadon moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze im mizeziT, rom Semosavlebi go-
nivruli ueWvelobis standartiT ver mtkicdeba.39 mosarCelem unda warmoadginos ara
marto xarjTaRricxva, aramed dokumentalurad, obieqturad unda daamtkicos es xar-
jebi.40
zogadad miuRebeli Semosavlis gamoTvlis zusti meqanizmi scildeba iurispruden-
cias da ufro ekonomikisa da buRalteriis sferoSi gadadis. Cveulebisamebr, Semosav-
lebis zust gamoTvlas mosarCelis an mopasuxis mier mowveuli eqspertebi axorciele-
ben da mosamarTleebs maTi Sefaseba marTebT sakuTari Sinagani rwmenis Tanaxmad. TviT
mosarCele miuRebeli Semosavlis moTxovnis dayenebisas frTxilad unda iyos, rom ar
`gadaamlaSos~ da Zalian maRali Tanxac ar moiTxovos im martivi mizeziT, rom rac ufro
maRalia Tanxa, miT ufro iyoymanebs sasamarTlo, daakmayofilos igi Tu ara da sruliad
37
Comment – The Requirement of Certainty in the Proof of Lost Profits, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 64, No 2, December 1950, 322.
38
Comment – Lost Profits as Contract Damages: Problems of Proof and Limita ons on Recovery, 65 Yale Law Journal, 1956, 1018
39
Lloyd R.M., The Reasonable Certainty Requirement in Lost Profits Li ga on: What It Really Means, Transac ons: The Tennessee Jour-
nal of Business Law, Vol.12, 2010, 32.
40
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali;
saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, 2014, 654.
186
SesaZlebelia mtkicebis standartic kidev ufro amaRldes.41 amave dros, gasaTvaliswine-

belia, rom gamoTvlisas sirTuleebi, rogorc wesi, sando, obieqturi mtkicebulebebis
mopovebaSi mdgomareobs da ara imaSi, rom TviT gamoTvla iyos dakavSirebuli bevr kom-
pleqsur maTematikur Tu sxva procesebTan. Tu mosarCeles yvela saWiro monacemi aqvs,
miuRebeli Semosavali SeiZleba sakmaod martivad iqnas gamoTvlili da asanazRaurebeli
Tanxa iqneba sxvaoba nayidi saqonlis sabazro fass da im gasayid fass Soris, romliTac
es saqoneli gaiyideboda, ziani rom ar damdgariyo.42
rac Seexeba informaciisa da monacemebis sistematur mopovebasa da damuSavebas, arse-
bobs sakmaod bevri midgoma da meTodi, romelic saSualebas iZleva miuRebeli Semosava-
li met-naklebi sizustiT dadgindes. aucilebeli ar aris mosamarTleebma es meTodebi
zedmiwevniT kargad icodnen, Tumca maT unda gaaCndeT farTo Tvalsawieri da logikuri
msjelobis unari, raTa sworad Seafason am meTodebis gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba. im
faqtorebidan, romlebiTac dgindeba miuRebeli Semosavlis moTxovnis dakmayofilebis
SesaZlebloba, albaT arc erTi araa imdenad mniSvnelovani, rogoricaa obieqturad da-
dasturebadi dokumentirebuli informaciisa da monacemebis arseboba.
zemoaRniSnuli midgomebidan erT-erT yvelaze efeqtur da gavrcelebulad miiCneva
e.w. `manamde da Semdgom~ (before and a er) meTodi43. am dros martivad xdeba mosarCelis
Semosavlebis Sedareba valdebulebis Seusruleblobamde (zianis miyenebamde) da Seus-
ruleblobis Semdeg. mniSvnelovania, rom mowodebuli dokumentacia iyos sruli da rom
Semosavali da gasavali zustad iyos aRricxuli.44 arsobrivad am meTodiT mosarCele
waradgens monacemebs (mag. ukve miRebuli Semosavlis Sesaxeb) mopasuxis mier ganxor-
cielebul Carevamde da am Carevis Semdgom. mizania rom naCvenebi iqnas mizezobrivi ka-
vSiri mopasuxis moqmedebebsa da mosarCelisaTvis damdgar uaryofiT Sedegebs Soris.45
informaciis mopovebis sxva gza aris e.w. etalonis (yards ck) meTodi. am midgomiTac
grovdeba informacia, oRond amjerad ara mosarCelis finansuri monacemebi, aramed sxva,
msgavsi piris an organizaciis angariSebi, imis dasadgenad Tu kerZod ra zegavlena moax-
dina mopasuxis qmedebebma mosarCeleze. am SemTxvevaSi unda Semowmdes, rom saqmianobebi
Tvisobrivad msgavsia (an rogorc erT-erT saqmeze iqna naTqvami, isini `faqtobrivad
identurni unda iyvnen~).46
sxva, ufro ekonomikuri Tu finansuri bunebis meTodebi, rogoricaa savaraudo mo-
geba da marketinguli modeli ufro naklebad gamoiyeneba da didi popularobiT ar
sargeblobs sasamarTlo praqtikaSi. amis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom zemoaRniSnuli ori
41
42
BGH NJW, 1988, 2234 (2236). citirebulia: Brinkmann T., German Law: Damage to Persons, Property, and the Environment, 22
Tulane Mari me Law Journal, 1998, 548.
43
nal of Business Law, Vol.12, 2010, 19-20.
44
Bowles T.J., Lewis W.C., A Note on the Credibility of Financial Data Used in Lost-Profit Appraisals, Li ga on Economics Digest, Volume
1, Issue Number 2, Spring 1996, 51-52.
45
nal of Business Law, Vol.12, 2010, 20. am mxriv problemebi SeiZleba warmoiSvas, Tu mosarCele specialurad SearCevs
or drois periods sakuTari Tavis sasargeblod an ar gaiTvaliswinebs sxva raime faqtors, rasac SesaZloa
mohyoloda damdgari Sedegi.
46
Kenneth Lehrman v. Gulf Oil Corpora on., 500 F.2d 659, 667(5th Cir. 1974); xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://openjurist.org/500/f2d/659>,
[28.12.2018].
187
giorgi aladaSvili
meTodisgan gansxvavebiT isini umeteswilad aCveneben momaval finansur prognozs da ara

faqtobriv ueWvel monacemebs. sasamarTlo ganxilvisas isini ufro damxmare funqciebs
asruleben poziciis gamyarebisaTvis.47
rodesac statistikuri meTodebiT xdeba informaciis mopoveba, SemdgomSi gasaTval-
iswinebeli iqneba is statistikuri analizis meTodebi, romlebic saSualebas iZlevian fi-
nansuri TvalsazrisiT mizezobrivi kavSiri iqnas dadgenili movalis mier ganxorciele-
bul qmedebas (valdebulebis Seusrulebloba) da damdgar Sedegs (miuRebeli Semosavali)
Soris. mxedvelobaSi aucileblad miiReba sakmaod didi raodenobis monacemebi, cvlade-
bi, informacia da a.S. statistikuri meTodebi kargi saSualebaa miuRebel Semosavalze
zegavlenis mqone TiToeuli cvladis efeqti Sefasdes.
erT-erTi aseTi statistikuri meTodia e.w. regresuli analizi, romelsac zogjer
mravaljerad regresul analizsac uwodeben. am meTodiT mowmdeba kavSiri cvladebis
(variable) did raodenobas Soris48 da misi efeqturoba dResdReobiT mniSvnelovnad gazr-
dilia statistikuri meTodologiis, kompiuteruli teqnologiebisa da zogadad statis-
tikuri monacemebis xelmisawvdomobis gamo.49
am meTodis Tanaxmad cvladebi or saxed iyofa: damoukidebeli (ZiriTadi) da damok-
idebuli cvladebi. damoukidebeli cvladebi gavlenas axdenen da zemoqmedeben damok-
idebul cvladebze. mocemul SemTxvevaSi piris mier miRebuli an/da miuRebeli Semosav-
lebi warmoadgens damokidebul cvlads, radgan masze zegavlenas axdenen sxva ZiriTadi
damoukidebeli cvladebi, rogoricaa gayidvebis raodenoba, xarjebi, bazris mdgomareo-
ba da a.S. imisaTvis rom regresiuli meTodi warmatebiT iqnas gamoyenebuli upirveles
yovlisa unda ganvsazRvroT swored es damoukidebeli cvladebi da is efeqti, rac mo-
pasuxis qmedebebma moaxdina maTze. damoukidebeli cvladebis gazrdiT an daklebiT Sei-
Zleba imis prognozireba, Tu kerZod rogori efeqti iqneba Semosavlebze.50 aseTi statis-
tikuri analizi saboloo jamSi iZleva SesaZleblobas, met-naklebi sizustiT dadgindes
rogorc mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri movalis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebasa da damdgar
zians Soris, aseve saSualebas miaxloebiT dadgindes miuRebeli Semosavali. aRniSnulis
Semdeg sasamarTlom unda Seafasos, Tu ramdenad sworia es monacemebi da akmayofileben
isini Tu ara Sesabamis standarts.
3.3. mtkicebis standarti - gonivruli ueWveloba (Reasonable Certainty)

miuRebeli Semosavlis dadasturebis raime erTiani, yvelas mier gaziarebuli stand-
arti ar arsebobs, radgan nebismier SemTxvevaSi hipoTeturi zianis dadgomis SesaZleblo-
ba unda Sefasdes TiToeuli saqmis konkretuli garemoebebidan da Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinare. miuRebel Semosavals unda hqondes pirdapiri, uSualo kavSiri movalis
mier valdebulebis SeusruleblobasTan – aSkarad unda ikveTebodes mizez-Sedegobrivi
47
48
Barnes D.W., Sta s cs as Proof, Fundamentals of Quanta ve Evidence, 1983, 293. citirebulia: Marshall K.S., Beron K. J., Sta s cs
and the Law: Proving Lost Profits, Texas Wesleyan Law Review, Vol.2., 1996, 475.
49
50
iqve, 476-477.
188
kavSiri.51 mosarCelem unda daasabuTos, rom xelSekrulebis darRvevis Sedegad damd-

gari ziani realurad da ueWvelad aris damdgari da ar warmoadgens spekulaciis sagans
Tu fantaziis nayofs. saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi ZiriTad standartad, rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, dadgenilia gonivruli ueWveloba (darwmunebuloba) (reasonable certainty), rac
mocemulia rogorc aSS-s `saxelSekrulebo miTiTebebsa~ (`Restatement of Contracts~52) da
`saerTo komerciul kodeqsSi~ (Uniform Commercial Code)53, aseve `saerTaSoriso komerciul
xelSekrulebaTa principebSic~ (UNIDROIT).54
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mosamarTleTa umravlesobac iziarebs wess, rom miuRe-
buli Semosavali unda damtkicdes `gonivruli ueWvelobiT~ (reasonable certainty). miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom saerTo samarTalSi jerjerobiT ar aris ganmartebuli, Tu kerZod ras
warmoadgens es `gonivruli ueWveloba~, amis miuxedavad precedentuli samarTali mainc
asaxelebs im konkretul faqtorebs, romlebic sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos imis
dasadgenad, daasabuTa Tu ara mosarCelem miuRebeli Semosavali.55
miuRebeli Semosavlis moTxovnis dakmayofilebisaTvis mosarCelem unda aCvenos,
rom saxezea sami urTierTdakavSirebuli faqtori: 1) mtkicebuleba, romelic misaRebia
2) gonivruli ueWveloba imisa, rom miuRebel Semosavals realurad eqneboda adgili da
3) mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri(kauzaloba).56 im SemTxvevaSi Tu ziani Zalian daSorebulia
(remote) movalis mier Cadenili qmedebisgan anu mizez-Sedegobrivi bma sustia, maSin mo-
sarCelis moTxovna ar dakmayofildeba.57
iurisprudencia mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgenis meTodebis simcires namdvilad
ar ganicdis. yvela am Teoriidan, rogoricaa aucilebeli da SemTxveviTi mizezobrivi ka-
vSiris, adeqvaturobis, relevanturobis, eqvivalenturobisa da sxva Teoriebi, pirdapiri
da arapirdapiri mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena optimaluri gzaa. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,
movlenebs Soris unda iyos obieqturi kavSiri, mizezi da Sedegis mniSvneloba gansaz-
Rvrulia am konkretuli faqtiT da piris mier Cadenili qmedeba unda iyos uSualod
51
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 7 oqtombris # as _ 459-438-2015
gadawyvetileba.
52
Restatement of the Law („samarTlebrivi miTiTebebi“ an `samarTlebrivi instruqciebi“) warmoadgens amerikis
samarTlis institutis mer gamoqveynebul miTiTebaTa krebuls, romlis mizania praqtikos-iursistebsa da
mosamarTleebs saerTo samarTlis zogadi principebis Sesaxeb informacia warudginos. erT-erTi maTgania
`saxelSekrulebo danawesebi“ (Restatement of Contracts). gonivruli ueWvelobis Sesaxeb ixileT: Restatement of Con-
tracts, Second, § 352 (Uncertainty as a Limita on on Damages) („daurwmunebloba, rogorc SezRudva zianis anazRaure-
baze“). xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://home.heinonline.org/ tles/American-Law-Ins tute-Library/Restatement-Second-Contracts/?let-
ter=R>, [28.12.2018].
53
ixileT kodeqsis §1-106 paragrafis oficialuri komentari: Uniform Commercial Code, Official Text and Commentaries,
The American Law Ins tute and Na onal Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, 2010-2011 Edi on, West Publishing,
2010, 1870. komentaris Tanaxmad, ar aris aucilebeli zianis maTematikuri sizustiT dadgena da rom Zalian xSi-
rad zianis anazRaureba miaxloebiTia. agreTve aRniSnulia, rom is damtkicebuli unda iyos im sizustiTa da
gansazRvrulobiT, ris saSualebasac faqtebi iZleva, Tumca araumetes amisa.
54
UNIDROIT-s principebis 7.4.3. muxli, romlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, anazRaureba zianisaTvis, maT Soris
momavali zianisaTvis unda dadgenili iqnas ueWvelobis gonivruli doniT. ix: UNIDROIT Principles of Interna onal
Commercial Contracts, Interna onal Ins tute for the Unifica on of Private Law, Rome, 2016, 274-276. xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://
www.unidroit.org/instruments/commercial-contracts/unidroit-principles-2016 >, [28.12.2018].
55
Lloyd R.M., The Reasonable Certainty Requirement in Lost Profits Li ga on: What it Really Means, Transac ons: The Tennessee Jour-
nal of Business Law, Vol. 12, 2010, 12-13.
56
57
Remoteness Doctrine. ix. Beatson J., Burrows A., Cartwright J., Anson’s Law of Contract, 29th Edi on, 2010, 543.
189
giorgi aladaSvili
dakavSirebuli damdgar SedegTan – zianTan.58 saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi am testisaTvis

gamoiyeneba formulireba `But for~ (`rom ara~) – anu `rom ara~ vTqvaT, gadagdebuli siga-
retis namwvi, saxli ar daiwveboda.59
arsobrivad miuRebeli Semosavlis `gonivruli ueWveloba~ mimarTulia imisken, rom
ori sapirispiro interesi daabalansos. erTis mxriv, standarti ar unda iyos imdenad
dabali, rom mosarCelem mopasuxis saSualebiT mogebis faqtobrivi garantia miiRos, mt-
kicebis tvirTi Tu zedmetad maRali iqneba, mosarCeleebs safrTxe daemuqrebaT ara-
keTilsindisieri pirebis mxridan, romelTac SeuZliaT borotad gamoiyenon is faqti,
rom miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaureba Zalzed rTulad mosapovebeli gaxdeba.60 sruli-
ad ar aris aucilebeli, rom Semosavlebis miRebis albaToba iyos ueWvelad dadgenili.
standarti niSnavs, rom savaraudod, rom ara mopasuxis qmedebebi, dazaralebuli piri
miiRebda Semosavals.
gonivruli ueWvelobis standarts Tavisi variaciebic gaaCnia. amerikul samarTal-
Si arsebobs e.w. damrRvevis (wrongdoer) wesi. Tu movalis qmedebebis gamo mosarCelem
ver moaxerxa garkveuli Semosavlis miReba da amavdroulad swored misi qcevis gamoa
maTi gamoTvla esoden garTulebuli, sasamarTlo mas daakisrebs pasuxismgeblobas. ase-
Ti gadawyvetilebis miRebis logikuri safuZvelia is, rom mopasuxes ar SeuZlia gaeqces
anazRaurebis valdebulebas mxolod da mxolod im mizeziT, rom mosarCeles ar Seu-
Zlia gonivruli ueWvelobiT daasabuTos zianis odenoba. am wess Tu Cven pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT miviRebT maSin gamodis, rom saxeze zogjer SesaZloa ori konfliqturi
midgomac ki iyos: gonivruli mosalodneloba, romelic adgens garkveul mtkicebis stan-
darts rogorc miuRebeli Semosavlis faqtis dadgenis, agreTve misi odenobis mimarT,
da e.w. damrRvevis wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac gaurkvevloba miuRebeli Semosavlis zust
raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT ar warmoadgens safuZvels imisaTvis, rom uari iTqvas mi-
uRebel Semosavalze.61 samwuxarod, es ukanaskneli wesic amerikuli precedentuli samar-
Tlis bunebidan gamomdinare bevri variaciiT gamoirCeva, rac aferxebs zogadi debule-
bebis Camoyalibebas. saqarTveloSi ki misi gamoyeneba rTulad warmosadgenia im martivi
mizeziT, rom, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, braleulobis xarisxi aranairadaa dakavSirebuli
miuRebeli Semosavlebis miRebasTan.
TviT gonivruli ueWveloba ormxriv aris mimarTuli: ueWveloba miuRebeli Se-
mosavlis faqtis dadgomaSi da ueWveloba miuRebeli Semosavlis odenobaSi. rodesac
gaurkvevelia miuRebeli Semosavlis odenoba, es ar niSnavs imas, rom miuRebeli Semo-
savlis moTxovna dakmayofilebuli ar iqneba. meores mxriv, Tu TviT miuRebeli Semosav-
lis faqtis dadgomaa kiTxvis niSnis qveS, bunebrivia am SemTxvevaSi aranair odenobaze
laparaki ar SeiZleba iyos da moTxovnis dakmayofilebac SeuZlebeli xdeba.62 amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi sasamarTlo praqtika am mxriv araerTgvarovania. zogierTi mosamar-
58
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, me-2 gamocema, Tb., 1999, 68-69.
59
1997, 208-209.
60
Lloyd R.M., The Reasonable Certainty Requirement in Lost Profits Li ga on: What it really Means, Transac ons: The Tennessee Journal
of Business Law, Vol. 12, 2010, 15-16.
61
Lloyd R.M., The Reasonable Certainty Requirement in Lost Profits Li ga on: What it really Means, Transac ons: The Tennessee Journal
of Business Law, Vol. 12, 2010, 39-41.
62
Marshall K.S., Beron K. J., Sta s cs and the Law: Proving Lost Profits, Texas Wesleyan Law Review, Vol.2., 1996, 471. ix. agreTve:
Damages. Loss of Chance to Compete. Prize or Reward, Columbia Law Review, Volume 18, # 1, January, 1918, 83.
190
Tle `gonivruli ueWvelobis~ standarts mxolod miuRebeli Semosavlis faqtis dadgenis

mimarT iyenebs, Tundac zusti odenoba garkveuli ar iyos, sxvebi ki mkacrad moiTxoven
mosarCelisagan am standartis dakmayofilebas rogorc faqtis, agrTve odenobis mimarT
da Tundac erT-erTSi eWvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, uars ambobs moTxovnis dakmayofile-
baze.63
miuRebeli Semosavlisa da standartis mimarT arsebulma aseTma konservatiulma
damokidebulebam praqtikaSi wina planze metad saintereso sakiTxebi wamoswia. magali-
TisaTvis, sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi axali an dauregistrirebeli sazoga-
doebebis SemTxvevaSi miuRebeli Semosavlis moTxovnis dakmayofileba ar xdeboda. es up-
irvelesad ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom zogadad miuRebeli Semosavlis gaangariSebisas
arc Tu ise mcire rols asrulebda biznesis mier adre miRebuli Semosavlebis odenoba,
xolo aseTi warsulis arqonisas, vinaidan ar arsebobda monacemebi winaT miRebuli Se-
mosavlebis Tobaze, nebismieri mtkiceba miuRebel SemosavalTan dakavSirebiT zedmetad
spekulaciurad iTvleboda.64 statistikurad biznesTa didi raodenoba, rogorc wesi, an
saerTod warumatebelia an did mogebas ar iZleva. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo kritikulad
unda miudges mosarCelis mikerZoebul pozicias, rom misi warumatebloba mxolod da mx-
olod mopasuxis mzakvari moqmedebebiTaa gamowveuli da rom ara movale, kreditori ukve
warmatebuli da mdidari iqneboda.65 sasamarTloebic zogadad eridebian axali biznesebis
SemTxvevaSi miuRebeli Semosavlebis anazRaurebas, radgan Zalian rTulia dadgindes is,
Tu mainc ramdens miiRebda axladCamoyalibebuli sazogadoeba – ubralod ar arsebobs is
sabazro monacemebi, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba ama Tu im sazogadoebis mier
saqonlis miwodebis an momsaxurebis gawevis Rirebulebis gansazRvra.66
Sedegad miuRebeli Semosavlis misaRebad winapirobad miCneulia is faqti, rom or-
ganizacia ukve unda iyos dafuZnebuli da funqcionirebdes gansazRvruli drois gan-
mavlobaSi mainc. Tu moxdeba gaangariSeba e.w. etalonis meTodiT, msgavsi ukve arsebuli
biznessubieqtebis Semosavlebze dayrdnobiT, aRniSnuli mainc miCneuli iqneba aradamak-
mayofileblad.67 aRniSnuli ar unda iqnas imgvarad gagebuli, rom aseT pirebs arasodes
ar SeuZliaT miuRebeli Semosavlis miReba. Tu piri warmoadgens obieqtur, faqtobriv
monacemebs, romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia savaraudi danakargis daTvla, maSin Ses-
aZlebelia am savaraudo danakargis miuRebeli SemosavliT anazRaureba.68 aqac mTavaria
swored realuri, obieqturad damowmebadi mtkicebulebani. magram mxolod da mxolod
imedi imisa, rom axladCamoyalibebuli iuridiuli piri aucileblad warmatebuli iqne-
boda, ramdenad savaraudoc ar unda iyos es, sakmarisi ar aris miuRebeli Semosavlis
63
Weisman M.D., Clements B.T., Protec ng Reasonable Expecta ons: Proof of Lost Profits for New Businesses, Massachuse s Law Re-
view, Volume 76, December 1991, 187.
64
65
nal of Business Law, Vol.12, 2010, 22-23. sasamarTlo saqmeebi, romelTa drosac mosarCelem emociebze zegavleniT
moaxerxa daumsaxureblad miuRebeli Semosavlebis miReba ix: iqve, Sen. 50.
66
University Law Review, Vol. 19, 567.
67
Mehta vs Department of Consumer Affairs, 556 N.Y.S.2D 601, 602 (App.Div. 1990). xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://www.casemine.com/
judgement/us/591489a7add7b04934505ac2>, [28.12.2018].
68
191
giorgi aladaSvili
anazRaurebisaTvis.69
sando monacememebis arebobas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs miuRebeli Semosavlebis
anazRaurebis damtkicebaSi da isini kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas iZenen, rodesac saqme
exeba aseT dauregistrirebel pirs. Tu magaliTad, iuridiuli piri sasamarTloze warad-
gens yvela iseT monacems, rac aRmofxvris eWvsa da yvela gaurkvevel faqtorsa da el-
ements, maSin iTvleba, rom saxezea gonivruli ueWvelobis standartis dakmayofileba.70
amavdroulad samarTlianadaa aRniSnuli, rom ubralod araswori iqneba mosarCeles
moTxovna ar daukmayofildes martooden imis gamo, rom mas ar aqvs Semosavlebis is-
toria im dros, rodesac aseTi Semosavlebis ararseboba mxolod da mxolod mopasuxis
arakeTilsindieri qmedebebiTaa gamowveuli.71
4. dakarguli Sansis (LOSS OF CHANCE) anazRaureba, rogorc miuRebeli

Semosavlis alternativa
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, miuRebeli Semosavlis mimarT sakmaod maRali standarti mo-
qmedebs – rogorc wesi, kreditorma unda daamtkicos rogorc miuRebeli Semosavlis
miRebis faqti, agreTve odenoba gonivruli ueWvelobis doneze. Tu miiCneva rom kred-
itoris mier warmodgenili mtkicebuleba ar aris sakmarisi am standartis dasakmayo-
fileblad, maSin anacduri mogebis miRebis Sansebi mcirea. aseT kategoriul Sav-TeTr
midgomas, zogierTi komentatori `yvelafers an arafers~ uwodebs.72
paralelurad aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac standartis daukmayofileblobis miuxe-
davad, saxeze namdvilad aris is Semosavali, romelsac piri miiRebda rom ara mova-
lis qmedeba, magram gonivruli ueWvelobis doneze ver xerxdeba aRniSnulis dasabuTe-
ba. kreditoris interesebis gaTvaliswinebis mizniT, agreTve imisaTvis, rom zedmetad
mkacri standartis gamo iribad ar waxalisdes movaleTa mxridan arakeTilsindisieri
qmedebani, zogierTi sasamarTlo da samarTalmcodne alternativebs eZebs.
e.w. damrRvevis wesi ukve naxsenebi iqna. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi miiReba movalis
braleulobis xarisxi. Tu igi ganzrax moqmedebda, maSin aRniSnuli miuRebeli Semosavlis
gadawyvetilebaze zegavlenas moaxdens. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebado-
ba sakmaod SezRudulia, radgan Tu movale ganzrax ar moqmedebs, maSin is verc `damr-
Rvevi~ ver iqneba. amavdroulad sakiTxavia am meTodis moqmedeba saqarTveloSi, sadac
69
Southwest Ba ery Corp v. Owen, 115 S.W. 2d at 1099. xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://casetext.com/case/sw-ba ery-corp-v-owen>,
[28.12.2018].
70
saqmeze Pauline’s Chicken Villa, Inc. v. KFC Corp., 701 S.W.2d 399 (Ky.1985) sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom iuridiuli piri ar iyo Camoyalibebuli, TviT is faqti, rom mosarCele warmoadgenda qveyanaSi moqmed
franSizas, erTnairi xarisxis kontrolisa da reklamis sistemiT da arsebobda sxva msgavs axlomdebare dawe-
sebulebaSi Semosavlebisa da danaxarjis aseve warsuli warmatebebisa da warumateblobebis Sesaxeb monacemebi,
„aRmofxvra faqtobrivad yvela gaurkveveli cvladi“(„eliminate virtually all the uncertain variables.“) xelmisawvdomia:
<h ps://law.jus a.com/cases/kentucky/supreme-court/1985/701-s-w-2d-399-0.html>, [28.12.2018].
71
Weisman M.D., Clements B.T., Protec ng Reasonable Expecta ons: Proof of Lost Profits for New Businesses, Massachuse s Law Re-
view, Volume 76, December 1991, 187.
72
yvelaferi an araferi („All or nothing“) _ realurad germanul da garkveulwilad inglisur samarTalSi mo-
sarCele, romelic miuRebeli Semosavlis gamo anazRaurebis moTxovnas daayenebs an dakmayofildeba srulad an
ar dakmayofildeba saerTod. radgan mtkicebis standarti sakmaod maRalia. SesaZlebloba imisa, rom dazara-
lebuli mosarCelis moTxovna dakmayofildeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac miuRebeli Semosavlis dadgomis faqti-
sa an/da odenobasTan dakavSirebiT eWvebi arsebobs, dabalia.
192
braleulobis xarisxi miuRebeli Semosavlebis moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze zegavlenas

ar axdenen.
sxva alternativa aris ara hipoTeturi Semosavlis anazRaurebis moTxovna, romelic
TviT yvelaze kargad dasabuTebul da mtkicebulebebiT gamyarebul SemTxvevebSi speku-
laciur xasiaTs atarebs, aramed im danakargis anazRaureba, romelic mosarCeles hqonda
mopasuxis qmedebebis Sedegad. dakarguli aqtivis (lost assets) Rirebuleba xSirad anacdur
mogebasac moicavs, radganac am aqtivis RirebulebaSic Sedis momavali Semosavlebi.73 sxva
gzad SeiZleba dasaxeldes, magaliTad, dakarguli aqtivebis gamoyenebiTi Rirebuleba
(use value) an sulac qiriTi Rirebuleba (rental value).74
yvela es saSualeba alternativas warmoadgens – im SemTxvevaSi Tu ar kmayofildeba
gonivruli ueWvelobis standarti, maT swored am konkretul situaciebSi mimarTaven
ufro ioli mtkicebadobis gamo, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac aSkaraa, rom kreditors real-
urad miadga momavali ziani da ar miiRo is sargebeli, rasac igi miiRebda rom ara mov-
alis qmedeba.75 amavdroulad erTi alternatiuli gza sul ufro da ufro popularuli
xdeba da iZleva saSualebas, mosarCelem efeqturad gverdi auaros miuRebeli Semosav-
lis mkacr standarts.
4.1. dakarguli Sansis (LOSS OF CHANCE) zogadi daxasiaTeba

dakarguli Sansis (Loss of Chance) doqtrina mTlianobaSi gansxvavebul safuZvlebzea
damyarebuli vidre miuRebeli Semosavali an dakarguli aqtivebi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi
miiCneva, rom dazaralebuli konkretulad kargavs ara raime zust Tanxobriv Semosavals
an mogebas, aramed SesaZleblobas, miiRos esa Tu is Tanxa an Sanss, miiRos naklebi ziani.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu piri miuRebeli Semosavlis damtkicebas ver moaxerxebs (rac sakmaod
maRali da mkacri standartis gaTvaliswinebiT, iSviaTi SemTxveva ar aris), maSin SesaZle-
beli iqneba anazRaurebis miReba im safuZvliT, rom piris moqmedebebma dazaralebuls
xeli SeuSala im SesaZleblobis, im Sansis miRebaSi, rasac SemdgomSi SesaZlebelia mohy-
oloda raime sargebeli.76 sasamarTlo ganixilavs ara uSualod miuRebel Semosavals an
miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas, aramed im Sansis dakargvas, rasac SesaZloa momavalSi
mohyoloda Semosavlis an raime sxva sargeblis miReba. dakarguli Sansis ganxilvisas,
yuradReba unda mieqces im sakiTxebs, Tu kerZod ra Sansi iqna dakarguli, ra moxdebo-
da Tu pirs miecemoda ama Tu im moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba da ra SesaZ-
lo sargebeli SeeZlo mas enaxa.77 aseT saqmeebSi mosarCele ubralod ver axerxebs imis
damtkicebas, rom ziani mas ar miadgeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mopasuxe sakuTar qmedebebs
xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad ganaxorcielebda anu mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri calsaxad
73
74
qiriTi Rirebuleba ufro xSirad uZravi qonebis, gansakuTrebiT ki sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis gaqiravebisa
da ijaris saqmeebSi figurirebs. ix: Damages: Limita ons in Recovery on Lost Profits in Indiana, Indiana Law Journal, Volume
31, Issue 1, Ar cle 8, Fall 1955, 146-147.
75
76
University Law Review, Vol. 19, 571-572.
77
Dam V.C. European Tort Law, 2nd Edi on, 2013, 340-341.
193
giorgi aladaSvili
damyarebuli ar aris.78
am midgomiT mopasuxe zianis dadgomaSi pasuxs agebs Tavisi hipoTeturi monawileobis
proporciulad. magaliTad, Tu pacienti daavadebulia saSiSi daavadebiT da gardaicvle-
ba, magram eqimis gaufrTxilebelma qmedebebmac wvlili Seitana aseTi Sedegis dadgomaSi,
maSin eqimi am Setanili `wvlilis~ proporciulad agebs pasuxs.79 aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom
Tematurad dakarguli Sansis saqmeebi yvelaze metad swored samedicino xasiaTis mqone
davebSi Cndeba. literaturis didi nawilic swored am sferoSi dakarguli mkurnalobis,
gamojanmrTelebis, sicocxlis da a.S. Sansis anazRaurebis sakiTxs exeba.80
amgvari gziT miuRebeli Semosavlis arapirdapir anazRaurebis mkveTrad gamoxatu-
li hipoTeturi xasiaTis gamo unda aRiniSnos, rom mis mimarT damokidebuleba aSkarad
araerTgvarovania. Tu igive safrangeTsa da niderlandebis samefoSi doqtrina ukve
Camoyalibebuli institutis saxiT arsebobs, kontinenturi samarTlis sxva qveynebi,
rogoricaa germania, skandinaviuri qveynebi da avstria ar aRiareben dakargul Sansis
anazRaurebas, xolo inglisuri precedentuli samarTali81 da garkveulwilad italiis
samoqalaqo samarTali mas mxolod gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis dros uSvebs.82
istoriulad dakarguli Sansis doqtrina isev saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi ufro
unda veZioT. gaerTianebuli samefos erT-erT cnobil saqmeSi83 mosarCele SeirCa fi-
nalistad silamazis konkursSi eqvsi aTasi konkursantisgan. SemdgomSi unda momxdariyo
12 finalistis gamokiTxva, magram konkursis direqtoris braliT mas droulad ar mou-
vida Setyobineba aRniSnuli Taobaze da manac daswreba ver SeZlo. amas konkursantis
garicxva mohyva. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom miuxedavad miuRebeli Semosavlis `go-
nivruli ueWvelobis~ standartiT damtkicebis SeuZleblobisa, mainc daekmayofilebina
anazRaurebis moTxovna. sasamarTlom gansaja, rom mosarCelem movalis braliT dakarga
realuri SesaZlebloba, gaemarjva konkursSi. dResdReobiT britaneTSi dakargul Sanss
SezRudulad mimarTaven, gansakuTrebiT samedicino sferoSi damdgari zianis anazRaure-
bis dros.84 Tu, magaliTad, ziani 50%-ze naklebi albaTobiT isedac dadgeboda zianis
mimyeneblis moqmedebebis gareSe, maSin zianis anazRaureba ar xdeba, Tundac mopasuxis
78
Graziano K., Michael T., The “Loss of a Chance~ in European Private Law _ “All or nothing~ or par al compensa on in cases of uncertain
causa on; wignSi: Tichy L., Causa on in Law, Univerzita Carlova, Prague, 2007, 128.
79
Bieri L., Marty P., The Discon nious Nature of the Loss of Chance System, JETL 1, 2011, 24.
80
magaliTisaTvis ixileT: Cripps Yvonne., Medical Negligence and Liability for Loss of Chance, The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol.
45, #1, March, 1986; Stauch Marc., Causa on, Risk, and Loss of Chance in Medical Negligence, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Volume
17, Issue 2, July, 1997; Stapleton J., Loss of the Chance of Cure from Cancer, The Modern Law Review, Vol. 68, # 6, November, 2005;
De Raedt Q., Loss of a Chance in Medical Malprac ce: A Double Applica on, JETL 2013; 4(3). mniSvnelovani iyo agreTve saqme
Matsuyama v. Birnbaum, 890 N.E.2d 819, 828 n.23 (Mass. 2008), romelSic sasamarTlom pirdapir miuTiTa, rom mosarCe-
les SeeZlo ara imis mtkiceba, rom eqimis gaufrTxileblobam pirdapir iqonia zegavlena pacientze da dadga
ziani, aramed is, rom eqimis moqmedebam Seamcira albaToba imisa, rom mkurnalobisas adgili eqneboda ukeTess
Sedegs. samedicino sfero amavdroulad miCneuli iqna gansakuTrebiT mizanSewonilad dakarguli Sansis do-
qtrinisaTvis. dawvrilebiT ix: Tort Law — Loss of a Chance Doctrine — Massachuse s Supreme Judicial Court Accepts Loss of
a Chance in Medical Malprac ce Suits. — “Matsuyama V. Birnbaum~, 890 N.E.2d 819 (Mass. 2008)), Harvard Law Review, Volume 122,
# 4, February, 2009, 1247-1250.
81
Dam V.C., European Tort Law, 2nd Edi on, 2013, 342.
82
ix. Ferreira R.C., The Loss of Chance in Civil Law Countries: A Compara ve and Cri cal Analysis, Maastrict Journal of European and
Compara ve Law, Volume 20, Issue 1, 2013, 63-68.
83
Chaplin v. Hicks (1911)2 K.B. 786. xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://www.trans-lex.org/382400/_/chaplin-v-hicks-%5B1911%5D-2-
kb-786/>, [28.12.2018].
84
Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority [1987] 2 All England Law Reports (All ER) 909; Gregg v. Sco , EWHC Civ 1471 (2002).
194
qmedebebi aSkarad Seusabamo iyos.85

amavdroulad safrangeTis respublika gamoirCeva sakmaod liberaluri midgomiT
dakarguli Sansis anazRaurebis mimarT da am safuZvliT regularulad akmayofilebs
moTxovnebs faqtobrivad yvela sferoSi, iqneba es samedicino Tu sxva.86 dakarguli San-
sis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebi saTaves jer kidev 1889 wlidan iRebs da TviT doqtrinac
araerTxel iqna sasamarTloebis, maT Soris, umaRlesi sakasacio sasamarTloebis mier
gamyarebuli.87 aRniSnuli ar unda iqnes imgvarad gagebuli, rom franguli samarTliT
nebismieri saxis Sansis dakargvas avtomaturad mohyveba anazRaureba. mxolod is faqti,
rom arsebobda sargeblis miRebis SesaZlebloba arasakmarisia. unda dasabuTdes, rom
es SesaZlebloba mospobil iqna mopasuxis qmedebiT da rom Sansi gonivrulad iqneboda
realur cxovrebaSi xorcSesxmuli – is ar unda warmoadgendes ubralod hipoTetur kon-
struqcias, romelic saboloo jamSi usafuZvlod gaamdidrebs mosarCeles.88
amis sapirispirod germanuli samarTali saerTod ar aRiarebs dakarguli SesaZleblo-
bis instituts da arc anazRaurebas iZleva amisTvis.89 aq procesualurad SesaZlebelia
piris mdgomareoba Semsubuqdes90 aSkara mtkicebulebis (Anscheinsbeweis) safuZvelze. ro-
gorc ukve aRiniSna TviT am miuRebeli Semosavlis savaraudooba mosarCeles mtkicebis
tvirTs umsubuqebs, xolo zogierT saqmis ganxilvis dros sasamarTlom mtkicebis tvir-
Ti Seabruna da pasuxismgebloba mopasuxes daakisra. magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu eqimi
moqmedebda uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT da gankurnvis SesaZlebloba ki 50%-s aRemate-
boda, swored eqimma unda amtkicos, rom piris gankurnva SeuZlebeli iyo da rom ziani
mainc dadgeboda misi mier ganxorcielebuli nebismieri moqmedebis miuxedavad.91 mtkice-
bis tvirTis aseTi SebrunebiT germanuli sasamarTlo cdilobs, ukve nacadi meTodebiT
gadawyvitos miuRebel Semosavlis mtkicebasTan dakavSirebuli problemuri sakiTxebi.
dakarguli Sansis institutisadmi germanul sasamarTloTa damokidebuleba mTlianobaSi
mainc uaryofiTad unda CaiTvalos.92 im saqmeebis ganxilvis dros, romelSic figurirebs
raime Sansis an SesaZleblobis dakargva, germaniis sasamarTloebi isev mimarTaven ger-
85
Dam V.C. European Tort Law, 2nd Edi on, 2013, 339.
86
Ferreira R.C., The Loss of Chance in Civil Law Countries: A Compara ve and Cri cal Analysis, Maastricht Journal of European and Com-
para ve Law, Volume 20, Issue 1, 2013, 58.
87
De Raedt Q., Loss of a Chance in Medical Malprac ce: A Double Applica on, JETL 2013; 4(3), 318.
88
Ferreira R.C., The Loss of Chance in Civil Law Countries: A Compara ve and Cri cal Analysis, Maastricht Journal of European and Com-
para ve Law, Volume 20, Issue 1, 2013, 59-61.
89
Graziano K., Michael T., The “Loss of a Chance~ in European Private Law _ “All or nothing~ or par al compensa on in cases of uncertain
causa on; wignSi: Tichy L., Causa on in Law, Univerzita Carlova, Prague, 2007, 124, Sen. 5.
90
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi: saswavlo komentari, me-13 gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2014,
122.
91
Dam V.C. European Tort Law, 2nd Edi on, 2013, 340. agreTve ix: Graziano K., Michael T., The “Loss of a Chance~ in European Private
Law _ “All or nothing~ or par al compensa on in cases of uncertain causa on; wignSi: Tichy L., Causa on in Law, Univerzita Carlova,
Prague, 2007, 130-131.
92
magaliTisaTvis kmara saqme BGH NJW 1983, 442. arqiteqtors ar mieca saSualeba, monawileoba mieRo konkurs-
Si organizatorebis gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebebis gamo. Sesabamisad mas ar mieca gamarjvebis SesaZlebloba.
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom ar arsebobda safuZveli imis varaudisaTvis, rom arqiteqtori am proeqtSi aucileb-
lad gaimarjvebda. anazRaurebis misaRebad mas unda daesabuTebina, rom monawileobis SemTxvevaSi is aucileb-
lad gaimarjvebda. sxvanairad misi moTxovna mxolod mxolod hipoTetur pirobaze iyo dafuZnebuli ix: Digest of
European Tort Law, Volume 2: Essen al Cases on Damage, Ed. Winiger B., Koziol H., Koch B., Zimmermann R., Walter de Gruyter GmbH &
Co, 2011, 1075-176. aRniSnuli saqme mkveTr kontrasts qmnis inglisuri precedentuli samarTalis ukve aRniSnul
saqmesTan Chaplin v. Hicks da kargad aCvenebs sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistemis midgomas aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi.
195
giorgi aladaSvili
maniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 252-e paragrafs, romelic exeba swored miuRebel Semosavals
da Sesabamisad isev moqmedebs miuRebeli Semosavlis mimarT arsebuli standarti.93
aRniSnuli `yvelaferi an araferi~ midgomis Sesabamisad miRebul sasamarTlo gad-
awyvetilebebs bevri usamarTlod miiCnevs94, radgan realurad is mxedvelobaSi saerTod
ar iRebs mopasuxis qmedebebs, romlebmac SesaZlebelia sakmaod imoqmedes da Tavisi wvli-
li Seitanes mosarCelisaTvis zianis miyenebaSi, Tundac aRniSnuli ueWvelad damtkiceba-
di ar iyos.95 am midgomiT rac standarti arsebobs, is standarti aucileblad unda iqnas
dakmayofilebuli. sxva SemTxvevaSi moTxovna ar kmayofildeba.96 Teoriulad Tu 49%-iT
dadgindeba mopasuxis pasuxismgebloba, maSin mas mainc ar daekisreba Tanxis gadaxda,
magram 51% ukve umravlesobaa da igi valdebuli iqneba mTlianad aanazRauros ziani.
dakarguli Sansis doqtrinis momxreTa azriT, radgan miuRebeli Semosavlebis saqmeebSi
gonivruli ueWvelobis standarts xSirad mivyavarT iqamde, rom kreditoris moTxov-
na mxolod nawilobriv an saerTod ar kmayofildeba, dakarguli SansisaTvis mimarTviT
SesaZlebelia miRweul iqnas valdebulebiTi samarTlis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri miza-
ni – restitucia da ormxrivoba da Sedegad aRdgenil iqnas is mdgomareoba, romelSic
kreditori iqneboda rom ara movalis qmedeba.97 `yvelaferi an araferi~ midgomiT ki es
fundamenturi principi, romelic saxelSekrulebo samarTlis erT-erTi niSansvetia,
darRveulia.98
Tumca Sansis dakargvis gamo anazRaurebas bevri mowinaaRmdegec hyavs, romlebic
miuTiTeben zianis anazRaurebis tradiciuli meTodebsa da im faqtze, rom vinaidan San-
sis dakargvis gamo kompensacias mimarTaven im dros, rodesac gonivruli ueWvelobiT an
raime sxva standartiT zianis an miuRebeli Semosavlis dasabuTeba ver xdeba, dakarguli
Sansis anazRaurebisas realurad arsebobs safrTxe, dadges metad uaryofiTi ekonomiku-
ri Tu iuridiuli Sedegebi am ukanasknelis metad spekulaciuri xasiaTis gamo. magaliT-
ad sasamarTloebSi Seva metad saeWvo saqmeebi dakarguli Sansis anazRaurebis Taobaze,
romelic aranairi realuri mtkicebulebiT ar iqneba gamyarebuli da amiT is dadebiTi
Sedegic, rac SeiZleba mohyoloda dakarguli Sansis, rogorc miuRebeli Semosavlis al-
ternativad gamoyenebas, saerTod ugulebelyofili iqneba.99
93
Jansen N., The Idea of a Lost Chance, 19 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, June, 1999, 291.
94
Graziano K., Michael T., The “Loss of a Chance~ in European Private Law _ “All or Nothing~ or Par al Compensa on in Cases of Cncer-
tain Causa on; wignSi: Tichy L., Causa on in Law, Univerzita Carlova, Prague, 2007, 143.
95
moviyvanoT martivi magaliTi: Tu eqimi a pacient b-s sakuTari gaufrTxilebeli qmedebebis gamo gankurnvis
TiTqmis yvela Sanss mospobs, ramdenad samarTliani iqneba misTvis aranairi pasuxismigeblobis dakisreba im
mizeziT, rom pacienti b daavadebuli iyo iseTi seniT, romelic ukurnebelia da didi albaTobiT is isedac
daiRupeboda ra zomebisTvisac ar unda miemarTa eqims? statistikurad eqimma a-m sakuTari wvlili Seitana
zianis miyenebaSi. am dros germanul samarTalSi zianis anazRaureba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu
eqimi uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT moqmedebda. ix: Jansen Nils., The Idea of a Lost Chance, 19 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies,
June, 1999, 277-278.
96
magaliTad Tu dadgenilia rom albaToba imisa, rom ziani dadga mopasuxis gaufrTxilebeli qmedebebis Se-
degad, unda aRematebodes dadgenil zRvars (vTqvaT, 50%-s), aucilebelia rom es zRvari gadalaxul iqnas,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi kreditoris moTxovna ar dakmayofildeba. Bieri L., Marty P., The Discon nious Nature of the Loss
of Chance System, JETL 1, 2011, 23-24.
97
98
1997, 223.
99
iqve, 222.
196
orive mxaris pozicia mimarTulia imisken, rom Tavidan acilebul iqnas ukiduresobe-
bi. is, rom miuRebeli Semosavlis mtkicebasTan dakavSirebuli standartebi zogjer
SeiZleba zedmetad mkacria da mosarCelesadmi arasamarTliani, amas dakarguli Sansis
doqtrinis kritikosebic aRniSnaven. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dResdReobiT nebi-
smieri saqonlis, produqtis an momsaxurebis Rirebulebis Sefaseba gamartivebulia da
Sesabamisad midgoma, romlis drosac mosarCele an mTlianad yvelafers iRebda anaz-
Raurebis saxiT an saerTod arafers ar iRebda, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. Tu ar kmayo-
fildeba gonivruli ueWvelobis sakmaod maRali standarti, magram aSkaraa, rom raRac
kuTxiT kreditorma nawilobriv swored movalis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebis gamo
dakarga momavali Semosavlebi, maSin dakarguli Sansi SesaZlebelia gaxdes is alterna-
tiuli meqanizmi, romelic saSualebas mogvcems kreditoris interesic gaviTvaliswinoT
gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas da misi usafuZvlo gamdidrebis SiSiT ar wavaxalisoT mov-
alis qmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT ki arakeTilsindisieri.
4.2. dakarguli Sansis gamoTvla

im SemTxvevaSi Tu mosarCele gadawyvets mimarTos dakarguli Sansis doqtrinas da
SesaZleblobis dakargvis gamo uCivlos mopasuxes, mas dasamtkicebeli eqneba dadgomis
faqti(Sansi TviTon unda iyos realurad SesaZlebeli da namdvilad dakarguli, Tu ar-
sebobda Sansi, ukve iTvleba, rom zianic arsebobs) da TviT zianis odenoba. mizez-Sede-
gobrivi kavSiri reformulirebuli iqneba – imis nacvlad rom dadgenil iqnas kavSiri
valdebulebis Seusruleblobasa da damdgar zians Soris, rogorc es aris miuRebeli Se-
mosavlisas, axla unda dasabuTdes, rom kavSiri arsebobs valdebulebis Seusrulebloba-
sa da dakargul Sanss Soris.100
dakarguli Sansis gamosaTvlelad SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas ramdenime meTodi.
erT-erTis mixedviT mosarCelis mier mowodebuli savaraudo Semosavlis gaangariSebani
gasaSualebulia da mere drois, inflaciisa da samewarmeo riskis gaTvaliswinebiT Sem-
cirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven kapitaluri aqtivebis fasdadebis models, romel-
sac finansistebi Semosavlis momtani aqtivebis Rirebulebis gamosaTvlelad iyeneben ar-
sebuli finansur monacemebze daydrnobiT da moulodneli, fors-maJoruli SemTxvevebis
mxedvelobaSi miRebiT.101 riskis saTvalavSi miRebis gareSe SesaZlebelia mosarCele gad-
aWarbebiT iqneba kompensirebuli.102
dakarguli Sansis axlebur gardaqmnas warmoadgens zianis damtkicebis SesaZleblo-
bis dakargva, rodesac kreditors movalis qmedebis gamo ar SeuZlia daasabuTos ziani.
belgiurma sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeze103 axleburad Seabruna dakarguli Sansis do-
qtrina da TviT zianis daumtkicebloba gaxada anazRaurebis obieqti. amgvarad pro-
cesualuri sakiTxi materialur ganzomilebaSi iqna gadayvanili. unda aRiniSnos, rom
mopasuxis qmedebebis gamo faqtis mtkicebis SesaZleblobis dakargva adrec iTvleboda
100
De Raedt Q., Loss of a Chance in Medical Malprac ce: A Double Applica on, JETL 2013; 4(3), 315.
101
102
iqve, 578.
103
Rechtbank (Rb) Antwerpen, 11 March 2011, Tijdschri Voor Gezondheidsrecht (T Gez) 2012–2013, 224.
197
giorgi aladaSvili
sakmarisad imisaTvis, rom mopasuxes dakisreboda pasuxismgebloba.104

dakarguli Sansis doqtriniT mopasuxe pasuxismgebeli iqneba zianSi misi Setanili
wvlilis proporciuli Tanxis gadaxdaze. magaliTisaTvis, Tu eqimis Carevis gareSe al-
baToba imisa, rom pirs miadgeboda 100 laris eqvivalenturi zarali warmoadgenda 30%-s,
magram eqimis gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT igi ara Semcirda, aramed gaizarda 60%-mde,
maSin eqims daekisreba proporciuli sxvaobis Tanxis dafarva anu am SemTxvevaSi 60%-
30%=30%, 100X30%=30 lari.105 bunebrivia xSir SemTxvevebSi (gansakuTrebiT ki rodesac
exeba finansur da ara janmrTelobisaTvis miyenebul zians) aseTi zusti procentuli ga-
moTvlebi sirTules warmoadgens da maT maSin mimarTaven, rodesac mecnierulad udavoa
zianis dadgomis maTematikuri parametrebi, rasac umeteswilad samedicino saqmeebSi aqvs
adgili.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom ukve gamoTvlil procentul raodenobasac mniSvneloba aqvs.
saxeze unda iyos realuri SesaZlebloba (substan al possibility)106 imisa, rom, vTqvaT, pa-
cienti gadarCeboda an gamomjanmrTeldeboda. Tu mopasuxis qmedeba 90% an metiT iyo
pasuxismgebeli zianze, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu mas mTlianad daekisreba pasux-
ismgebloba. meores mxriv, 10% an naklebi albaToba ukve miuTiTebs imaze, rom piris mier
Setanili wvlili minimaluri iyo da Sesabamisad aq unda daisvas kiTxva, ramdenad swori
iqneba misgan saerTod raime zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna.107 problema SeiZleba Seiqmnas
im SemTxvevaSi rodesac miaxloebiTi procentuli maCvenebeli am or ukiduresobas Soris
dgas. unda anazRaurdes Tu ara vTqvaT, 15%, 20% an Tundac 25% wvlili damdgar zianSi
(dakargul SansSi)? kerZod sad unda gavides zRvari da ramdenad samarTliania mopasuxi-
saTvis zianis anazRaurebis dakisreba Tu SeuZlebelia met-naklebi sizustiT ganisazRv-
ros is wvlili, rac man Seitana Sansis dakargvaSi.108
literaturaSi amis Taobaze erTiani mosazreba ar aris. zogierTi avtoris mosazre-
biT, samedicino saqmeebSi Tu gadarCenis Sansi swori diagnozis SemTxvevaSi sul mcire
5%-iT meti SesaZloa yofiliyo, ukve am drosac SesaZloa laparaki iyos zianis anaz-
Raurebis moTxovnaze, xolo 20-30%-is SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli ukve aranair eWvs aRar
iwvevs.109 zogadad swored 10-20% Sualedi unda CaiTvalos im zRvrad, rodesac sasamarT-
los, dakarguli Sansis saqmis ganxilvisas TviTon mouwevs Sinagani rwmeniT imis gadawyve-
ta, daakisros Tu ara mopasuxes pasuxismgebloba.
5. daskvna
naSromSi ganxiluli iqna miuRebeli Semosavlis raoba, rogorc Teleologiur, aseve
istoriul WrilSi, agreTve is meTodebi da gzebi, romliTac SesaZloa aseTi miuRebeli
Semosavlis faqti dadgindes da ganisazRvros odenoba. am ukanasknelSi gadamwyvet rols
104
De Raedt Q., Loss of a Chance in Medical Malprac ce: A Double Applica on, JETL 2013, 4(3), 321-323.
105
106
Hicks vs United States, 368 F.2d 626 (4th Cir. 1966). xelmisawvdomia: <h ps://openjurist.org/368/f2d/626/hicks-v-united-states>,
[28.12.2018].
107
108
Cripps Yvonne., Medical Negligence and Liability for Loss of Chance, The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 45, N1, March, 1986, 7.
109
Schoenberger A.E., Medical Malprac ce Injury: Causa on and Valua on of the Loss of a Chance to Survive, The Journal of Legal Me-
dicine, Volume 6, Number 1, 1985, 56.
198
TamaSobs is, Tu ramdenad damajerebeli iqneba mosarCele da ramdenad dasabuTebul

argumentacias warmoadgens im mizniT, rom gonivruli ueWvelobis (reasonable certainty)
standartiT darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom mopasuxis mxridan valdebulebis Seusruleblobas
marTlac mohyva ziani – mosarCelem ver miiRo is Semosavali, romelsac igi miiRebda.
amavdroulad, rogorc winamdebare naSromSi iyo aRniSnuli, gonivruli ueWvelobis
standartis mimarT damokidebuleba erTniSvnelovani ar aris. iuridiul literatura-
sa da praqtikaSi sul ufro xSirad gaismis kritikis xma, rom aRniSnuli standarti,
miuxedavad misi zogadi efeqturobisa, mainc zogierT SemTxvevaSi metismetad mkacria.
sruliad SesaZlebelia keTilsindisieri kreditoris uflebebi iqnas Selaxuli mxolod
da mxolod imis gamo, rom standarts bolomde ver akmayofilebs warmodgenili mtkice-
bulebani da am dros am warmoudgenlobaSi Tavisi wvlili brali miuZRvis mopasuxis mier
Cadenil qmedebasac. samarTlianad unda CaiTvalos SeniSvna, rom Tu swored mopasuxis
gamo ver axerxebs mosarCele Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis warmodgenas, maSin araswori
iqneba gonivruli standartis ase pirdapir, meqanikurad gamoyeneba. standartis zedme-
tad Sav-TeTri midgoma – rodesac kmayofildeba an yvelaferi an araferi agreTve war-
moadgens kritikis sagans.
gonivruli ueWvelobis standartSi arsebuli naklebis gamosasworeblad ramdenime
meTodi SemuSavda. am meTodebidan yvelaze qmediTi da amavdroulad yvelaze araerTmniS-
vnelovani dakarguli Sansia. mosarCele miuRebeli Semosavlis magivrad asaCivrebs aseTi
miuRebeli Semosavlebis miRebis Sansis dakargvas, rac amsubuqebs mtkicebis tvirTs da
saSualebas iZleva, dakmayofildes misi moTxovna. miuxedavad am meTodis garkveuli sa-
SiSroebisa, rac udavod arsebobs, arasamarTliani iqneboda imis ignorireba, rom zogi-
erT SemTxvevaSi dakarguli Sansis doqtrina marTlac iZleva SesaZleblobas, mosarCelis
kanonzmieri uflebebi aRdges da mopasuxemac pasuxi agos Tavis qmedebebze. Tumca aR-
niSnuli midgoma umjobesia mxolod kerZo, specialuri SemTxvevebisaTvis iyos datove-
buli.
qarTuli samoqalaqo samarTali ZiriTadad iziarebs kontinenturi samarTlis Zir-
iTad debulebebs miuRebel Semosavlis mtkicebasTan dakavSirebiT (mosalodneloba,
dasabuTeba obieqturi mtkicebulebebiT) da Sesabamisad aRniSnul instititutTan dakav-
Sirebuli problemuri sakiTxebi aqtualuri SeiZleba gaxdes dRevandel realobaSi. amis
gamo saintereso iqneba, Tu qarTul praqtikaSic mosamarTleebi gaiTvaliswineben, rom
garda miuRebeli Semosavlisa, arsebobs agreTve dakarguli Sansis doqtrina, rogorc
Taviseburi alternativa miuRebeli Semosavlis an zianis anazRaurebis saqmeebSi. bune-
brivia, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli samarTali ar iTvaliswinebs mopasuxis braleu-
lobas miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebisas da zogadad dakarguli Sansis recefciac
mxolod neli tempebiT mimdinareobs bevr sxva qveyanaSic(mag. germaniaSi, sadac miuxe-
davad zogierTi samarTalmcodnis rekomendaciisa,110 is mainc ufro Teoriis mSvenebad
rCeba), aRniSnuli doqtrinam SesaZloa naTeli mohfinos bevr saqmes da daexmaros mo-
samarTleebs gansakuTrebulad rTuli saqmeebis dros, kreditoris moTxovna samarTli-
anad daakmayofilos valdebulebiTi samarTlis principebis Tanaxmad.
110
Jansen N., The Idea of a Lost Chance, 19 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, June, 1999.
199
Nikoloz Natsvlishvili (Master of Law, TSU)
THE REIMBURSEMENT PREREQUISITES OF THE CONTRACTUAL PENALTY AND IT’S RELATION

TO THE RIGHT OF DAMAGES WITHIN THE RIGHT OF SECONDARY CLAIM IN THE ASPECT OF
CONTRACTUAL INTEREST
ABSTRACT
The founda on of each ins tu on maintenance discussed in the following work like private law is
the one of the fundamental principle of private autonomy.
Making rela on with different branches of private law, realiza on of the private autonomy is the
main jus ce prerequisite, which can be found as an example of legal delega on of authority from the
state and par es of a contract.
Naturally, the func onal expression of private autonomy is revealed in the way of making a con-
tract. The ins tu on determines authori es of the par es according to their desires of making a con-
tract with each other and in case of agreement to create the content of the contract. The law sets
some restric ons on freedom of core subjects in private law, which concerns impossibility of making
the contract in contradic on with the law.
As there is always a risk of breaching a contract, which makes it impossible to develop civil turno-
ver, it is interes ng to discuss the principles of contract freedom and private autonomy in connec on
with reimbursement prerequisites of the contractual penalty. Such type of court disputes highlights
the role of a court in a point of understanding the contract, determining the actual circumstances and
es ma ng them within the rules of a law. Accordingly, in the following work the opportunity of using
the secondary request about demanding a contractual penalty and reimbursement of a loss will be
discussed. This takes the main part in a view of contract fulfillment.
Mainly there will be focuse on a contract fulfillment and a role of a court to make a balance
between two par es not to get involved in limita ons on freedom of a contract and private autonomy.
200
nikoloz nacvliSvili*
pirgasamtexlos anazRaurebis winapirobebi da misi mimarTeba zianis

anazRaurebis meoradi moTxovnis uflebasTan saxelSekrulebo
interesis ganxorcielebis aspeqtSi
1. Sesavali
winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli TiToeuli institutis Sinaarsis safuZvels, kerZo
samarTlis msgavsad, erT-erTi fundamenturi principi, kerZo avtonomia warmoadgens.
kerZo samarTlis calkeuli dargebis umravlesobaSi arsebuli urTierTobis dros,
kerZo avtonomiis realizeba, mocemuli urTierTobis arsebobisTvis umTavresi samarT-
lebrivi winapirobaa da igi saxelmwifos mxridan, xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebze,
samarTlebrivi uflebamosilebis delegirebis magaliTadac SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli.1
kerZo avtonomiis funqciuri gamoxatuleba, bunebrivia, upirveles yovlisa, mxareTa
mier xelSekrulebis Tavisuflad dadebaSi vlindeba.2 mocemuli instituti gansazRvravs
mxareTa uflebamosilebas, survilisamebr, Sevidnen an ar Sevidnen meore mxaresTan
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi da Tu Sevlen Tavisuflad gaweron xelSekrulebis Si-
naarsi.3 kerZo samarTlis subieqtTa Tavisuflebis farglebs kanoni SezRudvas uwesebs,
rac gamoixateba mxareTa mier iseTi xelSekrulebis dadebis SeuZleblobaSi, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba kanons.
vinaidan xelSekrulebis darRvevis riski yovelTvis arsebobs da principSi, SeuZle-
belicaa samoqalao brunvis sxvagvari ganviTareba, sainteresoa xelSekrulebis Tavisu-
flebisa da kerZo avtonomiis principis ganxilva pirgasamtexlos anazRaurebis winap-
irobebTan kavSirSi. amgvar samarTlebriv davebSi yvelze metad aqtualuria gadmodis
sasamarTlos roli xelSekrulebis gaazrebis, faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgenisa da
maTi Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, rasac axorcielebs misTvis kanoniT dadgenili ufleba-
mosilebis farglebSi. Sesabamisad, mocemul naSromSi ganxilul iqneba pirgasamtexlos
moTxovnis uflebisa da zianis anazRaurebis meoradi moTxovnis erToblivad gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba, romelic ZiriTad rols TamaSobs saxelSekrulebo interesis ganxor-
cielebisTvis.
ZiriTadi orientiri aRebuli iqneba mxaris mier saxelSekrulebo interesis ganx-
orcielebaze, risi uzrunvelyofac unda SeeZlos sasamarTlos. man aucileblad unda
daicvas balansi xelSekrulebis TiToeuli mxaris winaSe da amavdroulad, naklebad Cae-
rios mxaris xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebasa da kerZo avtonomiaSi.
* ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis samarTlis magis-
tri, kerZo samarTlis mimarTulebiT.
1
jorbenaZe s., xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tb., 2017, 62.
2
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 91.
3
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 91.
201
nikoloz nacvliSvili
2. pirgasamtexlos cneba da funqciebi
2.1. pirgasamtexlos cneba

pirgasamtexlo warmoadgens moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis damatebiT saSualebas, ris
safuZvelzec movale valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebisas an valdebulebis
sxvagvarad darRvevisas ixdis mxareTa mier xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul fulad
Tanxas.4 Sesabamisad, misi mopasuxisTvis dakisrebis valdebuleba dakavSirebulia xe-
lSekrulebis darRvevasTan.5
pirgasamtexlos, rogorc moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis erT-erT saSualebas, jer kidev
romis samarTalSi Caeyara safuZveli. igi romis samarTlis wyaroebSi `s pula on poenae~-s
saxeliT ixsenieba. `s pula on poenae~-s SeTanxmebiT erTi mxare kisrulobda valdebule-
bas, xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, meore mxaris mimarT ganexorcielebina `s pu-
la on poenae~-iT gaTvaliswinebuli Sesruleba.6
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirgasamtexlo orgvari samarTelbrivi bunebiT xasiaTdeba,
erTi mxriv igi ganixileba, rogorc moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba, xolo meore
mxriv movalisTvis erTgvari sanqciis xasiaTs atarebs.7
pirgasamtexlo valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis movales ekisreba kreditori-
saTvis zianis miyenebis miuxedavad, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu valdebulebis
Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba misma braleulma qmedebam gamoiwvia. valdebulebis darRvevis
Sedegad zianis dadgoma pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis uflebis warmoSobaze zegavlenas ar
axdens. pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis ufleba arsebobs maSinac, rodesac xelSekrulebis
darRvevam zianis dadgoma ar gamoiwvia. amdenad, pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis aucilebeli
winapirobaa mxolod valdebulebis darRveva. valdebuleba SeiZleba mdgomareobdes aq-
tiur moqmedebasa an umoqmedobaSi. valdebulebis darRveva ki SeiZleba gamoixatos val-
debulebis Seusruleblobasa an arajerovan SesrulebaSi. valdebulebis mniSvnelovani
Tu umniSvnelo darRveva SefasebiTi kategoriebia da yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi misi
Sefaseba sasamarTlos Sexedulebazea damokidebuli. miTiTebuli garemoeba ki Sefasebis
sagani SeiZleba gaxdes pirgasamtexlos Semcirebaze msjelobis konteqstSi.8
mxareebi xelSekrulebaSi pirgasamtexlos momwesrigebeli normebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
winaswar Tanxmdebian zianis anazRaurebis odenobaze. bunebrivia, zemoaRniSnuli pirobe-
bi unda Seesabamebodes kanons, raTa man Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia da valdebulebis
damrRvev mxares daakisros zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba.9pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis
ufleba damoukidebelia zianis miyenebis faqtis mtkicebisagan, Sesabamisad pirgasamtex-
los moTxovnisaTvis kreditors ar ekisreba miyenebuli zianis damtkicebis valdebule-
4
mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimox-
ilva, III gamocema, Tb., 2014, 17.
5
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 3 dekembris ganCineba saqmeze #as-
1397-1318-2012.
6
Knütel R., S pula o Poenae 2, 25; Карапетов A., Неустройка как средства зашиты прав кредитора в российском и зарубежном
праве, 2005, 3, miTiTebulia: robaqiZe i., ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l.,
saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 689.
7
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 234.
8
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 30 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #2b/7137-14.
9
Carter J.W., Peden E., A Good Faith Perspec ve on Liquidated Damages, The University of Sydney Law School, 2007, 1.
202
ba. pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis ufleba kreditors yovelTvis gaaCnia, miuxedavad imisa,

ganicada Tu ara man ziani.10
aRniSnuli normebi ucxour literaturaSi `SeTanxmebuli zianis punqtebiT~ aris
cnobili. Sesabamisad, pirgasamtexlos mizania valdebulebis darRvevis pirobebSi kredi-
torisTvis im minimaluri zianis anazRaureba, romelic ar warmoadgens faqtobrivi zianis
zust odenobas da bunebrivia, arc faqtobrivad damdgari zianis anazRaurebas emsaxure-
ba. amitom, pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis paralelurad valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovna
dauSvebelia, Tuki pirgasamtexlo ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli im SemTxvevebisaTvis, roca
movale Tavis valdebulebebs ar asrulebs dadgenil droSi. rac Seexeba pirgasamtexlos-
Tan erTad zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas, igi kreditors ar erTmeva da misi
gamoyeneba mxolod zemoaRniSnuli uflebis matarebeli piris nebazea damokidebuli.11 am-
itom pirgasamtexlos instituti miiCneva zianis martivad anazRaurebisa da drois dazo-
gvis xelsayrel saSualebad, romelic mxardaWerilia sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sisteme-
bis mier.12
2.2. pirgasamtexlos forma da warmoSobis safuZveli

pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb saxelSekrulebo daTqma formasavaldebulo garigebaa13 da
saWiroebs werilobiTi formiT dadebas, risi daucvelobac iwvevs pirgasamtexloze
SeTanxmebis baTilobas.14 pirgasamtexlo zianis martivad anazRaurebas emsaxureba, ris
odenobazec mxareebi winaswar Tanxmdebian xelSekrulebaSi.15 pirgasamtexlos warmoSobis
safuZvels warmoadgens mxareTa mier misi xelSekrulebaSi werilobiTi formiT gaT-
valiswineba. formis dacva maSinac savaldebuloa, roca ZiriTadi xelSekruleba zepiri
formiT daido.16 formis daucvelobisas, werilobiTi mtkicebulebis arqonis gamo, ar
dakmayofildeba sasarCelo moTxovna mopasuxisTvis pirgasamtexlos dakisrebis Taobaze,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mopasuxe ar ganaxorcielebs Secilebas an Tundac daadasturebs
mas, vinaidan ar iarsebebs moTxovnis dakmayofilebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli.17 amasTan
unda aRiniSnos, rom mxareTa mier gansazRvruli pirgasamtexlos odenoba unda iyos go-
nivrul masStabebSi moqceuli, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca momavalSi warmosaSobi zianis
winaswar gansazRvra rTuli an saerTod SuZlebelia.18
10
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2019 wlis 28 ivnisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-
708-2019.
11
12
Hachem P., Agreed Sums Payable Upon Breach of an Obliga on: Rethinking and Liquidated Damages Clauses, Vol. 7, 2011, 49.
13
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2011 wlis 21 martis gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#as-as-945-891-2010.
14
WeWelaSvili z., samoqalaqo kodeqsis onlainkomentari, Gccc.ge, 27.06.2016, mux. 418, veli 3.
15
Jajodia G., Remedies for Breach of Contract, 2012, 8. (ix.: el. bmuli: h ps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2042652
16
zoiZe b., Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTlis zog-
adi nawili, Tb., 2001, 491.
17
18
Jajodia G., Remedies for Breach of Contract, 2012, 8. (ix.: el. bmuli: h ps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2042652
203
nikoloz nacvliSvili
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi _ `ssk~) 418(II)-e muxli adgens pirgasam-

texlos werilobiTi formis aucileblobas, xolo misi daucvelobis Sedegebs ki iT-
valiswinebs ssk-is 59(I) muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac baTilia kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli aucilebeli formis daucvelad dadebuli garigeba, aseve nebarTvis
gareSe dadebuli garigeba, Tu am garigebisTvis saWiroa nebarTva. amasTan ssk-is 418(II)-e
muxlis daucveloba ar iwvevs ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis sxva nawilebis baTilobas, Tu
savaraudoa, rom garigeba daideboda misi baTili nawilis gareSec (ssk-is 62-e muxli).
Sesabamisad, werilobiTi formis dacva Tavad mxareTa interesis sferoSi Sedis, airidon
mTeli rigi problemebi da gaumartivon sasamarTlos pirgasamtexlos odenobis, Sinaar-
sisa da misi kavSiris dadgena im ZiriTad valdebulebasTan, romlis uzrunvelyofasac
emsaxureba igi.
2.3. pirgasamtexlos aqcesoruli buneba da misi funqciebi

pirgasamtexlo Tavisi bunebiT aqcesoruli uflebaa,19 risi arsebobac mxareTa mier
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi valdebulebis arsebobazea damokidebuli.
Tu ZiriTadi valdebuleba, romlis uzrunvelyofasac pirgasamtexlo emsaxureba, raime
mizeziT aranamdvili aRmoCndeba, ar iarsebebs aseve pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis ufle-
bac.20 mocemul sakiTxis regulirebas iZleva germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 344-e para-
grafic, romlis ganmartebiT, Tu kanonmdebloba samarTlebrivi Zalis armqoned acxa-
debs valdebulebis Sepirebas, maSin samarTlebrivi Zalis armqonea am pirgasamtexlos
gadaxdis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebac, romelic ZiriTadi valdebulebis SeusruleblobisTvis
iqna gaTvaliswinebuli mxareTa mier.21
rac Seexeba xandazmulobis sakiTxs, mTavari moTxovnis xandazmulobis vadis
gasvlasTan erTad, xandazmulobis vada gasulad iTvleba damatebiTi moTxovnebisTvisac
maSinac ki, roca am moTxovnaTa xandazmulobis vada jer ar gasula. Sesabamisad, swored
aRniSnuli institutis aqcesoruloba ganapirobebs ZiriTadi valdebulebis xandazmu-
lad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi mis gavrcelebas pirgasamtexlozec.22 Sesabamisad, pirgasamtex-
los xandazmulobis vada damokidebulia ZiriTadi valdebulebis xandazmulobis vadaze
da bunebrivia, misgan damoukideblad igi arsebobas ver SeZlebs.
pirgasamtexlos qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi ori ZiriTadi funqcia aqvs. erTi mxriv
misi funqcia valdebulebis jerovani SesrulebisTvis prevenciul datvirTvaSi, xolo
meore mxriv, xelSekrulebis darRvevisas warmoSobili zianis martivad anazRaurebis
meqanizmis arsebobaSi gamoixateba.23
pirgasamtexlos prevenciuli datvirTva imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi signalis rols
19
20
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 13 maisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-
270-258-2015.
21
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis saswavlo komentari, Targmani, Tb., 2014, paragrafi 344, 241.
22
Erman/Westermann, Rn 4; Soergel/Lindacher Rn 29 nach Janoschek, Beck’scher Online-Kommentar, BGB Stand, 01.05.2014, Edi on
31, &339, Rn 2, mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), qarTuli biznes samar-
Tlis mimoxilva, III gamocema, Tb., 2014, 18., aseve ix.: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa
palatis 2014 wlis 01 dekembris ganCineba saqmeze #as-632-599-2014.
23
204
asrulebs TiToeuli mxarisTvis.24 misi dakisrebis riski fsiqologiurad zemoqmedebs

valdebul pirze da aiZulebs mas jerovnad Seasrulos valdebuleba. pirgasamtexlos
fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis efeqti swored imaSi vlindeba, rom valdebulebis darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi, valdebul pirs represiuli xasiaTis sanqcia ekisreba. pirgasamtexlos meore
funqcia gancdili zianis martivad da swrafad anazRaurebaSi mdgomareobs. igi erTgvar
sanqciasac warmoadgens. valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, sanqciad qceuli pirgasam-
texlo valdebul pirs upirobod ekisreba, miuxedavad imisa, darRvevis Sedegad, ganica-
da Tu ara kreditorma ziani.25 Sesabamisad, moTxovnis uflebis matarebel mxares SeuZlia
mosTxovos valdebulebis damrRvev mxares pirgasamtexlos anazRaureba, rac ar aris
damokidebuli valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli zianis sididesa Tu simcireze.26
3. valdebulebis Sesrulebis interesi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi

da misi mimarTeba pirgasamtexlosTan
valdebulebis Sesruleba warmoadgens valdebulebiTi samarTlis erT-erT umniS-
vnelovanes instituts, rac gulisxmobs movalisgan im moqmedebis Sesrulebas an moq-
medebisgan Tavis Sekavebas, romlis moTxovnis uflebac gaaCnia kreditors.27 dasawyisSive
unda aRiniSnos, rom mxare sinalagmatur anu ormxriv mavaldebulebel xelSekrulebaSi
Sesvlisas iZens meore mxaris mimarT uflebas moiTxovos misgan xelSekrulebis Sesrule-
ba da amavdroulad valdebulebasac, TviTonac jerovnad da keTilsindisierad Seasru-
los igi.28
xelSekrulebis uzenaesobis principi _ Pacta sunt servanda _ yvela marTlwesrigis
fuZemdebluri danawesia,29 rac emsaxureba mxareTa Soris xelSekrulebiT nakisri val-
debulebebis jerovnad da keTilsindisierad Sesrulebas. samarTlebriv urTierTobeb-
Si mniSvnelovania keTilsindisierebis principis dacva, ris gavrcelebasac kanonmde-
beli samarTalurTierTobis yvela etapze Tvlis saWirod.30 aRniSnuli sakiTxis ukeT
gasarkvevad, saWiroa misi ganxilva keTilsindisierebis principTan urTierTmimarTebaSi,
romelic laitmotivad gasdevs mTels samoqalaqo kodeqss. ssk-is me-8(III) muxli gansaz-
Rvravs keTilsindisierebas, rogorc valdebulebis ZiriTad da imanentur komponents
da igi mxolod valdebulebaTa SesrulebiT ar Semoifargleba, xolo 361(II)-e muxlis
danawesi imis Sesaxeb, rom valdebuleba unda Sesruldes keTilsindisierad, warmoadgens
kanonismier moTxovnas da gulisxmobs zogadad samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
24
De Geest G., Wuyts F., Penalty Clauses and Liquidated Damages, 1999, 152.
25
#as-1199-1127-2015.
26
Hachem P., Agreed Sums Payable Upon Breach of an Obliga on: Rethinking and Liquidated Damages Clauses, Vol. 7, 2011, 81.
27
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb.,
2014, 365.
28
Pearce D., Halson R., Damages for Breach of Contract, Universi es of Leeds, Sheffield and York, 2007, 2.
29
Tzanakopoulos A., Lekkas S., Pacta sunt servanda versus Flexibility in the Suspension and Termina on of Trea es, 2013, 1. aRniSnul
Temaze vrclad ix.: Yackee W. J., Pacta Sunt Servanda and State Promises to Foreign Investors Before Bilateral Investment Trea es:
Myth and Reality, Fordham Interna onal Law Journal, 2008.
30
vaSakiZe g., keTilsindisiereba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT _ abstraqcia Tu moqmedi samarTa-
li, samarTlebrivi tendeciebi, 42.
205
nikoloz nacvliSvili
monawileTa mier urTierTobis sxva monawilis interesebis pativiscemas, sakuTari roli-

sa da pasuxismgeblobis gaTavisebas Tundac im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mas konkretuli
pirdapiri valdebuleba ar ekisreba.31
avtorTa nawilis ganmartebiT, Sesrulebis interesis cnebaSi kompensaciis interesic
moiazreba, rac saxelSekrulebo sargeblis miRebasTan erTad valdebulebis darRveviT
gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebasac gulisxmobs.32
kreditoris mier pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis winapiroba, rogorc araerTxel aRiniS-
na, aris meore mxaris mier valdebulebis darRveva, rac SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes val-
debulebis SeusruleblobaSi an arajerovan SesrulebaSi. Sesabamisad, mxareTa intere-
si saxelSekrulebo sargeblis miRebasTan erTad valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli
zianis anazRaurebasac gulisxmobs, rasac swored, rom pirgasamtexlos instituti emsax-
ureba.
4. pirgasamtexlos urTierTmimarTeba zianis anazRaurebis meoradi

moTxovnis uflebasTan
4.1. zianis anazRaurebis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi

erT-erTi aRiarebuli ganmartebis mixedviT, zianis anazRaureba (Damages) gulisx-
mobs fulad kompensacias, romelic SeiZleba, meore mxares daekisros mis mier kredi-
torisTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis sanacvlod.33
ziani SeiZleba iyos saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo anu kanonismieri.
saxelSekrulebo ziani, mxareTa mier gaformebuli saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa dar-
Rvevis Sedegia. arasaxelSekrulebo zians warmoadgens deliqturi ziani, romlis zo-
gad mowesrigebasac gvTavazobs ssk-is 992-e muxli da adgens, rom piri, romelic sxva
pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians,
valdebulia aunazRauros mas es ziani. deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisas gansakuTrebu-
li mniSvneloba eniWeba zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis Sinaarss.34 arasaxelSekrulebo
ziani winaswar Seufasebeli ziania da misi odenoba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi dgin-
deba imis mixedviT, Tu ra faseulobis sikeTe iqneba xelyofili. amdenad, imisaTvis,
rom mxares daekisros zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba, utyuarad unda dasturdebodes
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, brali (ganzraxva
an gaufrTxilebloba), Sedegi ziani da mizezobrivi kavSiri piris qmedebasa da damdgar
Sedegs Soris. normis Semadgenel aRniSnul elementTagan Tundac erT-erTis ararsebo-
ba zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnaze uaris Tqmis safuZvelia, amasTan, zianis arsebobis
31
meze #as-570-541-2015.
32
Rowan S., Remedies for Breach of Contract (A Compara ve Analysis of the Protec on of Performance), Oxford University Press, New
York, 2012, 2. miTiTbulia: CitaSvili n., Secvlili garemoebebis gavlena valdebulbis Sesrulebasa da mxareTa
SesaZlo meorad moTxovnebze, sadisertacio naSromi, Tb., 2014, 218.
33
Von Bar, The Na onal of Damage, in: Hartkamp/Hesselink/Hondius/Mak/Perron/Towards a European Civil Code, 4th Revised and
Expanded Edi on, 2011, 388-389, miTiTebulia: cercvaZe g., ZlieriSvili z., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., ja-
naSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 645.
34
quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 05 agvistos ganCineba saqmeze #2/b-
614.
206
faqtisa da am zianis swored mopasuxis braleuli qmedebiT gamowvevis mtkicebis tvirTi

procesualurad ekisreba mosarCeles.35
ssk-is 408-415-e muxlebSi mowesrigebulia zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnaTa Sinaarsi.
aRniSnuli normebi vrceldeba ara mxolod valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogadi nawilze
an saxelSekrulebo samarTalze, aramed igi gamoiyeneba kanonismier moTxovnaTa SemTx-
vevaSic. sakasacio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, zianis anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli
garemoebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi navaraudevi samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis aRdgenis
orientiri ganmtkicebulia ssk-is 408-e muxlSi, romlis normatiuli miznidan swored is
gamomdinareobs, rom zianis anazRaurebisaTvis aucilebelia ganxorcieldes im viTarebis
aRdgena, romelic iarsebebda zianis anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli garemoebis dadgo-
mamde. ziani aris kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli anazRaurebadi sxvaoba ùnda-yofiliyo~ da
àris mdgomareobas~ Soris e.w. `sxvaobis hipoTeza~. samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobis monawile, romelic arRvevs valdebulebas, pasuxs agebs dazaralebulis winaSe.
Sesabamisad, dazaralebuls ufleba aqvs moiTxovos darRveuli uflebis dacva. zianis
anazRaurebis meoradi moTxovnis ufleba SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes nebismieri sax-
is valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli zianis arsebobisas.36
4.1.1. zianis anazRaurebis funqcia da miznebi

zianis anazRaurebis funqcia gancdili danaklisis srulad gamosworebaa. anazRaure-
ba unda emsaxurebodes dazaralebuli mxaris mier gancdili zianis gamosworebas da
ara mis gamdidrebas.37 zianis anazRaurebis maregulirebeli normebi miznad isaxaven xe-
lSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis dadebidan gamomdinare mosalodneli
sargeblis anazRaurebasac.38 Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxi ramdenime ZiriTadi
interesis dacvas emsaxureba, kerZod: mosalodneli sargeblis anazRaurebas (Expecta on
interest), ndobis safuZvelze gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebas (The reliance interest), pirvande-
li mdgomareobis aRdgenas (Res tu on interest), mesame pirebis mier wayenebuli moTxovnebis
dazRvevas (Indemnity interest) da a.S.39
ssk-is 408(I)-e muxli, zianis mimyenebeli pirisTvis, adgens pirvandeli mdgomareobis
aRdgenis valdebulebas, romlis mixedviTac, im pirma, romelic valdebulia aanazRau-
ros ziani, unda aRadginos is mdgomareoba, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar damdgariyo
anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli garemoeba. amave kodeqsis 414-e muxli ki zianis anaz-
Raurebis odenobis gansazRvras ukavSirebs im interess, romelic kreditors hqonda
valdebulebis jerovani Sesrulebis mimarT. zianis anazRaurebis momwesrigebeli norme-
bi ramdenadac icaven dazaralebulis interesebs, amdenadve cdiloben zianis mimyeneblis
35
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 30 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze #as-
507-481-2011.
36
#as-167-163-2016.
37
Leible S., Lehmann M., Europian Contract Law and German Law, 2014, 527. aseve ix.: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 07 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-459-438-2015; saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2011 wlis 24 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze #as-307-291-2011.
Markesinis S. B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract, A Compara ve Trea se, Second Edi on, Hart Publishing,
38
Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2006, 442.

39
Pearce D., Halson R., Damages for Breach of Contract, Universi es of Leeds, Sheffield and York, 2007,4.
207
nikoloz nacvliSvili
mier anazRaurebis valdebuleba gonivrul sazRvrebSi moaqcion, raTa Seesabamebodes igi

samarTlianobis kriteriums. zianis anazRaureba gulisxmobs, dazaralebuli mxare Caay-
enos im poziciaSi, sadac igi hipoTeturad SeiZleboda yofiliyo, Tu meore mxaris mier
xelSekruleba jerovnad da keTilsindisierad Sesruldeboda.40
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 412-e muxlis Tanaxmad, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba is ziani, ro-
melic movalisTvis winaswar iyo savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebis
uSualo Sedegs. rodesac xelSekrulebis mxare kisrulobs valdebulebas, mas mxedvelo-
baSi aqvs Tavis Tavze mxolod im riskis aReba, romelic kanonzomierad aris dakavSire-
buli xelSekrulebis SesrulebasTan. aRniSnulis gamo, misgan SeiZleba mxolod im zianis
anazRaureba iqnes moTxovnili, romelic xelSekrulebis darRvevis normalur Sedegad
aRiqmeba. movalem ziani unda aanazRauros yovelTvis, magram mxolod xelSekrulebiT
nakisri riskis farglebSi.41Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaurebisas aRniSnulma instituma
dazaralebuli unda Caayenos im mdgomareobaSi, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar damdgariyo
anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli garemoeba, daakmayofilos is interesi, romelic kredi-
tors hqonda valdebulebis jerovani Sesrulebis mimarT da amavdroulad, ar gamoiwvi-
os dazaralebuli mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidreba, raTa Tanabrad iyos daculi, rogorc
dazaralebulis, aseve zianis mimyeneblis interesebi.
4.1.2. miuRebeli Semosavali, rogorc zianis anazRaurebis meoradi

moTxovnis ufleba
miuRebeli Semosavali im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iqnas anazRaurebuli zianis mimyene-
beli mxaris mier, Tu anazRaurebis valdebuleba gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT an mxareTa
SeTanxmebiT.42
ssk-is 411-e muxli gansazRvravs miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis sakiTxs, romlis
Tanaxmadac ziani unda anazRaurdes ara mxolod faqtobrivad damdgari qonebrivi danak-
lisisTvis, aramed miuRebeli SemosavlisTvisac. amave kodeqsis 412-e muxlis mixedviT,
romelic valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis proporciulobas
adgens, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxolod is ziani, romelic movalisaTvis winaswar iyo
savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebis uSualo Sedegs.43
miuReblad iTvleba Semosavali, romelic ar miuRia pirs da romelsac igi miiReb-
da, valdebuleba jerovnad rom Sesrulebuliyo. miuRebeli Semosavlis samarTlebrivi
winapirobebi Semoifargleba konkretuli valdebulebiTi urTierTobebiT da damok-
idebulia am valdebulebis jerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi Semosavlis miRebis al-
baTobaze. amdenad, gansaxilveli normis Tanaxmad, miuRebeli Semosavali warmoadgens
savaraudo Semosavals, magram misi dadgenisaTvis aucilebelia, gaTvaliswinebul iqnes,
40
Leible S., Lehmann M., Europian Contract Law and German Law, 2014, 527.
41
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 11 ivnisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-
630-593-2012.
42
Desbarats L., Limi ng damages for loss of profits and loss of produc on under the AIPN 2012 Model Form Interna onal Opera ng
Agreement, Journal of World Energy Law and Buisness, 2014, Vol. 7, No. 3, 258.
43
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2016 wlis 23 dekembris gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #as-569-544-2016.
208
Tu ramdenad mosalodneli iyo misi miReba.44 Sesabamisad, savaraudoobis elementi did

rols TamaSobs aRniSnul procesSi.45 miuRebeli Semosavlis saxiT zianis anazRaurebas
iTvaliswinebs agreTve gaeros 1980 wlis konvenciis 74-e muxli `saqonlis saerTaSor-
iso yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb~ (SemdgomSi _ CISG). CISG-is mixedviT, miuRe-
beli Semosavlis dakmayofilebis erT-erTi mTavari samarTlebrivi winapirobaa zianis
savaraudoobis kriteriumis arseboba. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom ganWvretadobasa
da savaraudoobaSi ar igulismxeba xelSekrulebis damrRvevi mxaris mier zianis zusti
gansazRvris aucilebloba, aramed igi moicavs zianis mimyenebeli piris mier Cadenili
qmedebiT Tu umoqmedobiT momavalSi SesaZlo zianis dadgomis daSvebas.46 amitom aucile-
belia, ikveTebodes mowinaaRmdege mxarisaTvis zianis dadgomis savaraudooba, vinaidan
anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxolod is ziani, romelic savaraudo iqneboda samoqalaqo
brunvis saSualo monawilisaTvis. savaraudooba gulisxmobs movalisaTvis ara detal-
uri informaciis miwodebas imis Taobaze, Tu ra saxis da ra odenobis ziani SeiZleba
miadges kreditors valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, aramed zianis miyenebis
gonivrul molodins.47
aRsaniSnavia, rom miuRebel SemosavalSi igulisxmeba erToblivi Semosavali yovel-
gvari gamoqviTvebis gareSe.48 Sesabamisad, igi aris anacdeni sargebeli (mogeba), romelic
ar gulisxmobs erTobliv Semosavals, yovelgvari xarjebis gamoqviTvebis gareSe da ro-
melsac dazaralebuli obieqturad miiRebda samoqalaqo brunvis normaluri ganviTare-
bis Sedegad.49
miuxedavad miuRebeli Semosavlis institutis kanoniT gansazRvrisa da mowesrigebi-
sa, misi daangariSeba da zusti dadgena xSir SemTxvevebSi SeuZlebelia. amasTanave, raime
sargeblis dakargvis ubralo mtkiceba, rac mxolod masze miTiTebiT Semoifargleba,
arasakmarisia miuRebeli Semosavlis dasadastureblad.50 amitom miuRebeli Semosavlis
anazRaurebis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas mxolod obieqturi kriteriumebiT unda ganisazRv-
ros zianis anazRaureba, ise rom amas ar mohyves meore mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidreba.51
44
naWyebia a., samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi normebis ganmartebebi uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi, 2014, 154.
45
Holma J. & Mckim E., Lost profit damages, State Bar of Texas, Houston, 7th annual, 2015, 1.
46
Singh S., & Zeller B., CIETAC’s Calcula on on Lost Profits under Ar cle 74 of the CISG, Loyola University Chicago Law Review, vol. 4,
issue 2, 2007, 225-226.
47
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2016 wlis 11 noembris ganCineba saqmeze #as-
831-797-2016.
48
#as-218-210-2013.
49
saqmeze #as-848-806-2013.
50
Seabolt L.R., Lost Profit Demages: From Expert Tes mony Through Jury Instruc on, 2003, 6-7.
51
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2011wlis 24 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze
#as-307-291-2011.
209
nikoloz nacvliSvili
4.1.3. pirgasamtexlosa da zianis anazRaurebis erTad moTxovnis

ufleba
ssk-is 419-e muxli gansazRvravs pirgasamtexlosa da valdebulebis Sesrulebis
erTdroulad moTxovnis dauSveblobis sakiTxs. aRniSnuli muxlis pirveli nawilis Ta-
naxmad, kreditors ar SeuZlia erTdroulad moiTxovos pirgasamtexlos gadaxdac da
valdebulebis Sesrulebac, Tuki pirgasamtexlo ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli im SemTx-
vevebisaTvis, roca movale Tavis valdebulebebs ar asrulebs dadgenil droSi. amave
muxlis meore nawili kreditoris sasargeblod pirgasamtexlosTan erTad zianis anaz-
Raurebis moTxovnis uflebas adgens, sadac aRniSnulia, rom kreditors yovelTvis aqvs
ufleba moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba. Sesabamisad, valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi
kreditori uflebamosilia, moiTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba, zianis anazRaureba da
pirgasamtexlos gadaxda erTad.52 samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile, ro-
melic arRvevs valdebulebas, pasuxs agebs dazaralebulis winaSe. dazaralebuls ufle-
ba aqvs moiTxovos darRveuli uflebis dacva. zianis anazRaurebis meoradi moTxovnis
ufleba SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes nebismieri saxis valdebulebis darRveviT ga-
mowveuli zianis arsebobisas. aRniSnuli ufleba ar aris alternatiuli, aramed SesaZle-
belia sxva meoradi moTxovnis uflebebTan paralelurad iqnes amoqmedebuli.53
mxareTa mier xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli pirgasamtexlo yovelTvis unda
anazRaurdes valdebulebis damrRvevi mxaris mier. pirgasamtexlos anazRaurebis val-
debuleba maSinac arsebobs, roca damdgari ziani naklebia pirgasamtexloze an saerTod
ar damdgara ziani. Tumca ar SeiZleba movales erTdroulad daekisros pirgasamtex-
loc da zianis mTeli odenobis anazRaurebac, radgan erTi mxriv, aRniSnuli ukidure-
sad daamZimebs mis mdgomareobas, xolo meore mxriv, gamoiwvevs kreditoris usafuZvlo
gamdidrebas.54
aqedan gamomdinare, saqme gvaqvs kumulaciur konkurenciasTan, ra drosac moTx-
ovnebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad warmoiSveba da erTmaneTs ar gamoricxavs,55 amitom
kreditors upirobod SeuZlia, moiTxovos pirgasamtexlosa da zianis anazRaureba erT-
droulad, Tumca pirgasamtexlo CaiTvleba asanazRaurebeli zianis odenobaSi,56 magram
es im SemTxvevaSi, roca miyenebuli ziani aRemateba xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
pirgasamtexlos odenobas.
pirgasamtexlos mizania kreditoris darRveuli uflebis aRdgena da ara gamdidreba,
rac imas niSnavs, rom pirgasamtexlo unda iyos valdebulebis darRvevis Tanazomieri da
gonivruli,57 rac bunebrivia, ar gamoricxavs kreditorisTvis pirgasamtexlosa da zianis
anazRaurebis kombinirebuli moTxovnis uflebis miniWebas.
52
53
#as-167-163-2016.
54
55
CaCava s., moTxovnebis da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurecia, Tb., 2010, 43.
Гражданский кодекс Российской федерарации, Часть первая, М., 1996, 519, miTiTebulia: zoiZe b., Wanturia l., saqa-
56
rTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 495.
57
meze #as-988-1021-2011.
210
4.2. procentis gadaxda fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadis gadacilebisas

da misi mimarTeba pirgasamtexlos anazRaurebis moTxovnasTan
procentis gadaxdevineba dakavSirebulia aramxolod valdebulebiTi urTierTobis
normalurad ganviTarebis periodSi, anu, roca movale jerovnad da keTilsindisierad
asrulebs mis mier xelSekrulebiT nakisr valdebulebebs, aramed misi darRvevis faqt-
Tan _ fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadis gadacilebasTanac. pirvel SemTxevaSi, mxareTa mier
gansazRvruli procenti kapitaliT sargeblobis anazRaurebas emsaxureba, xolo vadis
gadacilebisas dawesebuli procenti prevenciul xasiaTs atarebs da misi funqcia val-
debulebis keTilsindisier, jerovan da droul Sesrulebas emsaxureba.58
movalis mier vadis gadacilebisas, masze procentis gadaxdis dakisrebis instituts
samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia.
ssk-is 403(I)-e muxli adgens procentis gadaxdas fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadis gadac-
ilebisas da ganmartavs movalis valdebulebas mis mier fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadis
gadacilebisas _ gadacilebuli droisaTvis gadaixados mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansazRvru-
li procenti, Tu kreditors, sxva safuZvlidan gamomdinare, ufro metis moTxovna ar
SeuZlia. aRniSnuli normis moqmedeba vrceldeba nebismieri samarTalurTierTobidan
warmoSobil fulad valdebulebaze, mniSvneloba ar aqvs nasyidobis xelSekruleba war-
moSobs mas, nardoba Tu sxva samarTlebrivi instituti.59
uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, 403-e muxliT sarCelis dakmayofilebisaTvis
aucilebelia, rom movales Sesasrulebeli hqondes fuladi valdebuleba, fuladi val-
debulebis Sesrulebis vada unda iyos darRveuli da fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadis
gadacilebisaTvis unda arsebobdes mxareTa SeTanxmeba procentis Taobaze.60 im SemTx-
vevaSi, roca mxareebi vadagadacilebis procentze SeTanxmebulni ar iyvnen, gamyidvels
vadagadacilebis procentis moTxovnis ufleba warmoeSoba ara ssk-is 403-e muxlis sa-
fuZvelze, aramed ssk-is 411-e muxlidan gamomdinare, romelic adgens zianis anazRaure-
bis valdebulebas miuRebeli SemosavlisTvis. aRniSnuli normis safuZvelze kreditors
ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos fuladi valdebulebis aramarTlzomieri dayovnebiT miyenebuli
zianis anazRaureba, garda amisa miuRebeli Semosavlis saxiT, saanabre procentis moTx-
ovnis dayenebas ar sWirdeba mxareTa mier winaswari SeTanxmeba an miyenebuli zianisa da
misi odenobis mtkiceba.61 aRniSnuli mosazreba ganmtkicebulia uzenaesi sasamarTlos
praqtikiTac, romlis mixedviT, fulis mimarT amgvari damokidebuleba ganpirobebulia
misi gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT, kerZod, syidvaunarianobis maRali xarisxi yvela SemTx-
vevaSi aniWebs fuls sargeblis motanis unars. fuli yovelTvis warmoadgens Semosavlis
wyaros, vinaidan SeuZlia, SesZinos mesakuTres ara mxolod misTvis sasurveli qoneba,
aramed garkveuli perioduli Semosavali sabanko procentis saxiT. amgvarad, fuladi
valdebulebis arajerovani Sesruleba kreditors yovelTvis ayenebs zians da sxvagvari
58
59
BGH NJW 53, 337 nach Palandt, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, C.H.Beck, 73. Auflage, 2014, &289, Rn.6, miTiTebulia: mesxiSvili q.,
procentis gadaxda fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadis gadacilebisas (Teoria da sasamarTlo praqtika), qarTuli
biznes samarTlis mimoxilva, V gamocema, Tb., 2016, 15.
60
saqmeze #as-1701-1685-2011.
61
mesxiSvili q., procentis gadaxda fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadis gadacilebisas (Teoria da sasamarTlo praq-
tika), qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimoxilva, V gamocema, Tb., 2016, 16.
211
nikoloz nacvliSvili
valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT gamowveuli zianisgan gansxvavebiT, gansakuTrebuli mt-

kiceba ar sWirdeba arc zianis miyenebis faqtsa da arc misi odenobis dadgenas.62
fuladi valdebulebis vadis gadacilebisas procentis gadaxdis dakisreba minimal-
ur zians warmoadgens, romlis arsebobis dasadgenad sakmarisia mxolod movalis mier
valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis faqti. ssk-is 404-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki,
moTxovnis vadis gadacilebis gamo, kreditors zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebac
gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, erTsa da imave faqtobriv garemoebebze dayrdnobiT, SesaZlebelia
warmoiSvas ramdenime moTxovna. ramdenime moTxovnis warmoSoba SeiZleba ganapirobos,
rogorc sxvadasxva, ise erTi da imave moTxovnis samarTlebrivma safuZvelma,63 da ama-
vdroulad ar warmoSvas moTxovnaTa konkurencia.
vadagadacilebis procentisa da pirgasamtexlos moTxovnebis erTad dayenebisas
swored, rom arakonkurirebad moTxovnebTan gvaqvs saqme. ssk-is 403(I)-e muxlis defini-
cia adgens mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli procentis anazRaurebis valdebulebas da amasTan,
ar gamoricxavs kreditoris mier sxva safuZvlidan gamomdinare ufro metis moTxovnis
SesaZleblobas. ssk-is 419(II)-e muxli kreditoris sasargeblod, pirgasamtexlosTan er-
Tad, zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas gansazRvravs, sadac aRniSnulia, rom kred-
itors yovelTvis aqvs ufleba moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba.
zemoaRniSnul normebze dayrdnobiT, Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom movalis mier
valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadagadacilebisas, kreditors ssk-is 403-e muxlis procentis
anazRaurebis garda, pirgasamtexlos anazRaurebis moTxovnac warmoeSveba.64 Sesabamisad,
radgan mxareTa Soris paralelurad arsebobs ramdenime moTxovna, ise, rom orive moTx-
ovnis erTdroulad ganxorcielebis saSualeba eZleva kreditors moTxovnaTa kumulacia
gvaqvs saxeze,65 miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi orive moTxovna zianis saxiT
fuladi Tanxis anazRaurebas emsaxureba.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, rodesac mxareebi SeTanxmebulebi iyvnen,
rogorc pirgasamtexlos, aseve vadagadacilebis procentis anazRaurebasTan dakavSire-
biT, kreditori, movalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadagadacilebisas, ufleba-
mosilia paralelur reJimSi moiTxovos orives anazRaureba, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, roca
pirgasamtexlo da vadagadacilebis procenti zians srulad ver faraven, daayenos zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovnac, Tumca wina moTxovnebisgan gansxvavebiT, am ukanasknelis mt-
kicebis tvirTi kreditorze gadava.
62
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 6 maisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#as-254-241-2015; aseve ix.: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2014 wlis 24 ian-
vris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-828-786-2013; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis
2014 wlis 24 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-848-806-2013; Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqa-
laqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 31 maisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2b/873-12.
63
64
BGH Urt. v. 07.03.2002, Az.: VII ZR 41/01, miTiTebulia: mesxiSvili q., procentis gadaxda fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis
vadis gadacilebisas (Teoria da sasamarTlo praqtika), qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimoxilva, V gamocema, Tb.,
2016, 22.
65
212
5. sasamarTlo kontroli pirgasamtexlos odenobasTan mimarTebiT da

misi Semcirebis winapirobebi
rogorc aRiniSna, pirgasamtexlo mxareTa mier xelSekrulebaSi gansazRvruli fula-
di Tanxaa,66 romelic avaldebulebs movales gadauxados igi kreditors valdebulebis
Seusruleblobis an arajerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. Seusabamod maRali pirgasam-
telxos odenobis yovel konkretul situaciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanisa da ara misi
srulad ugulvebelyofis uflebamosileba sasamarTlos aqvs miniWebuli (ssk-is 420-e
muxli),67 pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis ufleba is iSviaTi gamonaklisia, rodesac kanoni
saxelSekrulebo TavisuflebaSi Carevas dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rac bunebrivia garkveul
SezRudvebsac eqvemdebareba. kanonis mixedviT, sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs Seamciros ara
maRali, aramed ~Seusabamod maRali~ pirgasamtexlo. pirgasamtexlo maRalia Tu ~Seus-
abamod maRali~, SefasebiTi kategoriaa da yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos
mier individualurad unda dakvalificirdes, romelic saqmis garemoebebis erTobliv
analizsa da srul gamokvlevaze iqneba dayrdnobili.68 pirgasamtexlos odenobas `Seus-
abamod maRali~ SeiZleba ewodos, rogorc saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis gawerisas, ise
valdebulebis Sesrulebis procesSi.69 Sesabamisad igi maRal odenobad miiCneva, roca
saqme gvaqvs mxarisTvis misi aragonivruli odenobiT dakisrebis SemxvevebTan.70 pirgasam-
texlos odenoba SeiZleba mxarisTvis ar iyos xelSekrulebis dadebisas Zalian maRali,
magram valdebulebis darRvevis procesSi iqces aseTad. Sesabamisad, susti mxaris dacvis
mizniT, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia Seamciros Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo, rac
samarTliani iqneba meore mxaris mimarTac.71aseve Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Sem-
cirebis kanonismieri regulireba emsaxureba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi Sesuli im
susti mxaris interesebis dacvas, romelic xelSekrulebaze xelmowerisas ver acnobi-
erebda pirgasamtexlos Sinaarssa da mis Tanmdev samarTlebriv Sedegebs.72
pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod maRal moculobad miCneva sasamarTlos individualuri
Sefasebis sagans warmoadgens, ra drosac detalurad ikvlevs saqmeSi arsebul gare-
moebebs, afasebs faqtebs da eyrdnoba samarTlianobis, gonivrulobisa da kanoniere-
bis kriteriumebs. amisTvis saWiroa pirgasamtexloTi uzrunvelyofili xelSekrulebis
gamokvlevac, romlis ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo adgens mxareTa gamonaTqvame-
bis namdvil Sinaars an avsebs Riad datovebuli sakiTxebis xarvezebs.73
kanoni ar iZleva raime miTiTebas pirgasamtexlos odenobis Semcirebis farglebze
66
Wilkinson T. R., Do Liquidated Damages Encourage Breach? A Psychological Experiment, 2010, 643.
67
ioseliani n., Seusabamod maRali saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlo da sasamarTlos roli samoqalaqo interese-
bis dacvis sferoSi, samarTlis Jurnali #1, 2016, 62.
68
69
CantlaZe m., nebis gamovlenis ganmarteba, pirgasamtexlos Semcireba, nominalizmis principi, qarTuli samar-
Tlis mimoxilva, Tb., 2002, 172.
70
71
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTlis zo-
gadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 497.
72
73
213
nikoloz nacvliSvili
da mas mTlianad sasamarTlos keTil nebas miandobs. amitom maSin, roca sasamarTlo
mxareTa mier SeTanxmebul pirgasamtexlos miiCnevs Seusabamod maRal odenobad, bune-
brivia, igi uflebamosilia mis Semcirebazec. am dros sasamarTlos uwevs valdebulebis
SeusruleblobiT an arajerovani SesrulebiT damdgar SedegebTan pirgasamtexlos moc-
ulobis SesabamisobaSi moyvana.74sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs mxaris qonebriv mdgo-
mareobasa da sxva garemoebebs, kerZod, imas, Tu rogoria Sesrulebis Rirebulebis, misi
Seusruleblobisa da arajerovani SesrulebiT gamowveuli zianis Tanafardoba pirgasam-
texlos odenobasTan.75
amdenad, ssk-is 420-e muxli sasamarTlos mxareTa kerZo avtonomiis principsa da xe-
lSekrulebis TavisuflebaSi Carevis SesaZleblobas aniWebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom pir-
gasamtexlos Seusabamod maRal moculobad miCneva sasamarTlos individualuri Sefase-
bis sagans warmoadgens, amisTvis meore mxaris Sedavebaa saWiro.76 amasTan aRsaniSnavia,
rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi aRniSnuli normis ararsebobis pirobebSic SeZleb-
da Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Semcirebas da movalisTvis aSkarad usamarTlo
Sedegebis Tavidan aridebas keTilsindisierebis principze dayrdnobiT, rac mowesrige-
bulia ssk-is me-8(III) da 361(II)-e muxlebSi.77 garda amisa, vinaidan qarTuli kanonmdebloba
pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvris detalur mowesrigebas ar gvTavazobs, sasamarT-
lo yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi eyrdnoba ssk-is 361-e da 115-e muxlebs, romelTa
mixedviTac, samoqalaqo ufleba unda ganxorcieldes marTlzomierad da keTilsindis-
ierad, amitom dauSvebelia uflebis gamoyeneba martooden im mizniT, rom ziani miadges
sxvas. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo sakuTar pozicias, mocemuli muxlebis analizis Semdeg,
mxaris qonebriv mdgomareobaze, SesaZlo zianis faqtorebsa da asxva arsebiT pirobebze
afuZnebs,78 Tumca kanonmdebelma calke norma dauTmo sasamarTlosTvis Seusabamod maRa-
li odenobis pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis uflebamosilebis miniWebas, rac misasalmebelia
da zedmet ganxilvas aRar saWiroebs.
6. daskvna
naSromSi gamoikveTa kerZo avtonomiisa da xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis princi-
pis roli, mxareTa mier, pirgasamtexlos xelSekrulebaSi Tavisuflad gansazRvrasTan
dakavSirebiT. amasTan, ganxilul iqna pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis uflebisa da zian-
is anazRaurebis meoradi moTxovnis erToblivad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. TiToeu-
li institutis erTad, Tu cal-calke ganxilva, mimarTuli iyo maT mWidro kavSirze
saxelSekrulebo interesis ganxorcielebasTan. naTlad gamoCnda, rom dRevandel praq-
tikaSi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa Seusrulebloba an arajerovani Sesruleba fu-
ladi TanxiT SeTanxmebuli pirgasamtexlos gadaxdis valdebulebas iwvevs. aRniSnuli
74
75
#s-1158-1104-2014.
76
77
robaqiZe i., ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb.,
2014, 603.
78
214
ki ar unda iyos Seusabamod maRali mxareTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebasTan da saqmeSi

arsebul garemoebebTan mimarTebiT.79
im SemTxvevaSi, roca mxareTa Soris arsebobs paralelurad ramdenime moTxovna,
ise, rom yvela maTganis erTdroulad ganxorcielebis saSualeba eZleva kreditors,
rogorc araerTxel aRiniSna, moTxovnaTa kumulacia gvaqvs saxeze da Sesabamisad amg-
vari moTxovnebis erTad dayenebisas, ganuzomeli mniSvneloba aqvs sasamarTlos rols,
sworad daadginos da Seafasos faqtobrivi garemoebebi, mxareTa mizani da molodini
xelSekrulebis dadebisas, Semdgom ki miiRos gadawyvetileba misTvis kanoniT dadgenili
uflebamosilebis farglebSi. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam Tanabrad unda uzrunvely-
os mxareTa interesebis dacva, rac imas niSnavs, rom erTi mxriv, movaleze moTxovnaTa Se-
usabamod didi odenobiT dakisrebam ar gamoiwvios kreditoris usafuZvlo gamdidreba,
xolo meore mxriv, misma mcire odenobiT gansazRvram _ xeli ar SeuSalos kreditoris
saxelSekrulebo interesis srulfasovnad ganxorcielebas. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom
yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi damoukidebllad unda Seafasos faqtobrivi garemoebebi
da uzrunvelyos balansis dacva xelSekrulebis TiToeuli mxaris winaSe, amasTan imdenad
ar ugulvebelyos xelSekrulebis pirobebi, rom uxeSad Caerios mxareTa xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebasa da kerZo avtonomiaSi.
79
bis dacvis sferoSi, samarTlis Jurnali #1, 2016, 73-74.
215
Mariam Kalandadze (MA of Law, TSU)
LEGAL GROUNDS FOR REIMBURSEMENT OF LOST PROFIT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
ABSTRACT
This ar cle entails compara ve analysis of legal grounds of reimbursement of lost profit. One of the dif-
ficul es, which arises while discussing the ins tute of lost profit, is complexity of its calcula on, when there
is no unified method with respect to this ma er.
Use of “Handley v Baxendale~ standard, which is leading rule to determine consequen al damages from
a breach of contract, reasonable certainty test, as well as “Before and A er“ and “Yards ck~ methods will
be discussed in rela on to the calcula on methods for lost profit. Decisions adopted by the Georgian Courts
regarding the reimbursement of lost profit will be also analyzed accordingly. For compara ve analysis the
ar cle will include legal grounds of reimbursement of lost profit in United States of America for the purposes
of having specific examples on how this ins tute works in common law countries.
Importance of standard of proof and relevant resolu ons to establish legal grounds for reimbursement
of lost profit will be also specified in this ar cle.
216
mariam kalandaZe*
miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis samarTlebrivi
winapirobebi (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi)
1. Sesavali
erT-erTi aRiarebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, `zianis anazRaureba gulisxmobs fu-
lad kompensacias, romelic SesaZloa sasamarTlos mier daekisros erT mxares meore
mxarisaTvis miyenebuli konkretuli zianis sanacvlod~.1 zianis anazRaurebis, rogorc
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebrivi saSualebis, gamoyenebiT samarTali uzrunve-
lyofs balanssa da stabilurobas samoqalaqo brunvaSi.2
gamomdinare iqidan rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (SemdgomSi _ ssk) da kerZo
samarTlis sxva kanonebi zianis legalur definicias ar iZlevian, misi ganmarteba sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebebsa da akademiur naSromebSi unda veZioT.
ucxouri qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi miuRebeli Semosavlis mniSvneloba da-
kavSirebulia kerZo seqtorisa da mewarmeobis ganviTarebasa da stabilurobisaTan. qa-
rTuli samarTalSi ssk-is 411-e muxlSi mocemulia miuRebeli Semosavlis gansazRvris
normatiuli wesi da misi miRebis winapirobebi: `ziani unda anazRaurdes ara mxolod
faqtobrivad damdgari qonebrivi danaklisisTvis, aramed miuRebeli SemosavlisTvisac.
miuReblad iTvleba Semosavali, romelic ar miuRia pirs da romelsac igi miiRebda,
valdebuleba jerovnad, rom Sesrulebuliyo.~ 411-e muxli kidev ufro met konkretikas
sZens 408-e muxlSi mocemuli zianis anazRaurebis princips. ziani unda anazRaurdes sru-
lad, swored es igulisxmeba mocemuli muxlebis SinaarsSi. sruli anazRaureba exeba ara
saerTo zians, romelic SeiZleba vinmem ganicados, aramed im zians, romelic samoqalaqo
pasuxismgeblobis saerTo safuZvlebidan gamomdinare anazRaurebadia.3 411-e muxlis Ses-
abamisad, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba rogorc dadebiTi ziani, ise miuRebeli Semosavali.4
sakanonmdeblo standartis arsebobis pirobebSic ki miuRebeli Semosavlis dasabuTeba
kvlav moklebulia samarTlebriv konkretikas da abstraqtulobis maRali xarisxiT xas-
iaTdeba.5
miuRebeli Semosavlis arsebobis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom
sasamarTlom Tavisi funqcia Seasrula. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problema, romel-
ic miuRebel Semosavals ukavSirdeba, misi daTvlis sirTulea maSin, rodesac ar arse-
bobs erTiani midgoma am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. ekonomikuri urTierTobebis kompleq-
* samarTlis magistri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.

1
Von Bar., The No on of Damage, in: Hartkamp/Hesselink/Hondius/Mak/Perron/Towards a European Civil Code, 4th Revised and
Expanded Edi on, 2011, 388-389.
2
cercvaZe g., ZlieriSvili z., robaqiZe l., svanaZe g., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 677.
3
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., ssk-is komentari, wigni mesame, valdebulebiTi samar-
Tali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 399.
4
iqve.
5
CitaSvili n., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis safuZvlebi qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi. saqme #as-459-
438-2015. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb., 2017, 151 <h ps://www.tsu.ge/data/
file_db/faculty-law-public/gadawyve lebebis%20krebuli.pdf>, [15.04.2019], standartebi.
217
mariam kalandaZe
suroba xSirad, ukiduresad arTulebs miuRebeli Semosavlis odenobis dadgenas.6 aseve,

mniSvnelovania nomormatiuli winapirobebisa da kriteriumebis gansazRvra sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi, raTa Camoyalibdes kriteriumebis sistema da mosamarTlem gamoiyenos saqmis
individualuri faqtobrivi mocemulobis Sesatyvisad.
2. miuRebeli Semosavali, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmi,

zianis kategoriaTa erTian sistemaSi
zianis anazRaurebis mizania dazaralebuli mxarisaTvis kompensaciis micema7 da meore
mxaris mier nakisri valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli darRveuli uflebis aRdgenis
uzrunvelyofa.8 zianis anazRaureba ZiriTadad, orientirebulia dazaralebuli mxarisT-
vis kompensaciis micemaze im zianisa da danakargisaTvis, romelic man ganicada da ara
valdebulebis damrRvevi mxaris mimarT dasamjelo zomebis gatarebaze.9 imisTvis rom
ziani anazRaurdes, aucilebeli winapirobaa rom ziani warmoadgendes damdgar Sedegs.10
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvetia mxareTa SeTanxmeba,
romelic damatebiT xelSekrulebis mizniTa da ndobisa da keTisindisierebis principiT
konkretdeba.11 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamarTlebulia, nasyidobis sagnis miuwodeblobisas
myidvelis mier am sagnis sarfianad gayidvis SeuZleblobiT gamowveuli mogebis dakargva
CaiTvalos miuRebel Semosavlad 411-e muxlis gagebiT,12 maSin savsebiT logikuria, rom
igive wesi unda gavrceldes fasis miuReblobis gamo gamyidvelis mier xelidan gaSve-
bul mogebazec.13 iseve, rogorc deliqtis, agreTve, valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi
Semcvleli qonebis mopovebis xarjebi damzianeblis asanazRaurebeli ziani unda iyos.14
aRniSnuli azris sapirispirod mxolod zogadi miTiTebaa imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
rodesac gamsesxebels movalis mier sesxis droulad daubruneblobis gamo Tavad mouwia
sesxis aReba da misi procentebis gadaxda, sakmarisi ar aris valdebulebis darRvevisa da
am tipis zianis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad.15
rac Seexeba deliqtur samarTals, mizezobrivi kavSiris gansazRvrisaTvis gadamwyve-
tia darRveuli brunvis usafrTxoebis valdebulebis16 mizani an dazianebuli sikeTis
moqmedebis sfero. 2015 wlis maisis ganCinebaSi, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom miuRebeli
6
cercvaZe g., ZlieriSvili z., robaqiZe l., svanaZe g., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 655.
7
Fuller L., Perdue W., Reliance Interest in Contract Damages, The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 46, No. 1, 1936, 52.
8
Stevens R., Torts and Right, Oxford, 2007, 70-72.
9
Addis v Gramophone Co LTD, [1909] AC 488; Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce Interna onal Sa [1998] 1 AC 20, 50-1; Hohnson v
Unisys Ltd [1999] 1 All ER 854, 861.
10
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 23 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #2b/4331-11.
11
Loschelders, Schuldrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl. 2011.310.
12
Oekter, in Munchener komentar zum BGB. 7. Aufl.2016, &249 Rn.128.
13
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 25 martis ganCineba #as-374-355-2015.
14
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 1 ivlisis gadawyvetileba #as-167-163-2016.
15
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 18 dekembris ganCineba #as-999-943-2015.
16
rusiaSvili g., da egnataSvili d., kazusebi kanonismier valdebulebiT samarTalSi, Tb., 2016, 203.
218
Semosavali SesaZloa iyos deliqturi samarTlis safuZvliT anazRaurebis saxe.17

sainteresoa, Tu ra midgomebi arsebobs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebT sxvadasxva
qveynis samarTlebriv sistemaSi. inglisis sasamarTloebi, qarTuli samarTlis analogi-
urad, ganmartaven, rom miuRebel SemosavalTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac aseTi ziani
gonieri, saqmiani adamianisaTvis mosalodneli iqneboda, movlenebi normalurad da geg-
mazomierad, rom ganviTarebuliyo.18 franguli midgoma ki SeiZleba Semdegi winadadebiT
Camoyalibdes: `dakarguli Sansi, rogorc wesi warmoadgens anazRaurebad zarals~.19
samarTlis norma ar da ver uzrunvelyofs generalur dacvas zianis momtani qmedebi-
sagan, aramed icavs mxolod gansazRvruli sikeTeebis gansazRvruli formiT dazianebi-
sagan, rac yoveli calkeuli normis ganmartebiT unda dadgines.20
3. pozitiuri zianisa da miuRebeli Semosavlis urTierTmimarTeba -

gamijvnis safuZvlebi
xelSekrulebis darRveviT gamowveuli zianis SemTxvevaSi sadavoa, Tu ra CaiTvleba
hipoTeturi mdgomareobis aRdgenad, dazaralebulis im mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba, rogor-
Sic iqneboda xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi _ pozitiuri interesi, Tu saerTod
rom ar daedo xelSekruleba _ negatiuri interesi.21 magaliTad, avtomanqanis nasyidobis
Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom is ganadgurebulia, myidveli ki am 10 000 larad nayidi manqanis
20 000 gadayidvas moaxerxebda. garda amisa, myidvelma nasyidobis dadebasTan dakavSire-
biT gaswia mgzavrobis xarjebi – 200 lari. myidvelis pozitiuri interesi Seadgens 10
000, xolo negatiuri ki mxolod 200 lars. Tu myidveli moiTxovs Sesrulebis nacvlad
zianis anazRaurebas 394 muxlis 1-3 nawilebis mixedviT, miiRebs 10 000 lars, xolo 200
lari araanazRaurebad zianad CaiTvleba, radgan am moTxovnis Sinaarss swored pozitiu-
ri zianis anazRaureba warmoadgens. amitomac arasworia saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarT-
los mosazreba,22 rodesac is 394 I muxlis mixedviT anazRaurebadad miiCnevs im 10 000
lars, romelsac gamyidveli imave nivTis sxva pirisaTvis miyidviT miiRebda.23
miuxedavad imisa, rom zianis anazRaureba Sesrulebis nacvlad, yovelTvis pozitiur
interess exeba, es ori cneba erTmaneTis identuri ar aris. pozitiuri interesi mTel
rig SemTxvevebSi moicavs, SesrulebasTan erTad anazRaurebad ziansac.24 naklovani Ses-
17
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 6 maisis ganCineba saqmeze #as-
1158-1104-2014.
18
Saint Line v Richardsons Westgarth & Co Ltd [1940] 2 KB 49 and Bri sh Sugar v Projects Limited (1997) 87 BLR, 42.
19
Winiger B` Koziol H., Koch A. B., Zimmermann R., de Gruyter W., Essen al Cases on Damage Jan 1, 2012, 301.
20
Looschelderes, Schuldrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., 2011, 310.
21
Looschelders, Schuldrecht AT, 9. Aufl., 2011, 304.
22
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 1 ivlisis # as-167-163-2016 gadawyvetileba.
23
Tu myidvelma fasis gadaxdis valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebisas gamyidveli
unda Caayenos iseT mdgomareobaSi, es gulisxmobs masTan dadebuli nasyidobis fasis gadauxdelobiT gamowveu-
li qonebrivi danaklisis aRmofxvras da ara hipoTeturad sxvasTan dadebuli da Sesrulebuli ufro sarfiani
garigebiT miRebuli sargeblis miniWebas. amis sapirispirod ki uzenaesi sasamarTlo Tavis sxva ganCinebaSi (2016
wlis 25 martis # as-374-355-2015 ganCineba (77)) 411, uzenaesi sasamarTlo sworad avlebs mijnas anazRaurebad
pozitiur ziansa da araanazRaurebad negatiur zians Soris.
24
Looschelders, Schuldrecht AT, 9. Aufl., 2011, 304.
219
mariam kalandaZe
rulebisas, rodesac nakli gamosworebadia, miuRebeli sargebeli, rogorc ziani, eqceva

pozitiuri interesis cnebis qveS, Tumca amavdroulad warmoadgens SesrulebasTan er-
Tad mosaTxov zians.
4. miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaureba, rogorc pozitiuri

saxelSekrulebo interesis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi
dazaralebulis im mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba, rogorSic is iqneboda xelSekrulebis Ses-
rulebis SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens pozitiur, anu `Sesrulebis interess~.25 Sesrulebis
interesi SedarebiT axali terminia akademiur Tu iuridiul leqsikonSi, romelic sa-
Taves iRebs Friedman-is statiidan.26 Tu piri pasuxs agebs xelSekrulebidan gamomdin-
are valdebulebebis arajerovnad Sesrulebis an saerTod Seusruleblobis gamo, man
xelSekrulebis mxare unda Caayenos im mdgomareobaSi, romelSic es ukanaskneli xe-
lSekrulebis jerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda27.
xelSekrulebisadmi negatiuri interesis gamoxatulebaa, Tuki mxare miuTiTebs qone-
briv danaklisze im perspeqtividan Tu ra mdgomareoba iqneboda xelSekruleba saer-
Tod rom ar dadebuliyo28. aseT dros, piri pasuxs agebs molaparakebis safuZvelze
sxva molodinebis mqone mxaris winaSe imisaTvis, rom ar Sedga namdvili garigeba da
imedgacruebul mxares ndoba hqonda garigebis dadebis mimarT29. negatiuri interesis
SemTxvevaSi, zianis mimyenebeli piri ar aris valdebuli, dazaralebuls aunazRauros
miuRebeli mogeba, romelic mas xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad warmoeSoboda30.
amasTan, negatiuri interesis safuZvelze daTvlili ziani moculobiT, xSirad, ufro
mcirea, vidre xelSekrulebis mimarT arsebuli pozitiuri interesis safuZvelze damd-
gari ziani.31
saxelSekrulebo interesi, rogorc mniSvnelovani faqtori miuRebeli Semosavlis
anazRaurebis Sefasebisas, warmodgenilia qarTul gadawyvetilebebSi. miznobriobis mniS-
vnelobaze sasamarTlo araerT gadawyvetilebaSi akeTebs aqcents. magaliTad, 2015 wlis
6 Tebervlis gadawyvetilebaSi, sasamarTlom kidev erTxel ganmarta, rom: `miuRebeli
Semosavlis samarTlebrivi winapirobebi Semoifargleba konkretuli valdebulebiTi
urTierTobiT da damokidebulia xelSekrulebis jerovnad Sesrulebis Sedegad misa-
Reb sargebelze.~32 sasamarTlo praqtikis analiziT ikveTeba, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi urT-
25
rusiaSvili g. ssk-is komentari, germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba (GIZ). Tb., 2017, 7.
26
O. Lando, H. Beale (eds.), Principles of European Contract Law, Parts I and II, Commission on European Contract Law, Kluwer Law
Interna onal, The Hague, 2000, 439.
27
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sazoga-
doeba (GIZ). Tb., 2014, 121.
28
Looschelders. Schuldrecht AT. 9. Aufl. 2011. S. 304. miTiTebulia: rusiaSvili g. ssk-is komentari, germaniis saerTaSo-
riso TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba (GIZ) Tb., 2017, 7
29
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sazoga-
doeba (GIZ), Tb., 2014, 121.
30
iqve.
31
iqve.
32
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 6 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #as-374-351-2014.
220
ierTobis damyarebis miznobrioba aris kargi maCvenebeli samomavlo Semosavlis miRebis

mosalodnelobis, realurobis gansazRvrisaTvis. aRniSnuli kuTxiT, aseve, saintere-
soa uzenasi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis gadawyvetileba,33 sadac sasamarTlom kidev erTxel
daamtkica rom miuRebeli Semosavali unda dasturdebodes ara mxolod spekulaciuri
garemoebebiT, aramed mosalodnelobis maRali albaTobiT da warmoadgendes ZiriTadi
valdebulebis Sesrulebis savaraudo Sedegs.
5. savaraudoobisa da gardauvalobis elementi

kiTxvis niSnebs ar badebs is faqti rom zianis savaraudoobis gansazRvrisaTvis ~Han-
dley v Baxendale~ damkvidrebuli standarti mniSvnelovania, TumcaRa dReisaTvis saerTo
samarTlis qveynebis, ZiriTadad ki, amerikuli sasamarTlo sistemis mier gamoiyeneba e.w.
~reasonable certainty~ testi. Tavisi SinaarsiT is ufro rTul da kompleqsur sakiTxebs
moicavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom konkretuli ganmarteba zemoaRniSnuli terminis ar arsebobs.
gonivruli ndobis Sefaseba, iseve rogorc zianis anazRaurebis sxva kriteriumebi, mniS-
vnelovnad damokidebulia saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebze. zianis arsebobis dasadgenad
sasamarTlo mimarTavs e.w. ~fact and amount rule~-s. ZiriTadi arsi, romelic gamomdinareobs
am wesidan, gulisxmobs Tuki dgindeba zianis arseboba saqmis masalebidan gamomdinare da
ver xerxdeba misi odenobis gansazRvra, es garemoeba ver gaxdeba zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli. Tuki miyenebuli zianis moculobis
gansazRvra rTulia an mosarCele ver amtkicebs mas sasamarTlo anazRaurebs minimaluri
moculobiT.34 is Tu ra CaiTvleba sakmaris mtkicebulebad zianis dasadgenad, konkretu-
li saqmis gamomdinare unda Sefasdes.
ssk-is 412-e muxlis dispoziciis Sesabamisad mxolod movalisaTvis savaraudo ziani
eqvemdebareba anazRaurebas, xolo rac Seexeba ssk-is 411-e muxls, misi samarTlebrivi
miznidan gamomdinareobs, rom faqti zianis miyenebis Sesaxeb unda dgindebodes ara subi-
eqturi damokidebulebiT, aramed obieqturi mocemulobiT, rac swored imaSi mdgomare-
obs, rom zianis dakisrebisaTvis saxeze unda gvqondes realuri ziani.35
maSin, rodesac vsaubrobT miuRebeli Semosavlis rogorc meoradi moTxovnis anaz-
Raurebaze, gamomdinare iqedan rom zianis es saxe erTgvarad dakavSirebulia momavlis
SefasebasTan, sirTules vawydebiT misi mtkicebisa da odenobis gansazRvris momentSi.
saqarTvelos uzenaesis sasamarTlos erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi ganmartavs: `miuRebeli
Semosavali warmoadgens savaraudo Semosavals, magram misi dadgenisaTvis aucilebelia,
gaTvaliswinebul iqnes, Tu ramdenad mosalodneli iyo misi miReba.~36
33
meze #as-899-845-2012.
34
Lloyd R.M., The Reasonable Certainty Requirement in Lost Profits Li ga on: What is Really Means, The Tennessee Journal of Business
Law, vol.12, 2010, 30-31.
35
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 17 aprils gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#as-406-383-2014. amave gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom gaakeTa Semdegi ganmarteba: „amasTan, vinaidan konk-
retul SemTxvevaSi, mosarCele iTxovs zianis anazRaurebas miuRebeli Semosavlis saxiT, mosarCeles imgvari
mtkicebulebebi unda waredgina, romelic Seqmnida obieqtur, realur suraTs aseTi Semosavlebis miRebasTan
dakavSirebiT da ara varauds, albaTobas Semosavlis miRebis Taobaze, gamomdinare iqidan, rom ssk-is 411-e
muxli mxolod im Semosavlis anazRaurebis valdebulebas akisrebs xelSemkvrel mxares, romelic obieqturi
mocemulobiTaa nakarnaxevi da ara kreditoris subieqturi SefasebiT.“
36
221
mariam kalandaZe
CISG iTvaliswinebs miuRebeli Semosavlis saxiT zianis anazRaurebas. zianis anazRaure-

bis safuZveli mocemulia CISG-is 74-e muxlSi da miuRebeli Semosavlis erT-erT mTavar
kriteriumad miTiTebulia zianis savaraudoba.37 74-e muxlis miznis ganmartebisas aRiniS-
na, rom ganWvretadobasa da savaraudobaSi ar igulisxmeba xelSekrulebis damrRvevis mx-
ridan zianis zusti gansazRvris aucilebloba, aramed, zogadad, marTlsawinaaRmdego
qmedebis Camdeni unda acnobierebdes, rom mis qcevas Sedegad SesaZloa mohyves ziani.38
imis mtkiceba rom konkretuli faqti moxda martivia, Tumca mdgomareoba rTuleba,
maSin, rodesac miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis moTxovnisas unda amtkico jer ar
momxdari faqti, Seafaso da winaswar gansazRvro ama Tu im qmedebis ganviTarebis din-
amika momavalSi. `savaraudobisa da gardauvalobis elementi~, warmoadgens standarts,
romelic moiTxovs garkveuli saxis dazustebul formas zianis arsebobis sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT. umetes SemTxvevaSi miuRebeli Semosavlis mosalodnelobis albaTobis dad-
gena imdenad rTulia, rom saWiroa specialuri codnis mqone pirebis, specialistebis,
eqspertebis CarTva. swored amitom, is Tu ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebs sasamarTlo da
rogor ganviTareba movlenebi mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia swored specialuri codnis
da gamocdilebis mqone pirebis mier daweril specialur daskvnebze.
5.1. `HANDLEY V BAXENDALE~-is standarti

savaraudoobis kriteriumTan mimarTebiT, `Handley v Baxendale~ _ saqmeze gamotanili
gadawyvetileba aris fundamentaluri xasiaTis39, radgan swored am saqmiT Camoyalib-
da miuRebeli Semosavlis Sefasebis erT-erTi wesi, kerZod, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba
mosarCelis moTxovna, Tuki is warmoadgens garemoebaTa normalur Sedegs an gamomdin-
areobs darRvevidan. amasTan, aRniSnuli wesis Sesabamisad, zogadad, zianis da ufro
konkretulad miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaureba SesaZlebelia Tuki zianis arseboba da-
dasturebulia gonivruli realobidan gamomdinare.40 ori garemoeba, romelsac aRniSnul
SemTxvevaSi yuradReba eqceva aris Semdegi Tu ramdenad ganWvretadi iyo ziani marTl-
sawinaaRmdego qmedebis CamdenisTvis (~Degree of Knowledge~) da valdebulebis darRvevis
Sedegad zianis dadgomis albaTobis maCvenebeli (~likelihood of loss~).41 am garemoebebidan
romelimes arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCelis mier mtkicebis procesSi, savaraudobis
kriteriumi gadalaxulad iTvleba.42
meze #as-520-488-2010.
37
Singh S., & Zeller B., CIETAC’S Calcula on on Lost Profits Under Art. 74 of the CISG, Loyola University Chicago Law Review, Vol. 4, issue
2, 2007, 225.
38
iqve, 226.
39
Lloyd R.M., The reasonable Certainty Requirment in Lost Profits Li ga on: What is really means, The Tennese Journal of Business Law,
Vol.12, 2010, 11.
40
Lloyd R.M., and Chase N.J., Recovery of Damages for Lost Profits: The Historical Development, Pennsylvania Journal of Law, Vol 18,
2016, 317.
41
Pearce D., and Halson R., Damages for Breach of Contract, Universi es of Leeds, Sheffield and York, 2007.15.
42
iqve.
222
6. miuRebeli Semosavlis daTvlis meTodi

zianis anazRaurebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi piroba gaxlavT is, rom sasamarT-
lo darwmundes mosarCelis mier warmodgenili gaangariSebis (kalkulaciis) miaxloebiT
sisworeSi mainc. amasTan, es gaangariSeba unda efuZnebodes garkveul ukve arsebul san-
do monacemebs. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRurebis sakiTxis
gadawyvetisas, zianis anazRaureba ganisazRvros mxolod obieqturi kriteriumebiT, ise,
rom amas ar mohyves dazaralebuli mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidreba.43
erT-erT precedentul saqmeSi, mosarCele daobda rom mopasuxes misTvis unda aeSen-
ebina TaRiani stadioni, romlis funqcionirebiTac igi momavali 20 wlis ganmavloba-
Si miiRebda mogebas44. mosarCelis mxridan warmodgenili gaxldaT eqspertizis daskvna,
romelic aRniSnuli 20 wlis Semosavlebisa da xarjebis savaraudo analizs axdenda45.
sasamarTlom ganmarta rom am periodisaTvis aSenebuli gaxldaT mxolod erTi TaRiani
stadioni, romlis safuZvelzec warmodgenili gaangariSeba ver iqneba sakmarisi safuZve-
li mopasuxis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis46.
erT-erT saqmeSi, oregonis uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom miuRebeli Semosavlis
dadastureba SesaZlebelia wina wlebSi arsebuli mogebis da warmoebuli biznes-saqmiano-
bis analizis Sesabamisad.47 amave saqmeze sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom mosarCelis mxridan
ver iqna dasabuTebuli misi Semosavlebis anda mogebis Semcireba48.
sasamarTlo mxolod maSin akmayofilebs mosarCelis moTxovnas, roca mxares warmod-
genili aqvs iseTi monacemebi, romlis safuZvelzec sasamarTlo martivad Seafasebs da-
nakargis odenobas.49 adekvaturi kompensaciis moculobis dasadgenad saerTo samarTlis
sasamarTloebi iyeneben or ZiriTad meTods, esenia: 1.zianis dadgomis Semdgom da manamde
arsebuli mogebis Sedareba _ ~Before and A er~ meTodi ; 2. `skalis meTodi~ (e.w. ~Yards ck
Method~).50
6.1. `BEFORE AND AFTER~ meTodis arsi da moqmedebis ariali miuRebeli

Semosavlis farglebSi
~Before and A er~ meTodis gamoyenebisas sasamarTlo erTmaneTs adarebs or periods,
kerZod, periods zianis dadgomamde da mis Semdgom, aRniSnuli meTodi sakmaod zustia,
vinaidan gamoiyeneba monacemebi mosarCelis biznesis Sesaxeb,51 Tumca aRniSnul meTods
43
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2011 wlis wlis 24 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze #as-307-291-2011.
44
Kenford Co. v. County of Erie, 493 N.E.2d 234, 236. New York Appeal Div. 1986.
45
iqve.
46
iqve.
47
Willame e Quarries v. Wodtli, 308 Or. 406, Oregon Supreme Court. 1989; aseve ix. Buck v. Mueller, 221 Or. 271 Oregon Supreme
Court, 1960.
48
Willame e Quarries v. Wodtli, 308 Or. 406, Oregon Supreme Court. 1989.
49
Kenford Co.V. Country of Erie, 493 N.E.2d 234, 236 (N.Y. 1986).
50
Holma J. & Mckin E., Lost profit damages, State Bar of Texas, Houston, 7th annual, 2015, 4.
51
Lloyd R.M., The Reasonable Certainty Requirment in Lost Profi s Ligita on: What It Really means, The Tennessee Journal of Business
223
mariam kalandaZe
aqvs Tavisi naklovanebac kerZod, damwyebi mewarme subieqtis mimarT ar iyeneben Ses-
adarebeli, periodis ar arsebobis safuZvliT, amasTan, axaldawyebuli biznesi, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, rentabeluri ar aris Sesabamisad, am ukanaskneli meTodiT realuri suraTi
ver iqmneba, rac aris imis safuZveli, rom SesaZloa, sasamarTlo SecdomaSi Sevides da
daeyrdnos arazust monacemebs. ~Before and A er~ meTodis xSir gamoyenebas ganapirobebs
is, rom xdeba mtkicebulebebis Semowmeba, aRniSnuli xels uwyobs sasamarTlos, rom daT-
valos zianis realuri odenoba da ar daeyrdnos mosarCelis mier dasaxelebul odeno-
bas, Tumca aRniSnuli ar niSnavs imas, rom am meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo
mainc daakmayofilebs mosarCelis moTxovnas, miuxedavad imisa mosarCele daasabuTebs
Tu ara mas, sasamarTlo mosarCeles etyvis uars iseve, rogorc am meTodis gamoyenebaze,
agreTve sxva meTodis gamoyenebaze, Tu ar iqneba dasabuTeba, rac, saboloo jamSi, sarCe-
lis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli gaxdeba.52
zemoaRniSnul meTods iyenebs saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemac, aRniSnul sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 7 oqtombris gad-
awyvetileba,53 sakasacio sasamarTlo dasmul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ganxilvas iwyebs
zianis Sinaarsis dadgeniT da miuTiTebs, rom `ziani aris kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli anaz-
Raurebadi sxvaoba ùnda yofiliyo~ da àris~ mdgomareobas Soris~. ssk-is 408-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, pirma, romelic valdebulia aanzRauros ziani, unda aRadginos
pirvandeli mdgomareoba anu mdgomareoba romelic iarsebebda, rom ara valdebulebis
darRveva ~Total Repara on~-is principi, amasTanave mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu ramdenad maRa-
lia movalis braleulobis xarisxi zianis dadgomaSi.54
miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebisas mocemuli meTodis gamoyeneba SeiZleba gamou-
sadegari gaxados garkveulma movlenebma. erT-erT precedentul saqmeSi konkurenciis
kanonmdeblobis darRvevidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom ar daakisra mxares zianis anaz-
raureba im mizeziT rom saqmeSi arsebobda bazarze arsebuli faqtorebi, romlebmac
aseve mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula mosarCelis mogebis SemcirebaSi55. floridis feder-
aluri pirveli olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom aRniSnuli meTodi ar gamoiyena vinaidan
mosarCelem specialurad warmoadgina im periodis gaangariSeba, rodesac mosarCelis
mogebas hqonda zrdis arabunebrivi trendi56.
Sesabamisad, ~Before and A er~ meTodis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, Seaferxos iman, rom ori
Sesadarebeli periodis mogebas Soris sxvaoba efuZnebodes gansxvavebul mizezebs. mag-
aliTisTvis SegviZlia ganvixiloT, avtomanqanebis kompania peJos saqme, sadac sasamarT-
lom mniSvnelovan garemoebad miiCnia is faqtori, rom mosarCelis mxridan warmodgeni-
li kalkulacia ar iTvaliswinebda avtomanqanebis dilerebis gansxvavebul efeqturobas,
moTxovnis odenobaSi cvlilebas, avtomanqanebis axali modelebis gamoSvebas.57
meore mizezi, romelic ~Before and A er~ meTodis sawinaaRmdegod SeiZleba moqmedeb-
Law, vol.12, 2010, 20.

52
iqve, 9.
53
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo palatis 2015 wlis 7 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze #459-438-
2015.
54
iqve.
55
Isaksen v. Vt. Cas ngs, 825 F.2d 1158. United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. 1987.
56
Sos chin v. Doll Enter., 847 So. 2d 1123, 1126. Fl. Dist. Ct. App. 2003.
57
Eastern Auto Distrib., Inc. v. Peugeot Motors of Am., Inc., 795 F.2d 329, 338, United States 4th Appeal Circuit. 1986.
224
des aris mogeba-zaralis konteqstidan amoglejili saxiT wardgena58. erT-erT saqmeSi,

eqspertis mxridan mizanmimarTulad iqna gamotovebuli iseTi periodebi, rodesac mo-
sarCelis gayidvebi mcirdeboda, rac sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli
gaxda.59
6.2. `skalis meTodi~ (e.w. ~YARDSTICK METHOD~)

~Before and A er~ meTodis garda aSS-is zianis anazRaurebis samarTalSi gamoiyeneba
`skalis meTodi~. `skalis meTodis~ gamoyenebisas mosarCelis finansuri mdgomareobis Se-
dareba xdeba msgavs sawarmoebTan da industriebTan, raTa gamoTvlil iqnes ra iqneboda
misi mxridan miRebuli sargebeli mopasuxis marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebis gareSe60.
~Yards ck~-is meTodiT zianis moculobis daTvlisas ZiriTadi daSveba aris Semdegi: rom
ara valdebulebis darRveva, ramac gamoiwvia ziani, mosarCelis biznesi ganviTardeboda
iseve, rogorc msgavsi sawarmoebi.61
aRniSnuli meTodic, wina meTodis msgavsad, konkretul cifrebs efuZneba, romlebze
dayrdnobiTac saprognozo mogebis gaangariSeba xorcieldeba. `skalis meTodis~ winaaRm-
deg gavrcelebul Sesagebels warmoadgens is faqtori, rom Sedarebadi sawarmo an indu-
stria ar aris sakmarisad msgavsi mosarCelis samewarmeo saqmianobis.62
erT-erT saqmeSi picis restornis damfuZneblebma gaxsnes axali (meore) picis resto-
rani qalaqis sxva ubanSi da SeukveTes picis axali gamosacxobi Rumeli63. Rumelis
gaumarTaobis gamo sawarmos Seumcirda mogeba, ris gasaangariSeblad gamoyenebul iqna
damfuZneblebis pirveli picis restornis mogeba-zarali64. sasamarTlom aRniSnuli gaan-
gariSeba `skalis meTodi~-s principis safuZvelze gaiziara65.
7. miuRebeli Semosavlis odenobis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovani

kriteriumebi
miuRebeli Semosavlis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes problemad rCeba zianis moculo-
bis dadgena. sasamarTlom araerT gadawyvetilebaSi ganmarta, rom miuRebeli Semosavlis
anazRaurebis farglebSi ar unda moxdes meore mxaris gamdidreba, zianis moculobis
dadgenas ki arTulebs is, rom sasamarTlom unda Seafasos movlenebi, romelic momavalSi
ganviTardeboda. `miuRebeli Semosavali esaa anacduri mogeba, romlis anazRaurebac mo-
sarCelis gansakuTrebul komerciul intresSi Sedis, vinaidan komerciul brunvaSi misi
58
Waggoner Mot., Inc. v. Waverly Church of Christ, 159 S.W.3d 42, 62, Tennessee Appeal Court. 2004.
59
iqve.
60
O’Brien J. Gray R.P., Lost Profit Calcula ons—Methods and Procedures. A Business Valua on Resources/ BVR Legal Special Guide.
2009. 14
61
Blair R. & Esquibel A., Yards ck Damages in Lost Profit Cases: An Econometrical Approach, Denver University Law Review, vol. 72, 1994,
114.
62
Schonfeld v. Hilliard, 218 F.3d 164, 174 United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. 2000.
63
El Fredo Pizza, Inc. v. Roto-Flex Oven Co., 261 N.W.2d 358, 364, Nebraska Supreme Court, 1978.
64
iqve.
65
iqve.
225
mariam kalandaZe
interesi Semosavlis miRebiskenaa mimarTuli.~66

rac metia moTxovnis moculoba, miT meti sandoobis xarisxi aris saWiro da ufro
metad realisturi unda iyos mosarCelis mier warmodgenili argumentebi. aRniSnul
principi cnobilia ~amount at stake~-is saxeliT. Tuki SedarebiT mcire moTxovnis da-
sakmayofileblad sasamarTlosTvis sakmarisi mosarCelis Cveneba67, gazrdili moTxovnis
SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlosTvis wardgenili mtkicebulebebi utyuarad unda adasturebdes
ara mxolod zianis arsebobas gazrdili moTxovnis farglebSi, aramed mis moculobasac.68
8. miuRebeli Semosavlis dakisrebis safuZvlebi amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi
sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi da interpretacia gadamwyvet rols
asrulebs aSS-Si, rogorc precedentuli samarTlis sistemis mqone qveyanaSi. aSS-is
samarTlebriv sistemaSi zianis anazRaureba xdeba sasamarTlos mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi
SemuSavebuli wesebisa da principebis Sesabamisad.
aSS-Si zianis anazRaurebis ZiriTadi pirobaa zianis winaswar savaraudooba.69 zianis
savaraudoobis Sesaxeb doqtrina aSS-s samarTlis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani kon-
tribuciaa saerTo samarTlis qveynebis zianis anazRaurebis samarTalSi.70
zianis anazRaurebis samarTalSi gvxvdeba `braleuli piris wesi~ (e.w. ~Wrongdoer’s
Rule~), romlis Tanaxmadac, zianis mimyenebeli piri ver ganacxadebs, rom zianis miyeneba
ar yofila misTvis mosalodneli.71 amasTan, `faqtisa da odenobis wesis~ Tanaxmadac, Tuki
aSkaraa, rom garkveuli ziani gamowveulia, zianis mimyenebeli subieqti ver imarTlebs
Tavs imiT, rom zianis konkretuli Tanxobrivi odenoba ver dasturdeba72.
aSS-s samarTalSi aris bevri gansxvavebuli principi, romlebic sxvadasxva davaSi ga-
moiyeneba da sasamarTlos mxridan calke aRebuli gadamwyvet faqtorad saxeldeba73. ro-
gorc ~Con nental Insurance Company~-s gadawyvetilebaSi aris mosamarTlis mier aRniSnuli
mizezi, ratomac miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis winapirobebi erTgvarovnad ar aris
dadgenili, gaxlavT or sxvadasxva interess Soris balansis povnis mudmivi mcdelo-
ba74. erTi mxriv, zianis mimyenebelma subieqtebi ar unda iyvnen waxalisebulni, rom maTi
66
#as-509-893-06.
67
am mxriv sainteresoa luizinas Statis saapelacio sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli ganmarteba saqmeze Kevin’s
Rest., LLC v. Fire Tech, Inc, sadac miuRebeli Semosavlis saxiT dayenebuli moTxovnis odenoba iyo 2800$, sasamarT-
lom ki aRniSna, rom: „The amount of lost profits need not be provedwith mathema cal certainty, but by such proof as reasonably
establishes the claim, and such proof may consist only of the plain ff ’s own tes mony. Reasonable certainty is the standard.~
68
Lloyd R.M., The Reasonable Certainty Requirement in Lost Profits Li ga on: What is Really Means, The Tennessee Journal of Business
Law, vol.12, 2010, 56.
69
TAS Distribu ng Co. v. Cummins Engine Co., United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, 491 F.3d 625, 2007.
70
McCormick C. Handbook on the law of damages, West Publishing Co. 1935, 124.
71
Lloyd, R.M. The Wrongdoer Rule in Lost Profits Li ga on. SSRN. 2010.
72
Dunn R.L. Recovery of Damages for Lost Profits, Lawpress Corpora on. 6th ed. 2005. Para. 1.8.
73
Scordato M.R. Post-Realist Blues: Formalism, Instrumentalism and the Hybrid Nature of Common Law Jurisprudence. Nevada Law
Review, Vol. 7. 2007, 275.
74
Con nental Insurance Company v. Ursin Seafoods Inc. No. 92-35023 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. Oct. 6, 1992.
226
ukanono moqmedebebi sasamarTloSi ver damtkicdeba, xolo meore mxriv, ar unda moxdes
Teoriulad misaRebi mogebis garantireba yovel SemTxvevaSi.75
Tuki mivyvebiT aSS-is sasamarTlo praqtikas, vnaxavT SemTxvevebs, rodesac sasamarT-
lom uari ganucxada mosarCeles miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebaze imis gamo, rom misi
mxridan warmodgenili gaangariSeba Zalian didi sxvaobiT arsebul or Sedegs Seicavda76.
`faqtisa da odenobis wesi~ (~Fact and Amount Rule~)77 wesis Camoyalibeba moxda mas Semdeg
rac aSS-s uzenasma sasamarTlom erT-erT precedentul saqmeSi aRniSna, rom ziani unda
anazRaurdes iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sadavo araa zianis dadgomis sakiTxi, braleuli
piris moqmedeba, Tumca zianis zusti odenoba ar aris garkveuli78. aSS-s sasamarTloe-
bis nawili aRniSul kriteriums absoluturi gamoyenebis funqcias aniWebs79. miuxedavad
amisa, literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `faqtisa da odenobis wesi~ ar moqmedebs rogorc
calsaxa testi. imis aRniSvna, rom saqmeSi miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis misaRebad
unda arsebobdes ziani, romelic aSkaraa (TumcaRa, sadavoa odenoba), xSir SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba arc ikveTebodes. miuRebeli Semosavlis miReba aris hipoTeza, varaudi rom
piri dadebs mraval xelSekrulebas misTvis sasurveli pirobebiT da miiRebs mogebas80.
aSS-is sasamarTlo praqtikaSi SevxvdebiT davebs, rodesac satelefono wignakebSi ga-
morCenilia sawarmos mier dakveTili reklama da amis safuZvelze es ukanaskneli sawarmo
moiTxovs miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebas. amgvari tipis davebSi, rogorc wesi, zian-
is anazRaurebaze mosarCeles moTxovna ar kmayofildeba, vinaidan mosarCeles ar Seu-
Zlia daasabuTos, Tu rogor gafarTovdeboda an gaizrdeboda misi gayidvebi satelefo-
no wignakSi reklamis ganTavsebis SemTxvevaSi81. erT-erT msgavs saqmeSi nafici msajulebis
sasamarTlom pirveli instanciiT mopasuxes daakisra 500,000 aSS dolaris anazRaureba im
mizeziT, rom mosarCele sastumro ar iqna aRniSnuli vizitorTa bukletSi82. zemdgomma
sasamarTlos aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba gaauqma, vinaidan ar dasturdeboda mopasuxis ka-
vSiri mogebis SemcirebasTan83. zemoaRniSnuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare miuRebeli zian-
is savaraudoobis mtkiceba ukiduresad cvalebad xasiaTs atarebs.
9. mtkicebis standarti
damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, rac ufro didia moTxovna, mtkicebis tvirTis
xarisxi miT maRali unda iyos.84 samomavlo zianis dasadastureblad ar arsebobs mtkice-
bis winaswar dadgenili erTiani standarti an argumentaciis erTxmad aRiarebuli for-
mula, romelsac yvela mosamarTle upirobod gaiziarebda, radgan miuRebeli Semosavlis
75
iqve.
76
Thorp Sales Corp. v. Gyuro Grading Co., 331 N.W.2d 342. Wisconsin Supreme Court. 1983.
77
Dunn R.L. Recovery of Damages for Lost Profits, Lawpress Corpora on. 6th ed. 2005. Para. 1.8.
78
Story Parchment Co. v. Paterson Parchment Paper Co., 282 U.S. 555, 562, Unites States Supreme Court. 1931.
79
Kellerman v. Dedman, 411 S.W.2d 315, 317. Court of Appeals of Kentucky. 1967.
80
Williston S. The Las of Contracts. Baker Publishing. 1920. para. 1346.
81
Shealy’s, Inc. v. So. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 126 F. Supp. 382, 386-89. U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina. 1954.
82
Midland Hotel Corp. v. Reuben H. Donnelly Corp., 515 N.E. 2d 61, 66-67. Supreme Court of Illinois. 1987.
83
iqve.
84
Lloyd R., The Reasonable Certainty Requirment in Lost Profits Ligita on:What It Really Means, 2010, 37.
227
mariam kalandaZe
dasabuTeba yovelTvis moiTxovs sakiTxis individualizacias85.

miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania mxarem
warmoadginos `saukeTeso~ mtkicebuleba, radgan sasamarTlom daaakmayofilos moTxovna,
rodesac mosarCele ver amtkicebs zians ivaraudeba, rom man mniSvnelovani mtkicebuleba
ver warmoadgina, Tumca sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac saqmeSi
yofila sakmaod mniSvnelovani mtkicebulebebi, magram moTxovna ar dakmayofilebula.
rodesac mxare warmoadgens saukeTeso mticebulebas,86 magram ver axerxebs gadalaxos
~Reasonable Certainty~testi, maSin aravin ar saubrobs imaze, rom piris mier wardgenili iyo
is saukeTeso mtkicebuleba, romelic mis xelT arsebobda.87
mtkicebulebebis mniSvnelobaze miTiTebas akeTebs uzenaesi sasamarTlo 2014 wlis 24
oqtombris gadawyvetilebaSi, kerZod: `gansaxilveli kategoriis davaSi, mosarCeles eki-
sreba rogorc faqtebis miTiTebis, aseve maTi damtkicebis tvirTi. Sesabamisad mocemul
SemTxvevaSi mosarCeles unda mieTiTebina da daemtkicebina, rom mopasuxis qmedebasa da
damdgar zians Soris arsebobda mizezobrivi kavSiri, aseve is Tu ras Seadgenda zianis
odenoba. amasTan vinaidan mosarCele iTxovs zianis anazRaurebas miuRebeli Semosavlis
saxiT, mas imgvari mtkicebuleba unda waredgina, romelic Seqmnida obieqtur suraTs
aseTi Semosavlebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT~.88
rogorc ki sarCelis moculoba zrdas iwyebs, sasamarTlo iTxovs Sesabamisi spe-
cializaciis mqone pirebis mxridan mtkicebulebebis warmodgenas89. piri, romelic war-
moadgens finansur gaangariSebas, unda gaaCndes garkveuli gamocdileba da kompetencia
ekonomikis sferoSi da unda SeeZlos im faqtorebis seleqcia da gamorCeva (mopasuxis
moqmedebebis garda), ramac garkveuli roli Seasrula mosarCelisaTvis zianis dadgo-
maSi90. Sedarebis mizniT, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi
didi roli iTamaSa, auditoris daskvnam. sasamarTlom miiRos swori gadawyvetileba da
ganmarta rom saWiroa specialuri codnis mqone adamiani,91 kerZod, auditoris daskvnas
mieniWa gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba Semdegi faqtorebis gamo, daskvna Sedgenili iyo me-
same damoukidebeli piris mier, daangariSebis dros gamoyenebebuli iyo realuri maCvene-
beli da mopasuxes ar warudgenia sawinaaRmdego mtkicebuleba. mtkicebis tvirTis mniSvn-
eloba TvasaCinoa mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis momentSic, im mizeziT, rom mtkicebulebaTa
Sefasebis dasrulebisas sasamarTlosaTvis mtkicebis sagani an dadasturebulia, an ara.
Tuki saqmis ganmxilveli mosamarTle mtkicebis sagans ar miiCnevs dadasturebulad, es
aisaxeba im mxaris sazianod, romelsac aRniSnuli garemoebis dasadastureblad ekisre-
boda mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi.92
85
CitaSvili n., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis safuZvlebi qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi. saqme #as-459-
438-2015. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb., 2017, 151.
86
Pucke Mach. Co. V. Edwards, 641 So.2d 29, Miss.1994.36-37.
87
Alphamed Pharm.V.Arriva Pharm., 432 F.Supp.2d 1319. (S.D.Fla.2006).
88
saqmeze #as-848-806-2013.
89
Bowles T.J. Lewis C. W. A Note on the Credibility of Financial Data Used in Lost-Profit Appraisals. Li ga on Economics Digest. 2006, 51.
90
Blue Dane Simmental Corp. v. Am. Simmental Ass’n, 178 F.3d 1035, 1040-41 U.S. District Court for the District of Nebraska. 1997.
91
meze # as-863-1219-05.
92
sadisertacio naSromi mtkicebis tvirTi samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi, Tb., 2012., 25.
228
Tuki mivyvebiT aSS-Si sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis analizs luizianas saapela-

cio sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeSi, romelSic davis sagans warmoadgenda 9 milioni aSS
dolaris dakisreba, ganmarta rom mxolod mosarCele mxaris axsna-ganmarteba da mowmeTa
Cvenebebi ver iqneboda sakmarisi miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebisaTvis93.
sasamarTloSi yoveli konkretuli samoqalaqo saqmis gadawyveta ukavSirdeba swored
garkveuli faqtebis dadgenas. faqtebis dadgenis aucilebloba gamowveulia samarTliT
regulirebuli urTierTobebidan mxareTa Soris warmoSobili konfliqtis ganxilviTa da
gadawyvetilebis miRebiT. samarTlebrivi urTierToba warmoiSoba iuridiuli faqtebis
safuZvelze, e.i. iseTi faqtebis safuZvelze, romlebsac samarTlis norma garkveul iu-
ridiul Sedegs ukavSirebs.94 qarTul samarTalSi, ssk zianis arsebobis mtkicebis tvirTs
dazaralebuls akisrebs, samoqalaqo procesi mimdinareobs SejibrebiTobis principis sa-
fuZvelze da saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba emyareba mxareTa mier warmodgenil mt-
kicebulebebsa da sakuTari poziciis ukeT dacvas, mxareebi Tavad gansazRvarven, Tu
ra mtkicebulebebiT gaamyareben moTxovnas, aRniSnuli danawesi vrceldeba miuRebel
Semosavalzec, mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mosarCele mxares, im SemTxvevaSi Tu mopa-
suxe mxare ar waradgens sapasuxo mtkicebulebebs, sasamarTlo miiRebs gadawyvetilebas
saqmeSi arsebuli masalebidan gamomdinare. marTalia, ssk-is 411-e muxli ar warmoadgens
mxolod mtkicebis tvirTis Semamsubuqebel danawess, Tumca mas udavod aqvs procesual-
ur-samarTlebrivi funqciac.95
10. daskvna
qarTuli samarTlebrivi praqtikis gamokvlevis Sedegad, naTelia rom miuRebeli Se-
mosavlis dros miRebuli zianis odenobis daTvlis SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs erTgvaro-
vani midgoma. sasamarTlo davebSi iyenebs zianis anazRaurebis im tradiciul elementeb-
sac, rogorebicaa: ziani, bralis arseboba da mizezobrivi kavSiri. aSS-is samarTlebrivi
sistemis analizis Sedegad, naTelia rom zianis anazRaurebis erTi romelime konkretuli
winapiroba ar arsebobs da mosamarTleebis mier ramdenime faqtobrivi garemoebis gaT-
valiswinebiT xdeba Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi Sedegis miReba.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zianis arseboba savaraudoa, ukve arsebobs safuZveli imisa
rom anazRaurdes miuRebeli Semosavali, xolo odenobis dadgena ki ukve kriteriumebis
sworad SerCevis problemaa.96 SesaZloa, saxeze iyos miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaure-
bis yvela winapiroba, magram mosarCeles uari eTqvas miuRebeli Semosavlis saxiT zian-
is anazRaurebaze, arasworad dayenebuli moTxovnisa da arasaTanado mtkicebulebebis
wardgenis gamo.97 ar SeiZleba sasamarTlom uari Tqvas im zianis anazRaurebaze, rome-
lic imTaviTve savaraudoa, konkretuli kriteriumebis ararsebobis gamo. mosamarTlis
rolisa da mxareTa mtkicebis tvirTis zrdis pirobebSi iqneba SesaZlebeli, miuRebeli
93
New Orleans Riverwalk Assocs. v. Robert P. Guastella Equi es, Inc., 664 So. 2d 151, 157 (Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Fourth Circuit.
1995.
94
iqve.
95
iqve.
96
imave problemas vawydebiT Semdeg sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqa-
laqo palatis 2015 wlis 7 oqtombris ganCineba saqmeze N 459-438-2015.
97
iqve.
229
mariam kalandaZe
Semosavali ararealur da abstraqtul moTxovnad ar iqces da kompleqsurad Sefasdes

arsebuli mtkicebulebebi da garemoebebi.
sasamarTlom araerT gadawyvetilebaSi ganmarta, rom miuRebeli Semosavlis anaz-
Raurebis farglebSi ar unda moxdes meore mxaris gamdidreba, zianis moculobis dad-
genas ki arTulebs, is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlom unda Seafasos movlenebi, romelic
momavalSi ganviTardeboda.98 miuRebeli Semosavlis moculobis dadgenisaTvis gadamwyve-
tia ara mosarCelis dazianebis momenti, aramed zianis wyaros Tavisi SedegebiTurT aR-
mofxvris momenti99 da es sruliad logikuria, vinaidan miuRebeli Semosavali, rogorc
wesi, ar dgeba drois erT konretul monakveTSi, aramed misi moculoba izrdeba zianis
momtani qmedebis srul gamosworebamde. germanul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, uTiTeben im
faqtze, rom zianis moculobis dadgenisas gasaTvaliswinebelia movlenaTa ganviTarebis
dinamika zianis momtani qmedebidan ukanasknel zepir sxdomamde.100
am naSromSi ganxiluli yvela SemTxveva, qarTul praqtikaSi gatarebul unda iqnas
erTiani maRali standartis Sesabamisad, kerZod, sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistemis mier
saukeTeso praqtikaze dayrdnobiT damkvidrebuli midgomebi danergili unda iqnes qar-
Tul samarTlebriv sistemaSi, rac xels Seuwyobs iseTi problemuri sakiTxebis mogvare-
bas da daregulirebas, rogoric aris zianis anazRaurebis daTvlis erTiani standartis
ararseboba an mtkicebis standartTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. amasTan, sayuradReboa
is garemoeba, rom miuRebeli Semosavlis anazRaurebis sakiTxi ver iqneba gadaWrili erT
konkretul davaSi kriteriumebis detaluri CamoTvliT, vinaidan mocemuli standarti
yovel konkretul davaSi sxvadasxva Sinaarsis iqneba.
98
N as-509-893-06.
99
Oekter, in München Kommentar zum BGB, 7. Aufl., 2016, &252.Rn.41.
100
BGH NJW 1999, 136; BGH NJW 1959, 1079.
230
Tornike Liklikadze (Ph.D Student, New Vision University)
ROLE OF COURT IN DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF LIQUIDATED DAMAGES WITH RESPECT

TO THE PURPOSE OF ENSURING THE PUBLIC ORDER
ABSTRACT
The present ar cle examines the issues in rela on to the applica on of court’s control mechanism over
the amount of liquidated damages under Ar cle 420 of the Civil Code of Georgia. The ar cle focuses on the
ques ons with regard to the court’s interference in contract freedom by reducing the amount of liquidated
damages specified by the par es for the purpose of ensuring the protec on of the public order. Specifically,
the ar cle deals with the problems in legisla on, as well as in prac ce, arising in the process of finding fair
balance between the interests of protec on of the public order on one hand and enforcement of the par es’
agreement on the other hand. Purpose of the ar cle is to iden fy and analyze such problems and review the
possible ways for resolving them.
In par cular, the ar cle covers the analysis of the following issues: concept and func ons of liquidated
damages; interrela on between the request for liquidated damages and claim for damages; the grounds
for imposi on of liquidated damages; the prerequisites for the court to modify the amount of liquidated
damages based on Ar cle 420 of the Civil Code of Georgia (including applica on of the reduc on mechanism
upon request or ex officio); the criteria and circumstances, which shall be examined and taken into account
by court for determining the reasonable amount of liquidated damages; recommenda ons for resolving the
problems considered in the course of the research.
The topic is indeed of great importance and actuality. Due to its func ons and flexibility, liquidated dama-
ges is increasingly popular, almost every contemporary contract contains the liquidated damages clause. Due
to the extensive applica on of liquidated damages, the issues rela ng to its reduc on mechanism become
topical. Incomplete norma ve regula on and complexity of the ma er leads to a non-uniform court prac ce
in rela on to the applica on of the reduc on mechanism, what makes the topic indeed problema c as well.
The research was conducted based on the study of the relevant Georgian as well as foreign legal doctri-
ne, compara ve analysis of the respec ve Georgian and foreign/interna onal regula ons and the relevant
case law.
231
Tornike liklikaZe*
sasamarTlos roli pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvraSi sajaro

wesrigis uzrunvelyofis mizanTan mimarTebiT
1. Sesavali
xelSekrulebis uzenaesobis fuZemdebluri danawesi `Pacta Sunt Servanda~ aRiarebuli
da ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi (SemdgomSi _ ssk) zogad, transna-
cionalur principad. aRniSnuli principis aRsruleba emsaxureba samoqalaqo brunvis
subieqtTa interesebis, urTierTsanacvlo ufleba-movaleobebis aRsrulebis mizans.1
valdebulebis Sesruleba valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis fundamenturi el-
ementia. Sesruleba aris valdebulebiTi urTierTobis sagani.2
pirgasamtexlo, rogorc moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi saSualeba, emsaxure-
ba swored valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis aRsrulebis mizans.3 ufro konk-
retulad ki, pirgasamtexlo, Tavisi arsiT, warmoadgens nakisri valdebulebis jerovnad
da keTilsindisierad Sesrulebis mimarT mxaris Sesabamisi interesis uzrunvelyofis
saSualebas da misi gadaxdis valdebulebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia ZiriTadi val-
debulebis darRvevasTan.4 swored aRniSnuli ganapirobebs pirgasamtexlos aqtualobasa
da mis farTo gamoyenebas praqtikaSi. TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove xelSekruleba Seicavs
pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmebas.5
saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi moqmedebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi, rome-
lic samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflad dadebis uflebiT aR-
Wuravs. pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmeba warmoadgens swored xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
principis gamovlinebas, radgan samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, mxareebi Tavisufalni
arian pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvraSi.6 Tumca xelSemkvrel mxareTa moqmede-
ba marTlwesrigiT dacul sferoSia moqceuli, sadac garigebebis kontrolis funqcias
zogierT SemTxvevaSi asrulebs materialuri samarTlis zogadi normebi, rogoricaa
amoraluri, sajaro wesrigis Tu keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdego garige-
bebis amkrZalavi normebi.7 xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi specialuri normebi, rogoricaa
* niu viJen universiteti, samarTlis doqtoranti; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-
siteti, samarTlis magistri; saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros arbitraJebsa da ucxo qveynis sasamarTloeb-
Si saxelmwifo warmomadgenlobis departamentis ufrosi mrCeveli.
1
CitaSvili n., Secvlili garemoebebis gavlena valdebulebis Sesrulebasa da mxareTa SesaZlo meorad moTx-
ovnebze, sadisertacio naSromi samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 251.
2
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni
III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 27-28.
3
#as-1307-1245-2014.
4
iqve.
5
Odetola O., Penal es and Liquidated Damages in a Changing World: Rethinking the Common Law Posi on, Journal of Sustainable De-
velopment Law and Policy, Vol. 6, 2015, p. 247.
6
Tu ar CavTvliT ssk-s 625-e muxlis me-5 da me-8 nawiliT sesxis xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli pirgasam-
texlosTvis dawesebul zRvars.
7
ix. ssk-s s 54-e, me-8(3), 115-e da 346-e muxlebi.
232
ssk-s 420-e muxli, romelic sasamarTlos Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis

uflebiT aRWuravs. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis principis qveS eqceva, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, ganaxorcielos sa-
samarTlo kontroli, rac gamoixateba Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos SemcirebaSi.8
samoqalaqo brunvaSi pirgasamtexlos xSiri gamoyeneba aqtualurs xdis ssk-s 420-e mux-
lis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi farglebis Seswavlas. aRniSnuli muxli zogadi xasiaTisaa
da ar gansazRvravs im winapirobebs, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSic aris sasamarTlo
uflebamosili, Seamowmos pirgasamtexlos odenobis gonivruloba. aRniSnuli norma miu-
TiTebs pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod maRal odenobaze, Tumca ar akonkretebs, Tu rasTan
unda iyos pirgasamtexlo Seusabamo, ar gansazRvravs im kriteriumebsa Tu garemoebebs,
romlebic ganapirobebs pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod maRal odenobad miCnevas da romel-
Ta mixedviTac unda ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom pirgasamtexlos odenobaze davis gad-
awyvetisas. sasamarTlos diskreciis gamoyenebis winapirobebisa da pirgasamtexlos ode-
nobis Sefasebis kriteriumebis ararseboba rig SemTxvevebSi ganapirobebs sasamarTloTa
araerTgvarovan midgomas pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvris mimarTulebiT. amgvar
viTarebaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac kreditori zaraldeba pirgasamtexlos odenobis
ukiduresad SemcirebiT, an movales awveba pirgasamtexlo Seusabamod mZime tvirTad. sa-
samarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa samarTlebrivi analizis safuZvelze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
aucilebelia am mimarTulebiT rogorc erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis damkvidre-
ba, aseve sakiTxis sakanonmdeblo srulyofa.
kvleva mimarTulia pirgasamtexlos odenobaze sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxor-
cielebisas sajaro wesrigis uzrunvelyofisa da xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis interesebis
dabalansebis procesSi kanonmdeblobasa Tu sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebuli probleme-
bis identificirebisa da maTi aRmofxvris gzebis Ziebisken. kvlevis mizania, ganisazRvros
sasamarTlos mier ssk-s 420-e muxlis gamoyenebis winapirobebi, moxdes pirgasamtexlos
odenobis gonivrulobis Sefasebis kriteriumebisa da am procesSi gasaTvaliswinebeli
garemoebebis identificireba. kvleva ganxorcielda qarTul Tu ucxo enaze arsebuli
iuridiuli doqtrinis Seswavlis, ucxo qveynebis kanonmdeblobebis SedarebiTi analizi-
sa da sasamarTlo praqtikis analizis safuZvelze.
2. pirgasamtexlos arsi da funqciebi

kanonismieri definiciis Tanaxmad, pirgasamtexlo mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansazRvru-
li fuladi Tanxaa, romelic movalem unda gadaixados valdebulebis Seusruleblobis
an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis. pirgasamtexlo arsobrivad warmoadgens valdebulebis
Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas.9 ùzrunvelyofis cnebas ki kanoni ar iZleva... is
samarTlebriv enas mikuTvnebuli gamoTqmaa, romelic miuTiTebs konkretuli miznis miR-
wevis saSualebaze.~10 pirgasamtexlos institutis gamoyenebas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac
mxareebi xelSekrulebiT Tanxmdebian, rom valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis
8
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 240-241.
9
Hachem P., Agreed Sums Payable upon Breach of an Obliga on: Rethinking and Liquidated Damages Clauses, The Netherlands, 2011,
p. 22.
10
Weber, H., Kreditsicherheiten Recht der Sicherungsgeschä e, 5. Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, 1997, 5. miT.: kvinikaZe q., sasamarT-
los mier pirgasamtexlos Semcireba, rogorc samosamarTlo intervencia saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis prin-
cipSi, „marTlmsajuleba da kanoni“, II gamocema, Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 85.
233
Tornike liklikaZe
an valdebulebis sxva saxiT darRvevis SemTxvevaSi damrRvevi piri gadauxdis meore pirs
winaswar SeTanxmebul Tanxas, romelsac pirgasamtexlo ewodeba.11 pirgasamtexlos areg-
ulirebs ssk-s 417-420 muxlebi, romlebic zogadi xasiaTisaa da naklebad Seicavs spe-
cialur danawesebs.
ssk-s 417-e muxlidan gamomdinare pirgasamtexlos warmoSobis namdvilobisTvis um-
Tavres winapirobas warmoadgens pirgasamtexlos Taobaze mxareTa SeTanxmeba. imisaTvis,
rom pirgasamtexlo SeTanxmebulad CaiTvalos, sakmarisi ar aris erT-erTi mxaris mier
pirgasamtexlos calmxrivi dapireba.12 aucilebelia, mxareebi ormxrivi nebis gamovlenis
safuZvelze SeTanxmdnen Tavad pirgasamtexloze, aseve mis odenobasa da moTxovnis war-
moSobis winapirobebze.13 pirgasamtexlo SeiZleba SeTanxmebul iqnes ZiriTad valdebule-
basTan erTad, an mogvianebiT gaformdes calke SeTanxmebis saxiT.14 pirgasamtexloze Se-
Tanxmeba SesaZlebelia CarTul iqnes standartul pirobebSi,15 rac sagrZnoblad zrdis
mxaris mier pirgasamtexlos Seusabamo odenobaze gaucnobiereblad daTanxmebis risks.
pirgasamtexlos Taobaze SeTanxmeba formiT araa Tavisufali, rogorc es zogier-
Ti qveynis kanonmdeblobaSia.16 pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb saxelSekrulebo daTqma forma-
savaldebulo garigebaa da saWiroebs werilobiTi formiT dadebas. werilobiTi forma
aucilebelia maSinac ki, roca ZiriTadi xelSekruleba zepirad daido. pirgasamtexlos
SeTanxmebis namdvilobisTvis aseve aucilebelia, rom pirgasamtexlo SeTanxmebuli iyos
mxolod fuladi Tanxis saxiT da identificirebadi iyos fuladi Tanxis odenoba.17
rac Seexeba pirgasamtexlos daniSnulebas, mas ori ZiriTadi funqcia gaaCnia. erTi
mxriv, igi ubiZgebs movales valdebulebis Sesrulebisken, araxelsayreli perspeqtivis
(jarima SeusruleblobisTvis) molodinis gamoisobiT.18 pirgasamtexlos meore ZiriTadi
funqcia gancdili zianis martivad da swrafad anazRaurebaSi mdgomareobs.19 pirgasamtex-
los mizania erTi mxriv valdebulebis darRvevis Tavidan acileba,20 xolo valdebulebis
darRvevis pirobebSi e.w. `prezumirebuli minimaluri zianis~ anazRaurebis uzrunvelyo-
fa, rac ar warmoadgens faqtobrivi zianis ekvivalent fulad Tanxas.21
11
Brightman A. C., Liquidated Damages, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 25, Issue 3, March 1925, p. 277.
12
WeWelaSvili z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 191-192.
13
Ermann/Schaub, §339, Rn 1. Schulze/Schulze §339, Rn9. miT.: ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cerc-
vaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 590.
14
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 239.
15
iqve, gv. 240.
16
III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 491.
17
ix. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 24 Tebervlis ganCineba saqmeze
#2b/3112-14.
18
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2011 wlis 20 dekembris gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #bs-1868-1821(2k-10). ix. aseve WeWelaSvili z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, meore gadamuSavebuli ga-
mocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 193.
19
mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), „qarTuli biznes samarTlis mi-
moxilva“, III gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 19. ix, aseve Mais M. J., Mar ns P. B., California Liquidated Damages, San Diego Law
Review, Vol. 16, Issue 5, August 1979, p. 979.
20
WeWelaSvili z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 193.
21
mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), „qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimox-
ilva“, III gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 19.
234
farTo gagebiT, SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnas pirgasamtexlos Semdegi funqciebi:

a) sanqcirebis funqcia _ xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis Seus-
rulebloba warmoadgens xelSekrulebis darRvevas, risTvisac pirgasamtexlo sanqciad
ekisreba damrRvev mxares.22 pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmebiT mxareebi winaswar Tavad gansaz-
Rvraven maT pasuxismgeblobas xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.23
b) kompensaciis funqcia _ movalis mxridan valdebulebis darRvevam SeiZleba kred-
itors ziani miayenos. pirgasamtexlo ki miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis swraf da efeq-
tur saSualebas warmoadgens.24
g) Sefasebis funqcia _ pirgasamtexlos konkretul odenobaze SeTanxmebiT xe-
lSekrulebis mxareebi Tavad gansazRvraven saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis
safasurs, romelic warmoadgens valdebulebis Seusruleblobis maT subieqtur Sefase-
bas.25
d) riskebis dazRvevis funqcia _ pirgasamtexlos odenoba gansazRvravs kredito-
ris riskis xarisxs. pirgasamtexlo warmoadgens valdebulebis Sesrulebis motivators
movalisaTvis da amgvarad sagrZnoblad amcirebs valdebulebis darRvevis risks.26 rac
ufro mkacria valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZieba, miT ufro naklebia
kreditoris riski da piriqiT.27
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare pirgasamtexlo qmediTi da metad moqnili in-
strumentia, romelic warmoadgens xarjebisa da drois dazogvis efeqtur meqanizms,28 rac
metad mniSvnelovani faseulobaa biznesSi.29 pirgasamtexlos SeTanxmebas SeuZlia ufro
usafrTxo garemo Seqmnas xelSekrulebis mxareTaTvis da daZlios is SfoTva da skep-
tikuri damokidebuleba, rac mxareebs awuxebT xelSekrulebis dadebis dros.30 swored
ganxiluli funqciebi ganapirobebs pirgasamtexlos did popularobas praqtikaSi.31
22
Stegariu M., The Role of the Penalty Clause in Business, Broad Research in Accoun ng, Nego a on and Distribu on, Vol. 4, Issue 1,
2014, p. 16-17.
23
Holmes O. W., The Path of the Law, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 10, Issue 8, 1897, p. 462.
24
Mais M. J., Mar ns P. B., California Liquidated Damages, San Diego Law Review, Vol. 16, Issue 5, August 1979, p. 979.
25
Goetz C.J., Sco R.E., Liquidated Damages, Penal es and Just Compensa on Principle: Some Notes on an Enforcement Model and The-
ory of Efficient Breach, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 77, Issue 4, May 1977, p. 578. ix. aseve saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 17 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze #bs-740-734(2k-11).
26
ix. Dima eo L. A., A Theory of Efficient Penalty: Elimina ng the Law of Liquidated Damages, American Business Law Journal, Vol. 38,
Issue 4, 2001, p. 633. aseve ix. Ma ei U., The Compera ve Law and Economics of Penalty Clauses in Contracts, American Journal of
Compara ve Law, Vol. 43, Issue 3, 1995, p. 427.
27
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2003 wlis 20 ivnisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#3k/486-03.
28
p. 49.
29
Odetola O., Penal es and Liquidated Damages in a Changing World: Rethinking the Common Law Posi on, Journal of Sustainable
Development Law and Policy, Vol. 6, 2015, p. 267.
30
G. H. Treitel, Remedies for Breach of Contract, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1988, p. 93.
31
WeWelaSvili z. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis onlainkomentari, gccc.ge, 20.04.2018, muxli 417, gv. 11.
235
Tornike liklikaZe
3. valdebulebis darRveva, rogorc pirgasamtexlos dakisrebis

winapiroba da pirgasamtexlos mimarTeba zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnasTan
pirgasamtexlos arsidan gamomdinare misi dakisreba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi, rodesac saxezea movalis mxridan valdebulebis darRveva.32 valdebulebis
darRvevis Sedegad zianis dadgoma ki pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis uflebis warmoSoba-
ze zegavlenas ar axdens.33 valdebuleba SeiZleba mdgomareobdes aqtiur moqmedebasa
an umoqmedobaSi. valdebulebis darRveva ki SeiZleba gamoixatos valdebulebis Seus-
ruleblobasa an arajerovan SesrulebaSi.34 valdebulebis umniSvnelo darRveva, samoqa-
laqo brunvaSi moqmedi keTilsindisierebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirgasamtexlos
dakisrebis miznebisTvis mxedvelobaSi ar unda iqnes miRebuli.35 Tumca umniSvnelo dar-
Rvevad ar miiCneva vadis gadacileba im pirobebSi, rodesac pirgasamtexlo valdebulebis
drouli SesrulebisTvis iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.36 yvelaze xSirad pirgasamtexlo swored
valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis dros gamoiyeneba.37 xSirad xelSekrulebaSi
gaTvaliswinebulia vadagadacilebis xangrZlivobis mixedviT pirgasamtexlos odenobis
gamoangariSebis meqanizmi. vadagadacilebis xangrZlivoba SeiZleba Sefasebis sagani gax-
des sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtexlos Semcirebisas misi odenobis gonivrulobaze msje-
lobis dros.38 zogadad, valdebulebis mniSvnelovani, Tu umniSvnelo darRvevis Sefaseba
yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos Sexedulebazea damokidebuli.
pirgasamtexlo Tavisi arsiT minimaluri ziania, romelsac mxareebi Tavad gansaz-
Rvraven valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevisaTvis. pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmebisas
kreditorma icis, rom valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi mas amiT gamowveuli zian-
is minimaluri odenoba zianis miyenebis faqtis mtkicebis gareSe, martivad da swrafad
aunazRaurdeba. zianis darCenili nawilis anazRaureba ki kreditors zianis anazRaure-
bis saerTo wesebis gamoyenebiT SeuZlia moiTxovos.39 am SemTxvevaSi kreditorma unda
amtkicos zianis miyenebis faqti da zianis odenoba, romlis srulad dafarvac pirgasam-
texloTi ver moxerxda.40
32
The United Na ons Commission on Interna onal Trade Law (UNCITRAL), Yearbook of the United Na ons Commission on Interna onal
Trade Law, Volume 10, New York, 1979, p. 41-42.
33
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 21 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2b/62-14.
34
meze #as-1106-1026-2017.
35
Janoschek, Beck’scher Online-Kommentar, BGB Stand, 01.05.2014, Edi on 31, §339, Rn 6, miT.: mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo
(Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), „qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimoxilva“, III gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014,
gv. 20.
36
saqmeze #as-1326-1346-2011.
37
The United Na ons Commission on Interna onal Trade Law (UNCITRAL), Legal Guide on Drawing Up Interna onal Contracts for the
Construc on of Industrial Works, New York, 1988, p. 219.
38
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 8 aprilis gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #as-943-905-2014.
39
ix. ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali,
Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 597.
40
ix: Brox/Walker, Allgemeines Schuldrecht, München, 2010, s. 111, miT.: mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqte-
bi, sasamarTlo praqtika), „qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimoxilva“, III gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 22, ix. aseve
236
amrigad, pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis uflebis gamoyeneba ar auqmebs zianis anazRaure-

bis uflebas; ssk-s 419-e muxlis Tanaxmad, kreditors yovelTvis aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos
zianis anazRaureba. sagulisxmoa, rom aRniSnuli muxli arafers gvamcnobs imis Sesaxeb,
kreditors pirgasamtexlos Tanxis zeviT mTliani zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna SeuZlia,
Tu pirgasamtexlos Tanxa CaiTvleba zianis anazRaurebis angariSSi. gamomdinare iqidan,
rom pirgasamtexlo TavisTavad warmoadgens zianis anazRaurebis minimalur Tanxas da
misi erT-erTi mTavari funqcia swored zianis anazRaurebaa, dauSvebelia mxares erT-
droulad moeTxovos pirgasamtexlos srulad gadaxdac da zianis srulad anazRaurebac;
es ukiduresad daamZimebda movalis mdgomareobas da gamoiwvevda kreditoris usafuZ-
vlo gamdidrebas.41 kreditors Tavad SeuZlia gamoiyenos upiratesi interesis ufleba,
anu airCios moTxovna zianis anazRaurebis Tu pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb.42 orive moTxovnis
dayenebis SemTxvevaSi ki pirgasamtexlos Tanxa CaiTvleba zianis anazRaurebis angariSSi.
amdenad, valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi kreditors upirobod SeuZlia moiTx-
ovos pirgasamtexlos gadaxda, xolo zianis anazRaurebis saerTo safuZvlebze dayrd-
nobiT _ zianis anazRaurebac, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi pirgasamtexlos Tanxa CaiTvleba
asanazRaurebeli zianis odenobaSi.43
4. sasamarTlos mier saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlos regulireba
4.1. sasamarTlo kontrolis arsi da daniSnuleba

pirgasamtexlos gansazRvrisas keTilsindisierebis principi avaldebulebs mxareebs,
rom pirgasamtexlos SeTanxmebuli odenoba ar gascdeba am institutis daniSnulebas
da uflebis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegad Seusabamod mZime tvirTs ar daakisrebs xe-
lSekrulebis mxares. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi ki kanoni dacviTi meqanizmis saxiT, pir-
gasamtexlos daniSnulebis xelyofis Tavidan asacileblad, sasamarTlos aniWebs Seus-
abamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis uflebas.44 pirgasamtexlos daniSnuleba aris
valdebulebis Seusruleblobis prevencia da minimaluri zianis anazRaureba, ssk-s 420-e
muxlze miTiTebiT, sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs Seamciros pirgasamtexlo im odenobamde,
rom igi am daniSnulebas ar gascdes.45
ssk-s 420-e muxlis adekvaturi ganmartebis safuZvelze SeiZleba xazi gaesvas ram-
denime garemoebas: mosamarTles mxolod pirgasamtexlos odenobis Semcirebis ufleba-
mosileba aqvs miniWebuli da ara misi odenobis gazrdis; Semcirebas eqvemdebareba ara
BGH NJW, 1992, 1096, 1097. BAG NZA, 1987, 813, miT.: ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l.,
janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 597.
41
III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 495.
42
Todua m., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 29.
43
meze #as-269-256-2016, 52. ix. aseve For n L. A., Why there Should be a Duty to Mi gate Liquidated Damages Clause, Hofstra Law
Review, Vol. 38, Issue 1, Autumn 2009, p. 303.
44
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2016 wlis 4 ivlisis ganCineba. saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2016 wlis 2 noembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-833-799-
2016.
45
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 14 seqtembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2b/1305-16.
237
Tornike liklikaZe
`maRali~, aramed `Seusabamod maRali~ pirgasamtexlo; Semcireba ar gulisxmobs srul

gauqmebas; dasaSvebia mxolod jer kidev gadauxdeli pirgasamtexlos odenobis Semcireba,
radgan movale pirgasamtexlos Tanxis upirobod gadaxdiT arc mis Seusabamobas xdis sa-
davod.46 agreTve sagulisxmoa, rom pirgasamtexlos odenobis gonivrulobis kvlevis kom-
petencia sasamarTlos ar gaaCnia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kreditoris mier moTxovnilia
normatiulad gansazRvruli pirgasamtexlo; ssk-s 420-e muxlis gamoyeneba legitimu-
ria mxolod mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul pirgasamtexlosTan (saxelSekrulebo
pirgasamtexlo) mimarTebiT.47 aRniSnuli norma imperatiuli xasiaTisaa da dauSvebelia
misi moqmedebis gamoricxva an SezRudva mxareTa mier.48
sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs, Seamciros pirgasamtexlo, Tumca is amavdroulad val-
debulia, Seafasos, aris Tu ara dakisrebuli pirgasamtexlo Seusabamod maRali. 420-e
muxli ar gansazRvravs im konkretul kriteriumebs, romlebic ganapirobebs pirgasamtex-
los Seusabamod maRal odenobad miCnevas.
pirgasamtexloze sasamarTlo kontrolis meqanizmis ZiriTadi mizania erTi mxriv,
samarTlebrivi rwmenis uzrunvelyofa da meore mxriv, movalis interesebis dacva.49
pirgasamtexloze sasamarTlo kontrolis meqanizmis arseboba ar unda iqnes aRqmuli,
rogorc Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos normatiuli akrZalva; aramed, rogorc sa-
samarTlos SesaZlebloba, davis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi moaxdinos pirgasamtexlos ode-
nobis modificireba konkretuli garemoebebis Sefasebis safuZvelze.50 Sefasebis sagani
SeiZleba iyos valdebulebis Sesrulebis Rirebulebis, misi Seusruleblobisa da ara-
jerovani SesrulebiT gamowveuli zianis Tanafardoba pirgasamtexlos odenobasTan.51
aRniSnuli garemoebebis gavlena pirgasamtexlos odenobis gonivrulobaze mxolod val-
debulebis darRvevis Semdeg maTi Sefasebis Sedegad gamoikveTeba.
4.2. Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos modificireba sasamarTlos

mier, rogorc xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva sajaro
wesrigze miTiTebiT
saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi moqmedebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi, ro-
melic samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflad dadebis uflebiT
aRWuravs. samoqalaqo samarTali efuZneba nebis avtonomiis princips, rac niSnavs ker-
Zo samarTlis subieqtTa SesaZleblobas, Tavisufali nebis gamovleniT, saxelmwifosagan
Caurevlad moawesrigon urTierToba erTmaneTs Soris. saxelSekrulebo urTierToba-
Si nebis avtonomiis principis realizeba xdeba xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis
46
ioseliani n., pirgasamtexlo, „saqarTvelos notariati“, gamocema 2-3, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 20.
47
Todua m., gagua i., biznes davebi da sasamarTlo praqtika, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, samoqalaqo
saqmeTa palata, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 50.
48
ix. Nicholas B., The French Law of Contract, 2nd Edi on, Oxford, 1992, p. 232-236.
49
p. 118.
50
iqve.
51
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 12 seqtembris gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #as-819-771-2012, 2014 wlis 26 dekembris ganCineba saqmeze #as-270-254-2014, 2017 wlis 22 maisis ganCineba
saqmeze #as-337-315-2017.
238
meSveobiT.52 valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gatareba, Tavis

mxriv, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis princips efuZneba da aRniSnulis erT-erT magaliTs
warmoadgens pirgasamtexlo.53
saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ZiriTadi principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom unda Ses-
ruldes TiTqmis yvelaferi, razec mxareebi SeTanxmdebian.54 Tumca `mowesrigebuli samo-
qalaqo brunvis damkvidreba mxolod garkveuli SezRudvebis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.~55
xelSekrulebis monawileTa mier pirgasamtexlos sakiTxis gawera nebis Tavisufali
gamovlenis safuZvelze xorcieldeba, Tumca xelSekrulebis pirobebis gaweris dros
pirgasamtexlo ar warmoadgens absoluturi Tavisuflebis Semcvel samarTlebriv in-
stituts.56 sasamarTlos aqvs ufleba, Seamciros Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo, rac
warmoadgens samosamarTlo intervencias xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principSi.57
pirgasamtexloze sasamarTlo kontrolis arseboba savsebiT gamarTlebulia. xe-
lSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi mxareebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, Tavisuflad gan-
sazRvron pirgasamtexlos odenoba,58 Tumca urTierTobis damyarebisas mxareebi yov-
elTvis ver sazRvraven maTi Tavisufali nebis gamovlenis Sedegebs. zogjer mxareebi
xelSekrulebis dadebisas valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT gamowveul uaryofiT Sedegebs
did yuradRebas ar uTmoben. xSirad mxareebi ubralod ìmedis iluzias iqmnian~,59 rom
xelSekruleba warmatebiT Sesruldeba da Sedegad, ikveTeba realoba, rom isini xSirad
Tanxmdebian pirgasamtexlos aragonivrul odenobaze. es aseve SeiZleba ganpirobebuli
iyos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis samarTlebriv standartebze dabali informirebulobiT
an/da xelSekrulebis mxareTagan erT-erTis mxridan Tavisi monopoliuri mdgomareo-
bis (sabazro Zalauflebis) borotad gamoyenebiT.60 yovelive amis gamo SeiZleba movales
pirgasamtexlo mZime tvirTad daawves. garda amisa, pirgasamtexlo Seusabamod maRlad
SeiZleba iqces valdebulebis Sesrulebis procesSic.61
swored zemoaRniSnuli safrTxeebiT aris ganpirobebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsSi 420-e
muxlis arseboba, romelic upiratesad movalis interesebis dacvas emsaxureba da sa-
samarTlos Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis uflebamosilebiT aRWuravs.
aRniSnuli muxli is gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa, rodesac kanonmdebeli mosamarTles xe-
52
Schäfer H., O C., Lehrbuch der ökonomischen Analyse des Zivilrechts, Heidelberg, 1995, p. 341.
53
Böling H., Das Sichreungseigentum an Immobilien nach dem georgischem ZGB (Teil 1), WiRO, He 1, München, 2004, 2, miT.: jor-
benaZe s., xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 280.
54
Rubin P. H., Unenforceable Contracts: Penalty Clauses and Specific Performance, The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 10, Issue 2, June
1981, p. 237-247.
55
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 286.
56
jorbenaZe s., xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 281.
57
kvinikaZe q., sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtexlos Semcireba, rogorc samosamarTlo intervencia saxelSekrule-
bo Tavisuflebis principSi, „marTlmsajuleba da kanoni“, II gamocema, Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 85.
58
Tu ar CavTvliT ssk-s 625-e muxlis me-5 da me-8 nawiliT sesxis xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli pirgasam-
texlosTvis dawesebul zRvars.
59
Hillman R. A., Limits of Behavioral Decision Theory in Legal Analysis: The Case of Liquidated Damages, Cornell Law Review, Vol. 85,
Issue 3, 1999-2000, p. 727.
60
Hillman R. A., Limits of Behavioral Decision Theory in Legal Analysis: The Case of Liquidated Damages, Cornell Law Review, Vol. 85,
Issue 3, 1999-2000, p. 731-732.
61
ix.: Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 7 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2a/64, saqarTvelos uze-
naesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2001 wlis 27 ivnisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #3k/467-01.
239
Tornike liklikaZe
lSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principSi Carevis uflebas aZlevs. àmitomac uwodeben

mas `saxelSekrulebo samarTlis raritets.~62 metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT, ssk-s 420-e muxli xelSekrulebis SinaarsSi (xelSekrulebis Tavisufle-
baSi) Carevis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia.63
pirgasamtexlos odenobis modificirebisas sasamarTlos mxridan Carevis kanonis-
mieri legitimuri safuZveli aris sasamarTlosaTvis dakisrebuli sajaro wesrigis uz-
runvelyofis valdebuleba.64 amrigad, ssk-s 420-e muxli aris konkretuli da specialuri
normis magaliTi, romlis safuZvelzec, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, Caerios sajaro wes-
rigis sawinaaRmdego garigebaSi.65 ssk-s 420-e muxlis praqtikaSi gamoyenebisas erTmaneTis
pirispir dgas sajaro wesrigis uzrunvelyofis mizani da xelSekrulebis pirobaTa kerZo
avtonomiis safuZvlebze gansazRvris upiratesoba. sasamarTlo valdebulia, mxareTa Se-
TanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirgasamtexlos odenobis modificirebisas samarTlianad
daabalansos sajaro wesrigis uzrunvelyofis mizani da mxaris saxelSekrulebo inter-
esebi. aRniSnuli Sedegis miRweva ki yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivi garemoe-
bebis saTanadod gamokvlevisa da maTi samarTliani Sefasebis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli.
4.3. pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis dauSvebloba mxaris mier Sesabamisi

moTxovnis dayenebis gareSe
ssk-s 420-e muxli arafers ambobs imasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo sakuTari Sexed-
ulebiTaa uflebamosili, Caerios saxelSekrulebo TavisuflebaSi da Seamciros Seusa-
bamod maRali pirgasamtexlo, Tu amisTvis aucilebelia mopasuxe mxaris Suamdgomloba.
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar tovebs am sakiTxs da pirdapir
uTiTebs, rom sasamarTlo `movalis gancxadebis safuZvelze~ axorcielebs pirgasam-
texlos Semcirebas.66 msgavs regulirebas Seicavs aseve CexeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi.67
safrangeTis kanonmdebloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs mosamarTles, Tavisi iniciativiTac
Secvalos pirgasamtexlos odenoba (Seamciros an gazardos), Tuki miiCnevs, rom igi gad-
aWarbebulia, an Zalian mcirea.68 msgavsad, italiis sakasacio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT,
sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamciros pirgasamtexlos odenoba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mxares
ar dauyenebia moTxovna aRniSnulis Sesaxeb.69 zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba uSvebs
sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtexlos Semcirebas Sesabamisi sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe,
62
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 243.
63
jorbenaZe s., xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 281.
64
#as-1199-1127-2015.
65
66
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 343(1).
67
CexeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 2051.
68
safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1152.
69
The Italian Corte di Cassazione, Sez. II, 29 May 2003, No. 8188. From Hünert M., Dacoronia E., Shúilleabháin M., Caterina R., Van
Schaick B., Mota Pinto P., Macgregor L., Mar n-Casals M., Recent Case Law, European Review of Private Law, Kluwer Law Interna onal,
Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2004, p. 267.
240
Tuki ZiriTadi valdebuleba nawilobriv mainc iqna Sesrulebuli.70

qarTveli kanonmdeblis dumilis miuxedavad, ssk-s 420-e muxlis ganmartebisa71 da
samarTalwarmoebis SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciurobis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasamarTlos ar aqvs ufleba, mxaris Sesabamisi moTxovnis gareSe
daiwyos pirgasamtexlos odenobis Semcirebaze msjeloba.72 sasamarTlos mier pirgasam-
texlos Semcirebaze msjelobis dasawyebad sakmarisia, movalem daayenos moTxovna, sadac
is ubralod ar eTanxmeba pirgasamtexlos odenobas.73
samarTalwarmoebis SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciurobis principebis moqmedebis
farglebSi sasamarTlo saqmis garemoebaTa dadgenas axorcielebs mxareTa mtkicebis re-
alizebis procesSi, rac gamoricxavs pirgasamtexlos gonivrulobis Semowmebas sasamarT-
los SexedulebiT.74 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT aRiarebuli dispozi-
ciurobis principiT, mxareebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze
daiwyon saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi da Tavadve gansazRvron davis sagani. sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba aris pasuxi mosarCelis moTxovnis srulad an nawilobriv dakmayofilebis
an mis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb.75 sasamarTlos ùfleba ar aqvs, miakuTvnos
mosarCeles imaze meti, vidre is moiTxovda, saqmis masalebiT kidec rom dasturdebodes
ufro metis moTxovnis safuZveli.~76 amrigad, sasamarTlo pirgasamtexlos marTlzom-
ierebisa da legitimurobis Sefasebas iwyebs mxolod pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis moTx-
ovnis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi.77 amasTan, pirgasamtexlos sadavod gaxdomis SesaZlebloba
gamoiricxeba sasamarTlo warmoebis im etapze, rodesac dauSvebelia axali moTxovnis
wardgena.78 am midgomas garkveulwilad iziarebs sasamarTlo praqtikac.79
rac Seexeba mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebas, dava pirgasamtexlos dakisrebasTan dakav-
SirebiT yovelTvis mtkicebiTi kategoriaa da mxares, romelic moiTxovs pirgasamtexlos
Semcirebas, yovelTvis akisria tvirTi, warmoadginos Sesabamisi faqtebi da argumentebi.80
70
meqsikis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1844, <h p://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7941> (2018.11.02); urugvais samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi, 1730, <h p://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=3972> (2018.11.02).
71
sasamarTlos „SeuZlia“ saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT Seamciros Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo.
72
Sead.: jorbenaZe s., xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 284.
73
ix. Hachem P., The Future of Agreed Sums Payable upon Breach of an Obliga on, European Journal of Law Reform, Vol. 13, Issues
3 – 4, 2011, p. 636. Prü ng/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, Luchterhand 2006, s. 557, miT.: kvinikaZe q., sasamarTlos
mier pirgasamtexlos Semcireba, rogorc samosamarTlo intervencia saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principSi,
„marTlmsajuleba da kanoni“, II gamocema, Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 90; ix. aseve saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 24 ivnisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-501-477-2013, sadac gasaCivre-
bul gadawyvetilebaSi mosamarTlem ssk-s 420-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli diskrecia „sasamarTlo Sesageblad“
moixsenia.
74
75
liluaSvili T., xrustali v., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 416.
76
iqve.
77
Sead.: jorbenaZe s., xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 284.
78
mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), „qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimox-
ilva“, III gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 23.
79
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 4 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #as-169-162-2013; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 12 seqtem-
bris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-819-771-2012.
80
Sheak J. Ch., Korzun T. J., Liquidated Damages and the Surety: Are They Defensible, Construc on Lawyer, Vol. 9, Issue 2 (April, 1989), p. 21.
241
Tornike liklikaZe
amrigad, mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis mxriv, kreditoris tvirTi SedarebiT msubuqia,

man unda amtkicos valdebulebis darRveva da pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmebis namdviloba,
xolo movalis mtkicebis saganSi Semavali garemoebaa valdebulebis jerovani Sesruleba
da sxva mtkicebulebebis warmodgena, romlebic miuTiTebs pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod
maRal odenobaze.81 am procesSi sasamarTlo warmodgenilia, rogorc Semfasebeli.82
4.4. kanonmdeblobisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis SedarebiTi analizi

yvela ganviTarebuli samarTlis sistema miiCnevs, rom sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtex-
los Semcireba warmoadgens Carevas nebis avtonomiaSi da xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
principis SezRudvas, Tumca imavdroulad, TiTqmis yvela maTgani iTvaliswinebs pir-
gasamtexloze sasamarTlo kontrols, rogorc movalis dacviT meqanizms, romelic ga-
moyenebuli unda iqnes SezRudulad da sagamonaklisod83 da CarevisTvis unda dawesdes
maRali standarti.84 zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs, rom pirgasamtex-
los Semcireba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki misi odenoba aris àSkarad arap-
roporciuli.~85 msgavsi formulireba gamoiyeneba agreTve saerTaSoriso doneze.86
pirgasamtexlos dakisrebis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT saintereso midgoma aqvT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTloebs, kerZod, SeerTebul StatebSi pirgasamtexlo emsax-
ureba meore mxarisaTvis zianis kompensirebas da ara damrRvevis dajarimebas.87 aq dauSve-
belia pirgasamtexlos gamoyeneba xelSekrulebis romelime mxaris dasasjelad.88 aqedan
gamomdinare, pirgasamtexlos odenobis Sefasebisas SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTloebi
cdiloben daadginon, pirgasamtexlos odenoba warmoadgens zianis odenobis winaswar
gonivrul Sefasebas Tu is realurad aris sadamsjelo xasiaTis.89
81
ix. mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), „qarTuli biznes samarTlis
mimoxilva“, III gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 20.
82
bis dacvis sferoSi, „samarTlis Jurnali“, I gamocema, Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 64.
83
Hachem P., Agreed Sums Payable upon Breach of an Obliga on: Rethinking and Liquidated Damages Clauses, Eleven Interna onal Pu-
blishing, The Netherlands, 2011, p. 127. ix. aseve Hatzis A. N., Having the Cake and Ea ng it too: Efficient Penalty Clauses in Common
and Civil Contract Law, Interna onal Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 22, Issue 4, 2002, p. 400.
84
p. 127.
85
safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1152(1), <h ps://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Media/Traduc ons/English-en/code_ci-
vil_20130701_EN> (2018.11.02); italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1384, <h p://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=16608>
(2018.11.02); litvis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 6.73(2), <h p://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=202088#LinkTar-
get_10460> (2018.11.02); ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 333(1), <h p://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102110716>
(2018.11.02).
86
UNIDROIT Principles of Interna onal Commercial Contracts, Interna onal Ins tute for the Unifica on of Private Law (UNIDROIT),
Rome, 2004, 7.4.13(2). ix. aseve Anderson R. R., Liquidated Damages under the UCC, Southwestern Law Journal, Vol. 41, Issue 5, Fe-
bruary 1988, p. 1099. Uniform Rules of the UNCITRAL on Contract Clauses for an Agreed Sum Due upon Failure of Performance, 1983,
Art. 8 (“substan ally dispropor onate~). 1973 Conven on Benelux Rela ve Rela ve à la Clause Pénale in force for Belgium, Luxemburg
and the Netherlands, Art. 4, (“manifestment~).
87
boiaki a. j., saxelSekrulebo zianisa da pirgasamtexlos SedarebiTi analizi saqarTvelosa da SeerTebuli
Statebis magaliTze, „qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimoxilva“, IV gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 8.
88
Thompson, Seymour D., Penal es and Liquidated Damages, Central Law Journal, Vol. 46, Issue – 1 January 1898, p. 5.
89
Coldwell D. S., Burche -Williams A. Q., Celeste M. L., Liquidated Damages, Franchise Law Journal, Vol. 29, Issue 4, Spring 2010, p. 211.
242
rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis, ise zogadad anglo-amerikuli samarTlis qveynebis

saxelSekrulebo samarTlis metad rTul aspeqts warmoadgens sasamarTlos mier xe-
lSekrulebis im punqtebis ugulebelyofa, romlebic miCneul iqneba `sajarimo daTqmad~90.
Sesabamisad, pirgasamtexlos mimarT SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi midgoma gaaCniaT an-
glo-amerikuli samarTlis qveynebs, magaliTad rogoricaa inglisi, avstralia, irlandia
da kanada, romlebsac miuReblad miaCniaT pirgasamtexlo, rogorc sadamsjelo RonisZie-
ba.91 inglisis sasamarTloebisTvis Sefasebis sagans warmoadgens SeTanxmebuli pirgasam-
texlosa da im mosalodneli zianis urTierTmimarTeba, romlis winaswar Sefasebac aris
SesaZlebeli xelSekrulebis dadebisas.92 inglisSi anazRaurebas ar eqvemdebareba pir-
gasamtexlos is odenoba, romelic Tavidanve gansazRvrulia imgvarad, rom potenciurad
dazaralebulma mxarem pirgasamtexlos saxiT miiRos imaze meti, vidre man SeiZleba iza-
ralos valdebulebis darRveviT.93
sajarimo pirgasamtexlos baTilad cnoba mxaris dacvis interesiT, misi uflebiT
– daarRvios xelSekruleba _ aris motivirebuli. mxare, romelic miiCnevs, rom xe-
lSekrulebis Sesruleba misTvis didi ekonomikuri zianis momtania, uflebamosilia, gavides
xelSekrulebidan im fasad, rac meore mxarisTvis zianis anazRaurebis ekvivalenturia.94
kontinenturi evropis samarTlis qveynebSi saxelSekrulebo jarimis mimarT damok-
idebuleba gansxvavdeba anglo-amerikuli samarTlis qveynebisgan. aq pirgasamtexlo eqve-
mdebareba anazRaurebas, imis miuxedavad, misi mizani aris savaraudo zianis anazRaureba,
Tu valdebulebis damrRvevis dasja.95 safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romelsac efuZne-
ba bevri sxva qveynis samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Ses-
rulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT dasaSvebad miiCnevs sajarimo Tanxebs. Tumca es imas ar
niSnavs, rom nebismieri odenobis pirgasamtexlo eqvemdebareba anazRaurebas. kontinentu-
ri evropis samarTlis qveynebSi kanonmdebloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs sasamarTlos, Seam-
ciros pirgasamtexlos odenoba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miiCnevs, rom igi gadaWarbebulia.96
germaniaSi, rogorc saqarTveloSi, pirgasamtexlos Semcireba saTanado Tanxamde da-
saSvebia, Tuki is aris `Seusabamod maRali.~ saTanadoobis Sefasebisas aq mxedveloba-
Si miiReba kreditoris nebismieri legitimuri da ara marto misi ubralod qonebrivi
interesi.97 msgavsi midgoma aqvT niderlandebsa da SveicariaSi, Tumca gansxvavebulia
mxolod sityvebis formulireba: niderlandebSi Semcirebas eqvemdebareba àSkarad maRa-
90
Rea S. A. Jr., Efficiency Implica ons of Penal es and Liquidated Damages, Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 13, Issue 1, January 1984, p. 147.
91
gamonakliss warmoadgens indoeTi, romelic aRasrulebs pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis uflebas, miuxedavad
imisa, aris Tu ara igi sadamsjelo xasiaTis. ix. Mckenna J. F., Liquidated Damages and Penalty Clauses: A Civil Law versus
Common Law Comparison, The Cri cal Path, Issue – Spring 2008, p. 3.
92
Faust F., German Case Note on the Penalty Clause Decisions of the UK Supreme Court, European Review of Private Law, Vol. 25, Issue
1, 2017, p. 197-201.
93
Posner R., Economic Analysis of Law, 3rd Edi on, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 1986, p. 115. ix. aseve United Kingdom House of
Lords Decision, Dunlop Pneuma c Tyre Co Ltd v. New Garage & Motor Co Ltd, AC 79, 1 July 1915.
94
Vitkus S., Theore cal and Prac cal Aspects of Liquidated Damages and Applica on under the Law of the Republic of Lithuania, Social
Transforma ons in Contemporary Society, Issue 2, 2014, p. 185.
95
Farnworth E. A., Contracts, 4th Edi on, New York, 2004, p. 792-799.
96
Mckenna J. F., Liquidated Damages and Penalty Clauses: A Civil Law versus Common Law Comparison, The Cri cal Path, Issue – Spring
2008, p. 3-4.
97
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 343, <h p://lawlibrary.info/ge/books/giz2014-ge-BGB-Komm-Transla on.pdf> (2018.11.02).
243
Tornike liklikaZe
li~ pirgasamtexlo, SveicariaSi _ `maRali~.98

rogorc irkveva, samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesoba pirdapir ar awesebs konkret-
ul kriteriumebs sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvrisaTvis. aramed,
miuTiTebs saqmis yvela relevantur garemoebaze.99 es midgoma agreTve gaTvaliswinebu-
lia saerTaSoriso donezec, kerZod, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saerTaSoriso
savaWro samarTlis komisiis (UNCITRAL) wesebiTa da sxva unificirebuli samarTlebrivi
aqtebiT.100 pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb UNCITRAL-is wesebis Sesabamisad pirgasamtexlo ar unda
iqnes Semcirebuli sasamarTlos an saarbitraJo tribunalis mier, Tuki is ar aris arse-
biTad araproporciuli.101 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac kanonmdeblobaSi miTiTebulia esa
Tu is kriteriumi, magaliTad SvedeTis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs, rom pirgasamtex-
los Semcirebisas `gansakuTrebuli yuradReba~ unda mieqces im mxaris dacvas, romelic
`saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi imyofeba daqvemdeburebul poziciaSi~ da ar aqvs sa-
Tanado molaparakebis warmarTvis SesaZlebloba.102 aseve, CexeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
2051-e muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvrisas sasamarTlom
mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos uzrunvelyofili valdebulebis Rirebuleba.103
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvrisaTvis konkretul kri-
teriumebs arc qarTuli kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs. am kriteriumebis dadgena da maTi
Sefaseba mTlianad mindobilia sasamarTloze. pirgasamtexlos odenobis Sefasebis kri-
teriumebis amomwuravi CamonaTvalis kodificireba faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan
isini damokidebulia konkretuli saqmis faqtebsa da garemoebebze.104 magram SesaZlebe-
lia im kriteriumebis identificireba, romelTa gamokvlevac nebismieri saqmis mimarT
SeiZleba iyos relevanturi. sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobebis kvlevis safuZvelze
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kreditoris mier faqtobrivad gancdili ziani aris gadamwyveti
garemoeba sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvrisas.105 rogorc belgiis
sasamarTlo ganmartavs, pirgasamtexlos odenoba, romelic àSkarad aWarbebs faqto-
briv zians,~ ar eqvemdebareba aRsrulebas.106 Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania konkretuli
saqmis sxva garemoebebis kvleva.
98
niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 94(6), <h p://www.dutchcivillaw.com/civilcodegeneral.htm> (2018.11.02); Sveicari-
is samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 163(3), <h ps://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compila on/19070042/index.html> (2018.11.02).
Hachem P., The Future of Agreed Sums Payable upon Breach of an Obliga on, European Journal of Law Reform, Vol. 13, Issues 3 – 4,
99
2011, p. 629.
100
ix. Uniform Rules of the UNCITRAL on Contract Clauses for an Agreed Sum Due upon Failure of Performance, 1983, 8. UNIDROIT
Principles of Interna onal Commercial Contracts, Interna onal Ins tute for the Unifica on of Private Law (UNIDROIT), Rome, 2004,
7.4.13(2). Principles of European Contract Law, 1999, 9:509(2).
101
Uniform Rules of the UNCITRAL on Contract Clauses for an Agreed Sum Due upon Failure of Performance, 1983, Art. 8.
102
Dima eo L. A., A Theory of Efficient Penalty: Elimina ng the Law of Liquidated Damages, American Business Law Journal, Vol. 38,
Issue 4, 2001, p. 654-655.
103
CexeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 2051, <h p://obcanskyzakonik.jus ce.cz/images/pdf/Civil-Code.pdf> (2018.11.02).
104
Ramberg Ch., Swedish Case Note on the Penalty Clause Decisions by the UK Supreme Court, European Review of Private Law, Vol. 25,
Issue 1, 2017, p. 243.
105
ix. UNIDROIT Principles of Interna onal Commercial Contracts, Interna onal Ins tute for the Unifica on of Private Law (UNIDROIT),
Rome, 2004, 7.4.13(2). Principles of European Contract Law, 1999, 9:509(2). agreTve ix. France Cour de Cassa on, Chambre Civile 3,
3 June 2009, N08-13414. France Cour de Cassa on, Chambre Civile, 26 May 2009, N08-17829.
106
The Belgian Hof van Cassa e/Cour de Cassa on 16 December 2002 (nr. C.00.0176N). From Hünert M., Dacoronia E., Shúilleabháin M.,
Caterina R., Van Schaick B., Mota Pinto P., Macgregor L., Mar n-Casals M., Recent Case Law, European Review of Private Law, Kluwer
Law Interna onal, Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2004, p. 257.
244
4.5. sasamarTlos mier ssk-s 420-e muxlis gamoyenebis winapirobebi da

pirgasamtexlos odenobis gonivrulobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi
pirgasamtexloze sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcielebisas sasamarTlom pirvel
rigSi unda Seamowmos, arsebobs Tu ara ssk-s 420-e muxlis gamoyenebis winapirobebi.
sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtexlos Semcireba dasaSvebia sami ZiriTadi winapirobis kumu-
laciurad arsebobisas: (1) kreditoris moTxovna pirgasamtexlos gadaxdaze warmoSobili
unda iyos; (2) mxares moTxovnili unda hqondes pirgasamtexlos Semcireba; (3) pirgasam-
texlo unda iyos Seusabamod maRali.
pirgasamtexlos odenobis Seusabamod miCnevis sakiTxi mxolod pirgasamtexlos da-
kisrebis SemTxvevaSi dgeba. pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis ufleba ki mxolod ZiriTadi
valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi warmoiSveba. pirgasamtexlos Semcireba ZiriTadi
valdebulebis darRvevamde dauSvebelia,107 xolo darRveuli ZiriTadi valdebulebis
namdvilobis iuridiuli aRiareba-dadastureba da saproceso legitimacia pirgasamtex-
los dakisrebis udavo safuZvelia.108
rac Seexeba meore winapirobas, rogorc ukve iTqva, sasamarTlo pirgasamtexlos ode-
nobis Semcirebaze msjelobas iwyebs mxolod mxaris mier Sesabamisi moTxovnis dayenebis
SemTxvevaSi.109
420-e muxlis gamoyenebisas yvelaze problematur sakiTxs warmoadgens pirgasamtex-
los odenobis gonivrulobis Sefaseba. rogorc iTqva, ssk ar akonkretebs, Tu rasTan
unda iyos pirgasamtexlo Seusabamo: movalis qonebriv mdgomareobasTan, miyenebul zian-
Tan Tu darRveuli valdebulebis moculobasTan. aRniSnuli sakiTxi yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi Sefasebis sagans warmoadgens. pirgasamtexlos momwesrigebeli normebi ar
miuTiTebs im garemoebebs, romlebic unda gaiTvaliswinos sasamarTlom pirgasamtexlos
odenobis Sefasebisas, Tumca pirgasamtexlos Sesamcireblad martooden 420-e muxlze mi-
TiTeba sakmarisi ar aris. uzenaesi sasamarTlos erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi palatam ar-
amarTlzomierad miiCnia gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis naw-
ilSi, radgan misi ganmartebiT, kolegiam `samarTlebrivad ar daasabuTa saqmis romeli
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seamcira mosarCelis mier moTxovnili pirgasamtexlo.~110
qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi araerTxel hqonia adgili pirgasamtexlos ode-
nobis modificirebisas gasaTvaliswinebeli garemoebebis gansazRvras. sasamarTlos
ganmartebiT, pirgasamtexlos mizania kreditoris darRveuli uflebis aRdgena da ara
gamdidreba. Sesabamisad, pirgasamtexlo unda iyos yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi val-
debulebis darRvevis Tanazomieri da gonivruli. pirgasamtexlos odenobis Sesabami-
sobis Semowmebisas, sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs valdebulebis darRvevis xasiaTs,
aRniSnuliT gamowveul zians, mis Tanafardobas, mxareTa finansur mdgomareobas, mo-
sarCelis ekonomikur interess.111
107
Palandt/Friesecke, §343, Rn, miT.: ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l.,
saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 603.
108
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 16 seqtembris gadawyvetile-
ba saqmeze #bs-335-324(2k-10).
109
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ixileT 4.3. qveTavi.
110
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2005 wlis 20 ianvris gadawyvetile-
ba saqmeze #bs-550-633-k-03.
111
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 7 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saq-
meze #as-459-438-2015.
245
Tornike liklikaZe
uzenaesi sasamarTlo mraval gadawyvetilebaSi ganmartavs, rom ssk-s 420-e muxlis

Tanaxmad pirgasamtexlos Semcirebisas sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs mxaris qonebriv
mdgomareobasa da sxva garemoebebs, kerZod, imas, Tu rogoria valdebulebis Sesrulebis
Rirebulebis, misi Seusruleblobisa da arajerovani SesrulebiT gamowveuli zianis
Tanafardoba pirgasamtexlos odenobasTan. pirgasamtexlos Seusabamobis kriteriumad
yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos iseTi garemoebebi, rogoricaa xe-
lSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod maRali procenti, pirgasam-
texlos Tanxis mniSvnelovani gadaWarbeba valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT gamowveul
SesaZlo zianze, valdebulebis Seusruleblobis xangrZlivoba da sxv.112
iuridiuli doqtrinis, sasamarTlo praqtikisa da kanonmdeblobis SedarebiTi anal-
izis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia im ZiriTadi garemoebebisa Tu kriteriumebis gamokveTa,
romlebic unda gaiTvaliswinos sasamarTlom ssk-s 420-e muxlze miTiTebiT pirgasamtex-
los Semcirebisas. esenia: a) pirgasamtexlos funqcia, moicvas Tavis TavSi zianis anaz-
Raureba;113 b) pirgasamtexlos, rogorc sanqciis xasiaTis mqone instrumentis, funqcia,
Tavidan aicilos damatebiT valdebulebis damrRvevi qmedebebi;114 g) darRvevis simZime da
damrRvevi piris braleulobis xarisxi;115 d) movale, rogorc susti mxare da misi qone-
brivi mdgomareoba;116 e) kreditoris qonebrivi interesi, misi molodini valdebulebis
jerovani Sesrulebis mimarT da pirgasamtexlos sxva moTxovnebiT kompensirebis Sesa-
Zlebloba.117
4.6. pirgasamtexlos odenobis Semcirebis dauSvebloba

rogorc iTqva, ssk-s 420-e muxlis gamoyenebisaTvis saxeze unda iyos sami winapiroba:
112
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 24 ivnisis gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #as-501-477-2013; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 12 se-
qtembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-819-771-2012; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 26 dekembris
ganCineba saqmeze #as-270-254-2014; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 22 maisis ganCineba saqmeze
#as-337-315-2017.
113
UNIDROIT Principles of Interna onal Commercial Contracts, Interna onal Ins tute for the Unifica on of Private Law (UNIDROIT),
Rome, 2004, 7.4.13(2). Principles of European Contract Law, 1999, 9:509(2). Crespi G. S., Measuring Actual Harm for the Purpose of De-
termining the Enforceability of Liquidated Damages Clauses, Houston Law Review, Vol. 41, Issue 5, Spring 2005, p. 1605-1606; agreTve
ix. France Cour de Cassa on, Chambre Civile 3, 3 June 2009, N08-13414. France Cour de Cassa on, Chambre Civile, 26 May 2009,
N08-17829; ix. aseve: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 21 aprilis
ganCineba saqmeze #bs-1469-1403(k-09); saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis
2012 wlis 26 ianvris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #bs-1663-1635(k-11).
114
#as-1031-992-2016; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 28 dekembris
gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-1560-1463-2012.
115
Rea S. A. Jr., Efficiency Implica ons of Penal es and Liquidated Damages, Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 13, Issue 1, January 1984,
p. 166; ix. aseve: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 7 oqtombris gad-
awyvetileba saqmeze #459-438-2015; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2017 wlis
23 maisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-1031-992-2016.
116
Dima eo L. A., A Theory of Efficient Penalty: Elimina ng the Law of Liquidated Damages, American Business Law Journal, Vol. 38,
Issue 4, 2001, p. 654-655; ix. aseve: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 17
dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-654-620-2015.
117
The Portuguese Supremo Tribunal de Jus ca 3 July 2003. From Hünert M., Dacoronia E., Shúilleabháin M., Caterina R., Van Schaick
B., Mota Pinto P., Macgregor L., Mar n-Casals M., Recent Case Law, European Review of Private Law, Kluwer Law Interna onal, Vol. 12,
Issue 2, 2004, p. 552; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2006 wlis 30 martis
gadawyvetileba saqmeze #bs-1097-676(k-05).
246
(1) kreditoris moTxovna pirgasamtexlos gadaxdaze warmoSobili unda iyos; (2) mxares
moTxovnili unda hqondes pirgasamtexlos Semcireba; (3) pirgasamtexlo unda iyos Seu-
sabamod maRali. Tuki aRniSnul winapirobaTagan romelime saxeze ar aris, sasamarTlos
ar aqvs ufleba, Seamciros pirgasamtexlo. aseve dauSvebelia sasamarTlos mier ukve
gadaxdili pirgasamtexlos Semcireba. aRniSnuli regulireba pirdapir ar gamomdinare-
obs ssk-s 420-e muxlidan, Tumca movale pirgasamtexlos nebayoflobiT gadaxdiT xazs
usvams, rom mas pirgasamtexlo Seusabamod maRal odenobad ar miaCnia.118 germanul kanon-
mdeblobaSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli, rom pirgasamtexlos gadaxdis Semdgom misi odeno-
bis Semcireba gamoricxulia.119
pirgasamtexlos Semcireba aseve dauSvebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxares es ar mouTxo-
via, an moiTxova samarTalwarmoebis im etapze, rodesac axali moTxovnis wardgena dauSve-
belia. sasamarTlos ar aqvs ufleba, Tavisi iniciativiT Seamciros pirgasamtexlo, Tun-
dac misi odenoba Seusabamod maRali iyos.120
pirgasamtexlos Semcireba SeiZleba dauSveblad miviCnioT im subieqtis sasargeblod,
romelic ar warmoadgens sust mxares da igi srulad acnobierebda pirgasamtexlos ode-
nobas masze SeTanxmebisas.121 amrigad, Tu mxare aRWurvilia advokatiT, an samewarmeo
urTierTobebSi gamocdili subieqtia, ivaraudeba, rom aseT viTarebaSi SeTanxmebuli
pirgasamtexlo, Tundac, Seusabamod maRali, Seesabameba mis namdvil nebas da ar eqvemde-
bareba Semcirebas.122 aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniaSi da niderlandebSi kanoniTaa dauSvebeli
pirgasamtexlos Semcireba mewarme subieqtis sasargeblod.123
5. daskvna
pirgasamtexlo metad moqnili da qmediTi instrumentia. valdebulebis Seusruleblo-
bis prevencia, minimaluri zianis martivad da swrafad anazRaureba, saxelSekrule-
bo uflebebis garantireba, naklebad sando kontrahirebis riskebis dazRveva da val-
debulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi damrRvevi piris pasuxismgeblobis farglebis winaswar
dadgena. es funqciebi ganapirobebs pirgasamtexlos farTo gamoyenebas praqtikaSi. ima-
vdroulad, pirgasamtexlos mzard popularobas aferxebs ssk-Si misi momwesrigebeli
normebis zogadi xasiaTi. pirgasamtexlosTan dakavSirebuli rigi samarTlebrivi sakiTx-
ebi bundovania da maTi dadgena mxolod kanonmdeblobisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis saer-
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 27 ivlisis ganCineba Nas-1465-1478-2011. MMünchKomm/Go wald
118
§343, Rn 16. Staudinger/Rieble, §343, Rn 68, miT.: ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., jana-
Sia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 604.
119
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 343, <h p://lawlibrary.info/ge/books/giz2014-ge-BGB-Komm-Transla on.pdf> (2018.11.02).
120
mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), „qarTuli biznes samarTlis mi-
moxilva“, III gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 23; ix. aseve: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa
palatis 2013 wlis 4 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-169-162-2013; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 12 seqtembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-819-771-2012
121
Rowan S., Remedies for Breach of Contract, a Compera ve Analysis of the Protec on of Performance, Oxford University Press, New
York, 2012, p. 186.
122
#as-1022-980-2014.
123
germaniis savaWro kodeqsi, 348, <h ps://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_hgb/index.html> (2018.11.02); Hartkamp A.
S., Tillema M. M., Contract law in The Netherlands, Kluwer Law Interna onal, The Hague, 1995, 94.
247
Tornike liklikaZe
To analizis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli.

kanoniT ar aris gansazRvruli pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis uflebis warmoSobis wina-
pirobebi. kvlevam cxadyo, rom pirgasamtexlos dakisrebis safuZveli mxolod movalis
mxridan valdebulebis darRvevaa. pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis uflebis warmoSoba sruli-
ad damoukidebelia damdgari zianisagan. SeTanxmebuli pirgasamtexlo yovelTvis unda
anazRaurdes, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac ziani saerTod ar damdgara. xolo rodesac
gancdili ziani pirgasamtexlos aRemateba, kreditors yovelTvis SeuZlia moiTxovos
zianis anazRaureba zianis anazRaurebis saerTo safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT da igi val-
debulia, amtkicos zianis odenoba. pirgasamtexlosa da zianis anazRaurebis erToblivad
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi pirgasamtexlo CaiTvleba asanazRaurebeli zianis odenobaSi. xe-
lSekrulebis mxareTa interesebis dacvis mizniT, imisaTvis, rom orive mxare acnobiereb-
des xelSekrulebis darRvevis Sedegebs pirgasamtexlosTan mimarTebiT, umjobesia, Tu
ssk-s Sesabamis normebSi ganisazRvreba pirgasamtexlosa da zianis anazRaurebis moTx-
ovnis urTierTmimarTebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principidan gamomdinare mxareebi uflebamosilni ari-
an, Tavad gansazRvron pirgasamtexlos odenoba, Tumca sasamarTlos SeuZlia, SezRudos
es Tavisufleba samarTliani CareviT. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom pirgasamtexlos
odenobaze sasamarTlo kontrolis meqanizmis arseboba aucilebelia sajaro wesrigis
uzrunvelyofis miznebisTvis, Tumca am miznis srulyofilad miRweva SesaZlebelia mx-
olod konkretuli sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebisa da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praq-
tikis arsebobis pirobebSi. sasamarTlo praqtikis analizma cxadyo, rom pirgasamtexlos
odenobis Semcirebisas mosamarTleebi umetes SemTxvevebSi Semoifarglebian mxolod
garkveuli kriteriumebis Sablonuri miTiTebiT da saTanadod ar ikvleven TiToeul
garemoebas pirgasamtexlos odenobis gonivrul farglebSi moqcevisTvis. imisTvis, rom
sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcielebiT ar moxdes mxareTa uflebebis radikaluri Sez-
Rudva, umjobesi iqneba, Tu ssk-s Sesabamis normebSi ufro konkretulad ganisazRvreba
pirgasamtexlos Taobaze mxareTa SeTanxmebaSi Carevis winapirobebi da pirgasamtexlos
odenobis gonivrulobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi.
kvlevis farglebSi dadginda, rom sasamarTlos mier SesaZlebelia mxolod jer kidev
gadauxdeli saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlos Semcireba da amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia
mxolod pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis uflebis warmoSobis Semdeg. amasTan, mosamarTles
mxolod pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis uflebamosileba aqvs miniWebuli da ara misi odeno-
bis gazrdis, vinaidan pirgasamtexlos odenobaze kontrolis meqanizmi ZiriTadad mova-
lis interesebs emsaxureba. aseve, sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelovani
winapirobaa is, rom mosamarTle pirgasamtexlos odenobis Semcirebaze msjelobas iwyebs
mxolod mxaris mier Sesabamisi saproceso moTxovnis dayenebis SemTxvevaSi. dauSvebelia,
sasamarTlom sakuTari iniciativiT Seamciros pirgasamtexlo an gascdes SejibrebiTobis
princips davis gadawyvetisas. sasurvelia aRniSnuli winapirobebis normatiulad gansaz-
Rvra, radgan pirgasamtexlos odenobaze msjeloba figurirebs saxelSekrulebo davebis
umravlesobaSi, maT Soris saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb davebSic
ki.124 yvela ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi sistema Tanxmdeba, rom jansaR samarTlebriv
124
ix. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2011 wlis 12 seqtembris gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #2b/2747-11; Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2011 wlis 28 noembris
gadawyvetileba; ix. aseve tyemalaZe s., „sajaro wesrigi“ rogorc saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Tu
mis cnobasa da aRsrulebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli (qarTuli praqtikis mokle mimoxilva), „qarTuli biznes
samarTlis mimoxilva“, II gamocema, Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 26-27.
248
garemoSi pirgasamtexlos odenobaze sasamarTlo kontrolis meqanizmi gamoyenebuli

unda iqnes SezRudulad da sagamonaklisod. arsebuli praqtika ukargavs pirgasamtexlos
mTavar xibls, rac mis efeqturobaSi, xarjebisa da drois dazogvaSi mdgomareobs.
kvlevam cxadyo, rom pirgasamtexlos odenobis Sefasebis kriteriumebis amomwuravi
CamonaTvalis normatiulad gansazRvra faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan isini damok-
idebulia konkretuli saqmis garemoebebze. Tumca kvlevis procesSi moxda im kriteri-
umebisa da garemoebebis identificireba, romelTa gamokvlevac nebismieri SemTxvevis
mimarT SeiZleba iyos relevanturi. kerZod, pirgasamtexlos odenobis modificirebisas
sasamarTlom unda imsjelos pirgasamtexlos odenobis mimarTebaze faqtobrivad dam-
dgar zianTan, mis prevenciul daniSnulebaze, nawilobriv Sesrulebuli valdebulebis
moculobaze, valdebulebis darRvevis simZimesa da darRvevaSi movalis wvlilze, misi
braleulobis xarisxze, mxareTa socialur-ekonomikur statussa da maT qonebriv mdgo-
mareobaze, kreditoris nebismier legitimur, maT Soris, aramaterialur interesze, mis
mier gaweul riskze, gancdili zianis sxva moTxovnebiT kompensirebis SesaZleblobaze,
mxareTa keTilsindisierebaze...
procesis sistematizirebis TvalsazrisiT, sasamarTlom pirvel rigSi unda Seamow-
mos, aris Tu ara saxeze 420-e muxlis gamoyenebis winapirobebi, amis Semdeg Seafasos
valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli Sedegebi, gamoiangariSos pirgasamtexlos odenoba,
daadginos maT Soris aSkara Seusabamoba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ganxiluli kriteri-
umebis gamokvlevis safuZvelze Seamciros pirgasamtexlo gonivrul odenobamde. mxolod
am pirobebSi iqneba SesaZlebeli sajaro wesrigis uzrunvelyofisa da xelSekrulebis
Sesrulebis interesebis samarTliani balansis miRweva. pirgasamtexlos Semcirebisas sa-
samarTlos mxridan didi sifrTxilea saWiro, radgan kreditori am procesSi ormagad
dazaralebul mxared gvevlineba. erTi mxriv mis mimarT darRveulia saxelSekrulebo
valdebuleba da meore mxriv, pirgasamtexlo, romliTac kreditorma valdebulebis Seus-
ruleblobis riski daazRvia da romelic xarjebisa da drois dazogvis mizniT gaiTval-
iswina, SeiZleba Semcirdes imgvarad, rom veRar SeZlos am miznebis miRweva.
agreTve aucilebelia mxareTa interesebis dazRveva pirgasamtexlos odenobaze
sasamarTlo davis gareSec, radgan Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo yovelTvis ver
eqceva sasamarTlos kontrolis qveS. kvlevam cxadyo, rom mxareebi xSirad Tanxmdebian
ukiduresad gadaWarbebuli odenobis pirgasamtexloze da praqtikaSi aris SemTxvevebi,
rodesac kreditori provocirebs kidec valdebulebis darRvevas, raTa pirgasamtexlos
gadaxdevinebiT meti sargebeli miiRos xelSekrulebidan. xSirad adgili aqvs pirgasam-
texloze SeTanxmebis xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebSi CarTvas, rac sagrZnoblad
zrdis mxaris mier pirgasamtexlos Seusabamo odenobaze gaucnobiereblad daTanxmebis
risks. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis samarTlebriv standartebze dabali cnobierebisa da
saxelSekrulebo mxareTagan erT-erTis mxridan Tavisi dominanturi mdgomareobis boro-
tad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis sixSiris gaTvaliswinebiT, sasurvelia, Tu kanoniT Seiz-
Rudeba pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmebis standartul pirobebSi CarTva.
ganxiluli problemebis aRmofxvra aucilebelia erTi mxriv, xelSekrulebis mxareTa
interesebis ufro maRali standartiT dacvisTvis da meore mxriv, pirgasamtexlos ode-
nobis gansazRvris mimarTulebiT erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis damkvidrebisTvis,
rac mniSvnelovania saxelmwifoSi swrafi, efeqturi da samarTliani marTlmsajulebis
CamoyalibebisTvis.
249
Nika Jashiashvili (MA Student, TSU)
PRINCIPLE OF NOMINALISM AND CONTRACTUAL FAIRNESS
ABSTRACT
The ar cle regards to the principle of nominalism, which is one of the main principles of monetary
obliga ons. The aim of the research is to thoroughly analyze interrela on between the principle of no-
minalism, contractual jus ce and contractual equality.
From the economic point of view, principle of nominalism plays a significant part in private law
rela ons. Civil Law, as the substan ve branch of private law, has represented the sphere of individual
human personality, its freedom and self-determina on from the very beginning. While concluding a
contract, par es voluntarily oblige themselves to fulfil certain obliga ons, by which they determine the
scope of their freedom, which in turn represents the contractual self-limita on. ~Pacta sunt servanda~
is a basic and universally accepted principle of a contract law and it means that agreements must be
kept. It reflects natural jus ce and economic requirements because it binds a person to its promises
and protects the interests of the promisee.
Some mes the circumstances change, a contract is binding only as long as and as far as ma ers
remain the same as they were at the me of conclusion of the contract. The purchasing power of a
given number of units of currency is not fixed. It may rise or fall rela ve to commodi es, as happens
in periods of defla on or infla on of prices, thus unfairness may appear on the horizon. The principle
of nominalism is a legal approach, when infla on, hyperinfla on, denomina on, defla on or revalua-
on occurs. The nominalism principle is the only prac cal solu on in aforemen oned circumstances. It
straddles these three levels of human existence and must preserve jus ce and good faith in contracts
and obliga ons; it must assure stability and certainty in order to assure economic growth and public
confidence; and it must also serve the state.
During the financial crisis, when money significantly loses its real purchasing power, but infla on
rate is not as high as in hyperinfla on circumstances, principle of nominalism can not be legal approach,
because the ar cle 389 of the Civil Code of Georgia (hereina er – CCG) causes unfairness. In order to
avoid contractual unfairness, author concludes, that the solu on of this problem lies in the ar cle 398
of CCG. The research defines possibility to adjust contract to changed circumstances, when the afore-
men oned circumstances occur.
250
nika jaSiaSvili*
nominalizmis principi da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba
1. Sesavali
nominalizmi fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis msoflioSi aRiarebuli principia,1
misi mizani sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da samoqalaqo brunvis stabi-
lurobis uzrunvelyofaa.2 nominalizmis principi samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobas uz-
runvelyofs im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac valdebulebis warmoSobis dRidan valdebulebis
Sesrulebis dRemde icvleba valutis kursi an fulis erTeuli. 2014 wlis oqtombridan
2015 wlis seqtembramde periodSi laris kursi aSS dolarTan mimarTebiT saSualod 1.75-
dan 2.40-mde gaufasurda,3 saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dolarizaciis maRali donis gamo
mosaxleobis did nawils, romelsac sesxi dolarSi hqonda aRebuli, valdebulebis Ses-
rulebasTan dakavSirebiT problemebi Seeqmna. qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procese-
bidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 389-e muxlis swori
ganmarteba, radgan misi sityvasityviTi ganmartebiT, is nominalizmisgan gansxvavebul,
sapirispiro wess adgens da uTiTebs, rom Tu fulis erTeuli an kursi Seicvala, fu-
ladi valdebuleba imave raodenobis nominaliT ki ar unda dabrundes, aramed misi msy-
idvelobaunarianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, im kursiT, rac valdebulebis warmoSobis dros
arsebobda.4
nominalizmis principis damkvidrebis gamomwvevi garemoeba samoqalaqo brunvis sta-
bilurobis SenarCunebaa, ra drosac Pacta sunt servanda (xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes)
erT-erTi gadamwyveti kriteriumia. Tumca, nominalizmis principis absoluturma da
SeuzRudavma gamoyenebam uaryofiTi Sedegi, kerZod, saxelSekrulebo usamarTloba Sei-
Zleba gamoiwvios da mxareTa SesrulebaTa araekvivalenturobis gamo saxelSekrulebo
wonasworoba dairRves.
winamdebare naSromis mizania imis dadgena, hiperinflaciis, fulis erTeulis cvli-
lebisa da saxelmwifos mier fulis nominalis Secvlis garda, ra drosac valdebuleba
misi warmoSobis dros arsebuli kursiT unda Sesruldes, sxva romeli samarTlebrivi meqa-
nizmebis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelSekrulebo samarTliano-
basa da wonasworobas safrTxe emuqreba. naSromSi aRniSnuli sakiTxi ganxilulia nominal-
izmis principisa da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis urTierTmimarTebis safuZvelze.
* ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis magistraturis

saganmanaTleblo programis pirveli semestris studenti.
1
mesame, Tbilisi, 2001, 345.
2
mesxiSvili q., valutis kursis cvlilebis zegavlena samoqalaqo urTierTobebze( nominalizmis principi qa-
rTuli kanonmdeblobisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT), 2015, 2, ix. <h p://www.library.court.ge/upload/valu-
s_kursi.pdf>, [01.06.2017].
3
namCavaZe b., laris gaufasurebis gavlena, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategia, 2015,
ix. <h ps://idfi.ge/ge/the-effects-of-deprecia on-of-lari-on-the-social-economic-strategy-georgia-2020>, [01.06.2017].
4
s_kursi.pdf>, [01.06.2017].
251
nika jaSiaSvili
2. nominalizmis principis istoriuli ganviTareba

nominalizmi, rogorc principi, romelic fuladi valdebulebebis Sinaarss areguli-
rebs, Camoyalibda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier monetebis Zvirfas liTonTa Semad-
genlobis Secvlisa da qaRaldis kupiurebis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebis
Sedegad, romelTa mizani biujetis (xazinis) xarjebis dafarva da fulisTvis Zveli
sagadamxdelo Zalis SenarCuneba iyo.5 nominalizmis principi sxvadasxva saxiT SeiZleba
arsebobdes, is SesaZlebelia sasamarTlo precedentSi aisaxos an samarTlis normis saxiT
Camoyalibdes. nominalizmis princips ukavSirdeba erT-erTi cnobili precedenti, 1605
wlis dava or vaWars, londonel jilbertsa da irlandiis qalaq droedis mkvidr brets
Soris, sadac pirvelad Camoyalibda nominalizmis principis arsi.6 Tumca, nominalizmis
principis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba ufro adre, me-16 saukuneSi, hqonda
frang iurists, Sarl du mulens, Tavis 1546 wlis naSromSi “Tractatus contractuum et usura-
rum~, am kvlevam SemdgomSi didi roli iTamaSa nominalizmis principis CamoyalibebaSi.7
nominalizmis princips monarqebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen monetebis Zvirfas liTonTa
Semadgenlobis cvlilebisas, Gilbert vs bre saqmeSi imave SemTxvevas hqonda adgili. in-
glisis dedoflis 1601 wlis brZanebiT monetis vercxlis Semadgenloba Seicvala,8 ramac
samarTlis istoriaSi nominalizmis principTan dakavSirebuli pirveli saqme warmoSva.
napoleonis kodeqsis erT-erTi Semdgeneli Jan malevili miiCnevda, rom nominalizmis
principi yovelTvis saxelmwifos interesebs (raison d’état) Seesabameboda. TeoriaSi arse-
buli mosazrebiT, inglisis sasamarTlom Seqmna myife sistema, romelic xelSekrulebis
mxareebs nominalizmis principisgan dacvis saSualebas mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi
aZlevs, roca safrTxe eqmneba samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobas, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki
sasamarTlos am principis saSualebiT xelisuflebis sadevalvacio politikis mxardaW-
eris saSualeba eZleva.9 gamorCeuli mkvlevris, frensis manis, mosazrebiT, nominalizmis
principi gamarTlebas mxareTa warmodgenebidan poulobs, is arc ~law of money~-sgan war-
modgeba,10 arc imperatiuli danawesia da arc sazogadoebrivi wesrigis norma. mxareebs
SeuZliaT, valutis kursis cvlileba xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli daTqmis saSualebiT
gaiTvaliswinon, xolo, Tu amas ar gaakeTeben, nominalizmi gvevlineba, rogorc nagulisx-
mevi piroba (implied condi on).11
nominalizmis istoriul ganviTarebaze saubrisas umniSvnelovanesia sasamarTlo
praqtika, radgan aRniSnuli principi sasamarTlo praqtikiT Camoyalibda. inglisis sa-
samarTloebi nominalizmis princips SeuzRudavad iyeneben, mis gamoyenebaze uars ar am-
bobdnen maSinac ki, rodesac funti 1914 wlidan momdevno mcire periodSi 70 procentiT
5
Лунц Л. А., Деньги и денежное обязательство в гражданском праве, Изд. 2-е, испр. – М.: Статут, 2004, 179, ix. <h p://www.
twirpx.com/file/40272/>, [01.06.2017].
6
Васильев Е. А., Денежные обязательства и принцип номинализма в английском праве, Правоведение, 1975, N2, 141, ix. <h p://
www.law.edu.ru/ar cle/ar cle.asp?ar cleID=1135911>, [01.06.2017].
7
Fox D., The case of Mixt Monies: Confirming nominalism in the Commom Law of Monetary Obliga ons, University of Cambridge Facul-
ty of Law legal studies, 2011, 4, ix. <h ps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1763741>, [01.06.2017].
8
iqve, 6.
9
Васильев Е. А., Денежные обязательства и принцип номинализма в английском праве, Правоведение, 1975, N2, 141.
10
Monetary obliga ons, liquidated sums and the Principle of nomilanism, 2015, 9.19 a) ix. <h p://lawexplores.com/monetary-obliga-
ons-liquidated-sums-and-the-principle-of-nominalism/>, [01.06.2017].
11
Васильев Е. А., Денежные обязательства и принцип номинализма в английском праве, Правоведение, 1975, #2, 142, ix.
<h p://www.law.edu.ru/ar cle/ar cle.asp?ar cleID=1135911>, [01.06.2017].
252
gaufasurda, xolo 30-iani wlebis bolos da 40-ianebis dasawyisSi 50 procentiT.12 1967

wels funtma sagrZnobi, moulodneli gauareseba ganicada da sasamarTloebs bevri saqme
daugrovdaT, romlebSic kidev ufro ganmtkicda nominalizmis principi. magaliTisTvis,
saqmeSi Aruna Mills Ltd. v. Dhanrajmal Gobidram13 sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mxareebs SeeZloT
gaeTvaliswinebinaT valutis kursis cvlileba. aseve, mosamarTlem CaTvala, rom aSkara
ar iyo mizezobrivi kavSiri damdgar SedegTan, Sesrulebis garTulebasa da mis ukidures
damZimebasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom funtis kursis cvlilebis zegavlena aSkara iyo,
Sesruleba araekvivalenturad xdeboda da erT mxares 168 000 Silingis ziani adgeboda,
sasamarTlo mainc nominalizmis erTguli darCa saqmeSi W. Y. Alan & . Ltd. v. El Nasr Export
and Import Company.14
amrigad, nominalizmis principi inglisis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi TiTqmis absolutur
xasiaTs atarebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 389-e muxlis gamoyenebis farglebic
mkveTrad aris daviwroebuli iseTi safuZvlebiT, rogorebicaa: hiperinflacia, fulis
erTeulis an nominalis Secvla,15 gamodis, rom 389-e muxlis aRniSnuli ganmartebac zus-
tad imave Sedegs _ ese igi nominalizmis principis TiTqmis absoluturobas gamoiwvevs,
ra midgomasac didi britaneTis sasamarTlo praqtika aviTarebs.
nominalizmis principi ar gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu valdebuleba garkveul fu-
lad TanxaSia dawesebuli, magram aRniSnuli Tanxa, magaliTad, zianis anazRaurebas em-
saxureba.16 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso praqtika arsebobs aSS-Si. aSS-s 1861-65
wlebis samoqalaqo omma dolaris mkveTri gaufasureba gamoiwvia, me-19 saukunis bolos
sasamarTloebma aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT bevri saqme ganixiles. 1873 wlis gad-
awyvetilebaSi Simpkins v. Low niu-iorkis Statis mosamarTle aRniSnavda dolaris kursis
gauaresebaze: `ratom unda iyos sasamarTlo erTaderTi adgili, sadac adamianebma Tavi
unda mogvaCvenon, rom ar ician is, rac yvelam icis?~.17 sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa 1920 wlis saqme Hurst v Chicago B. Q. R. Co.,18 ro-
melSic mosamarTlem gaiTvaliswina dolaris msyidvelobaunarianoba da miiCnia, rom kon-
duqtor harstisTvis xelis dakargvis gamo 10 000 dolaris raodenobis anazRaureba
dolaris msyidvelobaunarianobis 2,5-jer gauaresebis pirobebSi usamarTlo anazRaure-
ba iqneboda.19 misuris Statis mosamarTlis ganmartebiT, 12 000 dolariani anazRaureba im
periodSi xuTi da aTi wlis winandel Svidi aTas dolarze naklebi iqneboda.20
12
iqve, 144.
ix. inglisis sasamarTlos 1968 wlis gadawyvetileba <h p://charterpartycases.com/case/404-aruna-mills-ltd-v-dhanraj-
13
mal-gobindram-the-leipzig-1968-1-qb-655>, [01.06.2017].
14
ix. W. Y. Alan & Со. Ltd. v. El Nasr Export and Import Company <h p://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Alan-v-El-Nasr.php>, [01.06.2017].
15
s_kursi.pdf>, [01.06.2017].
16
iqve, 6.
17
niu-iorkis saapelacio sasamarTlos 1873 wlis gadawyvetileba, ix. <h ps://casetext.com/case/simpkins-et-al-v-low>,
[05.06.2017].
18
Hurst v Chicago B. Q. R. Co., ix. <h ps://casetext.com/case/hurst-v-burlington-ry-co>, [01.06.2017]
19
Hurst v. Burlington Ry. Co, 280 Mo. 566, 573 (Mo. 1920) “The value of money lies not in what it is, but in what it will buy~, “Compen-
sa on means compensa on in value. It will not do to say that the same amount of money affords the same compensa on when money
is cheap as when money is dear.~
20
Hurst v. Burlington Ry. Co, 280 Mo. 566, 575 (Mo. 1920) “$12,000 today is no more than a $7,000 verdict five or ten years ago.~.
253
nika jaSiaSvili
3. nominalizmis principi ssk-s 389-e muxlis mixedviT

doqtrinaSi arsebuli mosazrebiT 389-e muxli nominalizmis princips asaxavs,21 mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom sityvasityviTi ganmartebidan gamomdinare misgan sapirispiro Sede-
gebs adgens. nominalizmis arsi is aris, rom angariSsworebisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
eniWeba fulis nominals da ara mis msyidvelobaunarianobas. aRniSnulis sawinaaRmde-
goze miuTiTebs 389-e muxlis danawesi, Tu fulis erTeuli an kursi Seicvala, fula-
di valdebuleba imave raodenobis nominaliT ki ar unda dabrundes, aramed misi msy-
idvelobaunarianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, im kursiT, rac valdebulebis warmoSobis dros
arsebobda. àmgvari ganmarteba winaaRmdegobaSi modis nominalizmis principis arsTan,
misi gamoyeneba gamoiwvevs qarTuli erovnuli valutis gaZevebas brunvidan da sruliad
unayofos gaxdis saxelmwifos mier saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze erTaderT kanonier
sagadamxdelo saSualebad erovnuli valutis gamocxadebasa da uzrunvelyofis Taobaze
miRebul RonisZiebebs, saxelmwifo ki dakargavs saxelmwifoebriv atributs – erovnul
fuls.~22
sasamarTlom 389-e muxlis gamoyenebis farglebi SemosazRvra iseTi garemoebebiT,
rogorebicaa: saxelmwifos mier fulis nominalis Secvla, hiperinflacia da fulis er-
Teulis (valutis) Secvla, aseTi movlenebi saqarTveloSi ar momxdara.23 amrigad, ase-
Ti ganmartebidan gamomdinare 389-e muxlis debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad valdebuleba
misi warmoSobis dros arsebuli kursiT SeiZleba Sesruldes, garemoebaTa msgavsi viwro
wridan gamomdinare TiTqmis verasodes amoqmeddeba. magaliTad, hiperinflacia iseTi
inflaciaa, romlis yovelTviuri done drois xangrZlivi monakveTis ganmavlobaSi aRe-
mateba 50 procents.24 aseTi inflacia, Tu ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi misi yovelTviuri
done 50 procentze meti unda iyos, didi albaTobiT, arc moxdeba. aseve, valutis kursis
cvlilebis SemTxvevaSic, sasamarTlo yuradRebas amaxvilebs misi gonivruli molodinis
farglebSi gauaresebaze, romlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic dauSvebelia 389-e muxlis gam-
oyeneba.25
fulis kursis cvlilebaze zegavlenas axdens iseTi garemoebebi, rogorebicaa:
eqsport-importis dinamika, fasebi navTobze, inflaciisa da umuSevrobis done, savalu-
to bazris didi moTamaSeebis moqmedebebi, qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikur-politikuri
mdgomareoba, romelTa safuZvelzec dgindeba valutis kursis mokle da grZelvadiani
prognozebi.26 magaliTisTvis, sainteresoa inflaciis donisa da mis safuZvelze Camoyal-
ibebuli prognozis ganxilva. Tu laris inflaciis done Seadgens 15%-s, xolo dolar-
is inflaciis done ki 5%-s,27 gamodis, rom uaxloes periodSi laris kursi dolarTan
21
22
mesxiSvili q., valutis kursis cvlilebis zegavlena samoqalaqo urTierTobebze (nominalizmis principi qa-
s_kursi.pdf>, [01.06.2017].
23
iqve, 6.
24
uridia s. da sxv., moxelis samagido leqsikoni, Tb., 2004, 483, ix. <h p://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&-
d=6&t=17386>, [04.06.2017].
25
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2000 wlis 5 aprilis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #3k/428-2000.
26
aRniSnul sakiTxze ufro vrclad ix. statia <h ps://www.liteforex.ru/blog/for-professionals/currency_rate/>,
[04.06.2017].
27
ricxvebi aRebulia nebismierad, magaliTis saCveneblad.
254
mimarTebiT 10%-iT gauaresdeba da aRniSnuli cvlileba normalur da prognozirebad

farglebSi myof gauaresebad unda CaiTvalos.28
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTebs,29 rom lar-
is kursis dacemis kriteriumad ar SeiZleba aRebuli yofiliyo misi romelime ucxour
valutasTan Sefardeba, radgan laris kursi ucxour valutasTan SefardebaSi meryeobs
– zogi qveynis valutasTan mimarTebaSi mcirdeba, magram zogierTi qveynis valutasTan
mimarTebaSi izrdeba. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is faqti, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi
dolarizaciis done Zalian maRalia, qveynis SigniT gacemuli sesxebis 65% da saqarT-
velos saxelmwifos sagareo valis 75% dolarSia,30 sasamarTlos aRniSnuli ganmarte-
ba marTebulad ver CaiTvleba. `mTavar~ ucxour valutas aRniSnuli garemoebidan,
dolarizaciis maRali donidan gamomdinare, aSS dolari warmoadgens. sasamarTlos mier
gaumarTlebelia im garemoebaze apelireba, rom laris kursi dolarTan mimarTebiT Tu
ecema, samagierod, magaliTad, yazaxur tengesTan an albanur lekTan mimarTebiT Sesa-
Zlebelia izrdebodes. msgavs SemTxvevebSi umjobesi iqneboda, Tu yuradReba fulis kur-
sis gauaresebis prognozirebadobas da mis farglebs mieqceoda. dolarizaciis maRali
donis pirobebSi sasamarTlo msgavs arguments ar unda iSveliebdes.
hiperinflacia, fulis nominalis an erTeulis Secvla – is sami safuZvelia, romelTa
SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia valdebuleba misi warmoSobis dros arsebuli kursiT Ses-
ruldes. magram ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac valutis kursis cvlileba araprogno-
zirebadia da xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mxaris Sesrulebas Seusabamod amZimebs, magram im-
denad maRali ar aris, rom hiperinflaciis donemde aRwevdes? am SemTxvevaSi 389-e muxli
ver gamoiyeneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom safrTxe eqmneba saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobasa
da wonasworobas. Sesabamisad, gamosavali sxva normebSi unda moiZebnos.
4. saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba da wonasworoba

samarTali, samarTlianisa da keTilis Sesaxeb arsebuli xelovnebaa – jus est ars aequi et
boni.31 miiCneva, rom saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisken swrafva saxelSekrulebo wonas-
worobis damyarebas uzrunvelyofs.32 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba aRiarebs
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis princips, `xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisufleba, rogorc
kerZo avtonomiis, mniSvnelovani gamoxatuleba, aris SesaZlebloba dados an ar dados
pirma esa Tu is xelSekruleba, SearCios misTvis sasurveli kontrahenti da xelSekrulebis
meore mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT Tavisuflad gansazRvros am xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi.~33 zo-
gjer xelSekrulebis ufro gamocdili mxare sargeblobs meore `susti mxaris~ faqtoriT
da mas xelSekrulebis TavisTvis sasurvel pirobebebs sTavazobs, am da sxva SemTxvevebSi
28
aRniSnul mimarTebaze ix. statia <h ps://www.liteforex.ru/blog/for-professionals/currency_rate/>, [04.06.2017].
29
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 30 ivlisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #3k-667-03.
30
namCavaZe b., laris gaufasurebis gavlena, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategia, 2015,
ix. <h ps://idfi.ge/ge/the-effects-of-deprecia on-of-lari-on-the-social-economic-strategy-georgia-2020>, [01.06.2017].
31
domicius ulpianes fraza, ix. naSromSi Иосифова Т., Принцип договорной справедливости, Вестник КГУ, #6 2014, 236,
<h ps://cyberleninka.ru/ar cle/v/printsip-dogovornoy-spravedlivos >, [05.06.2017].
32
CaCaniZe T., saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo
samarTalSi, „marTlmsajuleba da kanoni“, #3, 2010, 24.
33
iqve, 23; ix. citata: Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2001, 60.
255
nika jaSiaSvili
saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba `Zlieri mxaris~ xelSi iaraRad iqceva. saxelSekrulebo

TavisuflebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebis aRmofxvra saxelSekrulebo samarTlia-
nobis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
nominalizmis principi garkveulwilad emsaxureba samarTlianobas im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac xdeba hiperinflacia, fulis nominalis an erTeulis Secvla, vinaidan am gare-
moebebis dadgomisas valdebuleba misi warmoSobis dros arsebuli kursiT sruldeba.
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba gulisxmobs imas, rom mxareTa Sesrulebebi, rac maT
xelSekrulebiT ikisres, ekvivalenturi unda iyos, maT Soris arsebiTi disbalansi ar
unda arsebobdes. swored amas emsaxureba saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba. roca arse-
bobs saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba, am SemTxvevaSi myardeba saxelSekrulebo samarTlia-
nobac.34
doqtrinaSi saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba ori mimarTulebiT aris gagebuli:
formaluri anu proceduruli da materialuri, saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba.35 xe-
lSekruleba formalurad samarTliania, Tu is dadebulia yvela proceduruli we-
sis dacviT, rac uzrunvelyofs mxareTa nebis Tavisufal gamovlenas. formaluri
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba gulisxmobs imas, rom xelSekrulebis baTilobis safuZ-
veli ar arsebobs, ese igi xelSekruleba namdvilia da dadebulia motyuebis, Secdomis,
iZulebis gareSe, aseve dadebulia qmedunariani piris mier, romelsac SeeZlo nebis Tav-
isufali gamovlena da savaraudo Sedegebis gonivruli gansja.
materialuri saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba gulisxmobs saxelSekrulebo wonaswo-
robas, rodesac mxarebi ekvivalenturi ufleba-movaleobebiT sargebloben da erT-erTi
kontrahenti usafuZvlo, Seusabamo sargebels ar iRebs.36 materialuri samarTlianoba
xelSekrulebis Sinaarss ukavSirdeba, xolo formaluri – misi dadebis procedurebs,
Tumca isini erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi arian da cal-calke ar unda ganixilebodes.
Tu xelSekruleba yvela moTxovnis dacviTaa dadebuli, maSin valdebulebebic ekviva-
lenturi unda iyos. valdebulebaTa ekvivalenturoba ki imisi iribi mtkicebulebaa, rom
xelSekrulebis dadebis dros kontrahentebma neba Tavisuflad, yovelgvari iZulebisa
Tu motyuebis gareSe gamoavlines.
Tanamedrove doqtrinaSi xelSekruleba urTierTmoqmedebis is saSualebaa, romlis
dadebis drosac yoveli mxare unda zrunavdes kontrahentis interesebis ganxorcieleba-
ze. xelSekruleba is samarTlebrivi kavSiria, romelic urTierTTanamSromlobas, meore
mxaris uflebebisa da interesebis pativiscemasa da Tanasworobas efuZneba,37 Tu aRniSnu-
li pirobebi xorcieldeba, ese igi, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom saxelSekrulebo samar-
Tlianoba miiRweva. Tumca, ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi sapirispiro mdgomareobaa. yoveli mxare
mxolod sakuTari interesebis ganxorcielebazea orientirebuli da qonebrivi sargeblis
miRebisTvis meore mxaris uflebebis Selaxva arafrad miaCnia, Tu kontrahenti yuradRe-
biT ar iqneba da saSualebas ar miscems, rom aseTi pirobebi Tavs moaxvios. amdenad,
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisa da wonasworobis miRweva Tanamedrove sabazro ekono-
mikis pirobebSi urTulesi da xSirad SeuZlebelic kia.38
34
iqve, 60.
35
Иосифова Т., Принцип договорной справедливости, Вестник КГУ, #6, 2014, 237, ix. <h ps://cyberleninka.ru/ar cle/v/print-
sip-dogovornoy-spravedlivos >, [05.06.2017].
36
iqve, 237.
37
iqve, 238.
38
256
kerZo samarTalSi Tanasworoba iTvaliswinebs iuridiul Tanasworobas samoqalaqo

brunvis subieqtebs Soris, maT qonebriv damoukideblobas, maTi mxriv iniciativis gamoCe-
nas, gareSe pirTa Caurevlobas maT saqmianobaSi.39 absoluturi samarTlianobisa da wonas-
worobis miRweva SeuZlebelia. samarTlianoba ideaa, romlis miRwevasac xelSekrulebis
mxareebi unda eswrafvodnen. samarTlianobisken miswrafeba ki gulisxmobs sakuTari
ufleba-movaleobebis keTilsindisierad da gulisxmierad ganxorcielebas. am SemTvevaSi
udides rols TamaSobs samoqalaqo kodeqsis amosavali principi – keTilsindisierebis
principi, ssk-s me-8 muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad: `samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monaw-
ileni valdebulni arian keTilsindisierad ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi da mova-
leobani.~
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis princips samarTlianobis aRdgenis funqciac akisria
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxareebs Soris darRveulia saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba. aR-
saniSnavia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsSi nebis avtonomiis principidan gamomdinare dispozi-
ciuri normebi Warbobs, rac saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis damkvidrebas arTulebs.40
Tumca, kanonmdeblis farTo Careva imperatiuli normebiT dadebiT Sedegebs ver moitan-
da, iseve rogorc bevri dispoziciuri norma SeiZleba saxifaTo iyos saxelSekrulebo
samarTlianobisa da wonasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.41 Tanamedrove sabazro urTier-
TobebSi xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca xelSekrulebis erTi mxare, romelic ekonomi-
kurad Zlieria, upiratesobas moipovebs meore mxaris winaSe. aseT SemTxvevebSi kontra-
hents calmxrivad ganusazRvraven pirobebs, romelic standartuli pirobebis saxiTaa
Camoyalibebuli da meore mxares sxva gza ar darCenia – is Tanxmdeba am pirobebs. aseTi
SemTxvevebi, samwuxarod, xSiria da am dros saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobaze saubari
rTulia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom xelSekruleba orive mxarisTvis sargeblis momtani unda iyos, ise ar
unda moxdes, rom xelSekrulebas erTi mxarisTvis sargebeli mohqondes, meore mxarisT-
vis ki mxolod tvirTs warmoadgendes. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelSekrulebo wonasworobaze
saubari zedmetia, is arc ki warmoiSoba, Sesabamisad, araekvivalentur ufleba-movaleo-
baTa arseboba saxelSekrulebo usamarTlobas iwvevs. iuridiul doqtrinaSi aRniSnulia,
rom `dauSvebelia iseTi ormxrivi xelSekrulebis arseboba, romelic erTi mxarisTvis
Tavisuflebaa, meorisTvis ki Tavisuflebis SezRudva.~42 saxelSekrulebo samarTlia-
nobisTvis umniSvnelovanesia zneobrioba da masTan xelSekrulebis Sesabamisoba.43 saqa-
rTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 54-e muxlis Tanaxmad, baTilia iseTi garigeba, romelic
zneobis normebs ewinaaRmdegeba, xolo 55-e muxli baTilad acxadebs gavlenis borotad
gamoyenebiT dadebul garigebebs. aRniSnuli imperatiuli mowesrigebebiT kanonmdebeli
xels uwyobs saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisa da wonasworobis ganxorcielebas.
standartuli pirobebiT xelSekrulebebis dadeba xSir SemTxvevebSi xdeba ise, rom
xelSekrulebis `susti mxare~ maT ar icnobs da warmodgenac ar aqvs ise Tanxmdeba maT
samarTalSi, “marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #3, 2010, 24.

39
jorbenaZe s., Sesavali debulebani, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, Tb., 2002, 29.
40
41
iqve, 239.
42
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 266.
43
257
nika jaSiaSvili
ganxorcielebas. aseTi mdgomareoba arakeTilsindisier, `saxelSekrulebo upiratesobis~

mqone mxares ubiZgebs standartul pirobebSi sasurveli mowesrigebis gaTvaliswinebas.
ssk-s 346-e muxlSi mocemulia zogadi danawesi, romelic uTiTebs ndobisa da samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis amosavali principis – keTilsindisierebis sawinaaRmdegod arsebuli xe-
lSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis baTilobas.
zogadi normebis arsebobis miuxedavad, romelTa saSualebiTac SeiZleba saxelSekrule-
bo samarTlianobis miRwevaze saubari, iuridiul doqtrinaSi aRniSnuli erT-erTi mo-
sazrebiT mainc umjobesia imperatiuli normebis arseboba, romlebic SezRudavs nebis
avtonomias.44 aseT SezRudvas sami mizani, SeiZleba, hqondes:
1) xelSekrulebis `susti mxaris~ dacvis mizani;
2) mesame pirebis dacvis mizani (visac warmoadgenen realuri an potenciuri kredi-
torebi, romelTa interesebis dacva zogadad samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobas emsax-
ureba);
3) qveyanaSi arsebuli marTlwesrigisa da samarTlebrivi Rirebulebebis dacva.45
Sejamebis saxiT SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba zogadi
ideaa, romlis miRwevasa da ganxorcielebas xelSekrulebis mxareebi misi dadebisas da
xelSekrulebiT nakisri ufleba-movaleobebis ganxorcielebisas unda eswrafvodnen.
gasagebia da winaswar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini absolutur samarTlianobas ver miaR-
weven, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania mcdeloba da saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis
damyarebisken swrafva.46 saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba unda iyos is orientiri, romlis
miRwevasac mxareebi unda cdilobdnen.47 samoqalaqo kodeqsi adgens iseT umniSvnelovanes
principebs, rogorebicaa: nebis avtonomia, mxareTa Tanasworoba, keTilsindisiereba da
gulisxmiereba, xolo xelSekrulebis mxareebs moqmedebis farTo areals utovebs imisaT-
vis, rom maT Tavisi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi gansazRvron imgvarad, rom CamoTvli-
li umniSvnelovanesi principebi ganxorcieldes da dacul iqnes. Tu ase moxdeba, Tamamad
SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba da samarTlianoba garkveul-
wilad mainc damyarda.
5. saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba da Secvlili garemoebebi

Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba saxelSekrulebo samarTlia-
nobisa da wonasworobis aRdgenisaken mimarTuli umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebrivi in-
stitutia. xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos samarTliani da ekvivalenturi pirobebiT,
dadebis momentSi daculi iyos saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba, Tumca drois gasvlasTan
erTad garemoebebi ise Seicvalos, rom wonasworoba dairRves.48 dairRves imgvarad, rom
erT-erTi mxare xelSekrulebas ar dadebda an sxva pirobebiT dadebda. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis uzrunvelmyofi instituti ssk-s 398-e muxli
44
45
iqve, 239.
46
47
iqve, 29.
48
iqve, 28.
258
unda iyos. 398-e muxli maSin unda amoqmeddes, Tu Sesrulebis moTxovna ewinaaRmdegeba
keTilsindisierebisa da samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sikeTeTa samarTliani
gacvlis moTxovnebs.49 Tumca, xelSekrulebaSi Setanilma cvlilebebmac SeiZleba ver uz-
runvelyos saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis aRdgena. am dros umniSvnelovanesia mxareebs
amoZravebdeT igive mizani, rac xelSekrulebis dadebis dros, isini unda eswrafvodnen
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevas.50
misadageba mniSvnelovanwilad uzrunvelyofs mxareTa interesebis dacvas, xe-
lSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba damZimdes movalisTvis an mxolod
kreditorisTvis, aseve, xelSekrulebis orive mxarisTvis. yvela aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi
misadageba saukeTeso gamosavalia saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisa da keTilsindis-
ierebis dasacavad.51 xelSekrulebis misadagebis procesSi sasamarTlos udidesi roli
akisria saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisa da wonasworobis uzrunvelsayofad. im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu mxareebi ver SeTanxmdebian xelSekrulebis adaptaciaze, keTilsindisierebis
principi sasamarTlos aniWebs xelSekrulebis misadagebis uflebamosilebas. misadagebis
dros ki sasamarTlo mxareTa xelSekrulebis Tavdapirvel mizans ganmartavs keTilsindi-
sierebisa (ssk-s me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili, 361-e muxlis me-2 nawilis) da samarTlianobis
(ssk-s 325-e muxlis) mixedviT.52
amasTan, isic unda iTqvas, rom sasamarTlos mier aRniSnul principTa safuZvelze
xelSekrulebis misadagebis SemTxvevaSic ki saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba absoluturad
ar aRdgeba, aramed sasamarTlo xelSekrulebas Secvlil garemoebebs miusadagebs img-
varad, rom Sesruleba, romelic araekvivalenturi gaxda garemoebaTa Secvlis Sedegad,
gaxdes gonivruli simZimis. sasamarTlo wonasworobis absolutur aRdgenas ar axdens.53
6. nominalizmis principi da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba

iuridiul doqtrinaSi samarTlianad aris miCneuli, rom nominalizmis principi zed-
metad farToa da grZelvadian urTierTobebSi misi gamoyeneba gaumarTlebelia.54 Tu xe-
lSekruleba xangrZlivi vadiT aris dadebuli, garemoebebi SeiZleba imgvarad Seicvalos,
rom axali pirobebiT xelSekrulebis Sesrulebam saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisadmi
aSkara Seusabamoba warmoSvas.
sainteresoa, ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac valutis kursi aSkara, araprognozire-
bad gauaresebas ganicdis da amavdroulad aRniSnuli gauareseba im xasiaTis ar aris, rom
hiperinflaciis donemde aRwevdes? 389-e muxlis gamoyenebis farglebi SezRudulia ise-
Ti safuZvlebiT, rogoricaa hiperinflacia, fulis nominalis Secvla da fulis erTeu-
49
50
samarTalSi, `“marTlmsajuleba da kanoni“, #3, 2010, 28.
51
gegenava a., nardobis xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi, Tb., 2015, 33.
52
CitaSvili n., Secvlili garemoebebiT warmoSobili Sesrulebis garTuleba da SeuZlebloba, „samarTlis Jur-
nali“, #2, 2011, 162.
53
ZlieriSvili z., nardobis xelSekruleba (Teoria da praqtika), Tb., 2016, 200.
54
s_kursi.pdf>, [01.06.2017].
259
nika jaSiaSvili
lis cvlileba. amdenad, 389-e muxli aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiyeneba. xelSekrulebis

mxare, romelsac axali Seusabamod maRali kursiT mouwevs fuladi valdebulebis Ses-
ruleba, daucveli rCeba, rac saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisa da keTilsindisierebis
moTxovnebs udavod ewinaaRmdegeba .
amrigad, unda moiZebnos sxva meqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac aRdgeba saxelSekrule-
bo samarTlianoba da wonasworoba. aseT samarTlebriv institutad Secvlili garemoe-
bebis kategoria moiazreba,55 romelic aSkarad araekvivalenturi da usamarTlo gacvli-
Ti urTierTobidan gamomdinare gamosavals SeiZleba warmoadgendes.56
7. ssk-s 398-e muxli - gamosavali saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis

aRsadgenad
xelSekrulebis mxareTa interesebis dasacavad da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis
aRsadgenad gamosavals 398-e muxli warmoadgens, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom aRniSnu-
li norma yvela SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba. fulis kursis gonivruli molodinis fargleb-
Si gaureseba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba da xelSekrulebis adaptacia am SemTxvevaSi gam-
oiricxeba. ssk-s 398-e muxlis moTxovnebs amoqmedebis mTeli rigi winapirobebi gaaCnia,
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom 2010 wels57 normis bundovanebis gamo Camoayaliba
aRniSnuli winapirobebi:
1) xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg Seicvala garkveuli garemoebebi (obieqturi sa-
fuZvlebi, ssk-s 398-e muxlis 1-li nawili) an erToblivi warmodgenebi araswori aRmoCnda
(subieqturi safuZveli, 398-es me-2 nawili);
2) es garemoebebi an warmodgenebi iqca xelSekrulebis safuZvlad;
3) garemoebaTa cvlileba iyo moulodneli da araprognozirebadi (aRniSnuli ele-
menti umniSvnelovanesia valutis kursis cvlilebisas);
4) cvlilebaTa gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi mxareebi ar dadebdnen xelSekrulebas an
dadebdnen sxva SinaarsiT;
5) cvlileba imdenad arsebiTia, rom erT-erT mxares ar SeiZleba valdebulebis ucv-
lelad Sesruleba an xelSekrulebaSi darCena moeTxovos.
aRniSnul elementebs kidev ori winapiroba unda daematos: xelSekrulebiT ar unda
iyos gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebis Secvlis riskis dazaralebuli mxarisaTvis dakisreba
(Tumca sasamarTlos SeuZlia aRniSnuli Canaweri ugulebelyos samarTlianobis princip-
idan gamomdinare),58 aseve umniSvnelovanesia, rom saxeze iyos mizezobrivi kavSiri Ses-
rulebis garTulebasa da garemoebis cvlilebas Soris.59
amrigad, sasamarTlo praqtikiT mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli 398-e muxlis gamoy-
enebis winapirobebi. Tu valutis kursis cvlileba moulodnelia, araprognozirebadia
55
iqve, 13.
56
57
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 6 ivlisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-7-6-2010.
58
59
s_kursi.pdf>, [01.06.2017].
260
da im donemde ar aRwevs, rom hiperinflacia gamoiwvios da 389-e muxlis gamoyenebac

gamoiricxeba, Tu 398-e muxlis yvela winapiroba saxeze iqneba da amavdroulad, fulis
kursis gauareseba ar iqneba normaluri da prognozirebadi, am SemTxvevaSi 398-e muxlis
upiratesobis sakiTxi 389-e muxlTan dadgeba da sasamarTlom xelSekruleba Secvlil
garemoebebs SeiZleba miusadagos `saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis saxeliT~. aseT dros
orive normis mizani daculi iqneba.60
am SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom valutis kursis cvlileba ganixileba Secvlil garemoe-
bad. marTalia, valutis kursis cvlilebas 389-e muxli Seexeba, magram misi gamoyenebis
sferos sami safuZvliT SezRudvidan gamomdinare, saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisa da
wonasworobis aRdgenis mizniT, 398-e muxlis gamoyeneba SeiZleba moxdes Sesabamisi wina-
pirobebis arsebobisas da xelSekrulebis Secvlili garemoebisadmi misadageba imgvarad
ganxorcieldes, rom Sesruleba gonivruli simZimis gaxdes.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 398-e muxlis winapirobaTa simravlidan, valdebulebis Ses-
rulebis garTulebisa da valutis kursis cvlilebas Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris dad-
genis aucileblobidan gamomdinare, mxolod sagamonakliso SemTxvevebSi SesaZlebelia
dadges iseTi mdgomareoba, rom valutis kursis kardinaluri, araprognozirebadi cvl-
ilebisas xelSekrulebis misadageba moxdes. Teoriulad aseTi SesaZleblobis arseboba
imis maCvenebelia, rom saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba da wonasworoba aseT SeTxveveb-
Sic ki, nawilobriv, Tumca garkveulwilad mainc SeiZleba aRdges.
8. daskvna
nominalizmis principi samoqalaqo brunvisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis umniS-
vnelovanesia meqanizmia, romelic fuladi valdebulebebis Sinaarss aregulirebs. nom-
inalizmis principi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 389-e muxlSia asaxuli, romlis
gamoyenebis farglebs sasamarTlo praqtika hiperinflaciiT, fulis nominalis SecvliTa
da fulis erTeulis cvlilebiT SemosazRvravs. fulis kursis kardinaluri, araprog-
nozirebadi gauaresebis SemTxvevaSi, roca saqme `droSi gawelil~ valdebulebebs exeba,
dazaralebuli mxare daucveli rCeba, rac saxelSekrulebo usamarTlobasa da araekviv-
alenturobas iwvevs. winamdebare naSromSi nominalizmis principisa da saxelSekrulebo
samarTlianobis urTierTmimarTebis safuZvelze ganxilvis Sedegad unda aRiniSnos, rom
warmodgenili mdgomareobidan gamosavlad Secvlili garemoebebis kategoria SesaZlebe-
lia CaiTvalos.
amrigad, xelSekrulebis safuZvlis arsebiTi cvlilebisas, romelic aRmocendeba
xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg im SemTxvevaSi, roca garemoebaTa cvlilebis winaswar
ganWvreta SeuZlebelia, Tu valutis kursis cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi mx-
are ar dadebda xelSekrulebas an dadebda sxva SinaarsiT, Tu xelSekrulebis pirobis
Sesruleba araTanazomierad xelyofs erTi mxaris interesebs da valutis kursis cvli-
leba tendenciis Sesabamisi ar aris, Tuki saxezea mizezobrivi kavSiri valdebulebis Ses-
rulebis garTulebasa da valutis kursis cvlilebas Soris, xelSekrulebis Secvlili
garemoebebisadmi misadageba SesaZlebelia moxdes, raTa aRmoifxvras garemoebaTa Secv-
lis Sedegad warmoSobili disbalansi da saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba da samarTlianoba
aRdges.
60
261
Lela Macharashvili (LL.M Student, TSU)
ISSUE OF THE INTERRELATION OF ARTICLE 185 AND PARAGRAPH 2 OF ARTICLE 312 OF

THE CIVIL CODE OF GEORGIA, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE JUDGEMENT #3/4/550 OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF GEORGIA OF 17 OCTOBER, 2017
ABSTRACT
On 17 October, 2017, the Grand Chamber of the Cons tu onal Court adopted the Judgement in
the case of ~Ci zen of Georgia, Nodar Dvali v. The Parliament of Georgia~ (cons tu onal complaint
#550) and par ally upheld the claims raised in the complaint. In the cons tu onal complaint #550
the applicant asked to declare uncons tu onal the Ar cle 185 and Ar cle 312(2) of the Civil Code of
Georgia with regard to Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Ar cle 21 of the Cons tu on of Georgia.
The disputed provisions provided the rules protec ng the conscien ous buyer in case of transfer of
a property by a person who is incorrectly registered as owner in the public register. The Cons tu onal
Court interpreted that the disputed norms were in conflict, par cularly, the regula on provided in Ar-
cle 185 of the Civil Code of Georgia was different from the rule provided in Ar cle 312(2). Therefore,
the Cons tu onal Court found its norma ve content uncons tu onal, according to which, ~person who
transfers the property to another is presumed to be the owner, if he/she is registered as such in the
public registry~ even when, the record in the Registry has been appealed against and the acquirer is
aware of this fact.
In view of this landmark judgement, the present ar cle focuses on the prac ce of the Cons tu o-
nal court related to the issue how the norma ve content of the disputed norm is determined by the
Court. The Cons tu onal Court is a nega ve legislator. Its task is to carry out cons tu onal review and
invalidate uncons tu onal provision and/or its parts or norma ve content. Therefore, in the first place
the Cons tu onal Court of Georgia has to iden fy the concept of the challenged provision raised in the
complaint. The determina on of the norma ve content of the disputed norm is the competence of the
common courts. The ar cle focuses on difficul es that arise in the process of defining norma ve con-
tent of the provision. In addi on, why the determining norma ve content of the disputed provision is
so important and what could be the impact of it on the degree of Human Rights protec on is analyzed
in the ar cle.
262
lela maWaraSvili*
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlisa da 312-e muxlis me-2

nawilis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 17 oqtombris #3/4/550 gadawyvetilebis
Sesabamisad
1. Sesavali
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis pirveli punqti ganamtkicebs sakuTrebis,
misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRebis sayovelTao uflebas. sakuTrebis
ufleba bunebiTi uflebaa, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia demokratiuli sazogadoebis ar-
seboba. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos araerTxel ganumartavs, rom `sakuTrebis ufleba
adamianis ara marto arsebobis elementaruli safuZvelia, aramed uzrunvelyofs mis
Tavisuflebas, misi unarisa da SesaZleblobebis adekvatur realizacias, cxovrebis saku-
Tari pasuxismgeblobiT warmarTvas. yovelive es kanonzomierad ganapirobebs individis
kerZo iniciativebs ekonomikur sferoSi, rac xels uwyobs ekonomikuri urTierTobebis,
Tavisufali mewarmeobis, sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebas, normalur, stabilur samoqa-
laqo brunvas~.1
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sakuTreba aris mTavari fundamenti sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebisa da wesrigis. socialuri wesrigi, ra Tqma unda, marto samarTalze ar aris
damokidebuli, Tumca mniSvnelovnad aris mis mier gansazRvruli.2 samarTlebrivi weswyo-
bilebis mizania, uzrunvelyos sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianis uflebebisa da Tav-
isuflebebis dacva da TiToeuli adamianis pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis Sesa-
Zlebloba. adamianis ganviTareba SeuZlebelia, Tu adamians ara aqvs ganviTarebis sivrce
da Tavisufali gankargvis sagnebi: sakuTreba sxva araferia, garda piris sagnebTan daka-
vSirebuli Tavisuflebisa.3
sakuTrebis ufleba, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs mesakuTris uflebamosilebas,
Tavisuflad flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT, gankargos igi sakuTari Sexedulebi-
samebr. sakuTrebis arsebiTi Sinaarsi mdgomareobs mis eqskluziurobaSi, yvela adamiani
gamoricxos sxva piris sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis sargeblobisa da gankargvisagan. sa-
kuTrebis uflebis eqskluziuroba pirs aZlevs Zalauflebas, daupirispirdes sxva nebi-
smieri piris Carevas.4
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi gansazRvravs uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis mopovebis
gansakuTrebul wess. kerZod, uZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia garigebis werilobi-
* ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis magistraturis me-3 semestri, kerZo samar-
Tali.
1
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 2 ivlisis #1/2/384 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarT-
velos moqalaqeebi _ daviT jimSeleiSvili, tariel gvetaZe da neli dalalaSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis
winaaRmdeg“, II-5.
2
Hans Pru ng, sachenrecht, Munchen: Verlag C.H.Beck,2010, gv. 117.
3
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tbilisi 2003, gv, 82.
4
zarandia T., juReli T., sakuTrebis uflebis eqskluziuri xasiaTi da sakuTrebis uflebis borotad gamoyene-
ba, 2012, gv. 300; zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 83.
263
lela maWaraSvili
Ti formiT dadeba da SemZenze am garigebiT gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebis regis-

tracia sajaro reestrSi.5 normis logikidan gamomdinare, garigeba samarTlebrivad namd-
vilia misi gaformebis momentidan, magram sakuTrebis uflebis cvlileba damokidebulia
sajaro-samarTlebriv aqtze _ sakuTrebis uflebis sajaro reestrSi registraciaze.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2017 wlis 17 oqtombris #3/4/550 gad-
awyvetilebaSi imsjela uZravi nivTis mesakuTrisa da keTilsindisieri SemZenis dapirisp-
irebul interesebze da am interesebis harmoniul dabalansebaze. mosarCelis mier sa-
davod iyo gamxdari saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlisa da 312-e muxlis
me-2 nawilis konstituciuroba saqarTvelos konstituciis (2018 wlis 16 dekembramde
moqmedi redaqcia) 21-e muxlis pirvel da me-2 punqtebTan mimarTebiT. sakonstitucio sa-
samarTlom saqarTvelos konstituciis (2018 wlis 16 dekembramde moqmedi redaqcia) 21-e
muxlis pirvel da me-2 punqtebTan mimarTebiT arakonstituciurad cno saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlis is normatiuli Sinaarsi, romlis Tanaxmadac, `gamsx-
visebeli iTvleba mesakuTred, Tu igi aseTad aris registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi,
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac reestris Canaweris winaaRmdeg Setanilia saCivari da es faqti
SemZenisaTvis cnobilia~.
winamdebare statiaSi mimoxiluli iqneba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
samarTlebrivi logika, rac safuZvlad daedo sadavo normebis Sinaarsis gansazRvras da
maTi urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis dadgenas. amasTan, naSromis mizans ar warmoadgens
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi dadgenili motivebis Sefaseba da maTi
analizi, aramed yuradReba gamaxvildeba mosarCelis mier sadavod gamxdari normebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze da saerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikis mniSvnelobaze sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlosaTvis. am mizniT, upirveles yovlisa mimoxiluli iqneba saqmis
faqtobrivi garemoebebi, davis gadawyvetisas sasamarTlos mier ganviTarebuli argu-
mentacia da, amis Semdgom, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikis ganzogadebiT, gakeT-
deba samarTlebrivi daskvnebi kvlevis mTavar sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.
2. saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi da mosarCele mxaris sasarCelo

moTxovna
mosarCele nodar dvalma 2002 wlis 7 marts SeiZina 2100 kv. m. miwis nakveTi qalaq
TbilisSi. amasTan, mas aRniSnul miwis nakveTze sakuTrebis ufleba daregistrirebuli
hqonda sajaro reestrSi. 2011 wlis 7 marts nodar dvalis kuTvnil miwis nakveTze yalbi
miReba-Cabarebis aqtis gamoyenebiT, sajaro reestrSi sakuTrebis ufleba daregistrirda
sxva pirze. amis Semdgom, aRniSnuli miwis nakveTi orjer gasxvisda.
nodar dvalma sarCeliT mimarTa Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos da danaSauliT mi-
yenebuli zianis anazRaurebis mizniT, moiTxova miwis nakveTis dabruneba da Sesabamisad,
im nasyidobis xelSekrulebebis baTilad cnoba, romelTa safuZvelzec mesame pirebma
SeiZines xsenebuli miwis nakveTi. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 12 noem-
bris gadawyvetilebiT, nodar dvalis sarCeli ar dakmayofilda, ramdenadac sasamarT-
lom miiCnia, rom myidveli warmoadgenda keTilsindisier SemZens, rac gamoricxavda miwis
nakveTis dabrunebas Tavdapirveli mesakuTrisaTvis.
mosarCelis poziciiT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxli da 312-e mux-
lis me-2 nawili ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos konstituciiT ganmtkicebul sakuTrebis
5
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 183.
264
uflebas, ramdenadac uZravi nivTis arauflebamosili piris mier gasxvisebisas SemZenis

keTilsindisiereba gamoricxavda namdvili mesakuTris uflebas, daebrunebina kuTvnili
miwis nakveTi.
mosarCelis argumentaciiT, sadavo normebi arakonstituciuria, vinaidan iZleva
qonebis mesakuTris monawileobis gareSe, mesakuTred arasworad registrirebuli piris
mier uZravi nivTis gasxvisebis SesaZleblobas. mosarCele mxare apelirebda moZrav
nivTebTan dakavSirebiT arsebul modelze da miuTiTebda, rom uZravi nivTebis SeZenis
wesi moZravi nivTebis analogiurad unda gansazRvruliyo, kerZod, mosarCele konsti-
tuciis Sesabamisad miiCnevda wess, romlis mixedviTac keTilsindisieri SemZeni ver gax-
deba nivTis mesakuTre, Tu nivTi Tavdapirveli mesakuTris nebis sawinaaRmdegod gavida
misi mflobelobidan.
mosarCele mxaris argumentaciiT, uZravi nivTebis sakuTrebasTan mimarTebiT
keTilsindisieri SemZenisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba araTu icavs, aramed piriqiT _ sa-
frTxes uqmnis stabilur samoqalaqo brunvas, ramdenadac aseT SemTxvevaSi namdvili
mesakuTris sakuTrebis ufleba warmoadgens droebiT mocemulobas, romelic axali TaR-
liTobis Cadenamde vadiT aris Semofargluli. amasTan, namdvil mesakuTres ar SeuZlia
ganWvritos, rodis Sewyvets arsebobas nivTze misi sakuTrebis ufleba. sajaro reestrSi
piris mesakuTred registracia ar unda warmoadgendes sakuTrebis uflebis warmomSob
faqts, jer unda arsebobdes realuri sakuTrebis ufleba, xolo misi registracia unda
iyos ukve arsebuli uflebis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa.
mosarCelis gancxadebiT, dapirispirebul interesebs Soris samarTliani balansi miR-
weuli iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sadavo nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba daubrundeboda
pirvandel, namdvil mesakuTres, xolo keTilsindisier SemZens mieniWeboda kompensaciis
moTxovnis ufleba.
3. sadavo normebis arsi da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier

mosarCelis moTxovnis Sesabamisad identificirebuli Sesafasebeli
mocemuloba
mosarCele mxare konstituciur sarCelSi sadavod xdida saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 185-e muxlisa da 312-e muxlis me-2 nawilis konstituciurobas. saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlis mixedviT, `SemZenis interesebidan gamomdinare, gamsx-
visebeli iTvleba mesakuTred, Tu igi aseTad aris registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca SemZenma icoda, rom gamsxvisebeli ar iyo mesakuTre~. xolo
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 312-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Sesabamisad, ìm piris sa-
sargeblod, romelic garigebis safuZvelze sxva pirisagan iZens romelime uflebas da es
ufleba gamsxviseblis saxelze iyo reestrSi registrirebuli, reestris Canaweri iTvle-
ba sworad, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca am Canaweris sawinaaRmdegod Setanilia saCivari,
an SemZenma icoda, rom Canaweri uzustoa~.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom, sakuTari konstituciuri mandatidan gamomdinare, pir-
vel rigSi, gansazRvra sadavo normebis Sinaarsi da Sesafasebeli mocemuloba. xelisu-
flebis danawilebis principidan gamomdinare, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos roli swored
sadavo normebSi arsebuli arakonstituciuri qcevis wesis gauqmebaSi da amgvarad, kon-
stituciis uzenaesobis dacvaSi vlindeba. `saqarTvelos konstitucia, sakonstitucio
265
lela maWaraSvili
sasamarTlos, ... ar aniWebs normatiuli Sinaarsis aqtebis gamocemis, regulaciebis dad-

genis uflebamosilebas. misi funqcia arsebuli sakanonmdeblo sivrcis konstituciuro-
bis uzrunvelyofaSi povebs asaxvas.~6 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Tavisi
arsiT àsrulebs negatiuri kanonmdeblis funqcias, gavlenas axdens normaSemoqmedebiT
saqmianobaze – sarCelis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli urTierTobis momwes-
rigebeli norma (normebi) kargavs iuridiul Zalas, metic, kanonmdebelma, xSir SemTx-
vevaSi, unda miiRos axali, konstituciis Sesabamisi normebi, Tumca xazgasmiT unda aRin-
iSnos, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo qveyanaSi axali wesrigis dadgenas (Seqmnas) ki
ar emsaxureba, aramed uzrunvelyofs konstituciis uzenaesobas da qmediTobas, xels
uwyobs mis Sesrulebas rogorc saxelmwifos, ise xalxis mier.~7 Sesabamisad, sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlos gaaCnia arakonstituciuri regulaciebis Zaladakargulad gamocxa-
debis da am gziT, maTTvis adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevis resursis
gauqmebis uflebamosileba.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom, Tavdapirvelad daadgina
sadavo normebis Sinaarsi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sadavo normebis Sinaarsis dad-
genisas daeyrdno saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebas, romlis mixedviTac:
`samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e da 312-e muxlebSi naxseneb termin `gamsxvisebelSi~ yovelT-
vis igulisxmeba piri, romelic ar aris uflebamosili, gaasxvisos sajaro reestrSi mis
saxelze registrirebuli ufleba da amdenad, is ar aris uflebamosili dados garigeba~.8
zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis SeZena xdeba qonebis namdvil mesakuTresa da SemZens
Soris dadebuli garigebis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxli
da amave kodeqsis 312-e muxlis me-2 nawili ki Seexeba SemTxvevas, rodesac uZravi qonebis
gasxviseba xdeba im piris mier, romelic arasworad aris registrirebuli sajaro re-
estrSi. amdenad, sadavo normebi aregulireben iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac qonebis gasx-
viseba xdeba im piris mier, romelic mesakuTres ar warmoadgens, Tumca aseTad arasworad
aris registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi.
sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila registrirebuli monacemebis utyuarobisa da
sisrulis prezumfciaze, romelsac samarTalSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. kerZod, dau-
dasturebeli movlena an faqti miiCneva, ivaraudeba arsebulad, dadasturebulad da mas
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba.9 registraciis mizania, Seiqmnas garkveuli da myari
safuZveli uZrav nivTebTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisaTvis, raTa
SesaZlebeli iyos uZravi nivTis Sesaxeb utyuari da zusti informaciis miReba.10 samarT-
lebrivi brunva moiTxovs myar safuZvels. es gamomdinareobs uZravi nivTis sakuTrebis
maRali ekonomiuri mniSvnelobidan, amitom Zalian mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu vin
aris gasayidi nivTis mesakuTre.11
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxli, iseve rogorc amave kodeqsis 312-e
6
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 10 noembris #3/6/642 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTve-
los moqalaqe _ lali lazaraSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-20.
7
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 ivnisis gadawyvetileba #1/466 saqmeze „saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-18.
8
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis pirveli ivlisis gadawyvetileba
saqmeze #as-1607-1509-2012.
9
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tbilisi 2011, gv. 160.
10
Schöner H., Stübe K., Grundbuchrecht, Band 4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis Verlag- C-H, Beck -München, 2008, 16.
11
Schmidt R., Sachenrecht II, Immobiliarsachenrecht, Kreditsicherungsrecht, Verlag Dr. Rolf Schmidt, 1. Aufl., 2004, 16.
266
muxlis me-2 nawili miuTiTebda, rom SemZeni mxolod maSin gaxdeboda mesakuTre, Tu man
ar icoda sajaro reestris Canaweris uzustobis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo sadavo normebis
mocemuli elementis ganmartebisas daeyrdno saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqti-
kas, romlis mixedviTac: ùzusto CanawerTan dakavSirebiT, SemZens arakeTilsindisierad
aqcevs ara yovelgvari codna, aramed mxolod iseTi, rac eWvis qveS ayenebs uflebis SeZe-
nis namdvilobas, anu im garemoebaTa codna, ris gamoc Canaweri uzustoa~.12
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kode-
qsis 312-e muxlis me-2 nawilze, romelic reestrSi arasworad registrirebuli mesaku-
Tris mier qonebis gankargvisas SemZenze sakuTrebis uflebis gadasvlis damabrkolebel
imgvar garemoebas iTvaliswinebda, romelic saxeldebiT ar gamomdinareobda saqarTve-
los samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlidan. kerZod, SemZeni ver gaxdeba mesakuTre, Tu
sajaro reestris Canaweris mimarT saCivaria Setanili. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miu-
TiTa, rom saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi iyo gadawyvetilebebi, romel-
Ta Tanaxmadac, sakmarisia saCivris arsebobis obieqturi faqti garigebis momentSi da
es avtomaturad aqcevda SemZens arakeTilsindisierad.13 aseve, moiZebneba gadawyvetile-
bebi, romelTa mixedviTac, SemZeni iTvleboda keTilsindisierad maSinac ki, Tu rees-
tris mimarT Setanili iyo saCivari, Tumca amis Sesaxeb SemZeni ar iyo informirebuli.14
gansaxilvel saqmeze saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom sadavo normebis orive
ganmarteba miiRo mxedvelobaSi.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miuTiTa saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmarte-
baze, romlis mixedviTac, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e da 312-e muxlebiT
dadgenili sajaro reestris monacemTa utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia vrcel-
deba mxolod registraciaunarian uflebebze15 da, amasTanave, keTilsindisier SemZens
icavs ara yovelgvari garigebisas, aramed mxolod sasyidliani garigebebis dadebisas.16
sakuTrebis uflebis obieqtebi TavianTi bunebiT erTmaneTisagan Zalze gansxvavebu-
lia.17 qonebis gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi buneba moiTxovs maT gansxvavebul regulire-
bas.18 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 185-e muxli Seexeba mxolod uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis gankargvis SemTxvevebs,
xolo 312-e muxlis regulirebis sfero ufro farToa da, zogadad, sajaro reestrSi
registrirebul uflebebs miemarTeba. amasTan, sadavo normebi nebismieri sasyidliani
garigebis dadebisas icavs keTilsindisier SemZens. Tumca, sasarCelo moTxovnidan ga-
momdinare, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Seafasa sadavo normebis im normatiuli Sinaar-
sis konstituciuroba, romelic keTilsindisier SemZens icavs uZrav qonebaze sabazro
12
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2014 wlis 16 ianvris #as-189-182-2013 gad-
awyvetileba.
13
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 26 ivlisis #as-524-498-2013 gad-
awyvetileba.
14
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 6 martis #as-1298-1236-2014 gad-
awyvetileba.
15
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 8 aprilis #as-675-642-2014 gad-
awyvetileba.
16
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 17 ivnisis #as-491-465-2015 gad-
awyvetileba.
17
Маттеи У., Суханов Е. А., Основные положения права собственности, Москва, 1999, 113.
18
iqve, 108.
267
lela maWaraSvili
garigebebis dadebisas, anu iseTi tranzaqciebisas, romelic dadebulia bazris or da-

moukidebel monawiles Soris da romlis farglebSic orive mxare moqmedebs sakuTari
interesebis saukeTesod uzrunvelsayofad, sargeblis misaRebad.
4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlisa da 312-e

muxlis me-2 nawilis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos miTiTebiT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis 185-e muxliT dadgenili regulireba gansxvavdeba 312-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT dadge-
nili wesisagan. 185-e muxli ar gamoricxavs keTilsindisier SemZenze sakuTrebis uflebis
gadasvlas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu reestris Canaweris mimarT saCivaria Setanili. Sesabamisad,
185-e muxlSi arauflebamosili gamsxviseblis mier sakuTrebis gankargvis ufro meti
SemTxveva eqceva. garigeba, romlis farglebSic keTilsindisieri SemZeni mesakuTred
iqneboda cnobili saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlis safuZvelze, SeiZle-
ba aseTad ar iqnes miCneuli amave kodeqsis 312-e muxlis me-2 nawilidan gamomdinare (im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac reestris Canaweris winaaRmdeg saCivaria Setanili).
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miuTiTa: òrive sadavo norma erTdroulad moqmedebs
da maTi erToblivi gamoyenebis, maT Soris, koliziis gadawyvetis Sedegad, saerTo sa-
samarTloebma yovel individualur SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa sajaro reestris Canaweris wi-
naaRmdeg saCivris Setanis faqti keTilsindisier SemZenze sakuTrebis uflebis gadasvlis
Semaferxebel garemoebad miiCnion. Tumca is faqti, rom sxva normasTan koliziis Sede-
gad SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlis romelime Sinaarsi ar
iqnes gamoyenebuli, TavisTavad, sadavo normatiul Sinaarss ar cvlis da arc mis konsti-
tuciurobaze miuTiTebs.~19 msgavs SemTxvevaSi sadavo normis konstituciurobis Semow-
mebis farglebTan dakavSirebiT sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom `sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlo SezRudulia normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis SefasebiT, rac
principulad gansxvavdeba kanonierebis problemis gadawyvetisgan. Tu sakonstitucio
sasamarTlo normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis problemas gadawyvets zemdgomi,
konstituciis Sesabamisi aqtis gamoyenebiT da normis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis
mtkicebas safuZvlad daudebs zemdgomi, konstituciis Sesabamisi normis arsebobas, is
praqtikulad ar Seasrulebs Tavis funqcias da pirdapir daniSnulebas~.20 amdenad, sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos SefasebiT, specialuri an ierarqiulad maRla mdgomi kanonis mo-
qmedebis Sedegad, sadavo normis ama Tu im normatiuli Sinaarsis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis
gamoricxva misi konstituciurobis sakiTxis damoukideblad Sefasebas ver daabrkoleb-
da. maSasadame, xsenebuli davis gadawyvetisas sakonstitucio sasamarTlom TiToeuli
sadavo normis konstituciuroba individualurad, maTi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT Sea-
fasa, sadavo normebs Soris koliziis sakiTxis gadawyvetis da Sesabamisad, im Sedegis
gansazRvris gareSe, romelsac isini erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad ayenebdnen.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
19
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 17 oqtombris #3/4/550 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarT-
velos moqalaqe nodar dvali saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-11.
20
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 27 agvistos #1/2/434 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarT-
velos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-9.
268
kodeqsis 185-e muxli da amave kodeqsis 312-e muxlis me-2 nawili dainaxa koliziur norme-
bad da sakuTari praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, TiToeuli sadavo normis konstituciuroba
Seamowma individualurad.
5. gadawyvetilebis ZiriTadi motivebi

sasamarTlom sadavo normebis konstituciuroba Seafasa Tanazomierebis principze
dayrdnobiT da miuTiTa, rom sadavo normebi emsaxureba Rirebuli legitimuri miznis
miRwevas, kerZod, samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobis, simartivisa da siiafis uzrunve-
lyofas. Tumca, samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobisa da simartivis sajaro interesebis
garda, mocemul SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori kerZo piris interesi. uZrav
qonebaze Tavdapirveli mesakuTris sakuTrebis uflebas upirispirdeba keTilsindis-
ieri SemZenis interesi. amdenad, sadavo qonebaze samarTlebrivi pretenzia gaaCnia or
keTilsindisier mxares. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, nebismieri samarTlebrivi gadawyvetis
pirobebSi bunebrivad SeuZlebelia orive mxaris interesis srulyofilad dakmayofile-
ba. aseTi SemTxvevebi `warmoSobs konfqliqts, romlis gadawyvetac marTalia, SeuZlia
marTlwesrigs, magram ise, rom urTierTobis erT-erTi monawile yovelTvis ziandeba~.
21
Sesabamisad, vinaidan interesebis dapirispireba aucdenelia, warmoiSoba maTi harmoni-
zaciis, samarTliani dabalansebis aucilebloba. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom Sea-
fasa, ramdenad iyo daculi amgvari balansi SezRudul uflebasa da SezRudvis Sedegad
dacul samarTlebriv sikeTes Soris.
erTi mxriv, sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom keTilsindisieri SemZenis davaldebuleba,
uZravi qonebis SeZenisas gadaamowmos registrirebuli mesakuTris uflebis gamomricx-
veli yvela garemoeba, azrs daukargavda, rogorc sajaro reestris arsebobas, aseve,
mniSvnelovan msusxav efeqts iqoniebda sakuTrebis SeZenis procesze. amgvari regulaciis
arsebobis pirobebSi saWiro iqneba garigebebis mTeli jaWvisa da masTan dakavSirebuli
dokumentaciis moZieba da Seswavla, rac damatebiT xarjebTan da drosTan aris daka-
vSirebuli. sadavo normebiT dadgenili keTilsindisieri SemZenis dacvis garantiebis
ararseboba aseve gazrdis xarjebs da ramdenadme gaarTulebs uZrav qonebaze garigebebis
dadebas. amave dros, keTilsindisieri SemZenis srulad daucvelobis pirobebSi qonebis
pirvandel mesakuTres naklebad eqneboda interesi, misi sakuTrebis sxva pirze arasworad
registraciis SemTxvevaSi moeTxova Canaweris Sesworeba da waredgina saTanado saCivari,
rac gaarTulebda sajaro reestrSi arsebuli araswori Canawerebis aRmoCenasa da aR-
mofxvras. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, regulacia, romelic keTilsindisier
SemZens aniWebs upiratesobas nivTis mesakuTresTan mimarTebiT, ar arRvevs samarTlian
balanss kerZo da sajaro interesebs Soris.
meore mxriv, sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom regulireba ar unda uwyobdes xels SemZenis
mxridan sajaro reestris Canaweris sisworis mimarT gulgril damokidebulebas. kanon-
mdebelma ar unda Seqmnas iseTi sistema, romlis farglebSic SemZens SeuZlia ugulebe-
lyos misTvis cnobili informacia reestris Canaweris sisworis saeWvoobasTan dakav-
SirebiT. sasamarTlos poziciiT, im pirobebSi, rodesac SemZeni informirebulia sajaro
reestris Canaweris sisworeze davis arsebobis Taobaze, man unda gadaamowmos gamsxvise-
blis uflebis namdvilobis Sesaxeb informacia an ataros sajaro reestris Canaweris
uzustobidan momdinare riski. sajaro reestris Canaweris winaaRmdeg Setanili saCivris
21
Prü ng H., Sachenrecht, 34 Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München 2010, 80.
269
lela maWaraSvili
arseboba miuTiTebs, rom sadavo qonebis realurma mesakuTrem miiRo saTanado zome-
bi sajaro reestris Canaweris uzustobis aRmosafxvrelad. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom
keTilsindisieri SemZenis dacvis mizania qonebis yidvaze xelovnuri barierebis Tavidan
acileba, Tumca kanonmdeblis mier SemoTavazebulma regulirebam ar unda gamoricxos
is minimaluri, gonivruli gadamowmebis valdebuleba, rac uZrav nivTebTan dakavSirebiT
garigebis dadebas axlavs Tan. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom SemZenis dacva
da misi keTilsindisierad miCneva unda gamoiricxos im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs
saCivari da amavdroulad, SemZenma icis amis Sesaxeb.
unda aRiniSnobs, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sefaseba TanxvedraSia sakuTrebis
uflebis doqtrinaSi ganviTarebul SexedulebasTan, romlis mixedviTac, keTilsindis-
ieri SemZeni ar unda sargeblobdes absoluturi dacvis garantiiT, Tu mas uZrav qoneba-
ze sakuTrebis SeZenisas hqonda informacia uflebis naklovanebis Sesaxeb.22
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e
muxli keTilsindisier SemZens icavs im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac reestris Canaweris wi-
naaRmdeg Setanilia saCivari da SemZenma icis amis Sesaxeb. amgvari wesi ki imaze met
SemTxvevaSi iwvevs mesakuTris mier sakuTrebis uflebis dakargvas, vidre es obieqturad
aucilebelia legitimuri miznis misaRwevad.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom
konstituciis (2018 wlis 16 dekembramde moqmedi redaqcia) 21-e muxlis pirvel da me-2
punqtebTan mimarTebiT arakonstituciurad cno saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e
muxlis is normatiuli Sinaarsi, romlis Tanaxmadac, `gamsxvisebeli iTvleba mesakuTred,
Tu igi aseTad aris registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi~, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac rees-
tris Canaweris winaaRmdeg Setanilia saCivari da es faqti SemZenisaTvis cnobilia.
6. normis Sinaarsis dadgenisas saerTo sasamarTloebis ganmartebis

mniSvneloba sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis, sasamarTlo
praqtikis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavdapirveli praqtikis Sesabamisad, sadavo normis Si-
naarss igi adgenda misi namdvili arsis gansazRvriT, logikuri ganmartebis meTodebis
gamoyenebiT da am procesSi igi ar iTvaliswinebda saerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikas.
kerZod, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTebda, rom `sadavo
normebis Sefasebisas mniSvnelovania imisi gamorkveva, rogoria misi ganmartebis far-
glebi. samarTlis nebismieri norma eqvemdebareba ganmartebas. imis gamo, rom samarTlis
norma SeiZleba iZleodes sxvadasxva ganmartebis SesaZleblobas da xels uwyobdes gansx-
vavebuli precedentebis arsebobas, ar niSnavs imas, rom es norma arakonstituciuria.
swored gansxvavebuli ganmarteba xdeba safuZveli, sabolood normis swori ganmartebis
misagnebad. pozitiuri samarTlis pirobebSic arsebobs sakmarisi meqanizmebi imis dasad-
genad, Tu romeli precedenti CaiTvalos normis swor ganmartebad da romeli ara. cxa-
dia, yvelaze swori iqneba konstituciis Sesatyvisi ganmarteba~.23
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, marTalia, normatiuli aqtis Sefasebisas
22
Sterk, E.S., 2012. Strict Liability and Negligence in Property Theory, 160 U. Pa. L. Rev. p. 2141-2142.
23
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 13 maisis #1/2/428,447,459 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqa-
rTvelos saxalxo damcveli, saqarTvelos moqalaqe elguja sabauri da ruseTis federaciis moqalaqe zviad
mania saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-17.
270
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs arsebul precedentebs, magram normis kon-

stituciuroba/arakonstituciuroba Tavad normis Sinaarsidan unda gamomdinareobdes
da ara mxolod misi samarTalgamoyenebiTi praqtikidan, ùnda aRiniSnos, rom normis
araerTgvarovani wakiTxvis albaToba yovelTvis ver gamodgeba misi arakonstituciuro-
bis mtkicebisaTvis. normis Tundac ramdenime versiiT wakiTxvis SesaZlebloba, metic,
mis safuZvelze konstituciis sawinaaRmdego praqtikis arseboba erTmniSvnelovnad ar
miuTiTebs normis arakonstituciurobaze, iseve, rogorc bundovani normis safuZvelze
swori praqtikis arseboba yovelTvis ver gamodgeba normis konstituciurobis mtkicebis
amomwurav argumentad~.24
Sesabamisad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, pirvandeli praqtikis Sesabamisad, ama Tu im
regulirebis realuri Sinaarsis gansazRvrisaTvis iTvaliswinebda, magram ar eyrdnoboda
normis saerTo sasamarTloebiseul ganmartebas. sasamarTlo normas ganmartavda Tavis
mierve Camoyalibebuli meTodologiis safuZvelze da amgvarad axdenda sadavo normebSi
mocemuli Sinaarsis identificirebas. amis Semdgom ki sasamarTlos mier swored amgvari
ganmartebis Sedegad normisTvis miniWebuli Sinaarsis konstituciuroba fasdeboda.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSnuli praqtika Secvala 2015 wlis 4 martis #1/2/552
gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze `ss `liberTi banki~ saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~.
kerZod, xsenebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad, sadavo normebis Sinaarsis dadgenisas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieniWa saerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikas. sakonstitucio sa-
samarTlom aRniSna, `saerTo sasamarTloebi, Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi, iReben sab-
oloo gadawyvetilebas kanonis normatiul SinaarsTan, mis praqtikul gamoyenebasTan
da, Sesabamisad, mis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saerTo
sasamarTloebis mier gakeTebul ganmartebas aqvs didi mniSvneloba kanonis realuri
Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, rogorc wesi, iRebs da ixilavs
sakanonmdeblo normas swored im normatiuli SinaarsiT, romliTac igi saerTo sasamarT-
lom gamoiyena. Tumca am zogadi wesidan SeiZleba ramdenime gamonaklisi arsebobdes, maT
Soris, rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlo darwmundeba, rom erTi da igive instanci-
is sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli ganmartebebi winaaRmdegobrivia. aseT SemTxvevaSi ver
CaiTvleba, rom saerTo sasamarTlos mier sadavo normis Sinaarsi sabolood ganisazRvra.
normis ganmartebis araerTgvarovani praqtika SesaZloa aseve normis bundovanebaze da
mis arakonstituciurobazec miuTiTebdes. garda amisa, gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlo aseve uflebamosilia ar miiRos saerTo sasamarTlos mier Se-
moTavazebuli ganmarteba, Tu is aSkarad aragonivrulia~.25
Sesabamisad, zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, sakanonmdeblo normas sakonstitucio sasamarT-
lo iRebs da ixilavs im normatiuli SinaarsiT, romliTac igi saerTo sasamarTloeb-
ma gamoiyena. arsebobs mxolod ori gamonaklisi am wesidan: 1) rodesac erTi da imave
instanciis sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli ganmartebebi winaaRmdegobrivia; 2) rodesac
saerTo sasamarTlos mier SemoTavazebuli ganmarteba aSkarad aragonivrulia.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 4 martis #1/2/552 gadawyvetileba saqmeze `ss
`liberTi banki~ saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~, masSi dadgenili standartebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, erT-erT precedentul gadawyvetilebad SeiZleba miviCnioT, romlis
24
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 dekembris #1/3/407 gadawyvetileba saqmeze `saqarT-
velos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da saqarTvelos moqalaqe ekaterine lomTaTiZe saqarTvelos parla-
mentis winaaRmdeg“, II-16.
25
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 4 martis #1/2/552 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „ss „liberTi
banki“ saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-16.
271
lela maWaraSvili
Sesabamisadac mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga adamianis uflebebis dacvis Tvalsazris-

iT. kerZod, maSin, rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sadavo normebis Sinaarsis dad-
genisas mxedvelobaSi ar iRebda saerTo sasamarTloebis mier normisaTvis miniWebul
normatiul Sinaarss, rogorc mocemulobas, arsebobda safrTxe imisa, rom normis gam-
oyenebis praqtika daarRvevda adamianis uflebebs, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ki amgvar
praqtikas mxedvelobaSi ar miiRebda, Sesabamisad, es sivrce ar daeqvemdebareboda kon-
stituciur kontrols. `faseulobaTa konstituciuri sistema dafuZnebulia ZiriTadi
uflebebis prioritetsa da pativiscemaze~.26 Sesabamisad, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi,
romlis safuZveli da mizani Tavisufali adamiania, ar unda arsebobdes sivrce, sadac
adamianis uflebebis darRvevis sakiTxi ar daeqvemdebareba Sesabamis kontrols.
7. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlisa da 312-e muxlis

me-2 nawilis urTierTmimarTebis analizi
winamdebare statiis Sesabamis TavSi aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sa-
samarTlom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxli da 312-e muxlis me-2 nawili
koliziur normebad ganixila da aRniSna, ìs faqti, rom sxva normasTan koliziis Sedegad
SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlis romelime Sinaarsi ar iqnes
gamoyenebuli, TavisTavad, sadavo normatiul Sinaarss ar cvlis da arc mis konstituci-
urobaze miuTiTebs~.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miuTiTa koliziuri normebis konstituciurobis Se-
fasebis praqtikaze. kerZod, moixmo 2009 wlis 27 agvistos #1/2/434 gadawyvetileba saq-
meze `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~, romlis
mixedviTac, `sakonstitucio sasamarTlo SezRudulia normatiuli aqtebis konstituci-
urobis SefasebiT, rac principulad gansxvavdeba kanonierebis problemis gadawyvetisgan.
Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlo normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis problemas gad-
awyvets zemdgomi, konstituciis Sesabamisi aqtis gamoyenebiT da normis konstituciasTan
Sesabamisobis mtkicebas safuZvlad daudebs zemdgomi, konstituciis Sesabamisi normis
arsebobas, is praqtikulad ar Seasrulebs Tavis funqcias da pirdapir daniSnulebas~.27
amdenad, davis gadawyvetisas sakonstitucio sasamarTlom TiToeuli sadavo normis kon-
stituciuroba individualurad, maTi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT Seafasa sadavo normebs
Soris koliziis sakiTxis gadawyvetis gareSe. aRniSnulis fonze, arakonstituciurad
cno saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlis imgvari normatiuli Sinaarsi, rom-
lis gamoyeneba imTaviTve gamoricxuli iyo amave kodeqsis 312-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sakuTari myarad
dadgenili praqtikis Sesabamisad, sakanonmdeblo normas iRebs da ixilavs im normatiuli
SinaarsiT, romelic saerTo sasamarTloebma gamoiyenes. arsebobs mxolod ori gamon-
aklisi am wesidan: 1) rodesac erTi da imave instanciis sasamarTlos mier gakeTebuli
ganmartebebi winaaRmdegobrivia; 2) rodesac saerTo sasamarTlos mier SemoTavazebuli
ganmarteba aSkarad aragonivrulia.
gansaxilvel gadawyvetilebaSi ki sakonstitucio sasamarTlom saqarTvelos samoqa-
26
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis #2/3/423 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-6.
27
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 27 agvistos #1/2/434 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarT-
velos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-9.
272
laqo kodeqsis 185-e muxli da 312-e muxlis me-2 nawili dainaxa koliziur normebad
da Seafasa maTi damoukidebeli normatiuli Sinaarsi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xsenebuli
normebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT arsebobda saerTo sasamarTloebis myarad dadgeni-
li praqtika. kerZod, ar moiZebneboda saerTo sasamarTlos arc erTi gadawyvetileba,
sadac aRniSnuli normebi koliziur normebad iqneboda danaxuli. saerTo sasamarTloebi
TavianT praqtikaSi gansaxilvel normebs iyenebdnen, rogorc urTierTSemavsebel qcevis
wess.
amasTan, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos damkvidrebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad, `samar-
TalSemfardebeli valdebulia, konstituciis Sesabamisad ganmartos norma, Tuki es Sesa-
Zlebelia mocemuli normis farglebSi. normis farglebi ki, ar aris im muxlis identuri,
romelSic gadmocemulia misi dispozicia. nebismieri norma mTliani normatiuli aqtis
organuli nawilia da am fonze unda moxdes misi wakiTxva~.28
amavdroulad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi aseve aRniS-
na, `sadavo norma ar unda iqnes ganxiluli sxva, masTan kavSirSi myofi normebisagan
izolirebulad, radganac amgvarma midgomam sakonstitucio sasamarTlo SeiZleba miiyva-
nos mcdar daskvnebamde... Tu keTilsindisieri ganmartebis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneba
normis TviTneburi da adamianis uflebebisaTvis saziano gamoyeneba, maSin norma savse-
biT daakmayofilebs samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis moTxovnebs~.29 garda amisa, sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlo erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi aseve ganmartavs, rom `yvela winapirobisa
Tu garemoebis ararseboba erT konkretul normaSi, ar miuTiTebs TavisTavad am normis
arakonstituciurobaze. sasamarTlos midgomis Sesabamisad, Tu Tavad normaSi ar devs
konstituciis sawinaaRmdego Sinaarsi, am normis qmedunarianobis damokidebuleba sxva
normebis arsebobaze ar warmoadgens, TavisTavad, arguments, romelic gamosadegi iqne-
boda Sesabamisi normis arakonstituciurobis samtkiceblad~.30
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikis Sesabamisad, sa-
davo normis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas ar unda ganimartos norma izolirebulad, aramed
mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli masTan kavSirSi myofi sxva normebic da amgvarad,
normis Sinaarsi ganisazRvros saerTo konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikis ganviTarebasTan er-
Tad, Seicvala saerTo sasamarTloebis mier normisaTvis miniWebuli Sinaarsis gamoy-
enebis praqtikac. saerTo sasamarTloebi TavianT praqtikaSi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 185-e muxlsa da 312-e muxlis me-2 nawils erToblivad iyenebdnen. Sesabamis-
ad, am mimarTulebiT, sxvagvarad unda Sefasebuliyo mosarCelis mier sadavod gamxdari
normebis koliziur normebad miCnevis sakiTxic da sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ar unda
dayrdnoboda sakuTar 2009 wlis 27 agvistos #1/2/434 gadawyvetilebas saqmeze `saqarT-
velos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~. maSin, rodesac saerTo
sasamarTloebi ganmartebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT winamdebare normebs ganixilavdnen
rogorc urTierTSemavsebel normebs, ar arsebobda maTi damoukideblad Sefasebis saW-
28
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 13 maisis #1/2/428,447,459 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqa-
rTvelos saxalxo damcveli, saqarTvelos moqalaqe elguja sabauri da ruseTi federaciis moqalaqe zviad
mania saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-17.
29
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 oqtombris #2/2/389 gadawyvetileba saqmeze `saqarT-
velos moqalaqe maia naTaZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos parlamentis da saqarTvelos prezidentis winaaRmdeg“, II-6.
30
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 27 dekembris #1/1/493 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „moqa-
laqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebi _ „axali memarjveneebi“ da „saqarTvelos konservatiuli partia“ saqarTve-
los parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-16.
273
lela maWaraSvili
iroeba da logikuri aucilebloba.

saerTo sasamarTloebis mier dadgenil praqtikas sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
bolodroindel gadawyvetilebebSi gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, razec
naTlad miuTiTebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos araerTi gadawyvetileba. magaliTad,
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2017 wlis 21 ivlisis #2/1/598 gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze
`saqarTvelos moqalaqe nugzar kandelaki saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~ eTikis
komisiis gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis proceduris gauwerloba ar miiCnia saqarTve-
los konstituciis (2018 wlis 16 dekembramde moqmedi redaqcia) 42-e muxlis pirveli
punqtiT ganmtkicebuli samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis darRvevad. kerZod, sadavo
normis, àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 35-e muxlis me-6 punqtis Tanaxmad, ad-
vokats ufleba aqvs misTvis advokatTa eTikis komisiis gadawyvetilebis gadacemis dRi-
dan 1 Tvis vadaSi gaasaCivros igi saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi. miuxedavad amisa,
mosarCelisTvis bundovani iyo Tu romeli palatis mier da ra procedurebis dacviT
unda momxdariyo misi saqmis ganxilva, ramac, misi azriT, daarRvia misi ufleba samar-
Tlian sasamarTloze. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar gaiTvaliswina mosarCele mxaris
argumentacia da miuTiTa, rom `mocemuli samarTlebrivi realobidan gamomdinare, aR-
niSnuls piris samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis komponentebis darRveva ar gamouwve-
via, vinaidan, rogorc aRiniSna, eTikis komisiis gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvis procedura
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier dadgenilia mravalwliani praqtikiT, romelsac
es ukanaskneli axorcielebs `saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disci-
plinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonis analogiis gamoyenebiT~.31 xsenebulidan gamomdinare, gasaCivrebis proceduris
gauwerloba ar arRvevda piris konstituciur uflebas im argumentze dayrdnobiT, rom
amgvar vakuums avsebda uzenaesi sasamarTlos myarad dadgenili praqtika. es yovelive
ki imis fonze, rodesac arsebobs principi nullum juridicum sine lege, romelic warmoadgens
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebisa da gansazRvrulobis principis erT-erT mniSvnelovan
komponents da saxelmwifosgan moiTxovs sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis proceduris
ganWvretadobis uzrunvelyofas.
amasTan, uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikis mxedvelobaSi ar miReba da sadavo normebis
koliziur normebad ganxilva, damoukidebeli SinaarsiT Sefaseba, ver iqneba gamarTle-
buli im argumentiTac, rom sasamarTlom, am TvalsazrisiT, uflebebis dacvis standar-
ti aamaRla da izruna im safrTxis gamoricxvaze, rom saerTo sasamarTloebs praqtika
ver SeecvalaT am mimarTulebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
mier saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlis damoukidebeli SinaarsiT Sefasebis
argumenti SesaZloa iyo is, rom gamoircixos riski romelime mosamarTlis mier saqarT-
velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlis damoukideblad gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.
Tumca, es argumenti ver iqneba miCneuli wonad argumentad da amgvari logika gamor-
icxulia Tavad sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikiTac.
zemoxsenebul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 21 ivlisis #2/2/656 gadawyvetileba saqmeze `ss ~silq roud
banki~ saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~. kerZod, aRniSnul gadawyvetilebaSi sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlom miuTiTa, `mosarCele mxarem uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier dam-
kvidrebul praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna, rom saerTo sasamarTloebis da, maT So-
ris, uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika mudmivad ganicdis cvlilebas da SesaZloa, drois
31
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 21 ivlisis #2/1/598 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTve-
los moqalaqe nugzar kandelaki saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-42.
274
gansxvavebul periodSi am ukanasknelis mier gansxvavebulad ganimartos sadavo normis

Sinaarsi. misi mosazrebiT, normis adresati amgvari SemTxvevebisagan unda iyos dazRveu-
li da amisTvis garantiebs unda qmnides sadavo norma. mosarCele mxaris xsenebuli argu-
mentacia ar gamodgeba sadavo normis arakonstituciurobis samtkiceblad. rogorc ukve
aRiniSna, kanonis normatiul SinaarsTan, mis praqtikul gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT sab-
oloo gadawyvetilebas iReben saerTo sasamarTloebi. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sasamarTlos mier sadavo normis erTgvarovnad ganmarteba da gamoyeneba calsaxad mian-
iSnebs, rom sadavo normas swored zemoT xsenebuli Sinaarsi gaaCnia. am pirobebSi sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlo ver gaiziarebs mosarCelis arguments, romlis Tanaxmadac, sadavo
normas aseve gaaCnia mis mier SemoTavazebuli normatiuli Sinaarsic, romelic uzenaesi
sasamarTlos ganmartebis sawinaaRmdegoa. zogadad, norma SeiZleba Seicvalos sakanon-
mdeblo cvlilebebis Sedegadac, Tumca es, ra Tqma unda, jer miuRebeli kanonis ara-
konstituciurad cnobis argumentad ar gamodgeba. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sadavo
normis konstituciurobas afasebs im SinaarsiT, romelic mas gaaCnia saqmis gadawyvetis
dros~.32 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saerTo sasamarTloebis myarad dadgenili praqtikis
cvlilebis riskebis gamoricxvis mizniT raime normis normatiuli Sinaarsis arakonsti-
tuciurad cnoba Tavad sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikiT aris uaryofili.
amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mosarCele mxare arc konstituciur sarCelSi da
arc saqmis ganxilvis sasamarTlo sxdomebze ar miuTiTebda saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 185-e muxlis imgvarad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaze (riskebze), romelzec gad-
awyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom imsjela. Sesabamisad, problema, romelic sasamarTlom `gad-
aWra~, mosarCelis mier ar yofila wamoWrili. maSasadame, gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio
nawilSi miTiTeba, rom konstituciuri sarCeli `dakmayofilda nawilobriv~ imTaviTve
acdenilia mosarCele mxaris sasarCelo moTxovnas.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom ar arsebobda sa-
davo normebis koliziur normebad miCnevisa da maTi damoukideblad, individualuri Si-
naarsiT Sefasebis logikuri saWiroeba. sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad cno erT-erTi
sadavo normis normatiuli Sinaarsi da gadaWra imgvari problema, romelic realurad ar
arsebobda da norma amgvarad ar qmnida mosarCelis konstituciuri uflebis darRvevis
safrTxes.
8. daskvna
winamdebare naSromSi gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017
wlis 17 oqtombris #3/4/550 gadawyvetileba, romelSic sakonstitucio sasamarTlom
imsjela saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlisa da 312-e muxlis me-2 nawilis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze da aRniSnuli normebi koliziur normebad miiCnia. sakuTari
praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar gadawyvita sadavo normebs
Soris kolizia da TiToeuli maTganis konstituciuroba Seafasa individualurad, da-
moukidebeli normatiuli SinaarsiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad
miiCnia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlis is normatiuli Sinaarsi, romlis
Tanaxmadac, `gamsxvisebeli iTvleba mesakuTred, Tu igi aseTad aris registrirebuli
sajaro reestrSi~, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac reestris Canaweris winaaRmdeg Setanilia sa-
32
saqarTvelos sakontitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 21 ivlisis #2/2/656 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „ss “silq
roud banki~ saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II-7.
275
lela maWaraSvili
Civari da es faqti SemZenisaTvis cnobilia.

naSromSi mimoxilulia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtika da aR-
niSnulis fonze, Sefasebulia sadavo normebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom sadavo normebis koliziur normebad miCneva kritikulad aris Sefasebuli,
winamdebare gadawyvetileba Tavisi SinaarsiT didi mniSvnelobisaa, radgan mis safuZvel-
ze moxda namdvili mesakuTrisa da keTilsindisieri SemZenis dapirispirebuli interese-
bis dabalansebis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi standartebis identificireba.
276
Nikoloz Simonishvili (Ph.D Student, TSU)
LEGAL GROUNDS FOR CIVIL LIABILITY OF THE STATE WITHOUT FAULT
ABSTRACT
Ar cle 1005 of the Civil Code of Georgia cons tutes an important legal basis for the civil liability of
the State and Sec on 3 of the same Ar cle provides for cases where the responsibility is imposed on
the State without the fault of officials.
The present regula on does not specify what may be a rehabilita ve circumstance, but such cases
include an acqui al, a revised judgment, a prosecutor’s or court’s ruling on termina on of criminal
prosecu on, and a ruling on termina on of an administra ve offense case. The sources analyzed in
the work also show that this provision is flawed and does not include administra ve deten on, thus
detained person may not be compensated for damage caused by formally lawful deten on if the case
is terminated and it turns out that the deten on used was unjus fied. The analysis of the case-law also
revealed that the term “unlawful~ in the norm is widely interpreted to include a formally lawful act
or decision that was ul mately unjus fied and therefore materially unlawful according to a final court
decision.
277
nikoloz simoniSvili*
bralis gareSe saxelmwifos samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis

samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
1. Sesavali
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 24-e muxlis me-3 nawilis pirveli winadadeba da
amave muxlis me-4 nawilis pirveli winadadeba adgens, rom saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis erTeuli da sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi samoqalaqo-samarT-
lebriv urTierTobebSi monawileoben iseve, rogorc kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pire-
bi. kodeqsi, amavdroulad, gansazRvravs samoqalaqo urTierTobebSi saxelmwifos pasux-
ismgeblobis safuZvlebs.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxli warmoadgens zianis anazRaurebis specifikur for-
mas, romelic gansazRvravs saxelmwifo da sajaro mosamsaxuris mier miyenebuli zianis
gamo saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebriv safuZvels.1 aRniSnuli muxlis pir-
veli nawili adgens moxeleTa braleuli qmedebiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis sa-
fuZvels, xolo amave muxlis me-3 nawili ki warmoadgens saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblo-
bis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas, rodesac gansazRvruli winapirobebis SemTxvevaSi zianis
anazRaurebis valdebuleba dgeba bralis gareSe.2
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli bralis gareSe
saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis winapirobas warmoadgens ukanono msjavrdeba, sisxlis
samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi ukanonod micema, aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT patimrobis ukanon-
od gamoyeneba an administraciuli patimrobis an gamasworebeli samuSaoebis saxiT ad-
ministraciuli saxdelis arasworad dakisreba. miTiTebuli norma amavdroulad adgens
imasac, rom aRniSnuli gaxdeba saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli, Tu iarsebebs
mareabilitirebeli garemoeba.
bralis gareSe saxelmwifos samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis ganmsazRvreli norma, erTi
mxriv, miuTiTebs, mareabilitirebel garemoebaze, Tumca, meore mxriv, ar akonkretebs,
Tu ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos aseT garemoebad. sayuradReboa isic, rom zianis anazRaure-
bisTvis aucilebelia saxeze iyos saxelmwifo organoTa ukanono qmedeba, Tumca, sa-
samarTlo praqtikis analizi aCvenebs, rom ziani anazRaurdeba kanonieri, magram ada-
mianis uflebebSi gaumarTleblad Carevis gamo gamowveuli qmedebisTvisac. aRniSnuli
normis xarvezs warmoadgens isic, rom igi amomwuravad CamoTvlis zianis anazRaurebis
oTx safuZvels, Tumca, regulirebis miRma rCeba administraciuli dakavebis SemTxvevebi,
rodesac marTalia, saxezea mareabilitirebeli garemoeba da pirisaTvis gaumarTleblad
miyenebuli ziani, magram ar xdeba saxelmwifosaTvis zianis anazRaurebis dakisreba mox-
eleTa braleuli qmedebis dadgenamde.
* samarTlis magistri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti; doqturanturis me-5
semestris studenti, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.
1
CikvaSvili S., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni meoTxe, tomi meore, Tbilisi, 2001, 418.
2
iqve, 419.
278
2. saxelmwifos mxridan zianis anazRaurebis konstituciur

samarTlebrivi safuZveli
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-18 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, yvelasTvis garan-
tirebulia saxelmwifo, avtonomiuri respublikis an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organosagan an mosamsaxurisagan ukanonod miyenebuli zianis sasamarTlo wesiT sruli
anazRaureba Sesabamisad saxelmwifo, avtonomiuri respublikis an adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobis saxsrebidan.
aRniSnuli danawesis upirveles mizans warmoadgens dazaralebuli piris interesebis
dacva miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis gziT. saxelmwifo resursis masStabis, mocu-
lobisa da bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelmwifos mxridan aramarTlzomier qmedebaTa
ganxorcieleba xSir SemTxvevebSi gacilebiT meti safrTxis Semcvelia kerZo subieqtebis
mxridan ganxorcielebul analogiuri saxis qmedebasTan SedarebiT. amitom miyenebuli
zaralis anazRaurebis valdebulebis daweseba xels uwyobs saxelmwifos, avtonomiuri
respublikebis da TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa TviTnebobisa da
Zalauflebis ukanonod gamoyenebis prevencias.3
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom `samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos principi moiTxovs, rom saTanado reagirebis gareSe ar darCes saxelmwifo orga-
noebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebis arcerTi ukanono qmedeba. aucilebelia, arsebobdes
xelmisawvdomi da efeqturi meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac saxelmwifo organoebisa da
Tanamdebobis pirebis mier ukanono qmedebis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi piri SeZlebs uflebebSi
aRdgenas da miyenebuli materialuri Tu aramaterialuri zaralis anazRaurebas. winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva mxolod deklaraciul
xasiaTs miiRebs da mowyvladi gaxdeba saxelmwifo organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebis
mier ukanono qmedebebis Cadenis mimarT.~.4
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo saxelmwifos mxridan zaralis anazRaurebis uflebas
ramdenime winapirobis arsebobas ukavSirebs: `1. unda arsebobdes saxelmwifos, avtonomi-
uri respublikebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa saxeliT moqmedi piris
qmedebiT pirisaTvis zaralis miyenebis faqti; 2. xsenebul pirTa qmedebis ukanono xas-
iaTi dadgenili unda iyos saTanado wesiT; 3. pirisaTvis miyenebuli zarali gamowveuli
unda iyos saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-9 punqtSi5 miTiTebuli subieqtebis
ukanono qmedebiT da unda arsebobdes mizezobrivi kavSiri ukanono qmedebasa da damdgar
zarals Soris.~.6
saxelmwifos mxridan ukanonod miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis konteqstSi sayur-
adReboa, agreTve konstituciis me-13 muxlis me-6 punqtis me-2 winadadebac, romlis Ta-
naxmad, ukanonod TavisuflebaSezRudul pirs aqvs kompensaciis miRebis ufleba.
konstituciuri normebi da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtika saxel-
mwifos mxridan miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas ukavSireben saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
3
los moqalaqe Tina beJitaSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 2.
4
los moqalaqeebi – meri giorgaZe da fiqria merabiSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 4.
5
saubaria saqarTvelos konstituciis 2017 wlis 13 oqtombramde redaqciaSi arsebul Canawerze, romlis 42-e
muxlis me-9 punqti adgenda saxelmwifos mxridan miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas.
6
los moqalaqe Tina beJitaSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 3.
279
nikoloz simoniSvili
warmomadgenelTa ukanono qmedebas, ramac dazaralebuls ziani miayena. arc konstitucia

da arc sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtika miuTiTeben bralis gareSe saxelmwifos
pasuxismgeblobaze, aseve, zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebaze maSin, rodesac aRniSnuli
gamowveulia kanonieri qmedebiT, magram gaumarTleblad ayeneben zians qmedebis adre-
sats, Tumca aRniSnuls azustebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis mesame nawili, razec
qvemoT iqneba saubari.
3. moxeleTa bralis miuxedavad saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis

safuZvlebi
saxelmwifos mxridan miyenebuli zianis srulad anazRaurebis konstituciuri prin-
cipi ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo, zogad administraciul da saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsebSi.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis pirveli
nawili adgens saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis zogad safuZvels, romlis Tanaxmadac, anaz-
Raurdeba braleulad miyenebuli ziani. Tumca, zogadi danawesidan gamonakliss icnobs
amave muxlis me-3 nawilis, romlis mixedviTac, mareabilitirebeli garemoebis dadgomi-
sas, pirisaTvis miyenebuli ziani anazRaurdeba Tanamdebobis pirTa bralis miuxedavad,
Tu saxeze iyo ukanono msjavrdeba, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi ukanonod micema,
aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT patimrobis ukanonod gamoyeneba, administraciuli patimro-
ba, disciplinuri patimroba an gamasworebeli samuSaoebi.
saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 208-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Ta-
naxmad, saxelmwifo administraciuli organos, agreTve misi Tanamdebobis piris an sxva
saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mier samsaxurebrivi movaleobis ganxorcielebisas miyenebuli
zianisaTvis pasuxismgebelia saxelmwifo. amasTan, iqedan gamomdinare, rom administraci-
uli organos zianis mimyenebeli qmedeba arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba kerZo piris analogi-
uri qmedebisagan, kodeqsis 207-e muxliT gansazRvrul iqna kerZo samarTalSi dadgenili
pasuxismgeblobis formebisa da principebis gavrceleba saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis
SemTxvevebzec, rac gamoixata pasuxismgeblobis saxeebis dadgeniT samoqalaqo kodeqsze
miTiTebiT, im gamonaklisis garda, rac Tavad am kodeqsiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.7 aseT
gamonakliss warmoadgens zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 209-e muxli, romlis pir-
veli nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu sazogadoebrivi aucileblobisTvis saqarTvelos kanonmde-
blobis Sesabamisad gamocemuli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtiT
Tanasworobis principis sawinaaRmdegod arsebiTi ziani adgeba mxolod romelime kerZo
pirs an pirTa jgufs, saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo valdebu-
lia aanazRauros am administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtiT miyenebuli ziani. miTiTebu-
li norma adgens kanonieri, magram Tanasworobis principis sawinaaRmdegod gamocemuli
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas,
magram ar moicavs saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi organos kanonieri qmedebiT miyenebuli
zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas, romlis momwesrigebeli SemTxvevebi mocemulia samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawilSi.
bralis gareSe saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis konteqstSi sayuradReboa saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 92-e muxli, romlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad,
7
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris N4169-13 gad-
awyvetileba.
280
pirs ufleba aqvs, samoqalaqo/administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT moiTxovos

da miiRos ukanonod Catarebuli saproceso moqmedebisa da ukanono gadawyvetilebis
Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba. miTiTebuli muxli warmoadgens zogadi xasi-
aTis normas, romelic uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos valdebulebas ukanonod dakavebul,
dapatimrebul an msjavrdebul pirs Seuqmnas imis samarTlebrivi SesaZlebloba, rom
am ukanasknelma saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenos kompensaciis moTxovnisa da miRebis
uflebis ganxorcielebis efeqturi da realuri samarTlebrivi normebi mis mimarT ganx-
orcielebuli ukanono qmedebebis gamo.
amave muxlis me-2 punqti ki adgens, rom pirs ufleba aqvs, samoqalaqo samarTalwar-
moebis wesiT moiTxovos miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba. aRniSnuli norma ar miuTiTebs
zianis gamomwvevi qmedebis ukanonobaze da Tu pirvel nawilSi saubari iyo ukanono sap-
roceso qmedebiT an ukanono gadawyvetilebiT miyenebul zianze, 92-e muxlis me-2 nawi-
li aseT konkretizacias aRar akeTebs da iTvaliswinebs zianis anazRaurebas kanonieri,
magram gaumarTlebeli qmedebis gamo, rac mowesrigebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e
muxlis me-3 nawiliT.
amdenad, bralis gareSe saxelmwifos samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobisTvis kanonmdeblo-
ba iTvaliswinebs iseT aucilebel winapirobebs, rogorebicaa zianis anazRaurebis kano-
niT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlis arseboba, mareabilitirebeli garemoebis dadgoma da
Sesabamisi zianis arseboba.
3.1. mareabilitirebeli garemoeba

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili zianis anazRaurebis erT-erT wina-
pirobad miuTiTebs imas, rom damdgari unda iyos piris mareabilitirebeli garemoeba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar akonkretebs, Tu ra igulisxmeba piris reabilitaciaSi da Se-
sabamisad, ra SeiZleba iyos mareabilitirebeli garemoeba, Tumca kanonmdeblobisa da
sasamarTlo praqtikis analizis Sedegad, aseT garemoebebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT gam-
amarTlebeli ganaCeni,8 gadasinjuli ganaCeni,9 prokuroris10 an sasamarTlos dadgenile-
ba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb11 da administraciuli samarTaldar-
Rvevis saqmis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb dadgenileba. mareabilitirebel garemoebad ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos amnistiis12 an Sewyalebis aqti, romelic upiratesad politikuri ganacxadia
da ara samarTlebrivi, is pirs aTavisuflebs dakisrebuli sasjelisgan da ver Secvlis
kanonier ZalaSi Sesul sasamarTlos Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas.13
8
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2015 wlis 23 ivnisis N3/5136-14 gad-
awyvetileba.
9
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2015 wlis 14 dekembris N3/1879-15 gad-
awyvetileba.
10
awyvetileba.
11
awyvetileba.
12
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 1999, 275.
13
saqarTvelos konstituciis 62-e muxlis me-2 punqti.
281
nikoloz simoniSvili
3.1.1. gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni

saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom gamamarTle-
beli ganaCeni praqtikaSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia mareabilitirebel garemoe-
baTa Soris. gamamarTlebeli ganaCeniT kanonierad Sefardebuli aRkveTis RonisZiebis
gauqmebis Sedegad misgan gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebul moTxovnaze,
sakasacio sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili
adgens saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas bralis gareSe da gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis ga-
motanis SemTxvevaSi, aRkveTis RonisZiebis kanonierad gamoyenebis Sedegad miyenebuli
ziani unda anazRaurdes, radgan pirs uwevs misi konstituciuri uflebebis gaumarTleb-
lad SezRudvis atana. sasamarTlom am gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna isic, rom dauSvebelia
deliqtiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis momwesrigebeli zogadi normebiT (samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 992-e da 1005-e muxlis pirveli nawili) dadgenili moTxovnebis ganvrcoba spe-
cialuri normiT (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili) mowesrigebul konk-
retul samarTalurTierTobaze, romelsac adgili aqvs ukanono braldebisa da aRkveTis
RonisZiebis saxiT patimrobis ukanono Sefardebis SemTxvevaSi.14
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawilis safuZvelze saxelmwifo valdebulia
aanazRauros is ziani, romelic ukavSirdeba reabilitirebuli pirisaTvis sisxlis samar-
Tlis pasuxisgebaSi ukanonod micemas, miuxedavad zianis mimyeneblis bralisa, vinaidan ar
daiSveba normis ise ganmarteba, rom pirs ar mieces uflebis aRdgenis efeqturi, qmediTi
SesaZlebloba (adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis me-13
muxli), sawinaaRmdego interpretacia ar Tavsdeba saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiare-
bul adamianisa da misi uflebebis, rogorc umaRlesi faseulobis prioritetulobasa da
pativiscemasTan. sakasacio palata aRniSnavs, rom qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba obieqtu-
ri niSania, igi ar aris damokidebuli zianis mimyeneblis cnobierebasa da mis samarTle-
briv Sefasebaze.15
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili sagamonakliso wesiT adgens saxel-
mwifos mier zianis anazRaurebis wess Tanamdebobis pirebisa da organoebis bralis mi-
uxedavad. Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis dakmayofilebisTvis sakmarisia
dadgindes zianis arseboba, qmedebis ukanonoba da saxeze iyos piris mareabilitirebe-
li garemoeba _ gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni, xolo is garemoeba, rom aRkveTis RonisZiebis
saxiT patimroba Sefardebuli iyo kanonis safuZvelze miRebuli ganCinebis safuZvel-
ze, ar gamoricxavs zianis arsebobas da mis anazRaurebas. aRkveTis RonisZiebis Sefar-
debis momentSi formalurad marTlzomieri saproceso moqmedebebi mareabilitirebeli
garemoebis dadgenisTanave samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawilis miznebisTvis
miiCneva ukanonod, radgan xsenebuli norma miznad isaxavs dazaralebulis dacvas, ker-
Zod gamarTlebuli pirisaTvis saxelmwifo organoebis moqmedebebis Sedegad miyenebuli
zianis asanazRaureblad kompensaciis micemas. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, reabilitacia
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi aris im piris uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRdgena, ro-
melic ukanonod da dausabuTeblad daeqvemdebara sisxlissamarTlebriv devnasa an pa-
suxismgeblobas. piris reabilitaciis umTavresi iuridiuli safuZveli gamamarTlebeli
ganaCenia, romelic piris arabraleulobasa da udanaSaulobas adasturebs. aseT dros
braldebuls uwevs konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebis SemzRudavi zemoqmedebis
atana SezRudvis Tmenis valdebulebis dakisrebis dasabuTebuli samarTlebrivi safuZ-
14
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 4 ivnisis Nbs-485-474(2k-14).
15
iqve.
282
vlis gareSe, radgan igi sabolood CaiTvleba udanaSaulod.16 es praqtika gaziarebulia

rogorc pirveli instanciis,17 ise saapelacio18 da uzenaesi sasamarTlos19 Semdgomi praq-
tikiTac.
erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi msgavsi Sinaarsis normis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs adami-
anis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciac. konvenciis me-5
muxlis me-5 paragrafis Tanaxmad, yvelas, vinc aris dakavebis an dapatimrebis msxverpli
am muxlis debulebaTa darRvevis gamo, aqvs kompensaciis miRebis ufleba.
me-5 muxlis mexuTe nawili ukanonod dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs aniWebs kompen-
saciis ganxorcielebad uflebas. amgvarad, sasamarTlos mier me-5 muxlis me-5 punqtis
darRvevis dasadgenad saWiroa me-5 muxlis erTi an meti elementis darRvevis aRmoCena.
xsenebulidan gamomdinare, me-5 muxlis debulebebi moiTxovs, rom patimroba, ganxor-
cieldes kanoniT gansazRvruli wesis Sesabamisad da, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier
me-5 muxlis safuZvelze gamotanili nebismieri gadawyvetileba Seesabamebodes Tavisu-
flebis aRkveTis droisTvis moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul procesualur da
materialur moTxovnebs.20
erovnulma kanonmdeblobam unda uzrunvelyos me-5 muxliT darRveuli uflebis gamo
kompensaciis saSualeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba me-5 muxlis me-5 punqtis
darRvevas. saqmeSi iankovi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg,21 me-5 muxlis mexuTe nawilis darRveva
dadginda, vinaidan Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali ar iTvaliswinebda konvenciis me-5
muxlis mesame da meoTxe nawilebis darRvevisaTvis aRsrulebadi kompensaciis uflebas.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni warmoadgens mareabilitirebel
garemoebas, romlis wyalobiTac kanonierad gamoyenebuli patimroba gadaiqceva ukanon-
od da piris uflebebSi Camrev gaumarTlebel RonisZiebad da misiT miyenebuli ziani
daeqvemdebareba anazRaurebas.
3.1.2. gadasinjuli ganaCeni

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawilis gagebiT dazaralebuli piris re-
abilitaciis umniSvnelovanes safuZvels warmoadgens zeda instanciis sasamarTlos gana-
Ceni, romliTac Seicvala qveda instanciis sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni22 an ax-
lad gamovlenil garemoebaTa gamo kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCenis gadasinjvis Sedegad
16
iqve.
17
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetile-
bebi: 2013 wlis 11 ivlisis N3/1834-13 gadawyvetileba; 2014 wlis 22 ianvris N3/2686-13 gadawyvetileba; 2013
wlis 31 oqtombris N3/2985-13 gadawyvetileba; 2013 wlis 31 oqtombris N3/3525-13 gadawyvetileba; 2015 wlis
23 ivnisis N3/5136-14 gadawyvetileba.
18
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2016 wlis 22 ianvris N3b/1547-15 ganCine-
ba.
19
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis ganCinebebi: Nbs-737-737(k-18),
20.09.2018; Nbs-475-475(k-18), 19.07.2018; Nbs-899-895(2k-17), 21.06.2018; Nbs-269-269(3k-18), 14.06.2018; Nbs-167-
167(2k-18), 17.05.2018; Nbs-121-121(k-18), 12.04.2018.
20
ECHR Asanidze v. Georgia, no. 71503/01, 08.04.2004.
21
ECHR Yankov v. Bulgaria no. 39084/97, 11.12.2003.
22
awyvetileba.
283
nikoloz simoniSvili
damdgari gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni.

aRniSnuli SemTxvevebi eqceva adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis
evropuli konvenciis me-7 damatebiTi oqmis me-3 muxlis moqmedebis qveS, romlis Tanax-
mad, Tu saboloo gadawyvetilebiT piri msjavrdebulia sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli-
saTvis da SemdgomSi misi es msjavrdeba gauqmda, an sasjelis moxdisagan is ganTavisu-
flda, radgan axalma an axlad gamovlenilma garemoebebma cxadyo, rom marTlmsajuleba
arajerovnad ganxorcielda, da Tuki ar damtkicdeba, rom manamde ucnobi garemoebebis
droulad aRmoCenis an gamovlenis Seferxeba mTlianad an nawilobriv amave piris mizeziT
moxda, amgvari msjavrdebis gamo Sefardebuli sasjelisaTvis mas miekuTvneba kompensa-
cia Sesabamis saxelmwifoSi moqmedi kanonis an damkvidrebuli praqtikis mixedviT.
amasTanave, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom am normis mizani ar aris mxolod im finansuri
zianis anazRaureba, romelic pirs miadga araswori msjavrdebiT, aramed usworo marTlm-
sajulebis pirobebSi msjavrdebuli pirisTvis iseTi moraluri zianis anazRaureba, ro-
goricaa mwuxareba, nervuli aSliloba, uxerxuloba da sicocxliT tkbobis dakargva.23
3.1.3. sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyveta

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyvetis safuZvlebs adgens saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 105-e muxli da masze gadawyvetilebas iRebs prokurori Ta-
visi diskreciuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi dadgenilebiT an sasamarTlo ganCinebiT.
prokuroris dadgenilebiT an sasamarTlos ganCinebiT sisxlis samarTlis saproceso
kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvliT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyvetisas, zian-
is anazRaurebasTan mimarTebiT, upirveles yovlisa, unda dadgindes Sewyvetis sapro-
cesosamarTlebrivi safuZveli.24
kerZod, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxeze iyo sasamarTlos ganCineba saqarTvelos sisx-
lis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 250-e muxliT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyve-
tis Sesaxeb, kerZod, prokurorma isargebla Tavisi diskreciuli uflebamosilebiT da
uari Tqva braldebaze im safuZvliT, rom ar arsebobda mtkicebulebaTa erToblioba,
romelic pirs daarwmunebda mosarCelis braleulobaSi, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mt-
kicebulebaTa arasakmarisobiT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyveta, Tavisis SedegebiT
uTanabrdeba piris mimarT gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotanas, anu am SemTxvevaSic, ms-
gavsad gamamarTlebeli ganaCenisa, dgindeba piris udanaSauloba, aRniSnuli ki warmoad-
gens piris mareabilitirebel upirobo garemoebas.25
amdenad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyveta upirobod ar warmoadgens mareabil-
itirebel garemoebas da zianis anazRaurebis dakisrebamde, sasamarTlom unda Seiswav-
los, Tu ra safuZvliT Sewyda devna. kerZod, Tu saxezea devnis Sewyvetis iseTi safuZ-
veli, romelic dadasturebulad gamoricxavs danaSaulis Semadgenlobas da Sesabamisad,
adgens piris udanaSaulobas (mag. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 105-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis à~-è~, `z~-ì~ da amave muxlis me-2 nawilis à~, `b~ qvepunqtebi), unda
gaxdes piris reabilitaciis safuZveli, Tumca, iseTi SemTxvevebi, romlebic gamoricxavs
ara danaSaulis Semadgenlobas, aramed pirs aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisgan (mag. sisx-
23
ECHR Poghosyan and Baghdasaryan v. Armenia, no. 22999/06, 12.06.2012, §51.
24
awyvetileba.
25
iqve.
284
lis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 105-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v~ (Tu gamocemulia
amnistiis aqti, romelic pirs aTavisuflebs Cadenili qmedebisaTvis sisxlissamarTle-
brivi pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelisagan), `k~ (danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebis
gamo), `l~ (qmediTi monaniebis gamo) da `m~ (Tu viTareba Seicvala) da amave muxlis me-2
nawilis `g~ (Tu braldebuli gardaicvala) da `d~ (danaSauli Cadenili sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulSi dazaralebulad yofnis gamo) qvepunqtebi), ar
unda ganvixiloT rogorc mareabilitirebeli garemoeba. Sesabamisad, sisxlis samarTlis
procesSi ganridebis gamoyenebis gamo sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyvetis Sewyveta
ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos reabilitaciis damadasturebel garemoebad, radgan ganrideba
aris devnis/sasjelis alternatiuli meqanizmi, romelic gamoiyeneba danaSaulis Camdeni
piris mimarT.26 amasTanave, am SemTxvevaSi konstituciis 31-e muxlis me-5 punqtiT aRi-
arebul udanaSaulobis prezumfciaze miTiTeba ar aris relevanturi, radgan marTalia,
ganaCenis gamotanis gareSe ver dadasturdeba piris danaSaulebrioba, magram samoqalaqo
samarTalwarmoebaSi moqmedebs mtkicebis gadanawilebis sxvagvari standarti,27 romlis
Tanaxmad, mosarCeles ekisreba imis mtkicebis tvirTi, rom mis mimarT dadga mareabil-
itirebeli garemoeba, rac gulisxmobs mis gamarTlebas.
3.1.4. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis Sewyveta

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili reabilitirebuli pirisaTvis Tana-
mdebobis pirTa bralis miuxedavad zianis anazRaurebisTvis iTvaliswinebs konkretuli
SemTxvevebis CamonaTvals, maT Soris administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 24-e
muxlis pirveli nawilis mxolod `v~ (gamasworebeli samuSaoebi) da `z~ (administraciuli
patimroba) qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi administraciuli saxdelis aras-
worad dakisrebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas.28
amdenad, Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis piris an sasamarTlos mier administraciuli sax-
delis saxiT administraciuli patimrobis an gamasworebeli samuSaoebis gamoyenebis Tao-
baze pasuxisgebaSi micemuli piris mier protestis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemdgomi
administraciuli organo, pirveli instanciis an saapelacio sasamarTlo miiRebs dadge-
nilebas saCivris dakmayofilebisa da saqmis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb,29 aRniSnuli gaxdeba mare-
abilitirebeli garemoeba da Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaurebis safuZveli 1005-e muxlis
me-3 nawilis safuZvelze.
3.2. zianis anazRaurebis safuZvlebi

bralis gareSe saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis 4 safuZvels icnobs samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili30 da saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier dadge-
26
Toloraia l., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis komentari, Tbilisi, 2015, 487.
27
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis pirveli nawili.
28
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2018 wlis 2 oqtombris Nbs-1143-
1137(2k-17) gadawyvetileba.
29
saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 278-e muxlis pirveli nawilis „g“ qvepunqti.
30
CikvaSvili S., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni meoTxe, tomi meore, Tbilisi, 2001, 419;
285
nikoloz simoniSvili
nili praqtikis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli CamonaTvali amomwuravia.31 aRniSnul garemoebebs

warmoadgenen:
a) ukanono msjavrdeba;
b) sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi ukanonod micema;
g) aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT patimrobis ukanonod gamoyeneba;
d) administraciuli patimrobis, disciplinuri patimrobis an gamasworebeli samuSaoe-
bis saxiT administraciuli saxdelis arasworad dakisreba.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier zemoT xsenebuli praqtikis mixedviT, samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili reabilitirebuli pirisaTvis Tanamdebobis
pirTa bralis miuxedavad zianis anazRaurebisTvis iTvaliswinebs konkretuli SemTxveve-
bis CamonaTvals, maT Soris administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 24-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis mxolod `v~ (gamasworebeli samuSaoebi) da `z~ (administraciuli patim-
roba) qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi administraciuli saxdelis arasworad
dakisrebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas. rac Seexeba administraciul dakave-
bas, igi ar Tavsdeboda im CamonaTvalSi, romelic mocemulia 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawilSi
da Sesabamisad, moculia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, romlis
mixedviTac, zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis safuZvels warmoadgens saxelmwifo mosamsax-
uris _ policielis mier Tavisi samsaxurebrivi movaleobis darRvevis faqtis arseboba,
rac unda Sefasdes policielis uflebamosilebis ganmsazRvreli kanonmdeblobiT dad-
genili wesiT.32
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom am gadawyvetilebiT daadgina, rom administraci-
uli dakaveba ar Tavsdeboda saxelmwifos bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis kanoniT gan-
sazRvrul SemTxvevebSi (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili) da aRniSna, rom
administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmeze saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, Tu
dadgindeboda, rom piris qmedebaSi samarTaldarRvevis niSnebi ar iyo, saboloo gad-
awyvetilebis gamotanamde administraciuli dakavebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, es dakave-
ba usafuZvlod ar miiCneoda da misiT miyenebuli ziani unda anazRaurebuliyo mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dadgindeboda dakavebis ukanonoba.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis arsisa da samoqalaqo kodeqsis
1005-e muxlis me-3 nawilis CamonaTvlis amowurvis logikis gasarkvevad, aucilebelia
vnaxoT administraciuli dakavebis samarTlebrivi buneba da misi kavSiri aRniSnul nor-
maSi CamoTvlil sxva safuZvlebTan.
saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 244-e muxlis pir-
veli nawili adgens administraciuli dakavebis arss da gansazRvravs, rom saqarTve-
los sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT uSualod gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi administraciuli
samarTaldarRvevis aRsakveTad, roca amowurulia zemoqmedebis sxva zomebi, pirovnebis
dasadgenad, administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa oqmis Sesadgenad, Tu oqmis Sedgena
aucilebelia, magram misi adgilze Sedgena SeuZlebelia, administraciuli samarTaldar-
Rvevis saqmis droulad da sworad ganxilvisa da administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis
saqmeze miRebuli dadgenilebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad dasaSvebia piris admin-
istraciuli dakaveba, piradi gasinjva, misi nivTebis gasinjva da misTvis nivTebisa da
dokumentebis CamorTmeva.
31
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2018 wlis 2 oqtombris Nbs-1143-
1137(2k-17) gadawyvetileba.
32
iqve.
286
aRniSnuli danawesis mixedviT, administraciuli dakaveba warmoadgens administraci-

uli samarTaldarRvevis saqmeze dadgenilebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofisa da samar-
TaldarRvevis ganmeorebis aRkveTis saSualebas, rasac iseTive daniSnuleba aqvs admin-
istraciuli samarTaldarRvevis dros, rogorc aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT patimrobis
gamoyenebas sisxlis samarTlis procesSi. gamomdinare iqedan, rom administraciuli da-
kaveba, rogorc ara mxolod prevenciuli, aseve represiuli meqanizmi, Tavisi samarTle-
brivi bunebiT emsgavseba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlSi CamoTvlil
zianis anazRaurebis safuZvlebs, gansakuTrebiT ki aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT patimro-
bis gamoyenebas, swored amitom, sakanonmdeblo regulirebis TvalsazrisiT, logikuria,
rom am ori institutiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis dros gamoyenebuli iyos msgavsi
regulaciebi.
administraciuli dakavebisa da aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT patimrobis gamoyenebas
Soris msgavsebasa da maTi samarTlebrivi bunebis identobas adasturebs ara mxolod ar-
sebuli sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi, aramed, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
mier dadgenili praqtikac, romlis mixedviTac, zogierTi administraciuli samarTal-
darRveva sisxlissamarTlebrivi xasiaTis matarebelia, administraciuli saxdeli _ sisx-
lissamarTlebrivi sasjelis, xolo administraciuli dakaveba _ aRkveTis RonisZiebis
saxiT patimrobis gamoyenebis. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, sanqciis saxiT 15 dRiani ad-
ministraciuli patimrobis Sefardebis SesaZlebloba, Tavisi simZimiT, gaTanabrebulia
sisxlis samarTlebriv sasjelTan.33 mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom ama Tu im samarT-
aldarRvevis sisxlissamarTlebrivisadmi mikuTvnebis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs qmedebisTvis gaT-
valiswinebuli sanqciis zeda zRvars, romelic, SeiZleba potenciurad iqnes gamoyenebu-
li Sesabamisi piris mimarT da ara imas, Tu ra sanqcia iqna realurad dakisrebuli.34 ruse-
Tisa da msgavsi administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kanonmdeblobis mqone qveynebis
(maT Sorisaa saqarTveloc)35 samarTliT, administraciul samarTladarRvevebs ganekuT-
vneba iseTi qmedebebi, romlebic, Tavisi SinaarsiT, warmoadgenen sisxlissamarTlebrivs,
magram, miyenebuli zianis simciris gamo, maT formalurad ar iTvaliswinebs Sesabamisi
sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba.36
amdenad, magaliTad, saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis
45-e,37 166-e38 an 173-e39 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebisaTvis dadgenili pasuxismge-
bloba, miuxedavad imisa, konkretulad romeli sanqcia iqneba gamoyenebuli, jarima, Tu
administraciuli patimroba _ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier dadgeni-
33
ECHR Sergey Zolotukhin v. Russia, no. 14939/03, 10.02.2009, §49.
34
iqve, §56.
35
saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsi udavod miekuTvneba ruseTis msgavsi kanonmde-
blobis ricxvs, rameTu igi miRebulia saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos 1984 wlis 15 dekembris N161-Xs dad-
genilebiT. is ver akmayofilebs samarTliani procesis moTxovnebs da misi arsebuli formiT moqmedeba iwvevs
adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis da saqarTvelos mier nakisri saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis darRvevas. ix.:
h ps://gyla.ge/files/news/2008/geo.pdf [01.09.2019]
36
ECHR Menesheva v. Russia, no. 59261/00, 12.02.2013, § 96; ECHR Galstyan v. Armenia, no. 26986/03, 15.11.2007, § 57; ECHR Ziliber-
berg v. Moldova, no. 61821/00, 01.02.2005, §§ 32-35.
37
narkotikuli saSualebis ukanono damzadeba, SeZena, Senaxva, gadazidva, gadagzavna an/da eqimis daniSnulebis
gareSe moxmareba.
38
wvrilmani xulignoba.
39
policiis kanonieri moTxovnisadmi daumorCilebloba.
287
nikoloz simoniSvili
li standartis mixedviT, sisxlissamarTlebrivi xasiaTis matarebelia, da konstituciis

meore TaviT garantirebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis miznebisaTvis utol-
deba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.
imis dasadgenad, aris Tu ara konkretuli qmedebis Semadgenloba sisxlissamarT-
lebrivi xasiaTis matarebeli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo iyenebs ènge-
lis saqmis kriteriumebs~.40 pirveli kriteriumis Sesabamisad, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes
miRebuli samarTaldarRvevis erovnuli samarTliT gansazRvruli kvalifikacia; meore
kriteriumis Tanaxmad, mxedvelobaSi miiReba TviTon samarTaldarRvevis xasiaTi, xolo,
mesame kriteriumis mixedviT, gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciis simkacre. unda aRiniSnos, rom
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikis Tanaxmad, dasaxelebuli meore da
mesame kriteriumebi alternatiulia da maTi erToblivi, kumulaciuri arseboba ar aris
savaldebulo imisaTvis, rom qmedeba miCneul iqnes sisxlisamarTlebrivad. 41
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier gansazRvruli standartis Tanaxmad,
SegviZlia davadginoT, rom samarTaldarRvevaTa aRniSnuli Semadgenlobebi warmoadgens
sisxlissamarTlebrivi xasiaTis matarebels, xolo am muxlebTan dakavSirebiT gamoy-
enebuli administraciuli dakaveba da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze aRkveTis RonisZiebis
saxiT gamoyenebuli patimroba msgavsi samarTlebrivi bunebisaa. marTalia, administraci-
uli patimroba uflebaSi Carevis ufro naklebi intensivobiT SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes,
magram amasTan dakavSirebiTve adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom
iZulebis elementis arsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia imis dadgena, adgili hqon-
da Tu ara Tavisuflebis aRkveTis faqts konvenciis me-5 (§1) muxlis gagebiT.42 amasTa-
nave, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis realuri xangrZlivobis miuxedavad, piris dakaveba, war-
moadgens konvenciis me-5 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis darRvevas.43 Sesabamisad,
uflebaSi Carevis intensivobas dakavebis drois TvalsazrisiT, ar aqvs mniSvneloba da
igi yvela variantSi miiCneva Tavisuflebis aRkveTad konvenciis me-5 (§1) muxlis gagebiT.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia am ori institutis moqmedebiT gamowveuli
zianis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi mowesrigdes erTnairad. Sesabamisad,
administraciuli dakavebis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawilSi mouTavseblobiT, is piri, romlis
mimarTac Sewydeba administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqme da romlis mimarTac ga-
moyenebuli iyo administraciuli dakaveba, ver SeZlebs moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba,
Tu ver daadasturebs, rom misi damkavebeli formalurad ukanonod moqmedebda.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili amomwura-
vad CamoTvlis zianis anazRaurebis oTx safuZvels, Tumca sakanonmdeblo normebisa da
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikis analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnuli norma xarveziania da igi damatebiT unda moicavdes adminis-
traciuli dakavebis ukanonod gamoyenebasac.
40
ECHR Engel and others v. The Netherlands, nos. 5100/71; 5101/71; 5102/71; 5354/72; 5370/72, 08.06.1976.
41
ECHR Sergey Zolotukhin v. Russia, no. 14939/03, 10.02.2009, §53.
42
ECHR Baisuev and Anzorov v. Georgia, no. 39804/04, 18.12.2012, §55.
43
iqve, §59.
288
4. miyenebuli ziani
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi ziani
SeiZleba gamoixatos rogorc materialur, ise araqonebriv (moralur) zianSi.
am SemTxvevaSi araqonebrivi ziani vlindeba piris moralur gancdebSi, romelic Ses-
aZloa dakavSirebuli iyos aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wesis gagrZelebis Sue-
ZleblobasTan, piris pativis, Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputaciis SelaxvasTan. ukanono
msjavrdebis gamo zianis anazRaurebis mizani ar aris mxolod im finansuri zianis anaz-
Raureba romelic pirs miadga araswori msjavrdebiT, aramed usworo marTlmsajulebis
pirobebSi msjavrdebuli pirisTvis iseTi moraluri zianis anazRaureba, rogoricaa
mwuxareba, nervuli aSliloba, uxerxuloba da sicocxliT tkbobis dakargva.44 Sesabam-
is saqmeSi sasamarTlo adgens samarTlian dakmayofilebas, iTvaliswinebs ra tkivils,
stress, aSlilobas da frustracias Sesabamisi moraluri zianis anazRaurebisas.45
araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebis principi dairRva saqmeSi dane-
vi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg46, sadac ukanono patimrobisaTvis kompensaciaze uaris Tqma
im mizeziT moxda, rom momCivanma ver daamtkica aramaterialuri dazianebis faqti. sa-
samarTlom daadgina, rom, sinamdvileSi, adgilobrivma sasamarTloebma momCivans mosTx-
oves, patimrobaSi miRebuli aramaterialuri dazianeba daemtkicebina fizikuri Tu fsiqi-
kuri zianis damadasturebeli garegnuli niSnebis warmodgeniT. amgvari formalisturi
midgoma niSnavda, rom kompensaciis miReba SeuZlebeli iyo didi raodenobis im saqmeTa
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac ukanono patimroba mcire xniT grZeldeboda da ar gamoixateboda
patimris fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis aSkara gauaresebaSi.
araqonebriv zianTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa zianis anazRaurebis sadamfuZneblo
norma. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 413-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, araqonebrivi zian-
isaTvis fuladi anazRaureba SeiZleba moTxovil iqnes mxolod kanoniT zustad gan-
sazRvrul SemTxvevebSi gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis saxiT. samoqalaqo
kodeqsi araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebas iTvaliswinebs amave muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaT-
valiswinebul, sxeulis dazianebis an janmrTelobisaTvis vnebis miyenebis SemTxvevebSi,
aseve, me-18 muxlis me-2 nawiliT daculi sikeTeebis, pativis, Rirsebis, piradi cxovrebis
saidumloebis, piradi xelSeuxeblobisa da saqmiani reputaciis Selaxvis gamo. adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikaSi ganviTarebuli msjelobis mixedviT, ukano-
no msjavrdebiT ziani adgeba piris pativsa da Rirsebas, xolo samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18
muxlis me-6 nawili pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvis gamo araqonebrivi zianis anazRaure-
bis erT-erT mniSvnelovan winapirobad braleul qmedebas asaxelebs, rac 1005-e muxlis
me-3 nawilTan mimarTebiT ararelevanturia. Tumca ki, marTalia, arabraleuli qmedebiT
pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvis gamo zianis anazRaurebis pirdapiri sakanonmdeblo sa-
fuZveli ar arsebobs, magram gamomdinare iqedan, rom saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xe-
lSekrulebasa da SeTanxmebas ufro maRali iuridiuli Zala aqvs vidre saqarTvelos kan-
ons,47 upiratesoba unda mieniWos adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis
konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-5 punqts da mis ganmartebas evropuli sasamarTlos mxridan.
44
ECHR Poghosyan and Baghdasaryan v. Armenia, no. 22999/06, 12.06.2012, §51.
45
iqve, §46.
46
ECHR Danev v. Bulgaria, no. 9411/05, 2.9.2010, §§ 32-37.
47
„normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 punqti.
289
nikoloz simoniSvili
rac Seexeba materialur zians, is SeiZleba gamoixatos xelfasSi48 an sxva nebismier Se-
mosavalSi, ras pirs SeeZlo mieRo, magram ver miiRo ukanono msjavrdebis gamo, agreTve
im TanxaSi, romelic pirs daekisra49 msjavrdebis gamo an gadaixada iuridiuli daxmarebi-
sTvis50 an sxva saproceso xarjebisaTvis.51
5. zianis anazRaurebaze valdebuli organo

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxlis me-3 nawili pirdapir ar asaxelebs im organoebs,
romlebsac ekisrebaT zianis anazRaureba ukanono msjavrdebis gamo, Tumca miuTiTebs,
rom anazRaureba xdeba gamoZiebis, prokuraturis organoebisa da sasamarTlos Tanamde-
bobis pirTa bralis miuxedavad. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am muxliT aRZrul
sarCelze mopasuxeebs es organoebi warmoadgenen. Tumca ki mopasuxis gansazRvra damok-
idebulia imaze, Tu ra mareabilitirebeli garemoebis safuZvelze iTxovs piri zianis
anazRaurebas.
sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi aCvenebs, rom gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis pirobebSi,
Tu pirs ziani miadga aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT patimrobis gamoyenebis Sedegad, zianis
anazRaurebaze valdebul organos warmoadgens saqarTvelos generaluri prokuratu-
ra.52 aseve prokuraturaa valdebuli aunazRauros reabilitirebul pirs ziani im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu zeda instanciis sasamarTlo auqmebs qveda instanciis gamamtyunebel gana-
Cens, axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo xdeba gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotana53 an
Sewydeba sisxlis samarTlis saqme.54 rac Seexeba im SemTxvevas, rodesac piri dakavebuli
iyo gadaudebeli aucileblobiT, konstituciis me-13 muxlis me-3 punqtisa da sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 196-e muxlis safuZvelze, sasamarTloSi pirvelad war-
sadgenad aRkveTis RonisZiebis gamosayeneblad da am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo miiCnevs,
rom piris dakavebis aucilebloba gaumarTlebeli iyo, am SemTxvevaSi zianis anazRaure-
bis valdebuleba mis damkavebel organos.55 rac Seexeba im SemTxvevas, rodesac pirs ziani
miadga administraciuli saxdelis saxiT administraciuli patimrobis an gamasworebeli
samuSaos gamoyenebis Sedegad, am SemTxvevaSi ziani unda aanazRauros im organom, romel-
mac Seadgina administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis oqmi.
48
awyvetileba.
49
CikvaSvili S., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi meore, Tbilisi, 2001, 425.
50
51
awyvetileba.
52
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetile-
bebi: 2013 wlis 11 ivlisis N3/1834-13 gadawyvetileba; 2014 wlis 22 ianvris N3/2686-13 gadawyvetileba; 2013
wlis 31 oqtombris N3/2985-13 gadawyvetileba; 2013 wlis 31 oqtombris N3/3525-13 gadawyvetileba; 2015 wlis
23 ivnisis N3/5136-14 gadawyvetileba.
53
awyvetileba.
54
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris N3/4169-13 gad-
awyvetileba.
55
awyvetileba.
290
6. daskvna
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e muxli warmoadgens saxelmwifos samoqalaqo
pasuxismgeblobis mniSvnelovan samarTlebriv safuZvels, xolo amave muxlis me-3 nawili
ki adgens SemTxvevebs, rodesac saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba dgeba moxeleTa bralis
gareSe.
normis analizisa da saqarTvelos saerTo da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebebis Seswavlis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1005-e
muxlis me-3 nawili ar akonkretebs imas, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos mareabilitirebeli gare-
moeba, Tumca sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aseT garemoebebad miCneulia gamamarTlebeli gana-
Ceni, gadasinjuli ganaCeni, prokuroris an sasamarTlos dadgenileba sisxlissamarTle-
brivi devnis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis Sewyvetis
Sesaxeb dadgenileba. naSromSi gaanalizebuli wyaroebidan gamoikveTa agreTve isic, rom
aRniSnuli norma xarveziania da zianis anazRaurebis safuZvlad ar moicavs adminis-
traciul dakavebas, ris gamoc, am wesiT dakavebul pirs erTmeva SesaZlebloba, formal-
urad kanonieri dakavebis Sedegad miyenebuli ziani ainazRauros maSin, Tu mis mimarT
saqme Sewydeba da aRmoCndeba, rom gamoyenebuli dakaveba gaumarTlebeli iyo. sasamarT-
lo praqtikis analizma aseve gamoavlina, rom normaSi dasaxelebuli termini ùkanono~
farTod ganimarteba da moicavs formalurad kanonier qmedebas an gadawyvetilebasac,
romelic sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebiT iqca gaumarTleblad da Sesabamisad,
materialurad ukanonod.
291
Ana Maisashvili, Tamar Papaskiri (L.L.B Students, TSU)
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF NEG GESTIO TO THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
ABSTRACT
The aim of the given ar cle is to provide the legal peculiari es of the Nego orum ges o and analyze
the cases of its usage in prac ce. Furthermore, the paper incorporates the connec on of the principle
of conscien ousness as private law’s general and universal evaluated category and its correspondence
with comple ng tasks by ac ng on behalf of another person. Addi onally, the obliga ons of no fying
the executor, enhancing the incepted affairs, presen ng reports to the owner and the legal outcomes of
the unenforceability are also included in the paper. Considering the amount and oddity of the conscien-
ously implemented cases of Nego orum Ges o, the subject ma er is con nuous. Therefore, taking into
account the problema c ques ons, the purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the interrela onship of
the principle of conscien ousness and fulfillment of others affairs that is being followed closely by the
standing law and the analysis of the juridical prac ces.
292
ana maisaSvili* 56
Tamar papasqiri**
davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis mimarTeba

keTilsindisierebis principTan
1. Sesavali
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa paralelurad arasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis
efeqtiani regulireba nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis erT-erT umTavres prioritets war-
moadgens. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xSirad iqmneba situaciebi, rodesac individi yovel-
gvari movaleobisa da uflebamosilebis gareSe ereva sxvis uflebebSi.
davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis institutiT regulirdeba swored ms-
gavsi SemTxvevebi, rodesac kanonmdebeli sxvis sakuTrebaSi Carevas dasaSvebad miiCnevs
rigi winapirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. mocemul naSromSi warmoCenilia keTilsindi-
sierebis principis, rogorc kerZo samarTlis zogadsavaldebulo da universaluri Se-
fasebiTi kategoriis, mimarTeba davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis SesrulebasTan. ganx-
ilulia agreTve Semsruleblis mier Setyobinebis, dawyebul saqmeTa gagrZelebisa da
mepatronisaTvis angariSis wardgenis valdebulebebi da aRniSnulis Seusruleblobis
dros damdgari samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. ganxilulia neg ges o-s WrilSi keTilsindis-
ierad ganxorcielebuli saqmeTa Sesrulebis moculoba da rigi Taviseburebani. moce-
muli Tematikis aqtualurobisa da problemuri sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebiT, naSromis
mizans warmoadgens keTilsindisierebis principisa da davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis
Sesrulebis urTierTmimarTebis ukeT warmoCena moqmedi kanonmdeblobisa da sasamarTlo
praqtikis analizis kvaldakval.
2. davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis arsi da ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi
2.1. davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis instituti, rogorc
arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba
valdebulebis warmoSoba kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi SesaZlebelia rogorc
kanonis, ise xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 317-e muxlis
1-li nawilis Sesabamisad, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebelia monawileTa Soris
xelSekruleba. agreTve, amave muxlis dispoziciiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli kerZosamarTle-
briv urTierTobaTa subieqtebs Soris xelSekrulebis ararsebobis miuxedavad rigi gare-
moebebis dros maT Soris valdebulebis warmoSoba. kerZod, aq igulisxmeba valdebulebis
warmoSoba zianis miyenebis (deliqtis), usafuZvlo gamdidrebisa da kanoniT gaTvalis-
winebuli sxva SemTxvevebis dros. niSandoblivia, rom kanonmdeblis mier `kanoniT gaTval-
iswinebul sxva SemTxvevebSi~ sxva institutebis paralelurad moiazreba swored davalebis
* ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis bakalavriatis
saganmanaTleblo programis me-4 semestris studenti.
** ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis bakalavriatis
saganmanaTleblo programis me-4 semestris studenti.
293
gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebac. zogadad, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa siste-

ma aris daxuruli da, aqedan gamomdinare, gvaqvs ra, am saxis valdebulebaTa amomwuravi
CamonaTvali, am kuTxiT moqmedebs numerus clausus principi. davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmee-
bis Sesrulebis, iseve rogorc nebismieri danarCeni arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis, ar-
sebiTi Teoriuli gansxvaveba xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebebTan SedarebiT,
aris misi warmoSobis SesaZlebloba mxolod kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx-
vevebis arsebobisas, amasTanave, warmoSobis konkretul safuZvlebTan erTad isev da isev
kanoniT ganisazRvreba warmoSobil ufleba-movaleobaTa Sinaarsi. Tuki xelSekrulebis
dadebis dros am ukanasknelis Sinaarsis gansazRvra uSualod mxareTa diskrecias war-
moadgens, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa da, maT Soris, cxadia, davalebis gareSe
sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis Sesabamisi muxlebis qmediTobisTvis, ùrTierTobaSi monaw-
ileTa neba valdebulebis dakisreba-ardakisrebasTan mimarTebiT, samarTlebrivad ab-
soluturad irelevanturia.~ arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi warmoiSoba kanoniT
pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi da valdebuli piris survilis damoukideblad.~1
2.2. davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis subieqtebi da

winapirobebi
davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebisas saxezea ori ZiriTadi subieqti. erTi
mxriv, piri, romelic sxvis saqmeebs asrulebs _ Semsrulebeli (gestori), da, meore mx-
riv, piri, romlis interesebisTvisac xorcieldeba es moqmedebebi _ dainteresebuli
piri (dominusi). orive maTgani SesaZloa iyos rogorc fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli piri.
amasTan, yuradReba gasamaxvilebelia Semsruleblis qmedunarianobaze, romelsac arse-
biTi mniSvneloba eniWeba iuridiuli moqmedebebis ganxorcielebisas, vinaidan am SemTx-
vevaSi is sakuTari saxeliT moqmedebs da debs garigebebs, maSin man unda daakmayofilos
zogadi normebis moTxovnebi garigebaunarianobasTan dakavSirebiT.
iuridiul mecnierebaSi ganasxvaveben namdvil da aranamdvil davalebis gareSe sxvisi
saqmeebis Sesrulebas. aranamdvili davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba, rom-
lis samarTlebrivi regulacia mocemulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 975-e muxlSi, namdvili
davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebisgan gansxvavebul samarTlebriv Sedegebs
warmoSobs da upirvelesad gansaxilveli swored es ukanasknelia, romlis moqmedebisTvi-
sac saWiroa Semdegi winapirobebis arseboba:
a) sxvisi saqme _ nebismieri saxis moqmedeba, rogorc faqtobrivi, ise iuridiuli
aqtebis ganxorcieleba. igulisxmeba saqme, romelic obieqturad sxva piris interesTa da
movaleobaTa sferos ganekuTvneba.
b) sxvisi saqmis Sesruleba _ Semsruleblis subieqturi neba gamoxatuli unda iyos
obieqturad, konkretuli Sedegis saxiT. amasTan, aucilebelia, rom sxvisi saqmeebi warim-
arTos nebayoflobiT da gacnobierebulad.
g) davalebis an sxvagvari uflebamosilebis gareSe _ aucilebelia winaswargadacemu-
li mandatis arsebobis gamoricxva. saxeze ar unda gvqondes davalebis xelSekrulebiT an
1
Todua m., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 2006, 95-97, <h ps://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=ht-
tp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nplg.gov.ge%2Fgsdl%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary.exe%3Fe%3Dd-01000-00---off-0samartal--00-1--0-10-0--0-0---0prompt-
10--..-4----4---0-1l--11-ka-00---10-help-50--00-3-1-00-0-00-11-1-1utfZz-8-00-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-10%26cl%3DCL2.8%26d%3DHASH-
01458542903da826029504b6%26gt%3D2&h=ATMxVOHF4xrGtzZ8mpCQbv8hul0YGSVKGZ_CwjesLFLdCKWcgM41ELgf-0873ZlMiaJKA-
GWr4HnYormKR2GUZ0Y0BhmVgfANKA3zozP7xZ1l5wioaHVVxfUAZTGAhRWZ8U4dHTPnsEZrYg>, [24.12.2017].
294
sxva safuZvliT miniWebuli uflebamosileba.

d) sxvisi saqmeebis keTilsindisierad Sesrulebis neba _ gestori unda moqmedebdes
mepatronis interesebisa da namdvili an savaraudo nebis Sesabamisad.
3. keTilsindisierebis principi - universaluri SefasebiTi

kategoria
nebismieri marTlwesrigi samarTlis subieqtTa qcevis wess afuZnebs keTilsindisier-
ebis principze da am princips normatiul koncefciad ganixilavs. gamonakliss arc ker-
Zo samarTali warmoadgens, vinaidan, aRniSnuli principi am sferoSi umTavresi, fuZem-
debluri principia, romelic konstituciiT garantirebul adamianis uflebaTa kerZo
samarTalSi realizebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes meqanizmad gvevlineba.
keTilsindisierebis principis zogadsavaldebulo xasiaTi gansazRvrulia samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis me-8 muxlis me-3 nawiliT. aRniSnuli norma deklaraciuli xasiaTis ar
aris da ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principis darRveva zogadad damrRvevisTvis
valdebulebis dakisrebis moTxovnis safuZvels warmoadgens.2 maSasadame, kanonmdeblis
mier imperatiulad ganisazRvra kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa monawileebis ufle-
ba-movaleobebis keTilsindisierad ganxorcielebis valdebuleba, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
ar SeiZleba Semoifarglos valdebulebis Sesrulebis segmentiT (ix.361.II). keTilsindis-
ieri qceva evaleba valdebulebiTi urTierTobis nebismier monawiles da ar eqvemdebare-
ba xelSekrulebiT SezRudvas an gamoricxvas.3
keTilsindisierebis principi, upirvelesad qmediTi swored maSin aris, rodesac in-
dividis Tavisuflebis farglebi Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan an am urT-
ierTobis maregulirebeli samarTlis normidan pirdapir ar gamomdinareobs. `swored
keTilsindisierebis princips daqvemdebarebuli moqmedebis Tavisuflebidan gamomdin-
areobs subieqtis mier sxva piris interesebis gaTvaliswinebis valdebuleba im moculo-
biT, romelic ar iwvevs Tavad misi interesebis araTanazomier SezRudvas.~4
savsebiT logikuria, rom piris keTilsindisieri qceva zneobriv movaleobebs davu-
kavSiroT, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, misi qmedeba keTilsindisierad ganxorcielebulad
CaiTvleba imdenad, ramdenadac es nebismieri obieqturad ganmsjadi, miukerZoebuli
piris mier mizanSewonilobis, zneobis, samarTlianobis safuZvelze iqneboda Sefasebuli.
keTilsindisierebis principi, am mxriv, Tavad warmoadgens moralur standarts.
keTilsindisiereba rogorc normatiuli, aseve subieqturi nebis ganmartebis instru-
mentia da gulisxmobs samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa moqmedebas pasuxismgeblobiT, da
erTmaneTis uflebebisadmi pativiscemiT mopyrobas.5
maSasadame, keTilsindisierebis institutis, rogorc mravalfunqciuri, eTi-
kur-samarTlebrivi, zneobriobasa da gulwrfelobaze dafuZnebuli universaluri moce-
mulobis, uzogadesi daniSnuleba aSkarad usamarTlo Sedegis Tavidan acilebis parale-
lurad samarTliani Sedegis dadgomis xelSewyobaa.
2
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 21 maisis gadawyvetileba #as-221-213-2012.
3
vaSakiZe g., keTilsindisiereba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT-abstraqcia Tu moqmedi samarTali,
`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 10/2007, 14-58.
4
kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 83-95, <h ps://goo.gl/EzjwUX>, [24.12.2017].
5
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 29 ivnisis gadawyvetileba #as-1338-1376-2014.
295
4. NEG GESTIO-s mimarTeba keTilsindisierebis principTan
4.1. keTilsindisierebis principi - rekomendacia Tu kanonmdeblis

imperatiuli moTxovna?
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 969-e muxlidan gamomdinare, piri (Semsrulebeli), romelic
davalebis an sxva safuZvlis gareSe asrulebs sxva piris (mepatronis) saqmeebs, valdebu-
lia Seasrulos isini keTilsindisierad. samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogad debulebebSi kanon-
mdeblis mier me-8 muxlis me-3 nawiliT ganmtkicebuli zogadsavaldebulo keTilsindis-
ierebis principis safuZvelze, rac zemoT ganxilul iqna, samarTalSemfardebels eZleva
realuri SesaZlebloba, rom nebismieri faqtobrivi garemoebis samarTlebrivi regulire-
ba swored am principTan Sesabamisobis dadgeniT moaxdinos. sainteresoa, maSin ra mizans
emsaxureba kanonmdeblis mier specialur normaSi saqmeTa keTilsindisierad Sesrulebis
imperatiuli moTxovnis daweseba?! saqme isaa, rom amiT, damatebiT xazi gaesva piris mier
sxvis qonebaSi Carevis SemTxvevaSi misi marTlzomierebis Taviseburebas da erTgvarad
SeizRuda individis mier sxvis uflebebSi Carevis Tavisuflebis farglebi. kanonmdebel-
ma gansazRvra, rom gestori unda moqmedebdes saTanado mzrunvelobiTa da yuradRebi-
anobiT, romlebic aucilebelia saqmis garemoebaTa mixedviT.6 maSasadame, gestoris ma-
moZravebeli Zala unda iyos mepatronis interesebis dacva, misi keTili neba-moraluri
pasuxismgebloba da ar unda edos safuZvlad angarebiTi an sxva motivi. ganxorcielebul
qmedebebs dainteresebuli pirisTvis garkveuli sargebeli unda mohqondes, anu gesto-
ris qmedeba unda iyos obieqturad momgebiani dominusisTvis. qmedebebi winaaRmdegobaSi
ar unda modiodnen dainteresebuli piris realur da savaraudo ganzraxvebTan.7 saqme-
Ta Sesrulebis dros gamoricxulia TviTneboba da arsebiTia mepatronis sakuTrebaSi
CarevisaTvis Sesabamisi obieqturi safuZvlis arseboba. aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom
keTilsindisierebis principi wiTel xazad gasdevs davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebi Ses-
rulebis instituts da, amdenad, misi ugulebelyofa, dauSvebelia.
4.2. keTilsindisierebis principis qmediToba NEG GESTIO-s obieqtur

da subieqtur TeoriebTan mimarTebiT
obieqturi Teoriis mixedviT, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba moicavs
misi gamovlenis mxolod calkeul SemTxvevebs, romelTa iuridiul safuZvlad aRiare-
bulia TviT saqmis realurad arsebuli (obieqturi) masala da sxva realuri faqtebi. am
obieqturi garemoebebiT gamoiricxeba urTierTobis monawile subieqtebis pirovnul-su-
bieqturi faqtorebi.8 aRniSnuli Teoria, marTalia, Tavis TavSi moicavs Semsruleblis
mier gacemuli danaxarjebis momavalSi mepatronisagan ukan gamoTxovis SesaZleblobas,
magram am koncefciis umTavresi xarvezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom samarTlebrivad ar eni-
Weba sakmarisi mniSvneloba samarTlianobis cnebas, ugulebelyofilia yovelgvari subi-
eqturi momenti, motivi Tu mizani, romelic warmarTavs Tavad gestoris moqmedebas, Ses-
6
biWia m., kanonismieri valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi, 2016, 77-83.
7
berianiZe s., davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis mniSvneloba da ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, samecnie-
ro Jurnali~axalgazrda advokatebi~, 2014, 45-52, <h p://www.barristers.ge/public/uploads/docs/Jurnali_-_axalgazrda_ad-
vokatebi.pdf>.
8
296
abamisad, umniSvnelod rCeba keTilsindisierebis principis arseboba. amis sapirispirod,

subieqturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, sxvisi saqme unda Sesruldes keTilsindisierad, mepatro-
nis nebis Sesabamisad. amasTan, gadamwyvetia, mepatronem moiwonos an aRiaros gestoris
mier misi saqmis warmarTva, xolo meorexarisxovania, sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba aris Tu
ara aucilebeli im pirisTvis, visac is exeba.9 zemoTxsenebuli Teoriebis paralelurad,
saxsenebelia Sereuli Teoriac, romelic erTgvar nazavs warmoadgens da upiratesoba
unda mieniWos im TvalsazrisiT, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, davalebis
gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReba mepatronis interesebi, aseve
namdvili an savaraudo neba da, aqedan gamomdinare, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba iseT
subieqtur SefasebiT kategorias, rogoric keTilsindisierierebaa, xolo, meore mxriv,
yuradReba maxvildeba obieqturad ganxorcielebul qmedebebze, rogorc damdgar Sedeg-
ze, romlis Sesabamisadac warmoiSoba konkretuli samarTlebrivi Sedegi.
4.3. Setyobinebis valdebuleba

marTalia, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoebisas Semsruleblis Careva mepa-
tronis qonebriv sferoSi arsebiTad mis diskrecias warmoadgens, Tumca nebayoflobiT
Carevis Sedegad warmoiSoba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli mTeli rigi movaleobebi, romel-
Ta Sesrulebac gestoris upirobo valdebuleba xdeba. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 971-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, Semsrulebeli valdebulia pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave acnobos mepatrones,
rom ikisra saqmeTa Sesruleba. yuradsaRebia, rom kanoni miuTiTebs mepatronisaTvis misi
saqmis dawyebis Taobaze Setyobinebis da ara dawyebuli saqmis mepatronis mier mowonebis
Sesaxeb. maSasadame, Tuki Semsruleblis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba mimarTuli iyo
mepatronis sasikeTod, misive interesebis dasacavad da, amdenad, daculi iyo mis mier
saqmianobis moralur-samarTlebrivi principebi, Semsrulebels mieniWeba uflebamosile-
ba, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Sesabamisi normebis safuZvelze moiTxovos damdgari zian-
is anazRaureba, Tuki mepatrone uars ityvis saqmis mowonebaze.10 kanonmdeblis daTqma
`pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave~, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi imdenad, ramdenadac, veravis
moeTxoveba imaze metis Sesruleba, rac misi obieqturi SesaZleblobebis farglebSia.
aq igulisxmeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac saxeze gvaqvs raime araordinaluri viTareba da
gestori moklebulia dominusis informirebis SesaZleblobas. agreTve, vTqvaT, rode-
sac Semsrulebeli ar aris darwmunebuli dainteresebuli piris vinaobaSi. aRniSnuli-
dan gamomdinare, yovel faqtobriv garemoebaze msjelobisas individualurad unda Se-
fasdes, Tu ramdenad iyo Semsruleblis mier mepatronis informirebis SesaZlebloba
uSualod saqmeebis warmarTvis procesis dros an amis Semdgom. sainteresoa, ramdenad
arsebiTia Setyobinebis paralelurad Semsruleblis mier Setyobinebis Sedegad mepatro-
nis gadawyvetilebis lodinis valdebuleba?! zogadad, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmee-
bis Sesrulebis instituti iZleva keTilsindisierebis principis farTod ganmartebis
SesaZleblobas da, am TvalsazrisiT, mis farglebSi eqceva Setyobinebis valdebulebac,
Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom yovelgvari qmedeba ganxorcielebul unda iqnas mepatronis
interesebidan gamomdinare, mainc ver vityviT, rom SemsruleblisTvis mepatronis gad-
awyvetileba saqmis gagrZelebisa Tu misi SeCerebis Taobaze, iseTi mniSvnelovania, rom
9
10
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni me-4, tomi me-2, 2001, 346-347, <h ps://goo.gl/36Nv1N>, [24.12
2017].
297
amis gamo gestori Tavisufldeba yovelgvari movaleobisgan informirebis Semdeg da igi

mxolod mis gadawyvetilebas unda daelodos. piriqiT, Tu gestorma Seatyo, rom saqmis
Semdgomi gagrZeleba ar Seesabameba mepatronis nebas an araa xelsayreli am ukanask-
nelisTvis, sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba unda Sewydes. amis sapirispirod ki, mxedvelobaSia
misaRebi is garemoebac, rom Setyobinebis sanacvlod moqmedebis ganxorcielebis day-
ovnebam an SeCerebam ar gamoiwvios ziani.11
4.3.1. saqmeebis gagrZelebis valdebuleba

sayuradReboa samoqalaqo kodeqsis 971-e muxlis meore winadadeba: ~Semsrulebel-
ma unda gaagrZelos dawyebuli saqmeebi, vidre mepatrones ar SeeZleba imoqmedos Tvi-
Ton.~ maSasadame, rogorc muxlis dispoziciidan gamomdinareobs, gestorma unda gaagr-
Zelos dawyebul saqmeTa Sesruleba manam, sanam dainteresebul pirs Tavad ar miecema
SesaZlebloba, gaagrZelos mis mier dawyebuli saqme. saqme isaa, rom praqtikaSi nakle-
bad savaraudoa, rom muxlis aRniSnuli danawesi uproblemod moqmedebdes, vinaidan,
umeteswilad, gestors SesaZloa arc hqondes, Tundac, materialuri resursebi, rom-
lebic saWiro iqneboda dawyebul saqmeTa gasagrZeleblad. amisTvis, aRniSnuli qmedeba
unda Sefasdes swored ise, rom mxedvelobaSi iqnas miRebuli amave muxlSi gansazRvru-
li im `SesaZleblobis~ arsi, razec zemoT visaubreT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa
danawesis arasworad gaazrebam mTel rig uxeS samarTlebriv Sedegebamde migviyvanos.
magaliTad, dainteresebulma pirma, ecnobeba mas ra, rom mis qonebriv sikeTes safrTxe
Seeqmna, safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad ki gareSe piri Caeria, SeiZleba yovelTvis mo-
imizezos dawyebul saqmeTa Tavad gagrZelebis SeuZlebloba da miuTiTos rig garemoe-
bebze, riTac daayovnebs konkretuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomas. amitom, cxadia,
muxlis danawesi ganixileba Setyobinebis valdebulebasTan mimarTebiT mWidro kavSir-
Si da masze aseve gavrceldeba im `SesaZleblobis~ Sesaxeb danawesi, romelzec zemoT
visaubreT. aqedan gamomdinare, Tuki piri stiqiuri ubedurebis pirobebSi sxvis qone-
bas droebiT gaamagrebs, risTvisac dasWirdeba Sesabamisi fuladi saxsrebi, amis Taoba-
ze informacias miawvdis mepatronesac, Tumca mis dabrunebamde, veRar moaxerxebs misi
qonebis Semdgom xelmeored gamagrebas, rac stiqiis simZlavridan gamomdinareobda, mas
ar SeezRudeba saqmis Sesrulebis Sedegad materialuri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
ufleba (muxli 970 II).
4.3.2. angariSis wardgenis valdebuleba

Semsruleblis mier qmedebis keTilsindisierad ganxorcielebis neba agreTve moicavs
dainteresebuli pirisaTvis angariSis wardgenasac. kerZod, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 972-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, Semsrulebeli valdebulia warudginos mepatrones angariSi Sesrulebis
Sesaxeb da gadasces mas yvelaferi, rac Sesrulebis Sedegad miiRo. Sesabamisad, rogorc
muxlis dispoziciidan gamomdinareobs, imdenad, ramdenadac Semsrulebeli moqmedebs
dominusis interesebisTvis, igi valdebulia waradginos angariSi, romelSic aRricxuli
unda iyos Sesrulebuli samuSao, gaweuli xarjebi da zarali, rac samuSaos SesrulebiT
11
298
dadga.12 amasTan, arsebiTia, rom gaweuli xarjebis Taobaze aRricxvaSi miTiTebuli unda
iyos mxolod im xarjebis Sesaxeb, romlebic saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare aucileb-
lad iqna miCneuli, vinaidan, sxva SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli ar daeqvemdebareba anazRaurebas
(973-e muxli). am danawesidan gamomdinare, kanonmdeblma mtkicebis tvirTi, rom gaweuli
xarji realurad aucilebeli iyo, eseigi ar aRemateboda im obieqturad aucilebel xar-
js, romelic saWiro iqneboda safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad, daakisra Semsrulebels.
5. sasamarTlo praqtika
davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar aris
saxelSekrulebo urTierToba, metad kompleqsuri institutia. xarjebis arseboba Tav-
isTavad ar warmoSobs maTi anazRaurebis valdebulebas. am moTxovnasTan erTad, amasTa-
nave, daculi unda iyos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 970-974-e muxlebis moTxovnebi (magaliTad:
informaciis miwodebis valdebuleba, xarjebis Taobaze angariSis wardgenis valdebule-
ba da sxv.) sasamarTlo praqtikaSi es garemoeba kargadaa asaxuli. uzenaesma sasamarTlom
erT-erT saqmeze ganmarta,13 rom gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi a.C-is sakuTrebis reabilitacia
da am mizniT adgilobrivi biujetidan 581 000 laris gamoyofa aucileblobadac rom
iqnes miCneuli, mestiis municipalitetis gamgeoba mainc ar aris uflebamosili gaweuli
xarjis anazRaureba moiTxovos, gamomdinare iqidan, rom mas ar Seusrulebia samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 971-e muxliT dadgenili valdebuleba. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mestiis gam-
geobas a.C-isaTvis ar ucnobebia saqmeTa Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, aseve, saqmidan arc is gare-
moeba dasturdeboda, rom mestiis gamgeobam a.C-s gaweuli samuSaos angariSi warudgina.
Sesabamisad, arc 972-e muxlis imperatiuli moTxovna gvaqvs saxeze. amdenad, sasamarTlom
sarCeli gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebis Taobaze usafuZvlod miiCnia da ganmarta, rom
aRniSnuli ar eqvemdebareboda dakmayofilebas.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos aRniSnul gadawyvetilebas savsebiT viziarebT, magram, amave
dros, migvaCnia, rom imave saqmeze sasamarTlom araswori midgoma daafiqsira dominu-
sis mxridan qmedebebis mowonebis aucileblobaze miTiTebiT. kerZod, uzenaesi palatis
ganmartebiT, imisaTvis, rom Semsrulebels warmoeSvas gaRebuli xarjis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis ufleba, aucilebelia, saxeze gvqondes qonebis mesakuTris mxridan samuSaos
Sesrulebaze Tanxmoba. es midgoma ar SeiZleba marTebulad CaiTvalos, vinaidan, winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta gamoiwvevs davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis
Sesrulebis gardaqmnas davalebis xelSekrulebad. Sesabamisad, avtomaturad moispoboda
aRniSnuli Tavis normebis gamoyenebis winapirobac. amasTanave, kanonmdebeli ar iTxovs
mepatronis mxridan aucilebel Tanxmobas Sesasrulebel samuSaosTan dakavSirebiT. ssk-
is 971-e muxlSi, rogorc ukve vTqviT, saubaria Semsruleblis mier mepatronis Setyo-
binebis valdebulebaze, kerZod, aucilebelia saqmis dawyebis Taobaze Setyobinebis faq-
tis arseboba da ara mepatronis mier saqmis mowoneba. aqedan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mocemuli ganmarteba yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulia.
rogorc wesi, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebisas, gestors Segnebuli
aqvs is faqti, rom asrulebs sxvis da ara sakuTar saqmes. sainteresoa saqarTvelos
12
berianiZe s., davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis mniSvneloba da ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, samecnie-
ro Jurnali àxalgazrda advokatebi~, 2014,45-52, <h p://www.barristers.ge/public/uploads/docs/Jurnali_-_axalgazrda_ad-
vokatebi.pdf>, [24.12.2017].
13
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 12 dekembris gadawyvetileba #as-1320-1246-2012.
299
uzenaesi sasamarTlos erT-erTi gadawyvetileba, romelSic sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom

subieqturad a.j moqmedebda imis rwmeniT, rom igi asrulebda Tavis da ara sxvis saqmes,
riTac, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 975-e muxlidan gamomdinare, gamoiricxeba 969-974-e mux-
lebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. sasamarTlos miTiTebiT, vinaidan a.j-m Sesrulebuli
moqmedebiT uSualo sargebeli miiRo, gamoyenebul unda iqnes usafuZvlo gamdidrebis
da ara davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis wesebi.14
6. NEG GESTIO-sa da keTilsindisierebis urTierTmimarTeba ucxo

qveynebis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT
davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis instituti saTaves iRebs jer kidev
romis samarTlidan, ramac gansaxilveli institutis kontinenturi qveynebis marTlwes-
rigebSi mowyoba ganapiroba.
germaniaSi davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba mowesrigebulia qarTuli
kanonmdeblobis msgavsad. kerZod, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba germanul
samarTalSi iyofa namdvil da aranamdvil Sesrulebad. Tavis mxriv, namdvili Sesrule-
ba iyofa marTebul da aramarTebul Sesrulebad, xolo aranamdvili Sesruleba iyofa
SecdomiT da ganzrax Sesrulebad.15 Tumca, aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT germanul
da qarTul kanonmdeblobas Soris gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom germanuli samar-
Tali neg.ges o-s arsebobisas iyenebs davalebis xelSekrulebis momwesrigebel mTel rig
muxlebs, rac ar aris damaxasiaTebeli qarTuli kanonmdeblobisTvis. calsaxaa, qarTul
samarTalSi aRniSnuli ori instituti gamijnulia erTmaneTisgan, amaze metyvelebs, Tun-
dac is faqti, rom neg.ges o-s SemTxvevaSi araa aucilebeli saqmis SesrulebasTan dakav-
SirebiT mepatronis Tanxmoba. Tu saxeze gveqneba monawile subieqtTa SeTanxmeba, es Sei-
Zleba ganixilos davalebis xelSekrulebad, rac sabolood gamoiwvevs davalebis gareSe
sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis normebis ufunqciobas.
gansxvavebulad wesrigdeba sakiTxi safrangeTSi, sadac, saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT,
Semsruleblis legitimacias ar warmoadgens mepatronis namdvili an savaraudo neba, ris
gamoc davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli sakama-
Toa. kerZod, mepatronem ar unda icodes Sesrulebuli moqmedebis Sesaxeb, Tu mepatro-
nem icis da dums, es CaiTvleba konkludentur Tanxmobad xelSekrulebis dadebasTan
dakavSirebiT. savaraudod, aseTi midgomis gaziareba qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mxridan
uaryofiT Sedegebamde migviyvans, vinaidan, aseT SemTxvevaSi pirebi Seecdebodnen, Sees-
rulebinaT sxvisi saqme am ukanasknelTa survilis gauTvaliswineblad, rac arasaxarbie-
lo mdgomareobaSi ayenebs mepatrones, vinaidan mas mouwevda im xarjebis anazRaureba,
rac Semsulebelma gaiRo misi saqmeebis Sesrulebisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa
meptronis interesebSi saerTod ar Sediodes moqmedebis Sesruleba.
Negatorum ges o _ davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba, im formiT, ra for-
miTac is cnobilia kontinenturi samarTlis sistemebisTvis, inglisuri samarTlisTvis
cnobili ar aris. davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba ar warmoSobs gaweuli xar-
jebis anazRaurebis moTxovnis valdebulebas, radgan dauSvebelia pirs Tavs movaxvioT
valdebuleba misi neba-survilis sawinaaRmdegod, iseve rogorc SeuZlebelia mivaniWoT
14
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 noembris gadawyvetileba #as-521-831-09.
15
BGB677, Pflichten des Geschae sfuehrers, <h ps://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__677.html>, [20.03.2019]; BGB683, Ersatz
von Aufwendungen, BGB684, Ersatz von Aufwendungen, <h ps://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__684.html>, [20.03.2019].
300
mas raime materialuri sargebeli am neba-survilis winaaRmdeg.16 SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

sakiTxis ase ganxilva ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis princips da, vinaidan aRniSuli
principi qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba, rogorc samarTlebrivi wesri-
gisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelovani elementi, romelic individis moqmedebas samar-
TlianobasTan urTierTkavSirSi ganixilavs, aseTi midgomis gaziareba qarTul kanonmde-
blobaSi seriozul problemebs wamoWris.
7. daskvna
kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi individis ufleba-Caerios sxvis samarTlebriv
sikeTeSi, rogorc samarTlebrivad dacul interesSi, mxolod konkretuli garemoebebis
kumulaciurad arsebobis dros aris SesaZlebeli. davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis
Sesrulebis dros, upirvelesyovlisa, navaraudebi unda iyos Semsruleblis legitimu-
ri neba da mepatronis interesebis Sesabamisi moqmedeba. samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar iZleva
keTilsindisierebis legalur definicias, rac, Tavis mxriv, misi mravalfunqciuri da
zogadsavaldebulo mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, ar aris axali, Tumca, rodesac saqme
exeba davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebas, aRniSnuli principi erTgvar Tavise-
burebebs iZens.
winamdebare naSromis mizania, naTlad warmoaCinos,rom gestoris mier sxvisi saqmis
Sesruleba, marTalia misi realuri arCevania, Tumca aqedan warmoSobili valdebulebebi
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli imperatiuli moTxovnebia.
pasuxi SekiTxvaze, Semsruleblis mier sxvisi saqmis Sesrulebis Semdeg amis Taobaze
Seutyobinebloba, dawyebul saqmeTa Sewyveta mepatronis mier saqmeTa gagrZelebamde da
angariSis warudgenloba gaweuli xarjebis an zaralis Sesaxeb iwvevs Tu ara upirobod
Semsruleblis keTilsindisieri nebis gamoricxvas, damokidebulia konkretuli urT-
ierTobis faqtobriv Sinaarsze. aq safuZvlianad unda Sefasdes, xom ar hqonda adgili
Semsruleblis mxridan informaciis miwodebis SeuZleblobas an, vTqvaT, xom ar dadga
imgvari viTareba, rom mas aRar SeuZlia manamde dawyebul saqmeTa gagrZeleba obieqturi
mizezis gamo. swored imdenad, ramdenadac iseTi subieqturi msjelobis sagans, rogoric
keTilsindisierebaa, kanonmdebelma uSualod daukavSira iseTi obieqturad arsebuli
faqtebi, rogoric, magaliTad, angariSis an informaciis miwodeba-armiwodebaa, mxedve-
lobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli rogorc subieqturi, aseve obieqturi faqtorebi da mxolod
amis Semdeg dadges Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi Sedegi damdgari zianis anazRaurebis Tao-
baze.
16
rusiaSvili g., kazusebi kanonismier valdebulebiT samarTalSi, 2016, 17-45, <h ps://goo.gl/FNfP2q>, [24.12.2017].
301
Shorena Loladze (LL.M, TSU)
INADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE IN CIVIL PROCEDURAL LAW
ABSTRACT
The present ar cle shall consider the standard of legality of the evidence in the civil procedure law
and its prac cal usage. Further, this ar cle addresses the precondi ons for the inadmissibility of the
evidence and their procedural status.
The importance of the aforesaid ma er derives from the distribu on of the burden of proof and
from the significance of evidence in the procedural law in general. Thus, it is crucial to consider the
procedural basis for the admissibility of the evidence, which is followed by the court’s evalua on re-
garding its importance. Even though the evidence obtained through illicit means lacks the legal validity,
the case-law admits the excep onal cases when such evidence may be considered as valid and relevant
considering the circumstances of each case. In this respect, the regard shall be given to the par cular
cases from the ECHR about the viola on of the right to respect the personal life pursuant to Ar cle 8
of the conven on.
This ar cle shall also analyze the similari es/differences between the standards of admissibility of
the evidence in civil and criminal law and whether the evidence, obtained through gross viola on of
criminal procedural law may be granted a ~legal value~ in civil proceedings.
302
Sorena lolaZe*
dauSvebeli mtkicebulebebi samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi
1. Sesavali
winamdebare statia Seexeba samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi mtkicebulebebis
kanonierebis standartis Seswavlasa da misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis kvlevas. kerZod,
naSromSi ganxilulia mtkicebulebebis dauSvebelad cnobis winapirobebi da aseTi mt-
kicebulebebis saproceso statusi.
statiaSi ganxiluli sakiTxis aqtualoba gamomdinareobs mtkicebis tvirTis ganaw-
ilebis da saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi mtkicebulebis mniSvnelobidan, romlis Tanax-
madac imisTvis, rom sasamarTlom daZleulad miiCnios mtkicebis tvirTi saxeze unda
gvqondes mxaris mier wardgenili Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, romlebic sasamarTlos
mier dasaSvebad unda iyos cnobili. Sesabamisad, am mxriv, mniSvnelovania, mtkicebule-
baTa dasaSvebobis procesualuri safuZvlebis Seswavla, ris Semdgomac sasamarTlo af-
asebs mis Sinaarss.
moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi (SemdgomSi _ `kodeqsi~) 102-103-e muxlis far-
glebSi adgens mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis, gankuTvnadobis da e.w. gansazRvrulobis
principebs. am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania, imis gansazRvra saqmis ganxilvis, Tu romel
etapebze xdeba xsenebuli sakiTxebis gadawyveta sasamarTlos mier da ra gavlena aqvT
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze mxareTa poziciebs.
imis miuxedavad, rom kanonis darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebebs ar aqvT iuridi-
uli Zala, praqtika icnobs dauSvebeli mtkicebulebebis dasaSvebad cnobis sagamonakli-
so SemTxvevebs, romlebic umetesad ukavSirdeba saqmis specifikas. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
aseve mniSvnelovania adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarT-
lis konkretuli magaliTebis gacnoba mtkicebulebebis mopovebis procesSi piradi cx-
ovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis darRvevis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.
naSromis farglebSi aseve ganxilulia mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis standartebis
msgavseba/gansxvaveba samoqalaqo da sisxlis saproceso samarTalSi da SesaZlebelia Tu
ara sisxlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis arsebiTi darRvevis Sedegad mopovebul mtkice-
bulebas mieniWos iuridiuli Zala samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi.
2. mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis Semowmebis zogadi wesebi

kodeqsSi ar aris gansazRvruli mtkicebulebis zogadi cneba (definicia). Tumca igi
Camoyalibebulia iuridiul doqtrinaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, mtkicebuleba aris kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT miRebuli cnobebi faqtebis Sesaxeb (faqtobrivi monacemebi), romelTa
safuZvelzec `sasamarTlo adgens im garemoebebis arsebobas an ararsebobas, romlebsac
emyareba mxareTa moTxovnebi an Sesageblebi~.1 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi
mtkicebulebebs uwodebda faqtiur monacemebs, xolo riTic aRniSnuli faqtiuri mo-
* ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samarTlis magistri.

1
qurdaZe S. xunaSvili n., samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 220.
303
Sorena lolaZe
nacemebis dadgena SeiZleboda, ganixilavda mtkicebulebis saSualebebad.2

mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi ukavSirdeba ramden-
ime sakvanZo sakiTxs. maT Soris moiazreba winamdebare kodeqsis 102-e muxlis III nawiliT
gaTvaliswinebul mtkicebulebaTa e. w. gansazRvruloba da 103-e muxlis III nawiliT gaT-
valiswinebul mtkicebulebaTa kanonieri gziT mopovebis sakiTxi.
aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mkacri da detaluri mowesrigeba samoqalaqo saproceso kod-
eqsSi emsaxureba erTi mxriv, mxareTa SezRudvas maTTvis sasargeblo mtkicebulebebis
moZiebis procesSi daicvan moqmedi kanonmdebloba, xolo meore mxriv, mosamarTlis
TviTSezRudvas _ saqmeSi arsebuli ukanonod mopovebuli mtkicebulebis gaziarebas-
Tan mimarTebiT. praqtikulad kanoniT pirdapir gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi SezRudulia
mosamarTlis mier garkveuli mtkicebulebis gaziareba misi Sinaarsobrivi Rirebulebis
miuxedavad. Sesabamisad, iseT SemTxvevebSi romlebSic erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa saxeze
gvqondes garkveuli faqtis/faqtebis damadasturebeli/uarsayofi mtkicebulebebi, Tum-
ca saxezea maTi dauSveblobis winapirobebi an igi kanoniT aseTi faqtobrivi garemoebebis
dasadastureblad pirdapir gansazRvruli saxis mtkicebuleba ar aris, sasamarTlo mok-
lebulia SesaZleblobas maTze dayrdnobiT miiRos Sesabamisi mxaris sasargeblo gad-
awyvetileba.
3. mtkicebulebaTa kanonsawinaaRmdegoba
mas Semdgom rac mxaris mier saqmeSi warmodgenili mtkicebuleba gaivlis gankuT-
vnadobis da Sesaxebobis etapebs, dRis wesrigSi dgeba maTi kanonierebis Semowmebisa da
Sefasebis sakiTxi,3 romlebsac bunebrivia, sasamarTlo warmarTavs mxareTa monawileobiT.
marTalia, qarTuli saproceso kanonmdebloba mtkicebulebis Tavisuflad Sefasebis
princips emyareba, Tumca imisTvis, rom sasamarTlom daiwyos mtkicebulebis Sinaarso-
brivi kvleva Sesabamis faqtobriv garemoebasTan mimarTebiT da Semdgom gaiziaros/ar
gaiziaros misi Sinaarsi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, saWiroa Semowmdes mtkicebulebis
mopovebis kanonierebis sakiTxi. es aris is ZiriTadi kriteriumi, romlis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSic mtkicebulebas emuqreba dauSveblad cnoba.
mtkicebulebis mopovebasTan dakavSirebiT garkveul daTqmas akeTebs kodeqsis 103-
e muxlis III nawili, romlis mixedviTac kanonis darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebebs
iuridiuli Zala ara aqvT.4 aRniSnuli normis analizi cxadyofs, rom mtkicebuleba Sesa-
Zloa iyo 102-e muxlis III nawilis mixedviT Sesaferisi, anu gansazRvrulobis wesis dacviT
wardgenili, Tumca mainc iqnes cnobili dauSveblad, radgan igi mopovebulia kanoniT
dadgenili wesebis darRveviT. orive SemTxveva procesualur-samarTlebrivi Sedegebis
TvalsazrisiT identuria.
dauSveblobis gansaxilveli sakiTxi mtkicebulebis mopovebasTan dakavSirebiT, exeba
iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac mxare sasamarTlos an sxva uflebamosili organos daxmarebis
gareSe cdilobs misTvis sasargeblo mtkicebulebis mopovebas. literaturaSi arsebuli
mosazrebis Tanaxmad,5 kodeqsi detalur miTiTebas Seicavs imasTan dakavSirebiT, konk-
2
liluaSvili T., samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, I nawili, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 298.
3
qurdaZe S., xunaSvili n., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 213.
4
hermani h., mtkicebulebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 19.
5
xrustali v., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2007, 103-e muxli, gv. 205.
304
retulad romeli mtkicebuleba ra wesiT SeiZleba iqnes mopovebuli da wardgenili sa-

samarTloSi, xolo meore mosazrebis mixedviT, ar arsebobs am mxriv, raime konkretuli
daTqma xsenebul aqtSi, radgan am dromde sakmaod bundovania romeli kanonmdeblobis
darRvevis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos mtkicebulebis dauSvebloba, mxolod samoqalaqo sapro-
ceso kodeqsis Tu sxva momijnave kanonmdeblobis darRvevis.
pirveli mosazrebis gansamtkiceblad SegviZlia moviSvelioT ramdenime norma samo-
qalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobidan. magaliTisTvis, im mxaris axsna-ganmartebis miReba,
romelic sasamarTlo process fizikurad ver eswreba sazRvargareT Tu sxva adminis-
traciul erTeulSi yofnis an sxva raime obieqturi mizezis gamo, SesaZloa miRebul
iqnes mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebiT distanciurad telefonis, video saSualebis an sxva
teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT sxva sasamarTlodan, administraciuli organodan
an sazRvargareT saqarTvelos diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebisa da sakonsulo dawe-
sebulebebis meSveobiT, Tu SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi organos mier piris identificireba
dakiTxvis adgilas. aRniSnul wess adgens kodeqsis 127-e muxlis III nawili.
normis sityvasityviTi ganmartebidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom mxaris
distanciuri axsna-ganmarteba im SemTxvevaSia kanoniT dadgenili wesis dacviT mopovebu-
li, rodesac saxezea erTi mxriv, mxaris obieqtur garemoebas dafuZnebuli gamoucxade-
bloba, rasac mosdevs sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mxaris axsna-ganmartebis distanciu-
ri wesiT miRebasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo meore mxriv, rodesac mxare axsna-ganmartebis
micemisas imyofeba zemoTCamoTvlil dawesebulebebSi. am winapirobebis mxolod Tanad-
rouli arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia miviCnioT mxaris axsna-ganmarteba kanoniT dad-
genili wesiT mopovebulad.
mxaris axsna-ganmartebis msgavsad, SegviZlia ganvixiloT mowmis Cvenebac, rogorc mt-
kicebuleba. am mxriv, sainteresoa pirvel rigSi ganvixiloT pirTa kategoriebi maTi Sem-
dgomi mowmeobis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac gvaTavazobs kodeqsis 141-143-e muxlebi. ese-
nia, pirebi romlebic ar SeiZleba dakiTxul iqnen mowmed, Cvenebis micemaze uaris Tqmis
uflebis mqone pirebi da Cvenebis micemaze uaris Tqmis uflebis miuxedavad Cvenebis
micemis valdebulebis mqone pirebi. mowmis Cvenebis dasaSvebobis Semowmebisas swored
es wesebi unda miiRos sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi. amis Semdgom kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs
mowmis dakiTxvis procedurul wesebs, romelTa Sorisac aRsaniSnavia, mowmis identifi-
cireba, mowmeTa dakiTxva sxva mowmeebisgan gancalkevebulad, mowmis gafrTxileba cru
Cvenebis micemis samarTlebriv SedegebTan dakavSirebiT da mowmis damokidebulebis Ses-
wavla saqmeSi monawile pirebis mimarT. iqidan gamomdinare, rom kodeqsis 148-153-e mux-
lebi gvTavazobs mowmis dakiTxvis konkretul procedurul wesebs, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
maTi darRveviT mopovebuli Cveneba aris dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba.
mowmis Cvenebis dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebiT unda ganvixiloT praqtikaSi sakmaod
gavrcelebuli SemTxveva, rodesac mxareebi mowmeebis sasamarTloSi dakiTxvis nacvlad,
waradgenen maT notariulad damowmebul Cvenebebs, rac gulisxmobs notariusis mier im
gancxadebaze mowmis xelmoweris dadasturebas, romelic Sinaarsobrivad exmianeba saqme-
Si arsebul faqtobriv garemoebebs. amdenad, gadawyvetilebebSi mravlad vxvdebiT mowmis
notariulad damowmebul Cvenebebs, rogorc mtkicebulebebs. aseTi mtkicebulebis das-
aSvebobis WrilSi Cndeba savsebiT legitimuri kiTxva, mowmeTa notariulad damowmebuli
Cveneba warmoadgens Sinaarsidan gamomdinare mowmis Cvenebas Tu werilobiT mtkicebule-
bas. Sinaarsobrivad mowmis mier sasamarTlosTvis miwodebuli informacia, misi formis
miuxedavad warmoadgens mowmis Cvenebas da ara werilobiT mtkicebulebas. Sesabamisad,
Tu mocemul SemTxvevebSi saqme gvaqvs mowmis CvenebasTan, Cndeba Semdegi kiTxva, ramde-
305
Sorena lolaZe
nad kanonieria aseTi formiT mopovebuli Cveneba? vfiqrob, pasuxi amasTan dakavSirebiT
aris uaryofiTi, radgan aseTi proceduriT mowmis Cvenebis miReba ewinaaRmdegeba zemoT
miTiTebul normebs. amdenad, msgavs SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlom ar unda dauSvas mowmeTa
notariulad damowmebuli Cvenebebi saqmeSi mtkicebulebad. rogorc wesi sasamarTloebi
am sakiTxze msjelobisgan Tavs ikaveben, Tumca Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom Tavis
erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi ar dauSva saqmis ganxilvis mosamzadebel sxdomaze aseTi sax-
is mtkicebuleba.6
igive SegviZlia vTqvaT werilobiTi saxis mtkicebulebebzec, romlebic dasaSvebia mx-
olod im SemTxvevaSi Tu misi dedania wardgenili, sxva SemTxvevaSi kodeqsis 135-e muxlis
gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlom SesaZloa igi arc gaiziaros.7
ganviTarebuli msjeloba miuTiTebs imaze, rom moqmedi saproceso kanonmdebloba
gvTavazobs zogierTi mtkicebulebis (maT Soris, mxaris axsna-ganmartebis, werilobiTi
mtkicebulebis, mowmis dakiTxvis, eqspertis daskvnis da sxv.) kanonierad mopovebisa da
Sesabamisad, dasaSvebad miCnevis wesebsa da standartebs. Tumca imaves ver vityviT au-
dio-video Canawerze, rogorc mtkicebulebis konkretul saxeze.
4. arasaproceso darRveva, rogorc mtkicebulebis dauSveblobis

safuZveli
mtkicebulebebis dauSveblad cnobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi amomwuravad araa Ca-
moTvlili saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi. Sesabamisad, 103-e muxlis III nawili iTvaliswinebs
nebismieri kanoniT dadgenili wesis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dauSveblo-
bas. Tumca aRniSnuli norma, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, konkretulad ar gansazRvravs, Tu
romeli kanonis darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebas ar aqvs iuridiuli Zala. ufro
metic, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi arc yvela mtkicebulebebis mop-
ovebis srulyofil wesebs adgens. `Sesabamisad, kanonis darRveviT mopovebulad unda
CaiTvalos mtkicebuleba, Tu misi mopovebiT amaTuim kanoniT dadgenili wesi irRve-
va (formalur-proceduruli darRveva), an Tu misi mopovebiT mxareTa an mesame pirTa
uflebebi ilaxeba (arsebiTi procedurul-Sinaarsobrivi darRveva). am mxriv uaRresad
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba im garemoebas, Tu vin moipovebs mtkicebulebebs~.8 am konteqst-
Si SesaZloa ganvasxvavoT mtkicebulebebi, romlebic mopovebulia arsebiTi da umniSvne-
lo darRvevebiT.
rogorc wesi, arsebiTi darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebad unda miviCnioT arau-
flebamosili organos (piris) mier konstituciur-samarTlebrivi principebis darRveviT
mopovebuli mtkicebuleba, magaliTad, saubris faruli video-audio gadaReba, satele-
fono saubris faruli Cawera da a. S. mtkicebuleba kanondarRveviTaa mopovebuli da
rogorc wesi, Sefasebas ar eqvemdebareba, Tu igi piris konstituciur uflebaTa dar-
Rvevis xarjzea mopovebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli aqcenti
iseT konstituciur-samarTlebrivi uflebebis Selaxvaze keTdeba, rogoricaa, piradi
uflebebi (piradi cxovreba, piradi saubari, piradi mimowera da a. S). amasTan, gasaT-
6
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 19 agvistos gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/2525-2015.
7
uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 27 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-872-830-2013.
8
mesxiSvili q., faruli Canaweri, rogorc mtkicebuleba, samoqalaqo sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis fargleb-
Si, 2015, gv. 1 h p://www.library.court.ge/index.php?id=6167
306
valiswinebelia is garemoebac, rom piradi cxovrebis amsaxveli detalebis gaxmaureba,

piradi mimowerisa, Tu saubris mtkicebulebis saxiT wardgena, miTiTebul mtkicebulebas
ukanonod ar aqcevs yvela SemTxvevaSi.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom rodesac saubaria arasaproceso normebis darRvevaze, umetes
SemTxvevebSi adgili aqvs saqarTvelos konstituciis (me-12 da 15 muxlebis (Zveli kon-
stituciis me-16 da me-20 muxlebis) darRvevebs. es SemTxvevebi moicavs mtkicebulebebis
mopovebis iseT process, romelic laxavs piris Tavisufal ganviTarebas, piradi cxovre-
bisa da piradi komunikaciis xelSeuvalobas. aRiSnuli ufleba sxva uflebebTan erTad
moicavs uflebas sakuTar sityvaze, rac gulisxmobs kerZo saubaris farglebSi war-
moTqmuli sityvebis am mxaris winaaRmdeg gamoyenebas, rodesac ar arsebobda amave mxaris
neba da informireba, Canaweris gakeTebasTan dakavSirebiT.9 winamdebare daTqma pirda-
piraa mimarTuli moqalaqeTa saubrebis faruli mosmenisa da Cawerebis winaaRmdeg, rac
umetesad kanonis darRveviT xorcieldeba. amasTan, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu vin aris am
qmedebis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqti, rameTu mocemuli akrZalva misi Sinaarsis da mniS-
vnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tanabrad vrceldeba rogorc saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis
warmomadgenlebze, ise fizikur da kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebze.
amdenad, `kanonis~ darRvevad samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis miznebisTvis moiazre-
ba aramxolod procesualuri normebis, aramed _ nebismieri momijnave kanonmdeblobis
darRveva. maT Soris SesaZloa es iyos saqarTvelos konstitucia, saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, personalur
monacemTa dacvis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni da sxv. Sesabamisad, imis miuxedavad, Tu
romeli kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesia darRveuli mtkicebulebis mopovebisas, Sedegi
erTia, mtkicebulebis dauSveblobis saxiT.
5. sisxlis saproceso samarTlis gavlena mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis

samoqalaqo saproceso standartze
moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 72-e muxlis I nawilis mixedviT, gan-
sazRvrulia rom am kodeqsis arsebiTi darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba da amgvari
mtkicebulebis safuZvelze kanonierad mopovebuli sxva mtkicebuleba, Tu is auaresebs
braldebulis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, dauSvebelia da iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 103-e muxlis III nawilis mixedviT, ki kanonis darRveviT
mopovebul mtkicebulebebs iuridiuli Zala ara aqvT.
samoqalaqo da sisxlis saproceso standartebis SedarebiTi analizis dawyebamde,
pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli normebis miznebisTvis sisxlissamarTle-
brivi dauSvebloba da samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi iuridiuli Zalis ar qona identuria
procesualuri Sedegebidan gamomdinare, rameTu sasamarTlo arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar
eyrdnoba aseT mtkicebulebas.
warmodgenili normebis analizs mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom sisxlis samarTlis
miznebisTvis, dauSvebelia mtkicebuleba, Tu igi mopovebulia sisxlis samarTlis sap-
roceso kodeqsis normebis arsebiTi darRveviT, xolo samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis
miznebisTvis kanonis darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebas ar aqvs iuriduli Zala, raSic
zogadad kanonmdebloba moiazreba da ara mxolod samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi. Sesa-
bamisad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki konkretuli mtkicebuleba mopovebulia maT Soris sisxlis
9
kobaxiZe i., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tbilisi, 2013, me-16 muxli, gv. 97.
307
Sorena lolaZe
samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis darRveviT, igi gamousadegari (dauSvebeli) unda

iyos samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis farglebSic.
zemoTxsenebul sakiTxze msjelobisas aucileblad unda vaxsenoT saqarTvelos sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, saqmeze moqalaqe maia robaqiZe saqarTvelos
parlamentis winaaRmdeg. aRniSnuli saqme Seexeboda sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kod-
eqsis 72-e muxlis I da II nawilebis arakonstituciurad cnobas. sasamarTlom nawilobriv
daakmayofila moTxovna da zemoaRniSnuli normis I nawili miiCnia arakonstituciurad
saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlTan mimarTebiT (Zveli konstituciis). kerZod, ara-
konstituciuradaa miCneuli sityvebi àm kodeqsis~.
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas daeyrdno im argumentacias, rom gansaxilvel
SemTxvevaSi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 72-e muxlis I nawiliT gansazRvruli
wesi arsebobs gamonaklisebis gareSe. kerZod, àRniSnuli norma moqmedebs zogadad da
ar uTiTebs im winapirobebze, romlebic daaviwrovebda da sagamonakliso saxes miscemda
kanonis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebisTvis iuridiuli Zalis miniWebis SemTx-
vevebs. kanonis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebisTvis iuridiuli Zalis miniWeba
yvela SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri gamonaklisisa da daviwroebis gareSe, axalisebs mtkice-
bulebebis mompovebeli saxelmwifo organoebis TviTnebobas da Seicavs piris uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis darRvevis Seuqcevad safrTxeebs. aseTi midgoma Seicavs mtkicebule-
bebis mopovebis procesSi adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevis safrTxes
da ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-7 punqtis suliskveTebas~.10
gamomdinare iqidan, rom sisxlis samarTlis procesis mwarmoebeli subieqtebi mt-
kicebulebis mopovebisas garda sisxlis saproceso kodeqsisa, moqmedeben sxva sakanon-
mdeblo aqtebze dayrdnobiT, arsebiTia sityvebis àm kanoniT~ ganimartos ufro far-
Tod, vidre es mxolod sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis normebia. mniSvnelovania,
am gagebiT kanonSi moiazrebodes aramxolod sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis maregulirebeli
normebi, aseve mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli zogadad konstituciur WrilSi adamianis
uflebebis maregulirebeli normebic. Sesabamisad, am mocemulobiT sisxlis da samoqa-
laqo saproceso standartebi mtkicebulebebis dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebiT sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdgom erTmaneTs arsebiTad dauaxlovda
da SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom termin `kanonSi~ moiazreba ara mxolod individualuri
dargis procesis maregulirebeli normebi, aramed zogadad nebismieri sakanonmdeblo
aqti. meore mxriv ki, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso normebisTvis dauSvebeli mtkice-
bulebebi, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebisTvisac dauSvebelia.
6. germanuli kanonmdeblobis midgomebi

mtkicebulebebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi SesaZlebelia konfliqtSi modiodes mesame
pirebis uflebebTan, swored amitom, warmoiSoba SekiTxva, SesaZlebelia Tu ara ukanonod
mopovebuli mtkicebulebebis gamoyeneba saproceso samarTalSi.11 aseTi Careva SeiZleba
Seexebodes piris uflebas sakuTar gamosaxulebaze,12 gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas,13 aseve
10
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 31 ivlisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/2/579, „maia rob-
aqiZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 38.
11
OLG Karlsruhe, NJW 2000, 1577.
12
OLG Köln, NJW 2005, 2997.
13
BVerfGE 106, 28.
308
procesualuri Tanxmobis gacxadebis uflebas,14 personalur monacemTa dacvasa15 da sisx-

lissamarTlebriv sakiTxebsac.16
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Tu ara germanul saproceso samarTalSi ukanonod
mopovebuli mtkicebulebebis wardgena da Sesabamisad, gamoyeneba, germaniis samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsiT mowesrigebuli ar aris17 da wlebis ganmavlobaSi masTan dakavSire-
biT diskusia mimdinareobs.18 erTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, ukanonod mopovebuli mtkice-
bulebebi, samarTlebrivi erTianobis principisa da gansakuTrebiT, keTilsindisierebisa
da ndobis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT (§242 BGB) ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli,19 magram sa-
pirispiro azris Tanaxmad, samarTalwarmoebaSi obieqturi WeSmaritebis dadgenis mizni-
dan gamomdinare, dasaSvebad unda iyos miCneuli.20
germaniis sasamarTlo praqtikis mier damkvidrebuli praqtikis mixedviT (igulisx-
meba federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo da federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo),
ukanonobis Sefaseba am poziciaTa SuaSia. mtkicebulebis ukanonobis Seswavlisa da misi
gamoyenebis dauSveblobis dadgenisas ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli mtkicebulebis avtoma-
turi akrZalva.21
moparuli mtkicebuleba _ magaliTad aviRoT SemTxveva, rodesac mosarCelem mtkice-
buleba sasamarTloSi wardgenis mizniT mopasuxisgan moipara.22 mxolod imis gamo, rom
es mtkicebuleba moparulia, igi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos dauSveblad/ukanonod, radgan
sakuTrebis ufleba ar gulisxmobs imas, rom mesakuTre daculi iyo am nivTis mtkice-
bulebad gamouyeneblobisgan.23 Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi mtkicebuleba ar CaiTvleba
dauSveblad.
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba _ mosarCelem mopasuxes asesxa Tanxa. mopasuxe uaryofda
Tanxis miRebis Sesaxeb faqts, ris gamoc, mosarCele mopasuxes daukavSirda telefonis
meSveobiT da xmamaRali molaparakis saSualebiT, misi saubari moasmenina sxva pirebs,
raTa Semdeg SeZleboda am faqtis dadastureba.24 mocemul SemTxvevaSi federalurma sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlom da federalurma uzenaesma sasamarTlom aseTi mtkicebuleba
dauSveblad miiCnies. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis
ufleba (Art. 2. I GG) moicavs piris uflebas daculi iyos misi gamonaTqvamebi. es gulisx-
mobs piris uflebas, TviTon gansazRvros komunikaciis Sinaarsi misi komunikaciis part-
niorisTvis an mesame pirisTvis ramdenad xelmisawvdomi iqneba.25
am uflebaSi Careva dasaSvebia da farulad mopovebuli mtkicebuleba dasaSvebad
14
BGHZ 153, 165.
15
RDV 2005, 214.
16
NJW 2003, 1204.
17
BGHZ153, 165; NJW 2003, 1123 (1124).
18
Strömer, JuS 1994, 334 (335 f.).
19
Balthasar, JuS 2008, 35.
20
Werner, NJW 1988, 993 (998 ff.).
21
BGHZ 153, 165.
22
NJW 2003, 1204.
23
NJW 2003, 1204 (1206).
24
BGH, NJW 2003, 1727; BVerfGE 106, 28 (50f.).
25
BGH, NJW 2003, 1727 (1728).
309
Sorena lolaZe
iqneba miCneuli. gamouvali mdgomareobis dros, rodesac sxva wesiT SeuZlebelia am mt-
kicebulebis mopoveba, magaliTad piris Seuracxyofis dros (romlisTvisac pasuxismge-
bloba gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT §185 StGB).26 am ufle-
baSi Carevis meore dasaSvebi SemTxveva aris komunikaciis mxaris Tanxmoba, magaliTad Tu
myidveli maRaziis gamyidvels xelSekrulebis dadasturebas sTxovs, xolo gamyidveli
xelSekrulebis pirobebs telefonis meSveobiT aTanxmebs da amis Sesaxeb esmis myidvels.27
7. dauSvebeli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi

evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis N1165 rezoluciaSi `Right to privacy~ (1998)28
ganmartebulia, rom èvropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlma unda daicvas individis piradi
cxovreba aramarto sajaro xelisuflebis, aramed kerZo pirebis mxridanac~. Tumca, imis-
da mixedviT, Tu piradi cxovrebis romel sferos Seexeba saqme, daculobis xarisxi gansx-
vavebulia.29 Tu saxezea intimuri sfero, igi absoluturi dacviT sargeblobs, rac imas
niSnavs, rom masSi Careva arcerTi safuZvliT ar aris gamarTlebuli maT Soris meore
mxaris saproceso uflebebis jerovnad ganxorcielebis mizniT. Tu saqme intims ar exeba,
maSin igi absoluturi privilegiiT ar sargeblobs. misi SezRudva dasaSvebia, anu masSi
Careva SesaZlebelia saamisod dacvis Rirsi interesisa da kanonieri miznis arsebobis
pirobebSi. Sesabamisad, kerZo sferoSi Carevis dros, Carevis marTlzomierebis dadgenis
mizniT, unda Sefasdes, arsebobs, `Tu ara dacvis Rirsi iseTi interesi, romelic piradi
cxovrebisa da piradi komunikaciis xelSeuxeblobis konstituciiT garantirebul ufle-
baze ufro maRla dgas~.30 Sesabamisad, saxeze unda iyos uflebaTa dapirispireba.
amdenad, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, mxareTa ormxrivi interesebis Sefasebis Se-
degad, sasamarTlom, ukanono gziT mtkicebulebis mopoveba SeiZleba im pativsadebi in-
teresis gaTvaliswinebiT gaamarTlos, ramac mxares mtkicebulebis ukanonod mopoveba
aiZula. es mxolod iseTi SemTxveva SeiZleba iyos, rodesac sasamarTlo mtkicebulebis
mopovebis gziT sxvis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi uflebebis xelyofas, maT Soris, pi-
rad cxovrebaSi Carevas gaamarTlebs, magaliTisaTvis, rodesac adgili aqvs piris ufle-
baTa iseT xelyofas, romlis dadastureba, kanoniT dasaSvebi mtkicebulebebis mopovebis
gziT, SeuZlebelia. Tumca aseTi sagamonakliso SemTxvevebis Semotana sakmaod saxifaToa
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvisTvis da am mxriv, sakmaod didi
roli ekisreba sasamarTlos, raTa erTi mxriv, daicvas im mxaris uflebebi, romlis dac-
ul sferoSic moxda Careva mtkicebulebis mopovebisas, xolo meore mxriv, Seafasos Tu
ramdenad gvaqvs sagamonakliso SemTxvevasTan saqme da gamarTlebulia adamianis uflebiT
dacul sferoSi Careva samarTalwarmoebis miznebisTvis.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa ganvixiloT, mtkicebulebebis kanondarRveviT
26
BGH, NJW 1982, 277.
27
BVerfG, NJW 2003, 2375.
28
evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis N1165 rezolucia „Right to privacy“, 1998, h ps://www.liberty-human-rights.
org.uk/human-rights/what-are-human-rights/human-rights-act/ar cle-8-right-private-and-family-life.
29
ix. germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: BVerfGE 34, 238 (246); uSualo wyaro: kobaxiZe i.,
saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, meore Tavi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da
Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2013, me-17 muxli, gv. 18.
30
Si, Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 5 h p://www.library.court.ge/index.php?id=6167
310
mopovebis gamo mxaris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic. moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi

157-159-e muxlebis farglebSi danaSaulad miiCnevs iseT qmedebebs, rogorebicaa piradi an
ojaxuri saidumlos, piradi cxovrebis amsaxveli informaciis an personaluri monaceme-
bis xelyofa, kerZo komunikaciis saidumloebis darRveva, piradi mimoweris, telefoniT
saubris an sxvagvari xerxiT Setyobinebis saidumloebis darRveva, Tumca aqvea daTqma
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom danaSaulis amsrulebeli Tavisufldeba sisxlissamarTle-
brivi pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tu am pirma aseTi gziT mopovebuli/Senaxuli informacia
sagamoZiebo organoebs gadasca da Cadenili/mosalodneli sxva danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
Sesaxeb informacia am gziT miawoda. garkveul winaaRmdegobasTan SesaZloa gvqondes
saqme, erTi mxriv, mtkicebulebis mopovebis procesSi SesaZlo danaSaulis Cadenasa da
meore mxriv, aseTi qmedebis Sedegad miRebuli mtkicebulebebis samoqalaqo samarTal-
warmoebis farglebSi marTlzomierad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas Soris (mtkicebulebis
dasaSvebobis sagamonakliso wesiT daSvebis SemTxvevaSic ki).
xsenebuli normebi sisxlissamarTlebrivi miznebisTvis iwvevs piris pasuxismgeblobas,
Tumca sajaro wesrigis dacvis uzrunvelyofisa da sxva danaSaulis aRkveTis motiviT
iTvaliswinebs piris pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebas. meore mxriv, zemoT ganviTare-
buli msjelobiT SesaZloa miviRoT praqtika, romelic garkveul SemTxvevebSi dasaSvebad
miiCnevs sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebebs samoqalaqo
wesiT saqmis ganxilvisas. amdenad, logikuria, rac danaSaulis Sedegia da ar eqvemdebare-
ba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvas, ar iyos dasaSvebi mtkicebuleba
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis farglebSic. am pirobebSi arsebobs safrTxe, imasTan da-
kavSirebiT, rom samoqalaqo wesiT davis gadawyvetisas dasaSvebad iqnes miCneuli kanon-
darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba, ramac ganapirobos davis am mxaris sasargeblod
gadawyveta, Tumca amas mohyves am piris mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyeba
samarTaldamcavi organoebis mxridan. Tu am pozicias ar viziarebT, maSin aSkaraa sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis Sesabamis normebSi garkveuli cvlilebis ganxorcielebis saWiroeba,
raTa Tavidan aviciloT samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTalis normebs Soris aseT princip-
ulad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze kolizia da ar Seiqmnas safrTxe, rom samoqalaqo wesiT
uflebebis jerovnad dacvas mohyves sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba.
8. mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis sagamonakliso SemTxvevebi

dauSvebeli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebad miCnevis erT-erT sagamonakliso SemTxvevad
SesaZloa ganvixiloT SromiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan gamomdinare davebi, rom-
lebSic sasamarTlom SesaZloa dasaSvebad cnos kanonis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkice-
bulebebi, swored am urTierTobis specifikidan da mxareTa subordinaciulobidan ga-
momdinare, romelic arsebobs dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels Soris.31 amasTan arsebiTia,
sasamarTlom Seafasos is sakiTxic, Tu mocemuli viTareba ramdenad aZlevda dasaqme-
buls SesaZleblobas kanonieri gzebiT moepovebina misTvis sasargeblo mtkicebulebebi.
saapelacio sasamarTlo Tavis erT-erT saqmeSi, romelSic davis sagans warmoadgenda
gaTavisuflebis brZanebis baTilad cnoba, samsaxurSi aRdgena da iZulebiTi ganacduris
anazRaureba, dasaSvebad miiCnevs sajaro moxelesa da erT-erTi saxelmwifo dawese-
bulebis xelmZRvanels Soris satelefono Setyobinebebs, aseve mxareebs Soris araofi-
31
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 23 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/8361-2016.
311
Sorena lolaZe
cialur, piradi xasiaTis mimowerebs.32 igive SedegiT dasrulda amave sasamarTloSi faru-
li audio Canaweris dasaSvebobis sakiTxi, romelzec asaxuli iyo, Tu rogor aiZulebda
xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosilebis ganmaxorcielebeli piri mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof
dasaqmebuls samsaxuridan wasvlas piradi gancxadebis safuZvelze.33
uzenaesi sasamarTlo erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi adgens garkveul standarts ra
SemTxvevaSic SesaZloa dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba mxareTa SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxveva-
Sic ki, sasamarTlom miiCnios dasaSvebad. sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, SezRudva (Careva)
gamarTlebulia mxolod maSin, rodesac piri TviTdaxmarebis an `TviTdaxmarebasTan mi-
axlovebul~ farglebSi moqmedebs. magaliTad, Tu faruli Canaweri erTaderTi gzaa sa-
kuTari uflebis dasacavad, imis gamo, rom sxvagvarad piri sakuTar uflebas ver daicavs
an arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba yvela sxva mtkicebulebis ganadgurebis, aseT viTarebaSi
faruli Canaweris gziT mtkicebulebis Seqmna dasaSvebia. amdenad, Tu pirze xorciel-
deba zewola, muqara SantaJi, sakuTari uflebebis dauSvebeli xelyofis Tavidan asac-
ileblad, konstituciur RirebulebaTa mravalmxrivi awon-dawonvis Sedegad, SeiZleba
gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos sxvis pirad sferoSi Careva, Tumca, aRniSnuli dauSvebelia
maSin, rodesac sxvis pirad sferoSi Careva TviTdaxmarebas ki ar emsaxureba, aramed meo-
re mxarisaTvis samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas.34
meore mxriv, uzenaesma sasamarTlom dauSvebel mtkicebulebad miiCnia sajaro skola-
Si erT-erTi pedagogis mier meoris mimarT faruli Canaweris gakeTeba, radgan sasamarT-
los SefasebiT aseTi qmedeba aramxolod zogadad arRvevs mTel rig sakanonmdeblo
normebs, aramed `sakiTxi kidev ufro mgrZnobiare da delikaturia imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom saqme zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas, araerTi mozardi Taobis aRmzrdelebs
exeba da pedagogis mier kolegisadmi, romelic imavdroulad administraciuli ufleba-
mosilebis ganmaxorcielebelia, aramarTlzomier damokidebulebas asaxavs. dauSvebelia,
dawesebuleba aralegitimuri gziT cdilobdes sxva piris SesaZlo aramarTlzomieri
qmedebis damtkicebas~.35
dasaSvebobis sagamonakliso wesze saubrisas mniSvnelovania, samoqalaqo samarTal-
warmoebis farglebSi diskriminaciis saqmeebis ganxilvis specifikis gaazrebac. 2014 wlis
2 maiss Sevida cvlilebebi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi, romlis mixedviTac calke
kari gaCnda kodeqsSi da masSi Sesulia diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebisTvis
calkeuli maregulirebeli normebi.36 mosamarTleTa nawili miiCnevs, rom am saqmeebis
specifikis gaTvaliswinebiTa da diskriminaciis gamovlenis/aRmofxvris legitimuri
miznidan gamomdinare gamarTlebuli iqneba, Tu sasamarTlo daeyrdnoba maT Soris kanon-
darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebebsac.37 es mosazreba ganpirobebulia im argumentaci-
iT, rom rogorc wesi, am tipis saqmeebSi TiTqmis SeuZlebelia kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
mtkicebulebebis mopoveba da sazogadoebaSi arsebobs mwvave saWiroeba sagamonakliso
wesiT Sefasdes mtkicebulebebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi. amasTan, diskriminaciis saqmeebSi
erTi mxriv, saxezea potenciuri msxverpli, xolo meore mxriv, savaraudo diskriminaciis
ganmaxorcielebeli piri da am SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba adamianis ufle-
32
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 9 martis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2b/4403-16.
33
34
uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 4 maisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-1155-1101-2014.
35
uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 15 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-761-720-2015.
36
<h ps://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2339681#DOCUMENT:1>, [10.03.2019].
37
312
bebis dacva da konkretuli saproceso normebis dacviT mtkicebulebebis mopovebis wesi.

am SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis upirateso-
ba. amasTan, kerZo sferoSi Carevis dros, Careva gamarTlebuli da dasabuTebuli unda
iyos upiratesi sayovelTao interesis arsebobiT, anu Carevis marTlzomierebis dadgenis
mizniT, unda Sefasdes, arsebobs Tu ara iseTi dacvis Rirsi interesi, romelic piradi
cxovrebisa da piradi komunikaciis xelSeuxeblobis konstituciiT garantirebul ufle-
baze maRla dgas. diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi ki saxeze gvaqvs savaraudo diskriminaciis
ganmaxorcielebeli piris piradi cxovrebisa da piradi komunikaciis xelSeuxeblobis
konstituciiT garantirebuli ufleba da savaraudo msxverplis ufleba isargeblos
aseve konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebiT sxva pirTa Tanasworad.
amasTan, Sesabamisi normebi, romlebic krZalaven kerZo komunikaciis saidumloebis
darRvevas, miznad isaxaven im piris interesebis dacvas, romelTa interesebic potenci-
urad SesaZloa Seilaxos meore piris (savaraudo msxverplis) mier ukanono meTodebiT
mtkicebulebebis mopovebis Sedegad. Tumca mocemul SemTxvevebSi calsaxaa, rom savarau-
do diskriminaciis ganmaxorcielebel pirs ar unda hqondes imis legitimuri molodini,
rom diskriminaciis ganxorcielebisas savaraudo msxverpli ar Seecdeba mtkicebule-
bebis mopovebas mis winaaRmdeg sakuTari interesebis dasacavad.38
sainteresoa diskriminaciis saqmeebTan mimarTebiT, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcve-
lis, rogorc diskriminaciis aRmofxvris konstituciuri meqanizmis, Sefaseba dauSveb-
el mtkicebulebebTan mimarTebiT. saxalxo damcvelma 2017 wlis 5 maisis rekomendaciis
farglebSi dadginda piris mimarT SeviwroebiT da seqsualuri SeviwroebiT gamoxatuli
sqesis niSniT diskriminacia mxareTa Soris mimoweris safuZvelze, romelic msxverplis
mier iyo wardgenili saxalxo damcvelis aparatSi.39 marTalia, saxalxo damcvelis apar-
atSi mimdinare warmoeba gansxvavebulia samarTalwarmoebisgan, Tumca es ukanasknelic
mtkicebulebebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxis Sefasebisas emyareba saproceso kanonmdeblobas.
imave standartiT moxda faruli audio Canaweris dasaSvebad miCneva fizikuri piris
mimarT seqsualuri orientaciis da saqmianobis sferos niSniT pirdapiri diskriminaciis
dadgenis Sesaxeb saqmeSi, romelSic mesakuTrem lgbt sakiTxebze momuSave arasamTav-
robo organizacias saofise farTi saqmianobis gamo ar miaqirava. winamdebare saqmeSic
saxalxo damcveli dasaSvebad miiCnevs ganmcxadeblis mier warmodgenil farul Canawers,
rameTu is erTaderTi mtkicebulebaa, romelze dayrdnobiTac ganmcxadebels gansxvave-
buli mopyrobis dadastureba SeeZlo.40
9. CexeTis sasamarTlo praqtika mtkicebulebebis dasaSvebobasTan

dakavSirebiT
sainteresoa CexeTis sasamarTlos midgoma diskriminaciis saqmeebSi faruli Canawere-
bis dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebiT. CexeTSi aqtualuria diskriminaciis arsebobis dasamt-
kiceblad situaciuri testireba. mas iyeneben rogorc arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,
aseve media organizaciebi, rogorc wesi, dasaqmebis an momsaxurebaTa xelmisawvdomobaSi
diskriminaciis gamovlenisa da damtkicebis mizniT.41 Tavdapirvelad am testis mizani iyo
38
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 23 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/8361-2016.
39
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2017 wlis 5 maisis rekomendacia #13-2/5713.
40
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2018 wlis 9 ianvris rekomendacia, ganc. #82752/17.
41
Transi on Promo on Program, Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 49 h ps://gyla.ge/files/news/2008/Project%20publica on.pdf
313
Sorena lolaZe
sakmarisi mtkicebulebiTi saSualebebis mopoveba konkretuli subieqtebis winaaRmdeg,

romlebzec miRebuli informaciiT arsebobda eWvi, rom sCadian diskriminacias. testebis
dros ganmaxorcielebeli pirebi aRWurvili iyvnen faruli audio Camweri mowyobi-
lobebiT da iwerdnen situacias, raTa SeZlebodaT sasamarTlosTvis mtkicebulebebis
wardgena. situaciuri testirebis Semdeg, romelmac gamoavlina diskriminaciuli qmede-
ba, sasamarTloSi Sevida sarCeli diskriminaciuli qmedebis aRmofxvrasTan dakavSirebiT.
Cexi mosamarTleebi araTu realuri diskriminaciis saqmeebSi, aramed situaciuri te-
stirebis SemTxvevaSic ki, dasaSvebad miiCneven farul Canawerebs im argumentaciiT, rom
`yvelas aqvs ufleba darwmundes SeuZlia Tu ara xelSeSlis gareSe ganaxorcielos saku-
Tari uflebebi da Tu adgili eqneba uflebebze gaumarTlebel Sexebas, misi pretenziebi
SeiZleba iyos igive, rogoric diskriminaciasTan moulodnelad Sexvedris SemTxvevaSi.~42
samarTlebrivi mosazreba faruli Canaweris mtkicebT saSualebad daSvebis Sesaxeb
Cexur iuridiul sivrceSi mogvianebiT ganmtkicda CexeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
ganCinebiT 2014 wels, romliTac sakonstitucio sasamarTlom dasaSvebad cno faruli
Canaweris gamoyeneba im pirobiT, rom `Canaweri mopovebul iqna iuridiul urTierTo-
baSi susti mxaris mier (anu mxaris mier, romelic saWiroebs ufro maRal iuridiul
dacvas), maTi uflebebisa da interesebis dacvis mizniT, romlidanac gamomdinareobs,
rom meore mxaris qmedebis damtkiceba sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia _ ganxilul SemTxvevaSi
saubari iyo sityvier qmedebaze dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels Soris daTqmul Sexvedra-
ze, romlis dasadastureblad arc mowmeebi iyvnen da arc werilobiTi Canaweri arsebobda
faruli~.43 amave gadawyvetilebaSi aRiniSna, rom ZiriTadi kriteriumi, romelsac unda
mivyavdeT Cawerili piris gauTvicnobiereblad mopovebuli misi xmis faruli Canaweris
mtkicebulebad gamoyeneba/argamoyenebis gadawyvetilebamde Sesabamis saqmeSi, aris dac-
uli uflebebis da interesebis awon-dawonva, romlebic am pirad sferoSi ikveTeba da
saxelmwifo xdeba arbitri (rogorc wesi sasamarTlos saSualebiT) da gadamwyveti imisa,
Tu romeli urTierTgadamkveTi interesi gadawonis. mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis gad-
awyvetisas, garda im garemoebebisa, romlis drosac Seiqmna Canaweri, mniSnelovania, dac-
uli da aRiarebuli interesis mniSvnelobac. aseve viTareba, mtkicebulebis mompovebel
mxares hqonda Tu ara am informaciis (mtkicebulebis) sxva gziT mopovebis SesaZlebloba
sxva piris piradulobis darRvevis gareSe.
10. dasaSvebobis standarti mtkicebulebis formis gaTvaliswinebiT

winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi umetesad exeba
farulad mopovebul video/audio Canawerebs, romlebic sasamarTlom moqmedi regula-
ciebis mixedviT, miiCnia dauSvebel mtkicebulebad. Tumca sainteresoa, igive ganmarteba
gavrceldeba Tu ara iseT werilobiT mopovebul ukanano mtkicebulebebzec, rogorebi-
caa magaliTad, sxvadasxva socialur qselSi, eleqtronul fostaze da mobiluris meS-
veobiT warmoebul mimowerebze. sainteresoa, fasdeba Tu ara zemoaRniSnuli formis mt-
kicebulebebis dasaSveboba iseTive standartiT, rogoric gamoiyeneba audio-vizualuri
42
strupek d., diskriminaciis ganxilva sasamarTlos mier, davebis gadawyvetis alternatiuli meTodebi, semi-
nari samoqalaqo cnobierebisa da iuridiuli profesiis moculobis amaRleba diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZo-
laSi, kromnerJiJi, 2016, 5.
43
CexeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganCineba 9.12.2014, saqme N319/2008-270, sp.zn. II. ÚS 1774/14, ix. h p://www.
usoud.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/Tiskova_mluvci/Publikovane_nalezy/ II._US_1774_14_an.pdf>, [10.03.2019].
314
Canawerebis dasaSvebobis Sefasebisas. amdenad, dRis wesrigSi dgeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb
SesaZlebelia, Tu ara piradi mimoweris mtkicebulebis saxiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,
avaridoT Tavi uzenaesi sasamarTlos mniSvnelovan ganmartebas,44 romliTac dauSveblad
iqna cnobili mxaris gafrTxilebis gareSe warmoebuli faruli audio Canaweri?
am sakiTxze msjelobisas kvlav aqtualuri xdeba ukve ganxiluli mtkicebulebis mop-
ovebis kanonierebis sakiTxi. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, `fostis, meilisa Tu
faqsis meSveobiT miRebuli werilis mtkicebulebis saxiT wardgena, Tundac misi gamomg-
zavni piris Tanxmobis gareSe, kanonis darRveviT mopovebul da Sesabamisad, dauSvebel
mtkicebulebas ar warmoadgens, vinaidan mxarem miTiTebuli mtkicebuleba kanonis sru-
li dacviT moipova da Sesabamisadac, gamoiyena~.45 bunebrivia, aRniSnuli mimowera unda
warmoebdes uSualod mxareebs Soris da fostis, meilisa Tu faqsis meSveobiT miwerili
werilis adresati Tavad unda iyos is piri, vinc mas iyenebs mtkicebulebad, anu unda
iyos komunikaciis uSualo mxare da ara mesame piri.
Tu werili piradi cxovrebis amsaxvel detalebs Seicavs, aRniSnuli garemoeba mas,
piradi cxovrebis amsaxveli detalebis unebarTvod gaxmaurebis safuZvliT, sxva saxis
materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnis uflebas warmouSobs da ara miTiTebuli mtkice-
bulebis dauSvebel mtkicebulebad miCnevis moTxovnis saproceso-samarTlebriv ufle-
bas.46 igive magaliTze dayrdnobiT, Tu mxarem piradi mimowera, sxvisi meilis, fostis da
a. S. unebarTvod sargeblobis gziT (ukanono SeRweva da a. S) moipova, raRa Tqma unda,
miTiTebuli mtkicebuleba, rogorc kanondarRveviT mopovebuli, ukanono mtkicebule-
baa da Sefasebas ar eqvemdebareba. ganviTarebul msjelobas mivyavarT im Sedegamde, rom
mtkicebulebis kanonierad mopoveba ukavSirdeba mtkicebulebis gamoyenebis kanoniere-
bas. amdenad, Tu mtkicebuleba mopovebulia kanonis darRveviT, misi gamoyenebac ukanono
iqneba.
dasaSvebobis aseTi gansxvavebuli standarti emyareba swored rom mtkicebulebis
gansxvavebul formas da misi adresatis xelSi aRmoCenis SesaZleblobas. werilobiTi
saxis komunikacia naklebi daculobis xarisxiT xasiaTdeba gamomdinare misi formidan,
radgan mimoweris SemTxvevaSi umetesad piri iazrebs/unda iazrebdes mimoweris Sinaarsis
SesaZlo gamoyenebas misi interesebis sawinaaRmdegod. igi praqtikulad, Tavisive mo-
qmedebiT ubiZgebs meore mxares amgvari mimoweris gamoyenebisken da mis nebas uqvem-
debarebs mimoweris mtkicebulebad gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas. aseve, gansxvavebiT ver-
baluri komunikaciisgan, am SemTxvevaSi pirs aqvs imis Segneba, rom SesaZloa mimowera
garkveuli teqnikuri saSualebebis mexsierebaSi inaxebodes da Sesabamisad, maTi ukan ga-
moTxova, waSla, ganadgureba mis nebas SesaZloa arc daeqvemdebaros. es ki saboloo jamSi
miuTiTebs, imaze rom aseTi komunikaciis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba,
imTaviTve ar arRvevs sxva piris piradi cxovrebisa da azris daculobis uflebas.
zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebis arsebobis miuxedavad sayuradReboa, saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis me-15 muxli (konstituciis Zveli redaqciis me-20 muxli), romlis Tanaxmadac
yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi saqmianobis adgili, piradi Canaweri, mimowera,
saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebiT, agreTve teqnikuri saSuale-
bebiT miRebuli Setyobinebani xelSeuxebelia. aRniSnuli normiT dacul samarTlebriv
44
45
BGH 19, 325 NJW 64, 1139 nach Zöller, Zivilprocessordnung, Verlag Dr.O o Schmidt, 29 neubearbeitete Auflage, &286, Rn, 15b.
46
Oldenburg NJW 2008, 3508 nach Zöller, Zivilprocessordnung, Verlag Dr.O o Schmidt, 29 neubearbeitete Auflage, &286, Rn, 15b.
315
Sorena lolaZe
sikeTes warmoadgens komunikaciis Tavisufleba.47 xsenebuli ufleba moiazrebs ara mx-

olod komunikaciis Sinaarsis Tavisuflebas, aramed komunikaciis mxaris arCevasa da Sem-
dgom komunikaciis Sinaarsis gaumJRavneblobasac. am konteqstSi gansxvavebulia SemTx-
veva, rodesac uSualo komunikaciis mxaris mier xdeba mimoweris gamoyeneba da rodesac
mesame piris mier xdeba amgvari mimoweris gamoyeneba.
mimaCnia, rom gavrcelebuli mosazrebis miuxedavad, mtkicebulebis yvela formis
mimarT unda moqmedebdes erTiani standarti. marTalia, komunikaciis mxare mimoweris
farglebSi kanonierad iRebs mtkicebulebas, Tumca es sakmarisi araa misi mtkicebulebis
saxiT gamoyenebisTvis, ramdenadac mtkicebulebis mopoveba da gamoyeneba gansxvavebul
regulirebas daqvemdebarebuli sakiTxebia.
11. mtkicebis tvirTi mtkicebulebis dasaSvebad cnobasTan

dakavSirebiT
samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi centraluri adgili uWiravs mtkicebis process
da masTan dakavSirebul tvirTs. mtkicebiTi saqmianoba Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba mtkice-
bis sagans da mimarTulia obieqturad arsebuli mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtobrivi
garemoebebis dadgena-uaryofis dadasturebisaken. mtkicebiTi saqmianoba, `procesual-
uri TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens kanoniT dadgenili wesiT sasamarTlos winaSe mxareTa
poziciebis WeSmaritebis dadasturebas~.48 Tumca manam uSualod mtkicebis procesis ganx-
orcielebas daiwyebdnen mxareebi, arsebiTia jer ganisazRvros, Tu romel garemoebebs
aqvs mniSvneloba saqmisTvis. am sakiTxis gadawyveta ki Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia im
materialuri samarTlis normebze, romlebsac sasamarTlo iyenebs gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bisas.49
Tu romelma mxarem romeli garemoebebi unda daadasturos, amasTan dakavSirebiT
pasuxs iZleva kodeqsis 102-e muxlis I nawili. kerZod, TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtki-
cos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels. mtkicebis
tvirTis saTanadod ganuxorcieleblobis magaliTad SegviZlia ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi,
romlebSic Sesabamisma mxarem saerTod ver warmoadgina saTanado mtkicebuleba an rom-
lebSic mxarem warmodgenili mtkicebulebiT ver SeZlo misTvis sasargeblo faqtTan
dakavSirebiT mosamarTlis darwmuneba.50 am sakiTxze aseve daTqmas akeTebs kodeqsis me-4
muxli, romelic samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi ganamtkicebs SejibrebiTobis princips.
winamdebare muxlis mixedviT, mxareebma TviTonve unda gansazRvron, Tu romeli faqtebi
unda daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs an romeli mtkicebulebebiT unda dadasturdes
es faqtebi.51 gansxvavebiT moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis Sefasebisgan, sasamarT-
lo ar aris uflebamosili mxareTa mier wardgenili mtkicebulebebisgan damoukideblad
daadginos an ar daadginos konkretuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi.52
rogorc ukve ganvixileT, mtkicebis procesi da misgan gamomdinare mtkicebis tvir-
47
kobaxiZe i., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tbilisi, 2013, me-20 muxli, gv.181.
48
Todria T., faqtobrivi garemoebebis mniSvneloba sakasacio sasamarTloSi, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 204.
49
qurdaZe S., xunaSvili n., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 208.
50
hermani h., mtkicebulebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 10.
51
xrustali v., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2007, me-4 muxli, gv. 200-202.
52
uzenaesi sasamarTlos wlis 2010 wlis 28 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #as-877-825-2010.
316
Ti, Seexeba faqtebs da ara _ procesualur sakiTxebs, romlebzec ar moqmedebs Sejibre-

biTobis principi im moculobiT, rogorc es gvxvdeba faqtebTan mimarTebiT. amdenad,
unda iTqvas, rom mtkicebis tvirTi ar moqmedebs mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis procesu-
alur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. SesaZloa mxaris mtkicebis tvirTi Seexebodes im faq-
tis/faqtebis sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebis warmodgenas, romelic dgindeba ukanonod
mopovebuli mtkicebulebiT da ara calke aRebuli mtkicebulebis ukanonobis mtkicebas.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi warmoadgens ara faqts, aramed samarTlebriv Sefasebas, rac sasamarT-
los kompetencias warmoadgens da es ukanaskneli damoukidebelia am saqmianobaSi mxareTa
poziciebisgan.
sainteresoa, sasamarTlos ra roli akisria mtkicebulebis dasaSvebad cnobasTan da-
kavSirebiT? sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebis Sefasebisas calsaxad emyareba moqmed reg-
ulaciebs da Tavad amowmebs mtkicebulebis kanonierebis sakiTxs, maT Soris mxareTa
mier am sakiTxze damatebiTi miTiTebis gareSe.53 mtkicebulebis dasaSvebad cnobaze ar
vrceldeba SejibrebiTobis principi, rameTu SejibrebiToba Tavis TavSi moiazrebs `mx-
areTa uflebas miuTiTon faqtebze TavianTi moTxovnebis Tu Sesageblis dasasabuTeblad
(`faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi~) da warmoadginon mtkicebulebebi am faqtebis dadasture-
ba-damtkicebisaTvis (`faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi~)~.54
kodeqsis arc erTi norma ganyenebulad ar Seicavs raime miTiTebas, Tu ra stadiaze
da ra proceduriT unda moxdes mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis Semowmeba. dauSvebeli mt-
kicebulebis amoricxvis etapad SesaZloa moviazroT mosamzadebeli sxdoma an mTavar sx-
doma mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis stadia. erT-erT alternativad SegviZlia ganvixiloT
mtkicebulebebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxis asaxva pirdapir Semajamebel gadawyvetilebaSi.
vfiqrob, SemoTavazebulidan pirveli varianti ufro marTebulia iqidan gamomdinare,
rom mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis etapze xdeba misi Sinaarsis Seswavla faqtobriv gare-
moebebTan mimarTebiT da ara dasaSvebobaze samarTlebrivi argumentebis Sefaseba. meore
mxriv, pirveli pasuxi eWvqveS SesaZloa daayenos im garemoebamac, rom bolo periodSi
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT mosamzadebeli sxdomis daniSvna aris
mosamarTlis uflebamosileba da ara valdebuleba,55 xolo mxareTa mosazrebebis mos-
menis gareSe xSirad rTulia mtkicebulebis amoricxvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba.
garda amisa, rogorc ukve ganvixileT arsebobs dauSvebeli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebad
cnobis sagamonakliso SemTxvevebi, romelTa gansazRvra mxolod davis sagnis formaluri
SefasebiT SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebis gareSe rTuldeba saga-
monakliso SemTxvevis identificireba.
gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, mtkicebulebis amoricxva saqmis ganxilvis mo-
samzadebel sxdomaze, im ideiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom 104-e muxli adgens procesual-
ur SesaZleblobas sasamarTlom saqmidan àmoiRos mtkicebuleba, romelsac saqmisaTvis
mniSvneloba ara aqvs. ganviTarebuli msjeloba gamomdinareobs im logikidan, rom saqmis
gafiltvra, rac SeiZleba swrafad unda moxdes ukanono/dauSvebeli mtkicebulebebisgan,
radgan mosamarTlis Sinagan rwmenaze ar hqondes gaumarTlebeli gavlena. niSandoblivia,
rom sasamarTlo aRniSnul saproceso moqmedebas sakuTari iniciativiT (eqs oficio) as-
rulebs, amasTan, miTiTebuli saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba sasamarTlos valdebule-
53
54
liluaSvili T., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari, Tbilisi, 2007, me-4 muxli, gv. 7.
55
cvlileba, romliTac mosamzadebeli sxdomis daniSvna araa savaldebulo miRebulia 2010 wlis 15 dekembers,
kanoni #4037-rs, amoqmedebulia 2010 wlis 31 dekembers.
317
Sorena lolaZe
baa da ara ufleba. amgvari daskvnis safuZvels kodeqsis 104-e muxlis

kodeqsis 104-e muxlis I nawilis mixedviTac, sasamarTlo ar miiRebs, ar gamoiTxovs
an saqmidan amoiRebs mtkicebulebebs, romlebsac saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvT. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo saqmesTan SemxeblobaSi ararsebuli mtkicebulebis saqmidan
amoRebis Taobaze mis kanonismier movaleobas sakuTari iniciativiT ar Seasrulebs, raRa
Tqma unda, aRniSnuli saproceso moqmedeba mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze SeiZle-
ba ganxorcieldes. miTiTebuli msjeloba eyrdnoba saproceso samarTalSi ganmtkice-
bul princips, romlis mixedviTac, sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis farglebSi mxolod
saqmesTan SemxeblobaSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebs afasebs~.56
12. daskvna
statiaSi gansaxilveli sakiTxebis mizani iyo Seswavliliyo mtkicebulebis dasaSve-
bobis mniSvneloba da mtkicebulebebis kerZo samarTalSi moqmedi dasaSvebobis kriteri-
umebi.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba samoqalaqo pro-
cesSi umetesad ukavSirdeba 103-e muxlis III nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli mtkicebulebaTa
kanonieri gziT mopovebas. am WrilSi dauSvebloba aramxolod saproceso kanonmdeblo-
bis darRvevis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, aramed _ nebismieri momijnave kanonmdeblobis dar-
Rvevis (arasaproceso). amaSi moiazreba konstituciuri uflebebis Tu sisxlis saproceso
samarTlis normebis darRvevis xarjze mtkicebulebebis mopovebac. Tumca mtkicebule-
baTa dasaSvebobis standarti SesaZloa gansxvavebuli iyos sxvadasxva formis mtkice-
bulebebis mimarT, kerZod, werilobiTi da video-audio Canawerebis mimarT. praqtikaSi
ufro maRal standarts vxvdebiT video-audio Canawerebis formis mtkicebulebebTan.
mtkicebulebis Sefaseba calsaxad warmoadgens sasamarTlos kompetencias, razec mx-
areebis poziciebs ar aqvT arsebiTi gavlena, rameTu mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba ar
warmoadgens faqts, romelic romelime mxaris mtkicebis tvirTs warmoadgens. Sesabami-
sad, iseT SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac uflebamosili piri ar acxadebs pretenzias mtkice-
bulebis dauSveblobaze, sasamarTlos SejibrebiTobis principis daurRvevlad SeuZlia
damoukideblad imsjelos am sakiTxze.
kvlevis farglebSi mniSvnelovani adgili daeTmo audio da video Canawerebs, ro-
gorc mtkicebulebebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom moqmedi regulaciebis mixedviT, audio da
video Canawerebi ar warmoadgens mtkicebulebis damoukidebel saxes da misi dasaSvebobis
Semowmebisas gamoiyeneba nivTieri mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis wesebi, Tumca mniSvnelo-
vania iTqvas, rom mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis zogadi standarti, saerToa yvela saxis
mtkicebulebisTvis.
praqtikis kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa dasaSvebobis zogadi wesidan gamonaklisebic,
romlebic rogorc wesi, ukavSirdeba davis sagans. magaliTisTvis, bolodroindel sa-
samarTlo praqtikaSi SeimCneva tendenciebi Sromis da Tanasworobis uflebis (diskrimi-
naciis saqmeeSi) davebSi dasaSvebobis sagamonakliso wesebi.
56
Si, Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 7 h p://www.library.court.ge/index.php?id=6167
318
Tamari Ortoidze (MA Student, ISU)
THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS
ABSTRACT
The recogni on and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards are crucial elements of interna onal ar-
bitra on. The following ar cle discusses and analyzes the requirements for recogni on and enforcement
of foreign arbitral awards in general, in accordance with the ‘arbitrability’, and the issue of enforcement
in Georgian legal prac ce.
The purpose of the ar cle is to analyze the ‘arbitrability’ requirement, to outline the relevance of
the concept and demonstrate problema c parts of exis ng case-law in Georgia. The ar cle describes
the comparison between the recogni on and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards and foreign court
decisions.
For the comprehensive analyses of the issue, the ar cle reviews the UN Conven on on the Reco-
gni on and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 (‘the Conven on’), Georgian legisla on and
case-law.
Throughout years, following the steps of business and economic development in global perspec ve,
numerous effec ve steps have been made towards ‘simplifying’ the rules regula ng topic of the ar cle.
However, Georgia s ll faces the essen al problem of the prac ce of jus fica on by the Supreme Court
of Georgia. While Georgia exercises the Law on Arbitra on, that is a regulatory framework, in addi on
with the New York Conven on, of the ar cle’s topic, s ll the prac ce of jus fica on is established on
the Private Interna onal Law of Georgia, which appears to be the regulatory framework for the reco-
gni on and enforcement of foreign court decisions and not the arbitral awards.
A er scru nizing the main topic and the problems thereof, author arrived at the conclusion and
provided the future perspec ves and recommenda ons concerning the subject. The courts must take
into considera on the objec ves of the Conven on as far as it is evident that the mo ons for recogni-
on and enforcement shall not be widely reviewed, but examined in a narrow framework. As for the
Supreme Court of Georgia, author concludes that the Court must recognize and enforce foreign arbitral
awards in accordance with the exis ng na onal and interna onal law.
319
Tamari orToiZe* 57
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnoba da aRsruleba
1. Sesavali
davis alternatiuli gadawyvetis saSualebebi (Alterna ve Dispute Resolu on (ADR)) bolo
wlebis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria da masze moTxovna mudmivad izrdeba.
arbitraJi davebis mogvarebis alternatiul saSualebaTagan erT-erTia, romelic sakma-
od efeqtianad gamoiyeneba komerciul da investiciebTan dakavSirebuli davebis gada-
sawyvetad.
arbitraJi kerZo da damoukidebeli institutia, romelic Tavisufalia saxelmwifo
gavlenisagan, rac misi popularobis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtoria. igi mxareebs sa-
Sualebas aZlevs TavianTi survilisa da arCevanis mixedviT, sasamarTlos Carevis gareSe,
gadawyviton dava. swored amitom, SeuZlebelia ar aRiniSnos, rom arbitraJi erT-erTi
moqnili da damoukidebeli saSualebaa davebis mosagvareblad.
arbitraJis farTod gavrcelebam araerTi saerTaSoriso konvenciis Seqmna da zogad
standartebze saxelmwifoTa SeTanxmeba ganapiroba. rogorc saerTaSoriso arbitraJisa
da misi gadawyvetilebebis momwesrigebeli konvenciebi, ise erovnuli kanonmdebloba mo-
icavs sxvadasxva sakiTxs, maT Soris winamdebare naSromSi gansaxilvel Temas _ saerTaSo-
riso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnoba da aRsruleba.
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebs iRebs Sesabamisi kompetenciis mqone
arbitraJi, romlis uflebamosilebis gansazRvrazec, rogorc wesi, mxareebi winaswar
Tanxmdebian. arbitraJis uflebamosilebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria saerTaSo-
riso masStabiT, ris gamoc, arbitraJis, rogorc cnebis ganmartebis sxvadasxva Teoria
arsebobs. sayuradReboa, rom saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da
aRsrulebis sakiTxis mimoxilvis dros saerTaSoriso da erovnuli kanonmdebloba xazs
usvams, rom ar unda moxdes iseTi gadawyvetilebis cnoba da aRsruleba, romelic Seicavs
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul uaris Tqmis safuZvels.
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aRsrulebis sakiTxis ganx-
ilvisas yuradReba unda gamaxvildes sxvadasxva garemoebaze. naSromi, erTi SexedviT,
uaris Tqmis martiv safuZvels mimoixilavs, Tumca realurad bevri detalisagan Semd-
gar `kombinacias~, romelic, Tavis mxriv, exeba sxva qveynis teritoriaze miRebuli saa-
rbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnobasa da aRsrulebaze uaris Tqmis konkretul safuZvels
– roca ar arsebobs saarbitraJo uflebamosileba da gadawyvetileba gamotanilia im
davaze, romelic ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo saarbitraJo ganxilvis sagani. winamdebare
safuZvlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ar daakmayofilos Suamd-
gomloba saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnobasa da aRsrulebaze.
* ilias saxelmwifo universitetis samarTlis skolis magistraturis me-3 semestris studenti, kerZo (biznes)
samarTlis mimarTulebiT.
320
2. arbitraJi, rogorc davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualeba

mxareebi davis gadasawyvetad arbitraJis arCevisas gamoxataven nebas, sasamarTlos
nacvlad mimarTon davis gadawyvetis kerZo saSualebas, romlis meSveobiTac damoukide-
blad SeuZliaT gansazRvron misi uflebamosileba. aqedan gamomdinare, mxareTa legit-
imuri molodinia, rom maT davas ganixilavs mxareTa mier arCeuli arbitr(eb)i, romlis
gadawyvetileba iqneba saboloo da ar daeqvemdebareba sasamarTlos mier gadasinjvas.1
saarbitraJo daTqma aris arsebiTad kerZo SeTanxmebis sakiTxi. misi validurobisTvis
mxareTa Tanxmoba aris saWiro. aseTi Tanxmoba, ganixileba Cveulebriv saxelSekrulebo
samarTlis zogadi principebiT, romelic mxareTa Tanxmobis gamoxatvas, mis formas, mid-
gomas da sazRvrebs ganixilavs.2
doqtori robert braineri3 werda, rom tendencia mxareebis mier arCevanis gakeTebi-
sas arbitraJis mier konkretuli sakiTxebis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT ganpirobebuli
SeiZleba iyos, politikuri mizezebiT an saxelmwifo sasamarTloebis procedurebis nak-
lebi moqnilobiT (efeqturobiT)4.
sasamarTlos mier saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnoba-aRsrulebis
sakiTxis ganxilvamde, arbitraJi Tavad ganixilavs sakuTari iurisdiqciisa da saarbi-
traJo uflebamosilebis sakiTxs, e.i. aris Tu ara davis sagani arbitraJis gansaxilve-
li. Kompetenz-kompetenz5 principis gaTvaliswinebiT saarbitraJo tribunals miniWebuli
aqvs uflebamosileba, rom nebismieri saxis dava Tavisi iurisdiqciis farglebSi gad-
awyvitos. amgvari gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, igi ganixilavs saarbitraJo SeTanxmebasa
da zogad samarTlebriv principebs, romlebic gavlenas axdens mis iurisdiqciaze. es
gadawyvetileba aucileblad unda Seicavdes Sefasebas aris Tu ara mocemuli dava saa-
rbitraJo ganxilvis sagani.6 saarbitraJo tribunalis uflebamosileba, daidginos iu-
risdiqcia konkretul davasTan dakavSirebiT gamomdinareobs kompetenz-kompetenz prin-
cipidan, romelic aris `saerTaSoriso arbitraJis konceptualuri qvakuTxedi, rogorc
saerTaSoriso davis gadawyvetis avtonomiuri da efeqturi forma.7
niSandoblivia, agreTve, ~ucxouri saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aR-
srulebis Sesaxeb~ gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 1958 wlis konvenciis (Semdgom-
Si `niu-iorkis konvencia~) ena, romelic miuTiTebs, rom ucxouri saarbitraJo gad-
1
tyemalaZe s., `sajaro wesrigi~, rogorc saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Tu mis cnobasa da aRsrule-
baze uaris Tqmis safuZveli (qarTuli praqtikis mokle mimoxilva), Tb., 2015, 15, ix. citireba: Abedian H., Judicial
Review of Arbitral Awards in Interna onal Arbitra on – A Case for an Efficient Sytstem of Judicial Review,Journal of Interna onal Arbi-
tra on, Vol. 28, Issue 6, Kluwer Law Interna onal 2011, 553.
2
Arfazadeh. H., Arbitrability under the New York Conven on: the Lex Fori Revisited., Arbitra on Interna onal, Volume 17, Number 1, 80.
3
Dr. Robert Briner (1930-2009) – iuristi da lingvisti, saerTaSoriso mosamarTle da arbitri da adamianis uflebebis
moZraobis aqtiuri mxardamWeri. <h ps://www.ibanet.org/Ar cle/NewDetail.aspx?Ar cleUid=48ceea6c-fe90-4969-ac07-47a-
d6fc1eed4>, [24.12.2017].
4
Global Reflec ons on Interna onal Law, Commerce and Dispute Resolu on, Edited by Aksen G., Bocks egel K., Mus ll M.J., Patocchi
P.M., Witesell A.M., Paris, 2005, 269.
5
Kompetenz-kompetenz principi – uflebas aZlevs arbitrebs ganixilon nebismieri dava maT iurisdiqciasTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxze.
6
Baron. P.M., Liniger. S., A Second Look at Arbitrability, Arbitra on Interna onal, Kluwer Law Interna onal 2003, Volume 19, Issue 1., 27.
7
Cook. A., Kompetenz-Kompetenz: Varying Approaches and a Proposal for a Limited Form of Nega ve Kompetenz-Kompetenz, Pep-
perdine Law Review, Volume 2014, Issue 1, 2014 Annual Volume, Ar cle 2., 2014. ix. citireba: Robert H. Smit, Separability and
Competence-Competence in Interna onal Arbitra on: ExNihilo Nihil Fit? Or Can Something Indeed Come from Nothing?, 13 AM. REV.
INT’L ARB. 19, 19(2002).
321
Tamar orToiZe
awyvetilebebis cnoba–aRsrulebaze uari daiSveba mxolod maSin, Tuki gadawyvetilebis

cnoba–aRsruleba da ara Tavad gadawyvetileba an misi Sinaarsi ewinaaRmdegeba aR-
srulebis saxelmwifos sajaro wesrigs8 da dava ar SeiZleba iyos saarbitraJo ganxilvis
sagani9. maSasadame, sasamarTlos, romlis winaSec dgas sakiTxi ucxouri saarbitraJo
gadawyvetilebis cnoba-aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia gamoikvlios da daadginos arsebobs
Tu ara davis saarbitraJo sasamarTlos mier ganxilvis uflebamosileba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxareebi gamoxataven nebas maTi saqmis ganxilvis uflebamo-
sileba mianiWon arbitraJs, mainc saxelmwifos aqvs uflebamosileba SezRudos arbitra-
Jis gansaxilvel saqmeTa sfero an uari Tqvas arsebuli normebis safuZvelze saerTaSo-
riso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnoba-aRsrulebaze.
3. saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnobasa da aRsrulebaze uaris Tqmis

safuZvlis gamoyeneba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobiT
3.1. saerTaSoriso kanonmdebloba

germanuli doqtrina da praqtika erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs ucxouri gadawyvetile-
bebis cnobasa da aRsrulebas. pirvelia TviT gadawyvetilebis gamotana, meore _ misi aR-
sasruleblad miqceva da mesame _ uSualod aRsruleba.10
ucxouri saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnoba Sveicarul iuridiul literaturaSi
ganmartebulia, rogorc saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis aRiareba Sveicariis saarbitraJo
gadawyvetilebad. cnobis Semdeg ucxour gadawyvetilebas Sveicariis teritoriaze mo-
hyveba igive samarTlebrivi Sedegi, rac saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebas, romelic Sveica-
riaSia gamotanili.11
saarbitraJo tribunalis gadawyvetileba saboloo ar aris. is SeiZleba daeqvemde-
baros sasamarTlo ganxilvasac. tribunalis saboloo gadawyvetilebis cnobisa da aR-
srulebis etapze, sasamarTlom SeiZleba konkretul davasTan mimarTebiT meored ganix-
ilos saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis sakiTxi.12
konvenciis miznis gaTvaliswinebiT, rasac ìm standartebis unificireba warmoad-
gens, romelTa safuZvelzec xorcieldeba saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba
xelmomwer qveynebSi,~13 misi Semdgeneli pirebi miznad isaxavdnen, rom cnoba-aRsrulebaze
uaris Tqmis safuZvlebi ganmartebuli da gamoyenebuli yofiliyo viwrod da gamartive-
8
baze uaris Tqmis safuZveli (qarTuli praqtikis mokle mimoxilva), Tb., 2015, 15, ix. citireba: niu-iorkis 1958
wlis konvencia, muxli 5.2.“b“.
9
niu-iorkis 1958 wlis konvencia, muxli 5.2.“a“.
10
cercvaZe g., saerTaSoriso arbitraJi, Tb., 2008, 428.
11
iqve. ix. citireba: Josi, C., Die Anerkennung und Vollstreckung der Schiedssprüche in der Schweiz, unter berücksich gung der
staatsverträge, des eidgenössischen Rechts, der kantonalen Konkordate sowie der bernischen Zivilprozessordnung, Abhandlungen zum
schweizerischen Recht, Herasusgegeben von Professor Dr. Heinz Hausheer, Stämpfli Verlag AG Bern, 2005, 8.
Baron. P.M., Liniger. S., A Second Look at Arbitrability, Arbitra on Interna onal, Kluwer Law Interna onal 2003, Volume 19, Issue 1.,
12
27.
13
ICCA-s saxelmZRvanelo 1958 wlis niu-iorkis konvenciis ganmartebaze: cnobari mosamarTleebisaTvis, haaga,
2013, 19-20.
322
buliyo aRsruleba.14
sasamarTloTa umravlesobam SeimuSava SezRuduli midgoma niu-iorkis konvenciis V
muxlis safuZvlebis ganmartebisaTvis. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mesame
olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom, saqmeze China Minmetals Materials Import and Export Co., Ltd. v
Chi Mei Corp. 15 daadgina:
ucxouri saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis momxre ganwyobis gaTvalis-
winebiT, sasamarTloebma konvenciis V muxliT SezRudes aRsrulebaze uaris Tqmis sa-
fuZvlebi da, zogadad, maT viwrod ganmartaven.16
sadavo sagnis saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis ganxilva SeiZleba moxdes saarbitra-
Jo procesis sxvadasxva etapze, rogorc saarbitraJo tribunalze, aseve sasamarTloSi
gadawyvetilebis Semdgomi aRsrulebis an gauqmebis konteqstSi.17 rogorc wesi, saarbi-
traJo adgilis mixedviT saarbitraJo wesebis darRveviT iurisdiqciaze miRebuli gad-
awyvetileba SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes sasamarTlos winaSe gadawyvetilebis gamotanis adg-
ilis mixedviT.18
sxvadasxva sasamarTlos mier gamoiyeneba principi, rom Tu mxare procesis warmoebi-
sas ar warmoadgens Sesabamis safuZvels davis ganxilvis arakanonierebasTan dakavSire-
biT, maSin misi Suamdgomloba SeiZleba ar dakmayofildes, radgan Tavdapirvelad mx-
arem ar ganacxada pretenzia. magaliTad, `berlinis saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom germaneli mopasuxe ar iyo uflebamosili, sasamarTlosTvis moeTxova saarbitraJo
gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebaze uaris Tqma niu-iorkis konvenciaSi gaTvaliswinebul sa-
fuZvlebze dayrdnobiT, radgan man ar gamoiyena es ufleba ukrainaSi mimdinare gad-
awyvetilebis gauqmebis procedurebis warmoebisas, ukrainis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil
3-Tvian periodSi. sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciaSi ar aris
pirdapir mocemuli gasaCivrebis uflebaze uaris Tqmis principi, germanul kanonmde-
blobaSi gaTvaliswinebuli amkrZalavi debuleba, romelic dadgenili iyo adgilobriv
gadawyvetilebebTan mimarTebiT aseve unda gavrcelebuliyo ucxouri saarbitraJo gad-
awyvetilebebis aRsrulebis procedurebze.~19
3.2. erovnuli kanonmdebloba

davis sagnis arbitraJis mier ganxilvis sakiTxi daregulirebulia erovnul da saer-
TaSoriso doneze. niu-iorkis 1958 wlis konvencia saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gad-
awyvetilebaTa cnobisa da aRsrulebis Sesaxeb universalur saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv
aqts wamoadgens. konvenciis mesame muxli ganamtkicebs gadawyvetilebaTa cnobisa da aR-
14
iqve.
15
China Minmetals Materials Imp. & Exp. Co. v. Chi Mei Corp., NO. 02-2897, 02-3542. COURT OFAPPEALS OF THE UNITED STATES, 334
F.3d 274 C.A.3 (N.J.), June 26, 2003.
16
2013, 109, ix. citireba: Yearbook Commercial Arbitra on XXIX, aSS-s saapelacio sasamarTlo, 2004, 1003-1025.
17
18
Arfazadeh. H., Arbitrability under the New York Conven on: the Lex Fori Revisited., Arbitra on Interna onal, Volume 17, Number 1,
87.
19
2013, 111-112, ix. citireba: Buyer v. Supplier, berlinis saapelacio sasamarTlo, 17 aprili 2008.
323
Tamar orToiZe
srulebis zogad princips, romlis Tanaxmadac konvenciis xelmomweri yvela saxelmwifo

aRiarebs saaarbitraJo gadawyvetilebas, rogorc savaldebulos da aRasrulebs mas am
konvenciis saTanado muxlebis gaTvaliswinebiT da im teritoriis saproceso normebis
Sesabamisad, sadac moiTxoveba am gadawyvetilebaTa cnoba da aRsruleba.20
niu-iorkis 1958 wlis konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-2 punqtis à~ qvepunqtis Sesabamisad
mxaris Suamdgomloba saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnoba-aRsrulebaze SeiZleba ar da-
kmayofildes, Tu am qveynis kanonmdeblobiT dava ar iyo saarbitraJo ganxilvis sagani.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlo valdebuli ar aris uari Tqvas saarbitraJo gad-
awyvetilebis cnobasa da aRsrulebaze konvenciis Sesabamis muxlSi miTiTebuli erT-er-
Ti safuZvlis arsebobisas, aramed ufleba aqvs ase moiqces.21 niu-iorkis konvenciis me-5
muxlis me-2 punqtis à~ qvepunqtis miznebidan gamomdinare, gadawyvetilebis cnoba-aR-
srulebaze uaris Tqma SeiZleba, mxolod maSin, Tu lex fori-is Sesabamisad, saarbitraJo
ganxilvis sagani pirdapir dadgenilia erovnuli sasamarTlos an sxva organos saval-
debulo iurisdiqciaSi da gamoricxavs arbitraJs.22
àrbitraJis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 45-e muxlis `b~ punqtis `b.a~ qvepunqtis sa-
fuZvelze Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad dava ar
SeiZleba iyos saarbitraJo ganxilvis sagani, miuxedavad imisa Tu romel qveyanaSi moxda
saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis gamotana, mxares SeiZleba uari eTqvas am gadawyvetilebis
cnobasa da aRsrulebaze. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gamotanil gadawyvetilebebTan
dakavSirebiT cnoba-aRsrulebis sakiTxs amave kanonis 44-e muxlis 1-li punqtis Sesabam-
isad ganixilavs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo.
3.3. mtkicebis tvirTi

mowinaaRmdege mxares ekisreba mtkicebis tvirTi da mxolod maSin SeuZlia win aRudg-
es saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnoba-aRsrulebas, Tu arsebobs konvenciis V(1) muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli uaris Tqmis safuZvelTagan erT-erTi mainc. aRniSnuli safuZvlebi
amomwuravad aris gansazRvruli niu-iorkis konvenciaSi. sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi
iniciativiT uari Tqvas cnoba-aRsrulebaze V(2) muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli romelime sa-
fuZvlis arsebobisas.23
is, Tu ramdenad aris esa Tu is sadavo sakiTxi saarbitraJo wesiT ganxilvadi,
unda dadgindes im qveynis samarTlis mixedviT, sadac moTxovnilia saarbitraJo gad-
awyvetilebis cnoba da aRsruleba. saarbitraJo wesiT ganxilvis SeuZlebloba unda exe-
bodes sarCelis arsebiT da ara mxolod umniSvnelo nawils.24
20
cercvaZe g., saerTaSoriso arbitraJi, Tb., 2008, 423.
21
cercvaZe g., saerTaSoriso arbitraJi, Tb., 2008, 425. ix. citireba: ASA Bulle n, Volume 23, No 1, Kluwer law interna-
onal, 2005, 684.
22
Arfazadeh. H., Arbitrability under the New York Conven on: the Lex Fori Revisited., Arbitra on Interna onal, Volume 17, Number 1,
86.
23
2013, 106.
24
iqve, 145.
324
3.4. EX OFFICIO
sasamarTlos SeuZlia niu-iorkis konvenciiT an erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT gaTval-
iswinebul safuZvlebs ex officio daeyrdnos. rogorc wesi, mxare, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba
saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnobasa da aRsrulebas, am safuZvlebs Tavadac daayenebs,
Tuki CaTvlis rom isini relevanturia.25
niu-iorkis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli `saarbitraJo wesiT ganxilvadobis Seu-
Zleblobis~ safuZveli exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac sadavo sakiTxi mxolod sasamarT-
los gansjadi SeiZleba iyos.
magaliTad, calsaxad sisxlis samarTlebrivi saqmeebi ar eqvemdebareba saarbitraJo
wesiT ganxilvas; msgavsad amisa, sasamarTloebis eqskluziur gansjadobas miekuTvneba:
ganqorwineba, meurveobis sakiTxebi, sanivTo sakiTxebis mowesrigeba, anderZi, gadaxdisu-
unaroba da sawarmoTa likvidacia.26
niSandoblivia, is faqti, rom ~konkretuli safuZvliT aRsrulebaze uaris Tqmis
praqtika SezRuduli raodenobiT moipoveba.~27 belgiis uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari Tqva
saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebaze, im motiviT, rom sadavo sakiTxi, romel-
ic eqskluziuri distributorobis SeTanxmebis Sewyvetas exeboda, ar iyo saarbitraJo
wesiT ganxilvadi, radgan distribuciis momwesrigebeli belgiuri samarTliT aRniSnuli
sakiTxi sasamarTlos gansakuTrebul gansjadobas miekuTvneboda.28
sayuradReboa, rom saarbitraJo uflebamosileba aris saxelmwifos mxridan sakanon-
mdeblo doneze dadgenili moTxovna arbitraJis procesis monawile mxareTaTvis maSin,
roca saarbitraJo SeTanxmeba aris mxareTa avtonomiurobis principis gamovlineba.29 ise-
Ti saarbitraJo SeTanxmebebze, romlebic ar exeba saarbitraJo ganxilvis sagans da ewi-
naaRmdegeba saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis principebs, masze ver gavrceldeba iurisdiq-
cia an/da ar moxdeba im gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba, romelic arakanonierad dadgenili
iursidiqciis farglebSi aris gamotanili.
4. saarbitraJo uflebamosileba
4.1. subieqturi da obieqturi saarbitraJo uflebamosileba

davis sagnis ganxilvis dros ZiriTadad saarbitraJo uflebamosileba iyofa subieq-
tur da obieqtur saarbitraJo uflebamosilebebad. subieqturi saarbitraJo uflebamo-
sileba gulisxmobs mxareTa qmedunarianobas da uflebas, (an diskrecias) Tavad gadawyvi-
ton surT Tu ara saarbitraJo SeTanxmebis gaformeba. obieqturi ki gulisxmobs im davis
saganTa gamorkvevas, romelic SeiZleba ganixilos arbitraJma. subieqtur da obieqtur
25
iqve, 144.
26
iqve.
27
2013, 145.
28
iqve, 145-146, ix. citireba: Audi-NSU Union AG v. SA Adelin Pe t & Cie, belgiis sakasacio sasamarTlo, pirveli pal-
ata, 28 ivnisi 1979.
29
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 28. ix. citireba: Bermann G.A., “The “Gateway~ Pro-
blem in Interna onal Commercial Arbitra on~, Yale J.Int’l L, 2012, 23.
325
Tamar orToiZe
saarbitraJo uflebamosilebaTa gansxvavebisaTvis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens aSS-

sa da evropis perspeqtivaTa kontrasti. amerikeli mkvlevris, lorens Soris30 mosazre-
biT, aSS-s sazRvrebs gareT saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis aRqma da ganmarteba xdeba
viwro konteqstSi.31 samarTlis eqsperti ilias bantekasi32, xazs usvams, rom saarbitraJo
uflebamosilebis ganmartebis evropuli midgoma exeba iseT daSvebebs, romelic uSual-
od kanoniT aris ganpirobebuli da gawerilia normebSi, magaliTad erovnul kanonmde-
blobaSi, romelic aregulirebs davis mogvarebis erT-erT saSualebas _ arbitraJs.33
evropuli midgomis mixedviT, swored saxelmwifo awesebs CarCoebs da gansazRvravs,
Tu ra tipis saqmeebze vrceldeba saarbitraJo uflebamosileba. samarTlis eqspertebis,
pudresa da besonis34 mixedviT, evropul saxelmwifoebSi saarbitraJo wesebis mareguli-
rebeli CarCo ganasxvavebs saarbitraJo uflebamosilebisa da saarbitraJo SeTanxmebis
sazRvrebs.35 evropuli midgoma da evropul saxelmwifoTa samarTali arbitraJs udgens
sazRvars, romelic ZiriTadad gadis rogorc ekonomikur interessa da pirad davebs So-
ris, aseve, sajaro wesrigsa da sajaro interess Soris.
subieqturi saarbitraJo uflebamosileba niSnavs mxareTa pirad iuridiul Sesa-
Zleblobebs, maT Soris saarbitraJo SeTanxmebis dadebis uflebamosilebas. gadawyvetile-
ba SeiZleba uaryofili iqnas qmeduunarobis gamo. praqtikaSi, subieqturi saarbitraJo
uflebamosileba iSviaTad aris sadavo sakiTxi. Tumca, mainc rekomendirebulia mkafiod
ganisazRvros xelSekrulebis mxareebi; im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxareebs aqvT saidentifikacio
monacemebi, rogoricaa saregistracio nomeri, sasargebloa misi miTiTeba da aRniSvna
xelSekrulebaSi.36
saxelmwifos monawileoba xelSekrulebis mxared, saxelmwifosaTvis warmoSobs imave
uflebebsa da movaleobebs, rasac fizikuri da iuridiul pirebisaTvis. arsebobs SemTx-
vevebi, rodesac saxelmwifo sxvadasxva argumentiT cdilobs saarbitraJo iurisdiqciis
Tavidan acilebas.
mniSvnelovania am kuTxiT saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis erT-erTi gadawyvetileba,
rodesac saxelmwifo cdilobda saarbitraJo iurisdiqciis Tavidan acilebas im argu-
mentiT, rom misi kanonmdeblobiT arbitraJs administraciuli xelSekrulebis ganxilvis
ufleba ar hqonda da Sesabamisad, dauSvebeli iyo saqmis arbitraJisaTvis gansaxilve-
lad gadacema. arbitrebma ganmartes, rom, marTalia franguli kanonmdebloba ukrZala-
vs saxelmwifos, an romelime sajaro dawesebulebas/organos saarbitraJo SeTanxmebaSi
30
Laurence Shore _ arbitri, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher- is niu-iorkis ofisis kvalificiuri partniori da firmis-
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo praqtikis jgufis TanaTavmjdomare. lorensi aris saerTaSoriso sainvesticio
arbitraJis Tanaavtori: arsebiTi principebi (oqsfordi, 2007).
31
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 23. ix. citireba: Shore L., “Defining “Arbitrability. The
United States v. The Rest of The World~, (2009) New York LawJournal, at p.1. <h p://www.gibsondunn.com/publica ons/Documents/
Shore-DefiningArbitrability.pdf> [24.12.2017].
32
Ilias Bantekas _ brunelis universitetis profesori saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da adamianis uflebebis mimar-
TulebiT.
33
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 23. ix. citireba: I. Bantekas, “The Founda ons of
Arbitrability in Interna onal Commercial Arbitra on~, (2008) 27 Aust. YBIL (Australian Yearbook of Interna onal Law) 1, 194.
34
Jean-François Poudret da Sébas en Besson _ avtorebi wignisa “SedarebiTi samarTali saerTaSoriso arbitraJSi“,
2006 w.
35
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 23. ix. citireba: J-.F. Poudret, S. Besson, Compara ve
Law of Interna onal Arbitra on, London, Sweet & Maxwell, 2007, 232.
36
Wolf Theiss, Subjec ve Arbitrability. <h p://wtgia.wol heiss.com/index.php/subjec ve-arbitrability.html> [24.12.2017].
326
monawileobas Tumca, aRiarebulia rom msgavsi SezRudva ar moqmedebs saerTaSoriso

samarTalSi. es konkretuli sakiTxi dakavSirebulia sajaro wesrigTan, amitom misi gam-
oyeneba SesaZlebelia Sida saxelmwifoebriv doneze.37
1988 wels saerTaSoriso samarTlis institutis mier SemuSavebuli rezoluciis me-5
muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos, sajaro dawesebulebebsa da organoebs ekrZalebaT Tavi
aaridon saarbitraJo SeTanxmebas anu, uari Tqvan saarbitraJo procesSi monawileobaze.38
obieqturi saarbitraJo uflebamosileba farTod da abstraqtulad aris ganmartebu-
li da is uSualod gulisxmobs iseT situacias, rodesac normatiuli SezRudvebi am-
cirebs saarbitraJo ganxilvis saganTa sferos, Tumca amasTanave, saSualebas aZlevs See-
sabamebodes msoflio praqtikis dinamiur xasiaTsa da gafarToebas.
obieqturi saarbitraJo uflebamosileba gamoxatavs saarbitraJo ganxilvis sagans.
gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gauqmdes, Tu davis sagani ar aris arbitraJis gansaxilveli.
centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi obieqturi saarbitraJo uflebamo-
silebis sakiTxs SeiZleba ar ganekuTvnebodes iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romelic moiTx-
ovs sajaro registraciis cvlilebebs, magaliTad miwis daregistrirebis an inteleqtua-
luri sakuTrebis daregistrirebis uflebas. zogierT saxelmwifoSi SesaZloa obieqturi
saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis ararsebobad ganixilon iseTi saqmeebi, romelic exeba
konkretuli qveynis kanonmdeblobiT, eqskluziur gansjadobas. rogorc wesi, am pozici-
isTvis myari argumentis mopoveba rTulia, Tumca erovnul sasamarTloebs ufleba aqvT
msjeloba am kuTxiT ganaviTaron.39
obieqturi da subieqturi saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis cnebebis arsebobis miuxeda-
vad, SesaZlebelia ar iyos mocemuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi moqmedebaTa konkret-
uli CamonaTvali radgan uflebamosilebis gansazRvra Zalian farTod SeiZleba ganimar-
tos da aRqmuli iyos, rogorc saerTo elementebis ganxilvis Sedegi.
4.2. saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis evropuli da amerikuli

perspeqtiva
evropuli midgoma saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis TemasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro me-
tad emxroba obieqtur saarbitraJo uflebamosilebas, romelic gulisxmobs kanonmde-
blobiT SemoTavazebuli CamonaTvalis dafarvas arbitraJis gziT, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi
ZiriTadad ar iziarebs subieqturi Teoriis mosazrebas, rom saarbitraJo uflebamo-
sileba SeiZleba davafuZnoT mxareTa saarbitraJo SeTanxmebis princips.40
evropuli saxelmwifoebis midgomebi calkeul SemTxvevebSi, ra Tqma unda, gansxva-
vdeba erTmaneTisagan. Sveicariis federaluri kodeqsis `saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis
Sesaxeb~ 177-e muxlis Tanaxmad nebismieri dava, romelic moiazrebs ekonomikur interess,
SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos arbitraJis mier.41
37
Hano au B., The Law Applicable to Arbitrability, Singapore Academy of Law Journal, 2014, 877, aseve ix. saerTaSoriso savaWro
palatis gadawyvetileba N1939, 1971.
38
iqve, 878.
39
Theiss W., Subjec ve Arbitrability. <h p://wtgia.wol heiss.com/index.php/subjec ve-arbitrability.html>, [24.12.2017].
40
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 23-25.
41
iqve, 24. ix. citireba: Sveicariis 1987 wlis federaluri kodeqsi saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb,
327
Tamar orToiZe
germanuli da avstriuli saarbitraJo kanonebi iziareben Semdeg mosazrebebs. mag-

aliTad germaniis saarbitraJo aqtis 1030-e muxlis 1-li punqtis Sesabamisad, nebismieri
dava, romelic moicavs ekonomikur interess aris arbitraJis gansaxilveli. Tumca, ger-
manuli kanonmdebloba gamoricxvas pirad sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli, tradiciulad sen-
sitiuri Temebis arbitraJiT ganxilvas (magaliTad ganqorwinebis sakiTxi).42
safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 2060-e muxli, mxareebs ukrZalavs SeTanxmdnen saa-
rbitraJo ganxilvaze iseT davebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic exeba saxelmwifo an pirad
sakiTxebs, da iseT saqmeebs romelic sajaro interesis sferos warmoadgens.43
sajaro wesrigsa da saarbitraJo uflebamosilebas Soris balansis dacvisa da zRva-
ris gavlebisaTvis mniSvnelovania Sveicariis federaluri tribunalis mier ganxilul
saqmeSi Fincan eri-Can eri Navali44 gakeTebuli aRniSvna, rom, Tu faqti ewinaaRmdegeba saja-
ro wesrigs, es ar gamoricxavs saarbitraJo uflebamosilebas.45
evropuli saxelmwifoebis msgavsad qarTuli kanonmdeblobac, erTgvar CarCos qm-
nis saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT. àrbitraJis Sesax-
eb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 1-li muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, àrbitraJi uflebamosilia
ganixilos pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebuli kerZo xasiaTis qonebrivi dava, romlis
mowesrigebac mxareebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTs Soris.~ qarTuli kanonmdeblobac awesebs
zRvars da ar aniWebs mxareebs srul Tavisuflebas, gadawyviton Tu ra saxis daviT mim-
arTon arbitraJs. aucilebeli elementi qarTuli normebis Sesabamisad, aris davis sagnis
qonebrivi Rirebulebis areboba.
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo praqtika yuradRebas amaxvilebs saarbitraJo SeTanxmebis
uflebamosil pirebs Soris dadebaze, ise, rom aRniSnuli garemoeba ar unda ewinaaRmde-
gebodes kanonmdeblobas.
saqmeSi China Minmetals Materials Import and Export Co.,Ltd. v Chi Mei Corp., aSS-s saapelacio
sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, moqmedebs mniSvnelovani principi, sasamarTlo valdebulia
damoukideblad gamoikvlios saqmeSi arsebuli masalebidan ikveTeba Tu ara mxareTa So-
ris SeTanxmeba arbitraJis Sesaxeb.46
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba kompetenz-kompetenz principi.
saqmeSi First Op ons of Chicago v. Kaplan47, aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoTqva mosazreba,
rom ‚,saarbitraJo ganxilvis sagani davis Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare damokidebulia,
SeTanxmdnen Tu ara mxareebi davis arbitraJis gziT ganxilvaze… amrigad kiTxva Tu vis
muxli 177.
42
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 24. ix. citireba: Baron P.M., Liniger S., “A Second Look
at Arbitrability: Approaches to Arbitra on in the United States, Switzerland and Germany~, Arb. Int., 2003, 36.
43
iqve, 24. ix. citireba: Code Civil of 1804 Ar cle 2060, 20 February 2004,: “On ne peutcomprome re (...) ousur les contesta ons
intéressant les collec vitéspubliques et les établissements publics (...)~.
44
Fincan eri Can eri Navali Italiani SpA et OTO Melara Spa v ATF, Switzerland, Tribunal Fédéral, 23 June 1992. < h p://newyorkconven-
on1958.org/index.php?lvl=no ce_display&id=910>, [24.12.2017].
45
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 25. ix. citireba: Mistelis L.A., Brekoulakis S.L., Arbi-
trability: Interna onal and Compara ve Perspec ve, The Hague, Kluwer Law Interna onal, 2009, 21.
46
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 25. ix. citireba: Mistelis L.A., Brekoulakis S.L., Arbi-
trability: Interna onal and Compara ve Perspec ve, The Hague, Kluwer Law Interna onal, 2009, 28. ix. citireba: China Minmetals
Materials Imp. & Exp. Co. v. Chi Mei Corp., NO. 02-2897, 02-3542. COURT OF APPEALS OF THE UNITED STATES, 334 F.3d 274 C.A.3 (N.J.),
June 26, 2003.
47
First Op ons of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938 (1995);.
< h ps://supreme.jus a.com/cases/federal/us/514/938/>, [24.12.2017].
328
aqvs mTavari Zala rom gadawyvitos davis SesaZlebloba saarbitraJo ganxilvis sagnad,
damokidebulia, Tu raze SeTanxmdnen mxareebi am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.~48
saqmeSi Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co.49 aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom gardauvalad gamoacxa-
da saerTaSoriso arbitraJis gafarToeba arsebuli doqtrinis xarjze. 1985 wels saqme-
Si Mitsubishi Motors Corp v Soler Chrysler-Plymouth Inc.50 aSS-s sasamarTlom kvlav gamoavlina
liberaluri midgoma konkretuli sakiTxis mimarT, da daeTanxma saarbitraJo ufleba-
mosilebis sakiTxs. àSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos poziciis Sesabamisad xazi aqvs gasmuli
aseve, im faqts, rom saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis gafarToeba ganpirobebulia ekono-
mikuri moqmedebebis arealiT, romelic, rogorc wesi, tradiciulad jaWvur bmaSi aris
sajaro interesTan.‘‘51
konkretuli magaliTebsa da mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS iz-
iarebs subieqturi saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis cnebas da pativs scems mxareTa mier
winaswar SeTanxmebul pirobebs, romelic dadasturebuli da aRiarebulia mxareTa mier.
4.3. saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis dadgenis Taviseburebebi da

etapebi
xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac mxareebi aSkarad ar gamoxataven nebas da SeTanx-
mebaSi ar aqvT daTqma arbitraJis iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, saarbitraJo
Semadgenlobas, an sasamarTlos SeuZliaT sakiTxis gansazRvra da ganxilva. arbitraJs
ufleba aqvs iurisdiqciis dasadgenad ixelmZRvanelos erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT. mag-
aliTad, rogorc saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis 1982 wlis gadawyvetileba #4131-Si
aris ganmartebuli, Tu erovnuli normatiuli sistema ar awesrigebs konkretul sakiTxs,
maSin SesaZloa arbitraJma gamoiyenos saerTaSoriso normebi.52
zogadad saerTaSoriso praqtika aCvenebs, rom Zalian rTul sakiTxs warmoadgens
saxelmwifos mier saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis cnebis gansazRvra. ar aris martivi
im normasTan “brZola~ romelic CarCoebs adgens saarbitraJo uflebamosilebisTvis.
sakiTxis gadawyveta SeuZlia saarbitraJo Semadgenlobas an/da sasamarTlos. saarbitra-
Jo SeTanxmebis dasadgenad didi britaneTis sasamarTlom SeimuSava testi, romlis Ta-
naxmadac etapobrivad unda Semowmdes mxareebi SeTanxmdnen Tu ara konkretuli saxelm-
wifos samarTlis gamoyenebaze, romeli saxelmwifos samarTlis gamoyeneba SeiZleba iyos
nagulisxmevi, romeli saxelmwifos samarTali aris yvelaze axlos da miesadageba yvelaze
48
49
Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., No. 73-781. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 417U.S.506,94S.Ct.2449`41L.Ed.2d270,Fed.
Sec.L.Rep. 94, 593, June17, 1974. h ps://supreme.jus a.com/cases/federal/us/417/506>, [24.12.2017].
50
Mitsubishi v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Nos. 83-1569, 83-1733. SUPREME COURTOF THE UNITED STATES, 473 U.S. 614, 105 S.Ct. 3346,
87 L.Ed.2d 444, 53USLW 5069, 1985-2 Trade Cases P 66,669, July 2, 1985. < h ps://supreme.jus a.com/cases/federal/us/473/614/case.
html>, [24.12.2017].
51
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 27. ix. citireba: Mistelis L.A., Brekoulakis S.L., Arbitra-
bility: Interna onal and Compara ve Perspec ve, The Hague, Kluwer Law Interna onal, 2009, 57.
Hano au B., The Law Applicable to Arbitrability, Singapore Academy of Law Journal, 2014, 879, aseve ix. saerTaSoriso komer-
52
ciuli palatis gadawyvetileba N1512, 1970.
329
Tamar orToiZe
metad saarbitraJo SeTanxmebas.53

jorj bermani 54 xazs usvams, rom saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis cnebis farTod gam-
oyeneba sruliad logikuria, im SemTxvevebSi, Tu saarbitraJo davis an saarbitraJo gad-
awyvetilebis aRsrulebis dros dayenebuli sakiTxebis ganxilva xels uwyobs arbitraJis
ganviTarebas da winsvlas.55
saarbitraJo uflebamosilebasTan dakavSirebiT umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia is, Tu vin
aris uflebamosili daadginos saqmeSi arsebobs Tu ara arbitraJis ganxilvis sagani da
uflebamosileba. arbitrebs da Tavad saarbitraJo Semadgenlobebs ufleba aqvT, ro-
gorc wesi, daidginon mxareTa SeTanxmebidan da im momentisaTvis arsebuli garemoe-
bebidan gamomdinare arsebobs Tu ara saarbitraJo davis sagani da aqvT Tu ara saarbi-
traJo uflebamosileba.
Kompetenz-kompetenz principis safuZvelze, romelic ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso saarbi-
traJo, Tanamedrove saarbitraJo statutebis da instuciuri saarbitraJo wesebis mier
aris aRiarebuli, saarbitraJo Semadgenlobas SeuZlia Tavad ganixilos Tavisi kompe-
tenciisa da gansjadobis sakiTxi. miuxedavad, amisa sasamarTloebs aqvT saarbitraJo
gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvis, maT Soris saarbitraJo kompetenciis ganxilvis, ufleba.
arbitraJis uflebamosileba gansaxilveli davis saganTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba
erovnul Tu saerTaSoriso doneze sxvadasxva etapze gaxdes sadavo, an gaCndes kiTxvebi
masTan dakavSirebiT. doqtor robert braineris mosazrebiT, ZiriTadad konkretuli
sakiTxi sadavo xdeba mxaris mier arbitraJis sawyis etapze, mxarem SesaZloa mimarTos
sasamarTlos arbitraJis uflebamosilebis dasadgenad xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba sakiTxi dadges Tavad saarbitraJo Semadgenlobis winaSe, da aseve, sasamarTlos
mier cnoba-aRsrulebis sakiTxis ganxilvis dros mxarem SeiZleba wamoWras konkretuli
sakiTxi.56
zRvari saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnoba-aRsrulebis sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT Zneli dasadgenia sajaro wesrigsa da saarbitraJo uflebamosilebas Soris,
radgan es ori sakiTxi xSirad gadaikveTeba. mniSvnelovania, saarbitraJo uflebamo-
silebis gansazRvrisas konkretuli normebis gamoyeneba, im normatiuli masalis, romel-
ic saSualebas miscems, rogorc sasamarTlo, ise saarbitraJo Semadgenlobas daadginos
saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis sagani da sazRvrebi. ZiriTadad sami saxis kanoni SeiZleba
miemarTebodes saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis dasadgenad:
-kanoni, romelic faravs arsebiT xelSekrulebas;
-kanoni, romelic exeba saarbitraJo SeTanxmebas;
-kanoni, romelic exeba arbitraJis wesebs (lex arbitri);57
53
iqve, 884.
George A. Bermann _ Jan mones profesori evrokavSiris samarTlis mimarTuelbT, volter gelornis samarTlis
54
profesori da saerTaSoriso komerciuli da sainvesticio arbitraJis centris direqtori kolumbiis samarT-

lis skolaSi.
55
Freimane N., Arbitrability: Problema c Issues of the Legal Term, Riga, 2012, 28. ix. citireba: Bermann, G.A., “The “Gateway~ Pro-
blem in Interna onal Commercial Arbitra on~, (2012) 37 YaleJ.Int’l L. (Yale Journal of Interna onal Law) 1, 11.
56
P.M., Witesell A.M., Paris, 2005, 273-275.
57
iqve, 275.
330
5. erovnuli sasamarTlo praqtika

TiToeuli saxelmwifo Tavad irCevs im organos, romelsac aqvs uflebamosileba ga-
nixilos saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aRsrulebis sakiTx-
ebi. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli uflebamosilebiT sargeblobs saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlo da swored, is ganixilavs mxareTa Suamdgomlobebs saerTaSoriso
saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnoba-aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT.
saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 73-e prima muxli xazs
usvams imas, rom saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gamotanili saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis
cnoba-aRsruleba xdeba ~arbitraJis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT. miuxedavad konkret-
uli Canawerisa, saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnoba-aRsrulebasTan da-
kavSirebuli mxaris Suamdgomlobis ganxilva saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi xSirad
mimdinareobs saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT maSin, roca
sasamarTlos aqvs uflebamosileba arbitraJis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis garda ix-
elmZRvanelos da Tavisi gadawyvetileba daafuZnos niu-iorkis konvencias, romelic xe-
lmowerili da ratificirebulia saqarTvelos mier 1992 wlidan.
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ucxouri saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnobi-
sa da aRsrulebisas upiratesoba unda mianiWos niu-iorkis konvenciis formulirebas, mis
àRsrulebis momxre ganwyobas~58 da sajaro wesrigi ucxouri saarbitraJo gadawyvetile-
bebis cnobisa da aRsrulebis dabrkolebad kidev ufro gansakuTrebul da iSviaT SemTx-
vevebSi gamoiyenos. aseTi midgomis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia, pirvel rigSi, `nor-
matiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT, romelic saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebas, am SemTxvevaSi niu-iorkis konvencias, upirates iuridiul Zalas aniWebs
kanonTan mimarTebaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom àrbitraJis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni adgens saqarTvelos far-
glebs gareT gamotanili saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aRsrulebis wesebs,
rodesac kanonis ena gansxvavdeba konvenciis teqstisagan, upiratesoba konvenciis teqsts
da mis miznebs unda mieniWos. amdenad, rodesac sakiTxi exeba ucxouri gadawyvetilebis
cnoba-aRsrulebas saqarTveloSi, upriania, yovelTvis gamoiyenebodes konvenciis te-
qsti, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi reJimis gamoyeneba.59
`saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnoba da aRsruleba gacilebiT ufro martivi pro-
cesia, vidre sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis cnoba da aRsruleba. saxelmwifoebis um-
ravlesoba ufro liberalurad ekideba saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aR-
srulebis sakiTxs, vidre sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa. es maSin, roca pirveli kerZo
pirebis mier aris miRebuli. meore ki _ sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebis mier. es
faqti samarTlebriv literaturaSi àrbitraJis paradoqsis~ saxiT moixsenieba.~60
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi ar aris gadawyvetileba iseT saqmeze,
romelic konkretulad dakavSirebulia saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis ar arsebobis gamo
uaris Tqmis safuZvelTan. saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aR-
srulebis Sesaxeb Suamdgomlobebis ganxilva da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miReba 2009
wlis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis Semdgom (rodesac àrbitraJis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kan-
58
baze uaris Tqmis safuZveli (qarTuli praqtikis mokle mimoxilva), Tb., 2015, 16.
59
tyemalaZe s., sajaro wesrigi~, rogorc saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Tu mis cnobasa da aRsrule-
baze uaris Tqmis safuZveli (qarTuli praqtikis mokle mimoxilva), Tb., 2015, 16-17.
60
cercvaZe g., saerTaSoriso arbitraJi, Tbilisi, 2008, 426-427, ix. citireba: Kaufmann-Kohler, G., Schultz T.; Online
dispute resolu on, Challenges for contemporary Jusitce, Interna onal arbitra on law library, Kluwer law interna onal, 2004, 216.
331
Tamar orToiZe
onSi Caiwera zemoT xsenebuli 731 muxli) bolo wlebSi mainc xdeba `saerTaSoriso kerZo
samarTlis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad da ar gamoiyeneba arc niu-iorkis
konvencia, romelic 20 welze metia ratificirebulia da arc àrbitraJis Sesaxeb~ saqa-
rTvelos kanoni.61
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCinebebi efuZneba normebs, romelic gansx-
vavdeba saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis momwesrigebeli normebisgan. ar-
bitraJis kerZo bunebidan gamomdinare mniSvnelovania misi momwesrigebeli specialuri
kanonis arseboba, romelic uSualod konkretuli intitutis da masTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis mosagvareblad aris Seqmnili.
6. daskvna
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebaTa cnoba da aRsruleba gansakuTrebuli
samarTlebrivi institutia. saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aRsrulebis ma-
regulirebeli normebisa da arsebuli praqtikis interpretacia aCvenebs damokidebule-
bas, Tu ramdenad aris konkretuli saxelmwifo momxre aRasrulos ucxouri saarbitraJo
gadawyvetilebebi.
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnoba da aRsrulebis sakiTxis ganxil-
visas, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arbitraJis cnebis Taviseburebebi, am institutis
daniSnuleba, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom is emsaxureba pirTa mier nebis Tavisufal gam-
ovlenas da maT interesebs. is aris kanonmdeblobaze dafuZnebiT Camoyalibebuli kerZo
instituti, romelic swored Tavisi kerZo da avtonomiuri bunebiT izidavs mxareebs da
ainteresebs maT.
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis cnobisa da aRsrulebis sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT, xazi unda gaesvas im faqts, rom detalebi, romelic SesaZloa gaxdes uaris
Tqmis safuZveli ex officio SeuZlia sasamarTlos ganixilos, Tumca konvenciis Tanaxmad
ar aris savaldebulo sasamarTlos mxridan uaris Tqmis safuZvlebis wamoWra. Tu ganix-
ileba saarbitraJo uflebamosilebis armqone davis sagnis arseboba, am SemTxvevaSi unda
moxdes konvenciis viwrod gamoyeneba, magaliTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia aSS-s perspeqtiva,
romelic calsaxad pativs scems mxareTa Tavisufali nebis gamovlenas da aZlevs sa-
Sualebas Tavad gadawyviton maT Soris arsebuli davis mogvarebis gza.
evropuli modeli marTalia saxelmwifos mier SemuSavebuli normebis safuZvelze
moqmedebs, magram swored am perspeqtivis gamoyenebisas ikargeba saarbitraJo uflebamo-
silebis subieqturi aRqma. mxarem SesaZloa veRar gamoavlinos Tavisi Tavisufali neba,
da molodinisamebr veRar isargeblos kerZo institutis efeqturobiT.
sasamarTloebma maqsimalurad unda gaiTvaliswinon konvenciis miznebi, rac gamoix-
ateba imaSi, rom cnoba-aRsrulebis Sesaxeb Suamdgomlobebi ar ganixilebodes farTod
da Semowmdes viwro CarCoebSi. amitom, praqtikis ganviTarebisTvis, gonivruli iqneba
sasamarTlom aqtiurad gamoiyenos àrbitraJis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 73-e prima
muxli. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo gadawyvetileba
unda cnos da aRasrulos saerTaSoriso da erovnuli normebis Sesabamisad.
Tanamedrove samyaros ganviTarebasTan erTad, unda Seicvalos midgomebi arbitra-
JTan dakavSirebiT da moxdes misTvis aucilebeli `Tavisuflebis~ miniWeba.
61
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi: a-3101-S-81-2018, a-2196-S-59-2017, a-2075-S-56-2017,
a-693-S-21-2017, a-1648-S-39-2016 da sxvebi;
332
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kerZo samarTlis mimoxilva

Tanamedrove kerZo samarTlis instituti

TinaTin wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti

samecniero sabWo: SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL:

lado Wanturia (prof., Tsu) Lado Chanturia (Prof., TSU)

naTia CitaSvili (asoc. prof., Tsu) Na a Chitashvili (Assoc. Prof., TSU)

sergi jorbenaZe (asist., Tsu) Sergi Jorbenadze (Assist., TSU)

saredaqcio sabWo: EDITORIAL COUNCIL:

giorgi wamalaiZe Giorgi Tsamalaidze

inglisuri teqstis redaqtori: ENGLISH TEXT EDITOR:

ani marjaniZe Ani Marjanidze

INSTITUTE OF MODERN PRIVATE LAW

TINATIN TSERETELI INSTITUTE OF STATE AND LAW

daibeWda gamomcemloba `meridianSi~, 2019

Printed at “Meridiani” Publishing House, 2019

Jurnalis mTavari redaqtorebi madlobas uxdian `korZaZis saadvokato biuros~ mxar-

mTavari redaqtorebisgan (besarion zoiZe, Tamar zarandia, marika dumbaZe)

I. mTavari Tema - evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis gavlena qarTul kerZo samarTalze

I. MAIN TOPIC - INFLUENCE OF THE EU ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT ON GEORGIAN PRIVATE LAW

SromiT urTierTobebSi dekretuli Svebulebis gamoyenebis Tavisebureba da asocirebis

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis samarTlebrivi regulirebis mimoxilva distanciur da

evrokavSirSi samuSao drois organizebasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi aspeqtebi da qarTu-

eleqtronuli komercia _ Tanamedroveobis gamowveva kerZo samarTalSi

sawarmos sruli an nawilobrivi gadacemisas dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis garantiebi

distanciuri formiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis dros momxmarebelTa uflebebi da maTi

evropuli kavSiris direqtiviT regulirebuli SromiTi urTierTobis koleqtiurad

ana maisaSvili, Tamar papasqiri

civilistebis didi moZRvari

Besarion Zoidze (Prof., TSU)

evrokavSirTan asocirebis SeTanxmebis ZiriTadi gamowvevebi

2. evropul samarTalTan harmonizacia damoukideblobis

sakuTrebuli mozRvavebiT, magram dasavleTisaken mimavali gza gamokveTilia. samarTal-

3. samoqalaqo kodeqsis miReba - gza evropisaken

ara romelime garegani valdebulebis Sesrulebas. samoqalaqo kodeqsi qarTveli xalxis

doqtrina erTmaneTisagan mijnavs mcire (substanciur) da did (funqciur) sakuTrebas5.

4. kapitalis Tavisufali moZraoba

fasian qaRaldebs7. kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis moqmedebis teritorias miekuT-

adac ar xdis zedmetad inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis calke gamoyofas da mis

faqtorad. am saxis konkurencia gamoricxavs antikonkurenciul biznes qmedebebsa da

axdens wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris vaWrobaze15. kartelisagan gansxvavebiT, dominanturi

7. SromiTi uflebebis dacva

rigSi gamovlinda saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principis moqmedebaSi. damsaqmebel-

mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Sevida cvlilebebi, ramac moicva diskrimi-

8. momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva

direqtivasTan sruli harmonizacia. swored es direqtivebia mkvlevarTa gansakuTrebu-

Marika Dumbadze (LL.M, TSU)

PECULIARITIES OF USING THE MATERNITY LEAVE IN LABOUR RELATIONS AND ITS

SromiT urTierTobebSi dekretuli Svebulebis gamoyenebis

vams saqarTvelos, rogorc socialuri saxelmwifos arss, romlis erT-erTi umTavresi

Zalian bevr problemas warmoSobs praqtikaSi. calkeuli sakiTxebi, romelTa mowesrigeba

2. dekretuli Svebulebis mniSvneloba SromiT urTierTobaSi

iTa da xarisxiT dakavSirebulia dasaqmebasTan.19 damsaqmeblis dominantoba da dasaqme-

3. dekretul SvebulebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis SromiTi

4. asocirebis SeTanxmebis gavlena Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi

periodic, romlis dacvis TvalsazrisiT kanonmdebels gansakuTrebuli misia akisria.

5. dekretuli Svebulebis arsi da misi mimarTeba yovelwliur

ambobs SvebulebiT sargeblobaze (ar iyenebs am uflebas) es misi nebis Tavisuflebis

6. Svebuleba orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo