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'C"'""",', 0"'< U'<',',' :'R :'" : 1", :'E".'.. : R''",, LJ iiiiY

.'\"'..')."..'
PUBLICATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION
....."'.'

Volume I.-No. 1 19, Avenue KLEBER-PARIS16e'FEBRUARY 1941f

.',

Conference Sets Programme

. Of< d. <'.

"""1""""" 1948

°UIiESCO MONTH'"ATTRACTS,'T"OUSANDS :

OF VISITORS'TO MEXICAN'CAPITAL

SOURING à month marked by physical strife and bitter verbal ex-

- *-'changes throughout. much of the world. Mexico City was host to
one of the most important ef : orts
for peace and international under-
standing sinee the war : the Second Session of the Unesco Genera. 1
Conference.'
Delegates from forty member
The school was built to hose
states. and official observers. from nearly 12.000 students, and included
scores of international groups at- libraries,'museums, gymnasium. and
tended the Conference at which industrial training workshops. It
Unesco's activities during 1947 were was, to all observers, symbolic of
appraised and a world programme Mexico's great effort to mOdernise
of action was formulated for 1948. and strengthen its educational
The meetings were held at the system.
"Escuela Nacional de Maestros"on The, opening session of the Con-
the outskirts of Mexico City, an ference wa : s-"held in the resplendent
ultra-modern, highly functional "Palacio de Bellas Artes" in th
structure which was completed on hears of. Mexico City. More tan
the eve of the opening session. 2,500 delegates, observers, members
Nearly three thousand Mexican of the Unesco Secretariat and vi-
workmen and artisans laboured 'sitors'heard President Miguel Ale-
throughout the night of November 'man of Mexico welcome the Con-
5 :.tof prepare
! the school for use as ference, and sound a solemn note
the site of an international con- of warning which was the keynote
ference. the month-ong meetings.
- "We are me"he d"clared,"at
a crucial moment for humanity."
The Teachers'Normal School, M MARtTAIN President Aleman urged the assem-
bled delegates to strive for the
ways the seat> of Unesco's 1947
Genera ! Conference. The school creation of a"mind for peace"as
CALLS FOR UNITY
is one of the largest and most an'antidote to the tensions which
modern buildings in Mexico. are a stumbling block to interna-
Dr Huxley Pays Tribúte .. I, The
(printed text
in the of the Unesco column)
adjoining Appeal tional cooperation,,"I consider
the work of Unesco in the field
was placed before the General of Education, Science and Culture
To. Our Readers , <- Conference by the President of to be on the way to developing and
the IFrench Delegation, M. Jacques strengthening the moral"spirit of
to mexico With'this.'issue we begin, Marltain. It is based upon the
the publication of unesco
, Courier, a periodical design- principles expounded at the begin- peace must rest."
At the close of the Second Ge- parts of their country. This has , ed to inform the pUblic of ning of the Conference, by the
(Continued
thy. world, on Page,
on which the 7.)
love or
neral Conference of Unesco I feel been a powerful stimulus to those famous French philosopher, who
the activities of the Special-
I must express my very deep satis- of us who seek to spread them to declared :
ised'Agency of tlie United
faction and also my regret : satis- the remotest corners of the earth. "We mett at a particularly crave
Nations for'Ed u ca ti 0 n. moment tn the world's history. In face Unesco Appeal
faction at the results achieved, due Science l ! n, d Culture. of tnternatienat tension and growins
It has been an honour for me
in large measure to the congenial antagonism ; the, danger of which it would , W àr. not Inevitabw'
and for all of us to have as the The Unesco Monitor MtH
atmosphere surrounding the Confe- President of the Conference he vain to underestimate,vast sectionsof
Licen- henoeforth be. resèrved for pubtic opinion risk abandoning themsetves
rence, and regret at leaving this ciado Don Manuel , the, pUblication of official A solemn appeal was address-
Gual Vidal, the to the idea ef the inevitability of war".
unique country-with its wonderful "What makes Unesco's task seem at ed by the Unesco Conference to
Minister of Public Education of texas, resolutions and pro-
climate and scenery, and remar- firstparadoxical is that it presupposes" "all those. concerned with the
the Mexican Government, who has ceedings of the Organisation, unity of thought among men whose
kable, above all, for the character dignity of man and the future
spared no effort-to ensure the suc- This first issue of Unesco conceptions,are different and even op
of the young race which inhabits
cess of the meting. posed However deew we BO there is no of civilisation"to combat the
Courier is devoted entirely.
it-a melting pot in which two old lager any common basis for speculatlvp forces which"threaten a just
to the work of the recent thought. In these conditions is unity of and lasting peace" ;,.
and vigorous cultures have been We shall never forget the ge-
General Conference of, Un- thought conceivable ?'" \
fused. nerous hospitality of the Govern- This cnity is possiMe, answered M Voted by acclamation and en-
esco"held in Mexico City Marltaln, because Unesco's ends are prat. dorsed by delegates from forty
We have found an inspiration ment or our warm welcome from
the whole people. between November 6 and tical ones:"Agreement may stillresult
nations ; the resolution reads :
and an example to follow in the December 3. 1947. and the spontaneeusty, not from a common spa-
culative philosophy but from a common The representatives of Educa-
spectacle of a country which, in Neither can I omit to mention program-ne'adopted for practical philosophy. This is enough tut tion. Science and Culture, meet-
the midst of a troubled word. has the valuable co-operation given us 1948.' launch a great enterprise".
ing together at Mexico City at
preserved its serenity and has done by the Mexican press. I think I am
more than any other in launching not mistaken in saying'that the , I the Unesco General Conference :
AWARE of the responsibilities
à vast campaign against illiteràcy, whole press of the country was
,aimed at developing strong and interested in our work, as well as imposed upon them by the
Constitution of the Organisa-
healthy minds in men who to- a large group of foreign correspon-
tion to further universal respect
morrow will be the defenders of dents, representing the principal
for justice, for the rule of law,
peace. .newspapers of the world. The work Highlights of Projects
for human rights, and the
The Conference held in Mexico done by the correspondents
< of the,
fudamental freedoms of the
Mexican papers has been a help and Budget for 2nd y erl
City has demonstrated clearly the peoples of the wortd, without
benefits to be derived from the idea for
j which Unesco can never be
distinction of race, sex, language
that Unesco should come into direct I sufficiently grateful. or religion ;
Thee Second Session of Unesco's budget. This innovation enabled
contact with all different cultures. CONCERNED at the dangers
We have laid here the founda- General'Conference was the first the working parties and the Pro-
In the past month we have seen tions
I of a new spirit of universal to permit a. review of progress gramme to peace resulting from currents
and Budget Commission
,that what might be considered of thought conducive to the
co-operation, which constitutes a made by the Organisation. It lWas to draft their projects within the
visionary is reality. We have seen guarantee
! of peace ; and in clasping the first opportunity for Unesco budgetary limits designated. The idea that another war is inevi-
living together
country, in the
united by yoursame
beautiful 1]
ideal, the hand of the intellectuals of to weigh its development with the final budget, as ultimately adopt- table :
Mexico we have shared with them measure of actual experience. ed by the plenary session of the TROUBLED by the indiffer-
men and women of different races, I the grave responsibility for watch-
It was also the first Unesco Conference, was $7,682,- ence, resignation and even calm
fixed at
cultures, languages, ideologies and j ing over the world we hope to build 637. acceptance which such currents
Conference to be held away from
religions, all working together for future generation. of thought meet in certain sec-
the headquarters in Paris, which The 1948 Unesco programme,
towards a common goal. And this, tions of public opinion ;
And so, as we take our teave we fact gave rise to many complex
it must be fully recognised, has subject of detailed study and dis- address a solemn appear to all
been made possible largely by the C cannot say goodbye, for we carry and delicate, problems. At the cussion at the Conference, was who are concerned for the dign-
unbounded generosity of the Mexi- : same time, the Conference-dedi- divided into six. main chapters.
away with us the conviction that ity of Man and the future of
can Government and people. Mexico lives side by side with the cated-to strengthening the forces These, with the sums for each are civilisation, particularly educa-
For the moment I am not' rest of the world and that the of peace-convened during inter- as follows :
tionalists:, scientists, artists,
national conditions which were.
speaking of all the material faci- Englishman, the Chinese, the La-
Reconstruction............'$614, 141 writer and journalists through-
lities provided for us, including-the banese,
I the Pole, the Australian, to say the least, very troubled. Communication............ $1. 714,722 out the world ;
Any fears or unhappy anticipa-
splendid building put at our dis-isimply because they are men of Education..... ........... $854, 551 adjure them to denounce the
tions'were dispelled, however, by
posal for the Conference head-I goodwill, are, giving reality to the Cultural Interchange... $530.237 pernicious idea that war is
ideals pursued by Mexico, which the great goodwill, the willing-
quarters, but of the arduous prell- Social and Human Re- inevitable ;
ness for hard work and the
minary work carried out by His :are the ideals of all rightminded lations..................... $327,236 to act as the mouthpiece of
earnest and continuous desire to
Excellency the President, Licenciado] peoples of the world. Natural Sciences......... $918. 926 the conscience of the nations,
Miguel Aleman, thanks to which' co-operate which were manifest
refusing collective suicide ;
'nearly all Latin America, has been during the meeting. These allocations total $4,959,- to combat, by every means in
represented in this. Assemb : y; and The 1948 budget was among the 813 for 1948, leaving something their power, surrender to fear
of the example I spoke of a mo- first items on the Conference over two million dollars for ad- and every form of thought or
ment ago of those people who are agenda. fur this year, a ceiling ministrative purposes, for the next action which may threaten a
doing so much to carry education of eight million dollars was plac- session of the General Conference,
just and lasting peace.
and culture to the most inaccessible ed initially on the overall Unesco (Continued on Page 8. þ
 ! UNES CO COU RIER

,'

National Commission : s
NATURAL SCIENCES

to Play Big Role

PRACTICAL STEPS FOR INTERNATIONAL
,' y g
CO OPERATION AMONG SCIENTISTS

UNESCO, CONFERENCE AGREES

..
I. t'
The Importance of international co-operation in the natural At its Second Session, the General Conference concentrated its
sciences, pure and applied, both as an essential element in an inte- attention in the field of External Relations on the following six
grated world civilisation, and as an immediate factor for peace, was What Is the Hylean questions of primary importance :
given great emphasis by Unesco's General Conference. The suc- I.-Development of National contribute to the democratic re-
cesses already achieved in the natural sciences during 1947 serve as a
Amazon ? Commissions and National orientation of their educational and
firm foundation for continued and _
established international labora- cultural life.
expanded.. activities in 1948, Co-operating Bodies
More than 7 million squa . III.-Regional Centres
tories and the maintenance of
The Field Science kilometres comprise the Hylean Special efforts will be made in
stockrooms of special materials and
Amazon, in a region of great- 1948 to encourage the establishment The possibility of setting up
Co-operation Offices System biological specimens.
forests. (the world Hylean- of National Commissions or Co- Uneseo Regional Centres was the
A system of Field Science Co-
from the Greek, Hyle-ignifies operating Bodies in, countries where, subject of long discussions during
operation Offices was put into Popularisation of Science
fores, wood) of virtually un- they do.not yet exist, and to stimu- the Mexico Conference.
operation in 1947. The aim of these During 1948, in-co-operation late their development in countries The Latin American, Indian,
tapped natural resources,
offices is to link together in, every with appropriate international Chinese and Middle East dele-
where they were established in 1947. I
possible way the scientists and organisations, a report on the During 1948 it is expected that gations showed keen interest in this
technologists of the countries less popularising all necessary steps for bringing The Conference was unanimous :
work of existing project. The Cuban delegation
in emphasising that National Com-
advanced in modern science and national organisations will be pre- the Institute into being will be
generously offered to place at
technology, with their colleagues in pared missions were of vital importance :
and circulated to Member accomplished. Unesco will pre- Unesco's disposal the offices re-
the more highly developed'coun- States in order to encourage the to the success of Unesco.
pare a draft convention for quired for the establishment of a
tries to facilitate international co- establishment of organisations for submission to the Member Sta- In additipn to the role of consul-
Regional Centre in Havana, ant ;
operation in science. During 1948 this purpose in countries not pos- . teswhich will partake in the tative and liaison bodies assigned in addition, a sum of $10,000.
the highest priority has been plac- sessing them. Steps will also be permanent operation of the to them by Unesco's Constitution, Because of the complex adminis-
ed on the maintenance of offices taken to stimulate th : preparation Institute, and to international the National Commissions should
trative. and financial problems
now functioning in the Middle and exchange, by various agencies, organisations interested in its become working organs and play,
involved in the creation of Regional
Eas.t, Far East and Latin America of material that wi'l contribute to field of work. While final forma- an active part in the execution of
Centres, and because of the doubts,
and on the establishement of a new the popularisation of science. tion of the Institute is being Unesco's programme. It is only in
as to the timeliness of this step
office in South Asia. :
completed
Unesco is prepared to this, way that Unesco's aims can
In the popularisation of. the expressed by certain delegations,
devote $55,000 toward the car- be achieved.-
By social and international implica- which considered it premature, the
tions of science, the primary prob- rying. out f broad surveys of In order to ensure this develop- General Conference made no finial
the Hylean Amazon in anthro- ment, Unesco will give assistance, decision ; it instructed the Executive
lem is the correct evaluation of
Dr. Joseph Needham pology, soil science and biology ; at their request, to Member States Board to make a further study of
implications, usually in the face of
co-ordinate the activities of the who are setting up National Com- the question, after consulting the
The office in Latin America will very complex situations. The
Latin-America, Field Station missions. Programmes of work United Nations'and other Specia-
be closely co-ordinated with the achievement of the objectives of
with the project, and prepare suited to the possibilities and tra- lised Agencies on their intentions
project of the International Insti- the United Nations and of its
the basis of co-operative effort ditions of each Member State will in the matter.
tute of the Hylean Amazon. A panel specialised agencies depends to a
with other institutions interested be drawn up for individual National
of Latin America experts is to considerable extent on a knowledge
in this and similar areas of the IV.-Co-operatlon with
be convened to advise on the best of the international significance of Commissions. Close contact will be
globe. maintained both between the head- Non-Member States'
ways in which the development of a mass of scientific and tech-
science in Latin\ America can be nological developments-not only of quarters of the Organisation and In order to ensure the widest possi-
A Conference for the esta- the National Commissions and belt-1
assisted in the futur. e. recent key discoveries and inven- ble participation in Unesco's surveys,
blishment of the Institute will be
. The Middle East office has been tions, but also of those that have ween the Commissions themselves. conferences and other activities,re-
held in peru and Brazil in the
most successful and has rendered accumulated over the last several With a view to-strengthening these presentatives of non-Member States
spring. In 1947 the Brazilian contacts, news about the Commis-
useful services to scientists in this decades. may-be in'9ited to co-oiJerate when-
Governm in collaboration sion's activities will be published ever their participation appears de-
area including Alexandria. Cairo.
In 1948. Unesco will promote basic with Unesco"" ;' calleda conference
Teheran and Baghdad. regularly. sirable and possible.
research on the social relations of on the Hylean Amazon project
The Far East Office, which at A conference for exchange of As in the past, states which
science through its fellowship pro- at Belem do Para which was at-
present serves China and the Phi- information between the represen- belong to the United Nations, but
gramme and other available means. tented by representatives from
lippines, is taking over UNRRA's tatives of the different National not : to Unesco, will be invited to
It will request all Member States, ten countries. These countries
engineering education programme Commissions and of Unesco will be. send observers to the sessions of the
National Commissions and Co- were Bpazil, Bolivia, Columbia,
in China which involves super- held at the time of the next Ses- General Conference.
operating Bodies to initiate Ecuador, British, French and
vision of the distribution of sion of the General Conference. At present, there are 57 M. ember
throughout each country group Dutch Guiana, Peru, Venezuela
2,000,000 U. S. dollars worth of discussions States in the United Nations.
and debates on the and the United States. In addi-
II.-Relations with Germany Forty countries are members of
engineering equipment to Engi- social and international implica- tion there were delegates from
Unesco.
'neering colleges. tions of a scientific subject to be the Inter-American Institute of and Japan
The'àouth Asia office will serve V... :..- Relations with
proposed by Unesco. The results Tropical Agriculture, the Pan- The General Conference instruc-
Burma, Siam, Indonesia as well as of these discussions will be analys- American Sanitary Bureau, the ted the Director-General-to study, the United Nations and its
India and, it is expected, will Pan-American Union, the Inter-
ed and given the widest distribu- in consultation with the Allied
receive the same enthusiastic sup- national Labour Office, the Food Specialised Agencies
tion possible. Occupation Authorities, the possi-
port accorded to the other offices and Agricultural Organisation The Conference',.. unanimous]y
During the year steps will be con- bility of extending
Unesco's programme, theonbenefits
an expe-of, stressed the importance of close
"already established. and the World Health Organi-
tinued toward the ultimate prepara-
sation Interim Commission. friendly co-operation between Unes-
Aid to International tion by suitable scholars) of books rimental basis, to Germany and ;
co and the United Nations in ac-
Scientific Organisations which will provide, for the gen- , Japan,) n so far as it is likely to, cordance with the agreement bet-
- erl and specialist reader, a wider
This'is the second of the two ween the two organisations.
understanding of. the scientific and All steps will be taken to secure
main'pillars of tile programme. If
cultural aspects of the history of Dr. Walker Elected Chairman close co-ordination with the United
the first pillar, the Field Science
Co-oneration Offices. are the Mis- mankind, of the mutual inter- Nations in matters of financial and
, sions. the international scientific dependence of copies and cultures
of Executive Board budgetary administration as well
and of their, contributions to the as in the varied field of program-
and technological organisations are
common heritage. The Executive Board of Unesco, (India) and Professor All Sommer-
the Church. Since scientific know- ming.
"
which held its fourth and fifth felt (Norway) vice-chairmen. In
ledge is inherently international The Conference expressed its sa-
Emergency Aid sessions at Mexico City in Novem- addition, the members of the five tisfaction with the agreements,
and the accumulation of new know-
ber and December, is a novel permanent committees were nam-
ledge is tremendously aided by To-day, thousands of scientific rec. tently
concluded between Unesco
experiment in international under- ed. The programme, of meetings for
international co-operation, scientists workers in devastated countries are and the International Labour Orga-
standing. including as it does eigh- 1948 was tentatively scheduled for nisation and between Unesco and
are particularly. well fitted to de- still out of action for lack of the
monstrate how people of all coun- teen members. each drawn from a the months of February, May and
simplest chemicals and apparatus. the Food and Agriculture Organi-
As far as Unesco's own funds different country, representing dif- September. sation. It Instructed the Director-
tries can worn together on con-
ferent cultural regions.
crete problems. To extend and and funds from outside sources General to develop effective co-
maintain the effectiveness of inter- permit, every assistance will be These members are appointed, ordination with the other Specia-
national non-governmental scien- given to bring about scientific re- however, not as governmental repre- lised Agencies, whose interests and
tific ol'2'anisations alreadv in exis- construction. and rehabilitation. sentatives but as individuals, who activities are related to Unesco's
tence. grants-in-'jd and other are elected by the General Con- purposes. In particular, the Prepa-
The orld Liaison Centre ference for their competence m
similar forms of assistance will he ratory Commission of the Interna-
For Science the fields of education, science ann, tional Refugee Organisation will be
gives during 1948
Attention will be especially direct- Preparations were initiated in culture. The-terms of office are contacted with a view to including
1947 and will be continued in 1948 three years, and members are im- Displaced Persons in Uneseo's ap-
ed toward encouraging the creation
of suitable organisations of scien- for setting up anC operating a mediately re-eligible for election ; peals for assistance to war-devas-
tists in the apulied fields of en. Scientific Apparatus Information six vacancies are created annually. tated (Countries.
2sneering, agriculture and medicine Bureau for assisting experimen- The-fourth session which met
VI.-Relations with other
where they do not already exist. talists in devastated countries, just before the opening. of the
since in pure science there is the those in regions served by the Field General Conference in Mexico Organisations
International Council of Scientij : icScience Co-operation Offices and, reviewed the final arrangements The Conference decided to pro-
Unions. which, together with the in special cases, in countries with for the organisation of the Confer- Dr. E. R. Walker (lefts, succeeds. pose to the International Bureau
Unions it federates, has of a high degree of active scientific
proven ence, and studied the possible sites M. V. Dore (centre), as Chairman of Education that the agreement
of Unesco's Executive Board. Right : providing for technical co-operation
great effectiveness. As in the Dure research. This Bureau'will also for the next General Session, which
Dr. Walter H. C. Laves, Deputy
sciences, the engineering sciences make contributions, in co-operation is scheduled to be held ic Beirut, with this organisation in the field
with other'international bodies, Director-General of Unesco. of education should be renewed.
are the sole responsibility of Unesco Lebanon. In addition, certain other
among the Specialized Agencies of toward the standardisation and administrative questions were con- The agreements concluded with
the'United Nations. rationalisation of experimental and sidered. Executive Board the International Council of Scien-
In the fields of agricultural and teaching apparatus. The fifth session of'ne Board tific Unions and the International
Members
medical sciences Unesco will con- Unesco has accepted the invita- followed the election by the Gen- Studies Conference will also remain
eral Conference of three new mem- Dr. Edward R. Walker (Austra- in force.
tinue to work in close co-operation tion of the Economic and Social
bers : Dr. Stanislaw Arnold of lia)-chairman. A new policy was adopted gov-
on problems of common interest Council of the United Nations to
Sir Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (In-
with the Food and Agriculture Poland and Dr. Benjamin Carrion erning relations between Unesco
participate in the preparations for, dia)-vice-chairman.
and deliberations of, the Scientific of Ecuador, replacing respectively Professor All Sommerfelt (Norway) and International Non-Governmen-
Organisation CFAO) and the World
Health Organisation Interim Com- Conference on the Conservation Dr Marian Falski of Poland and - vice-chairman. tal Organisations dealing with ques-
, mission (WHOIC). in particular, and Utilisation of Resources Professor H. R.-Kruyt of the Nether- Dr. Stanilaw Arnold (Poland). tions falling within Uneseo's field
schedtded to be held in 1949 lands, whose terms of office had M. Pierre Auger (France). of interest. Consultative arrange-
the World Health Organisation
Interim Commission has been ask- Related to this forthcoming con- expired, and Dr. George Stoddard, Professor Paulo Carneiro (Brazil). ments will be made with certain
who was elected to complete the Dr. Benjamin Carrion (Ecuador). of these organisations to ensure
ed for full co-operation with Unes- ference will be Unesco's preparation
Professor Chen Yuan (China).
co's efforts to establish a Perma- during 1948 for convening in 1949 term of the Honorable Archibald their participation in Unesco's acti-
H. E. Victor Dore (Canada).
nent Co-ordinating Bureau of an International Conference on thP MacLeish. who had resigned.'Four M. Resat Nuri Guntekin (Turkey). vities, where appropriate, and their
Medical Sciences Organisations. Protection of Nature. members were re-elected : Dr. Chen H. E. Dr. Manuel Martinez Baez representation by Dbservers at the
A sum of $240,000 has been allo- In 1948 UNes. co plans to convene a Yuan (China), His Excellency Dr. (Mexico). sessions of the General Conference.
cated for assistance in the form of conference in Paris to consider the Martinez Baez (Mexico), Sir John Sir John Maud (United Kingdom). It is planned to set up, under
of Maud (United Kingdom), and Dr. Dr. Jan Opocensky (Czechoslovakia) Unesco's auspices, Consultative
grants-in-aid to scientific organisa- establishment and maintenance
H. E. Dr. C. Parra Perez (Vene- Committees, grouping together In-
tions to cover transportation of high altitude research stations for E.R. Walker (Australia).
zuela). ternational Non-Governmental Or-
. outstanding scientists to interna- the study of the effects of high The officers of the Executive
Professor Alex Photiades (Greece).
tional conferences. the publication attitudes on life and of physical Board for the coming year will be : ganisations working in the sam
H. E. Shafik Ghorbal Bey (Egypt).
of invaluable reports and journals, phenomena observable only at high Dr. E. R. Walker (Australia) chair- Dr. George D. Stoddard (U. S.A.). field (such as students and women'tut
and to assist in the operation of altitudes. man ; Sir SarvapaíÎi Raàhakrlshnan M. Louts Verniers (Belgium). organisations).
 UNESCO COURIER 3

"Free Flow
Surveys in

of Ideas
Mass Media

Debated Broadened

Delegates Express Views at Press, Radio. Film Needs

W'orking Party Meetings Oaf new Member States

on Mass Communications To Be Studied

During 1947, Unesco carried out

'lively debate marked the discus- a survey in'twelve war-devastated
sions on the"Free Flaw of Informa- countries on technical needs in
tion"during the meetings of the press, radio and films. Ten surveys
Working Party on Mass Communi- were made in Europe and included
cations at the Unesco General Con-
Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece,
ference recently held in Mexico
Luxembourg, Norway, the Nether-
City. The discussions were centered lands, Poland, Czechoslovakia and
around varying points of view Yugoslavia. Two surveys were also
characteristic of the state of the carried out in the Far Eastern
world today. countries of China and the Philip-
Dr. Adolf Hoffmeister of Cze- pines. The information thus ob-
choslovakia criticised the principles tained will permit an estimate of
of classical liberalism. He asserted the amount of assistance that
that unrestricted competition in the should be given to these countries.
field of mass communications was The Conference charged Unesco
a. danger to existing cultures I with promoting the re-building
especially for those cultures with' of the means of mass media in
.-------
relatively meagre financial and the twelve countries indicated above.
Left to right : Mr. A. S ! onimsM of Poland ; Mr. R. Calder and Mr. J.B. Priestley of the United Kingdom,
technical resources. In addition, the Second General
three members of the Working P arty on Mass communications at the General Conference who
Dr. Hoffmeiste1'further de- Conference voted :tha
this survey
helped formulate Unesco'jI challen ging programme for 1918 in the fie ldof radio, films and the press.
nounced the evils of irresponsible should be continued and extended

information, subservient to com- during 1948, not only to the war-

devastated nations but to those
mercial interests, particularly in the
United States, which he described countries which lack the necessary
as eager for sensational and vulgar technical facilities essential for

reports to the detriment of truth, press, radio and film work.

culture and peace. Although a complete list of the
Production Unit Planned countries to be surveyed in 1948 has
Mr. Antoni Slonimski of Poland
not as yet been definitely establish-
expressed
and a
sharply similar
attacked point of view
certain sec- ed, it is possible to state that
Unesco will carry out surveys, sub-
tions 01 the press, radio and cinema MASS MEDIA TO BE USED
ject to the approval of the govern-
in the United States.
ments concerned, in the following
Speaking for the British delega- regions :
FOR PEACE
tion, Mr. J. B. Priestley stated that (I).--Those war-devastated coun-
this question was not of primacy establishment of its own. Until that
tries not yet studied ; Albania, Aus-
FAR-REACHING measures to mo- decision is made, however, emphasis
importance to Unesco's 1948 pro- bilisé the resources of press. tria, BuJKaria, Finland, Hungary,
gramme, since it ways one of infinite radio and film for peace will be get across to the world the ideas' : will be placed on co-operation with
Italy and Roumania.
controversy, beyond the powers of undertaken by Unesco in 1948. An Unesco stands for and thus encou- , existing radio stations and efforts (II).-Member States of Unesco
Unesco to solve effectively. The impressive list of activities was rage a greater sense of cultural' to increase their programmes in the in Central and Southern America :
obstacles to the free flow of infor- planned during the) month-long , cause of peace and understanding
solidarity among peoples. The head-' Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba,
mation, he declared, stem directly Conference at Mexico City by dele- quarters of the International Ideas between nations. In this connection Ecuador, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico,
Mass Media radio specialists will
from political and economic factors gates from forty Member States. Bureau will be located in Paris, but J Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay
in the contemporary world situation sections of the unit will probably prepare
J a restricted number of
and Venezuela.
over. which an organisation such as Daring-1947, Unesco carried out be based in other countries in order high-quality J transcribed program-
(III).-Several countries in the
Unesco has no control. Unesco a Survey of Technical Needs in to facilitate productivity.' mes to be circulated for use on
Far East : India, Thailand, Burma,
should aim rather at stimulating 12 countries of Europe and the Far , national
] hook-ups. Surveys of con-
Malaya and Indonesia.
the production and dissemination East. The survey, which was pub- cepts, techniques and results obtain-
'of Information on questions of edu- BY ed in the use of radio in school
lished in September, 1947, in both
cation, science and culture. French and English, gave the first broadcasting by Member States will
also be carried out. This data will 48 Scholarships
In the face of this criticism, Mr. detailed picture of its kind of losses
and deficiencies in equipment, man- ultimately be published so as to
Lloyd Free explained the position
in the John Crierson encourage a more extensive use of
of the American delegation. Leav- power and raw materials
to be Awarded
radio as an educational instrument.
ing to others the task of adjudging press, film and radio industries. In
view of the success of this first In the development of its film
the merits and the deficiencies or Four key themes of world signi-
the errors of American information study, Unesco will extend its in- programme Unescb will promote the War-Hit Nations
ficance within the field of Unesco's
organs, Mr. Free categorically quiries in 1948 to Central and South interest will be mapped'out production of a series of documen-
during
denied allegations that the United America, to India, Burma, Malaya, tary film dealing with the achieve- RESOLUTION
1948. Each theme will then be
ments of a selected number of in- conference on ofthethe General
Internatio-
States were, consciously or un- Thailand, Indonesia and the new
tackled by top-notch writers and nal Exchange of. Persons stressed
Member States in Europe (Italy, dividual nations as well as subjects
consciously, embarked on a plan of newsmen, aided by world-famous the role of Unesco as a clearing-
"cultural imperialism"for either Austria, Hungary and Switzerland). concerning whole groups of nations. house of information and analysis
authors, specially engaged for the These documentaries, of an educa- on all international educational in-
political or economic purposes. The
Furthermore, Unesco will launch occasion, who will produce a series tional. scientific and cultural Ma-
free flow of information, the Amer- terchange-governmental or private
a world-wide appeal during the of highly readable articles, stories ture, will be produced by the co- - and instructed the Secretariat to
ican delegate declared, is not a
coming year ; for contributions to a and"reportages"for publication in
operative action of Unesco Member initiate enquiries with Member
one-way affair, but rather a system
special fund designed to help war- newspapers, magazines and periodi- States for national and interna- States on the international, move-
of reciprocal interchange on a basis cals throughout the world. ment of persons for educational
devastated countries rebuild their tional distribution.
of equality wherever possibly. The
United States, he added, was not media purposes.
The Conference urged that studies
of mass communication so Staff specialists of the cinema
Simultaneously, a squad of script
unaware of the technical drawbacks sorely hit during the last war. will also study the problem of the
writers and radio producers, sup- be made, in collaboration with
of the different countries of the In order to promote the use of ported by nationally famous artists, inexpensive production of film pro- appropriate organisations, of the
word, and for this reason had mass media towards understanding playwrights and producers, will jectors in the hope that this will barriers which impede the mter-
volunteered to play an important and co-operation among nations make available to the radio public, ultimately encourage the cheap change of persons among na-
part in Unesco's plan for aiding and disseminate more extensively feature programmes and dramatisa- manufacture of all types of equip- tions, such as lack of transport
ment used for mass communica- facilities, difficulties of currency
poorly equipped nations to rebuild the cultural wealth of the world, tions built around the same themes. excC. 1angeor restrictive laws, or re-
or develop their technical facilities.the. United Nations Educational, These programmes will be broadcast tions.
gulations of Member States. A
While admitting the need for a Scientific and Cultural Organisa- in various languages over medium,
International Press Institute study of the role of international
deeper sense of responsibility tow- tion will give high priority to the long and short wave bands. cultural conventions in promoting
ards the public by journalists and 'To strengthen ties and contact the exchange of persons was also
study of positive measures for the At the same time the film experts
newsmen, and suggesting that this reduction of obstacles to the free among journalists throughout the urged.
at Unesco will endeavour to get the The Conference authorised the
might be achieved through improv- flow of information. The obstacles world, Uneco will help the crea-
ed professional training, Mr. Free that Unesco same themes covered by newsreels grant of sufficient funds for ten
will attempt to break tion of an International Ins-
aid, treated either in documentary fellowships or equivalent expendi-
pointed out that freedom itself, down include excessive postal and titute of Press and Information. ture in travel grants"to be award-
or feature films.
nevertheless, was the crux of the télegraph charges ; high tariff walls, The Institute will facilitate ed in exceptional cases where
whole problem. Without freedom,' In addition to the joint projects exchanges of techniques and Unesc6's purposes are clearly in-
consorship, quotas, currency and
he said, neither information nor : of materials in processing of editorial volved and where no other funds
postal restrictions, to educational, envisaged for the development
.culture could exist. Freedom, he scientific and cultural materiaL Mass Media Major Themes, Unesco ideas and standards. It is hoped are available."These direct grants
added, was one of the principle are in addition to 48 fellowships
will also undertake, during the com- that the feeling of unity among
aims of Unesco, as defined in its In this, Unesco will work closely authorised by the Exeeutive Board
ing year,'separate production pro- the world's pressmen will be
on the eve'of the Mexico City
with the UN Commission on Human
Constitution, and this major obliga-' grammes in the field of radio and strengthened and that mass com- Conference,
Rights, the Sub-COmmission Óf In- films. to cover six grants to
tion culd not be evaded. munication techniques wUI be im- each of the following war-devastated
Mr. Free, undoubtedly, is not formation and of the Press, the
In the field of radio, for example, proved throughout the world States : China, Czechoslovakia, Den.
una-ware of the present difficulties Universal Postal Union, the Inter-
national. Telecommunications Union a World University of the Air is through clearing-house activities, mark, Greece, the Netherlands, Nor-
of the task. The ideal, at least, must way, the Philippines and Poland.
study grants and scholarships.
be cpnstantly kept in the minds of and other agencies engaged in scheduled for 1948. It will work in
The Second General Conference Subjects to be covered by these
similar work. close co-operation with existing
men, even if this means employing in Mexico stressed the importance fellowships are Science and Social
radio networks in Member States. Development, Cinema and Radio
limited measures arid achieving of such scholarships as a means
not in competition with them. The Education, Educational Problems of
limited progress. lnterhationalldeas Bureau for training film, radio and press War-affected
plan is to get the products of the Children, Librarian-
Several delegations attempted to
world's best brains and best talents personnel in devastated and de- ship, Educational Administration
show that a middle path was pos- Although it is important, and of and Art and Music Education. They
across to all peoples so that cultural ficiency countries. (Details
sible and that the two opposing indeed necessary, that meetings of Unesco's programme for scholar- will be for a period of six months
knowledge and progress will not be
points of view could and should science, education and cultural spe- In addition, Unesco will continue
contained within political frontiers. ships will be found elsewhere on
be considered expressions of com- cialists be organised, Unesco can this page.) to administer fellowships in colla-
In this way Frenchmen can get to
plementary rather than wholly become a truly world movement Of Unesco's overall budget for boration with accredited donor
know what the Brazilians are doing
incompatible liners of action. This only when the ordinary people in literature, music and drama, the 1948, totalling just under 7,700,000 agencies and will offer its services
middle-of-the-road view was taken take an active interest and share as requested in the planning and
Poles can get to know about the :dollars, some 900,000 dollars will be
by France (M. Joxe). Australia in its work. In this light, the crea- to the field of mass com- promotion of international fellow-
literature of India, the Italians devoted
(Mr. Dunbabin), Mexico (Sr. San- tion of a special Production Unit munications. Unesco believes that ship and study programmes.
about Canadian and U. S. science
bago de la Vega) and Canada (Mr. working with top-flight radio pro- and this is a small price to pay-a bill Priority is to be given to the
education, rather than only
Dilwaring). ducers, film producers and news- shared proportionately by its forty needs of war-devastated Member
about their political differences.
In the final analysis this com- papermen, assumes special signi- member states-to help outweigh States and to the promotion of
promise opinion prevailed and is ficance. Knbwn as the International Unesco will collaborate in the the tensions, the prejudices and opportunities for mature persons :
reflected in the balanced pro- Ideas Bureau, the production unit operation of a United Nations antipathies, and to help build in professors, artists, government of.
gramme for Mass Communications will promote special programmes. World Radio Network if the UN their place a stronger sense of ficers, expert, leaders in adult
as finally adopted by the General documentary and feature films. decides
I on its establishment. If world community among all peo- education and industrial and aged.
Conference. news stories, articles and books to ; not, Unesco is to examine the ptes. , cultural work, '
 Service, and will be ready to res- A Unesco Travelling Consultant
centre for young Haitians, com-
pond to requests for expert advice, will maintain personal contact with
prising a small clinic, a demons-
by correspondence, by analys : ngand as many as possible of the Asso- tration farm, a community centre,
commenting upon documents and ciated Projects, and visits of Liai-
library and museum and a teachers'
educational materials, by encou- son Officers or other persons from
training school. This will form an
raging an informed and active in- the Projects to Unesco's Headquar-
active nucleus from which Funda-
terest in Fundamental Education ters or to Regional Study Conferen-
mental Education will spread out-
Fundamental and by visiting Fundamental Edu- ces will be encouraged. The assis-
wards to bring literacy and a
cation projects in their own and tance of. Unesco's Bureau for the
other countries, as well as attending higher standard of living to the
Exchange of Persons will ago be
remote Valley of Marbial and,, by
national and international confe- enlisted, to promote international
rence. as Unesco's consultants and degrees, to the rest of the Republic
Education exchanges of personnel between of Haiti.
advisers.. Two meetings of the Panel Associated Projects in different
The site for a New Pilot Project
of Experts will be held in 1948. one parts of the world. This new con-
in Paris early in summer and ano- ception of Associated Projects approved by the General Confe-
was rence for 1948 has yet to be decided,
ther later in the year, probably in warmly welcomed by the Second but an invitation has been received
a South American country. General Conference.
from the Government of Peru to
It will be one of Unesco's most centre it upon the Cuzco area.
important jobs to keep workers in
Pilot Projects'
By John Bowers one part of the world in touch One Unesco Regional Study Con-
with the latest developments in ference is planned for the autumn
Four"Pilot Projects"in Funda-
other areas, and to supply them of 1948 and will probably be held
mental Education will be developed
might well alleviate, by a surplus with the most advanced technical in one of the Middle East capitals.
OE smallinboy, quarrelling with in 1948, as concentrated and con-
another the streets of Mexico production the world food shortage. advise and information. The Secre-
trolled field experiments to be car- Here, representatives with special
City, was overheard by a Brazilian tariat will therefore act as a
Instead, their fertility is being ried out at the invitation of Natio- experience in Fundamental Educa-
delegate to the Second General "clearing house"through. which an nal Governments with the guidance tion in the various countries of this
dissipated by improvident agrioul-
Conference of Unesco flinging a increasing flow of information-a
ture, leading to erosion and soil of a resident expert consultant from, region will come together for a
parting gibe at his opponent :"What two-way flow-will crs-fertilise Unesco. Basic sociological and eco- month to analyse and discuss with
sterility, while. their populations
you need is Fundamental Educa- the many enterprises in Fundamen- members of Unesco's staff artd
demand heavy importations of logical surveys will be made as a
tion !""Educacion Basica"had be- tal Education in all Unesco's Mem- foundation for a community educa- Panel tube particular problems of
foodstuffs and not infrequently
come a catch
American phrase in the Latin-
countries. ber States. this area, plans and projects for
emergency famine relief. If it can tion plan and a measure of its sub-
hep the people of these regions to A periodical Fundamental Educa-sequent success, and the latest tech- their solution and new methods,
In the Conference Hall too, it
rid themselves of endemic, disease, tion Bulletin will be published by niques of Fundamental Education, techniques and materials developed
soon became clear that Fundamen- for local use.
to improve their agriculture and to Unesco and given wide circulation including the uses of mass media
tal Education had caught the ima-
develop a balanced economy-in in Unesco's working languages, with and visual and oral aids, will be
gination of the delegates as a pro-
short, 10 live fuller and more pro- free rights of translation and dis- tried out in the field. Conclusion
ject whereby Member States would ductile lives-then Fundamental tribution. Longer and more techni- Unesco will place at the disposal
receive practical, help from Unesco A welt ! integrated programme for
Education will make a real and cal documents on every aspect of of the Projects the personal advice
in a practical and urgent task- will be cir- of experts as well as educational Fundamental Education has thus
urgently needed contribution to Fundamental Education
the task of establishing"a mini- culated in mimeographed form. The textbooks, films and film-strips. been drawn up by the Second Ge-
world recovery.
mum fundamental education for The results of these experimental neral Conference. A portmanteau
With this end in view, Unesco's part which the Panel of Experts
all their citizens." will play has already been men- resolution adopted by the delegates,,
projects will be made available in
It is with this task in view that Fundamental Education policy will
tioned ; there will also be a close detail through Unesco's Technical requires the Panel of Experts to
Unesco will seek in 1948 to link up be closely coordinated with the
work of the World Health Organi- tie-up between the Technical Infor- Information Service. examine ; and make recommenda-
,the scattered and often isolated mation service and Unesco's so- tions on, a number of subsidiary
sation and the Food and Agricul- Preparations have already been
fundamental education enterprises called"Associated"and"Pilot"Pro- made for three of these Pilot Pro- questions relevant to Fundamental
in the territories of its member sta- ture Organisation of the Un : ted
Education.
tes into a concerted world move- Nations. It is hoped that at least jects. jects in 1948, in China, British East
one practical joint undertaking All over the world interesting and Africa and Haiti. Among these are : the definition
ment.
of literacy as-a basis for valid in-
The General Conference'gave the between W. H. O.. F. A. O. and Unesco import'ant enterprises are contri- An American, with long expe- ternational statistics, the special
project a. clear field of operation, application of Fundamental Educa-
endorsing a definition of the aims tion to under-privileged groups in
and purposes of Fundamental Edu-
industrial communities, tensions
cation wherein it was laid down and barriers between ; colours
tacos
that the project should be"spe-
and creeds, the status of women
cially and immediately concerned PROGRAMME FOR 1948
and inequality of the sex-es in-Fun-,
with the less advanced regions of I'
damental Education areas, language :
the world and. with th3 under-pri-
problems in Fundamental Educa-
vileged groups in industrialísed tion as well as the place of arts
countries,. where the education pro- lienee in China, has been appointed and crafts ant, the use of. popular,
will be realised in a Fundamental buting to the Fundamental Educa-
vided falls below the essential mi- as Consultant to develop the Pilot libraries and museums in the deve-
Education"Pilot Project". tion movement.
nimum",' They include territory-wide un-
In dealing with underprivileged Project in the vicinity of Na. nking, lopment of the movement. In the
There had been a tendency,. when in conjunction with the Chinese lass five of these, the co-operation
groups in industrialised areas and dertakings like the'Chinese Mass
, the term"Fundamental Education".
with the problems of trust terri- Education Movement or, the Mexi- Mass Education Movement. of the Uneseo Sections dealing. with
was first coined, to regard'it as no In Nyasaland, after great rivalry Social Sciences, Languages, Arts,
tories Unesco will also co-operate can Cultural Missions, tribal de-
more and no less than a campaign
respectively with the ILO and the velopment schemes, such as are between several tribal districts ; the Libraries and Museums will be
against illiteraey, but it soon be- area for Unesco's Pilot Project has sought.
trusteeship Department of UN. growing up in Africa, village im-
came clear that the skills of read- A special resolution of the Ge-
provem-ent projects in India, lite- been selected, a, special grant voted
ing and writing were only of value The Fundamental Educat'on pro-
racy campaigns now being carried and the local staff appointed. A neral Conference is devoted to
as a. means to a wider end. This ject will operate in 1948 as one of research into the use of the media
out in Brazil and the South Ame- basic survey is now being carried
wider aim of Fundamental Educa-' seven priority undertakings'in
rican'countries, Teachers'Training out and a Danish Agricultural eco- of mass communications in Funda-
tioh has now been defined-"to help Unesco's Education Programme.
Schools, Medical or Agricultural nomist. with experience in the Folk mental Education.
Among the staff of men and women
met and women to live fuller and L.C. Extension schemes, or major High Schools, will go to Nyasaland It is clear that these new media
happier lives in adjustment with are included Americans, Austra-
economic development under- as Unesco's expert consultant in can play a great part as visual and
their changing environment, to lians, British, Chinese, Danish,
French and Haitians and it is takings, such as the British Over- February. The education and wel- ora}. aids to teaching, as a vehicle
develop the best elements of their Food
seas Corporation's Ground- fare side of the Tanganyika of propaganda on Fundamental
own'culture, and to achieve the hoped that a Mexican and an Arab
nuts Scheme in Tanganyika. Groundnuts Scheme already men- Education and as an educational
economic and social progress which will soon be added..
tioned will be treated as a comp3f- medium to. bridge the gap between
will enable them to take their place In 1948 Uneseo will take the ful- Associated Projects
rative experiment with the tribal the early stages of Fund, metal
in the, modern world.","Fundamen. lest possible advantage of the ser- Education and the successful com-
It is Unesco's aim to bring the development scheme in Nyasaland.
tal Education should thus be de- vices of a Panel. of Experts. A/list most significant of these scattered The Pilot Project for Haiti, pletion of adult literary teaching.
signed to provide a first step to of more than 400 persons with spe-
enterprises into a World Funda- although the first planned, has been
further education :" cial experience in Fundamental
mental Education Movement, by delayed owing to the inability of
Education has already been com-
linking them up as Associated Pro- the Haiti Government to bear the
Literacy not only Aim°° piled and invitations will shortly be jects to Unesco's network, wherever full financial burden and efforts
sent to a selected number to be- such a link is desired.
While, therefore, universal lite- come members are being made to launch the Pro- Brazil Campaign
of the Funds : rental
Each Associated Project will ap- ject as a joint enterprise between
racy will
teaching of be reading
a desirable ideal, the,
and writing is Education Panel.
point its own liaison officer to send the Ham-Government, the Specia-
This Panel will provide a world- to Unesco general and technical re- lised Agencies of U. N. (Unesco,
not the only putpose of Funda- for Literacy
wide body of experts, who will be ports and tc receive in return indi- W. H. O., and F.A. O.) and other out-
mental Education.
The work of the Mexican Cul- kept in touch with the latest de- vidual advice, and general docu- side organisations, under a Unesco
, tural Missions provided a striking velopments in Fundamental Educa- ments and material through the director. A campaign in Brazil aimed at
leaching illiterates of all ages
case in point. The who : e life of tion through Unesco's Information Technical Information Service. The plan includes a rural training to read and write has resulted in
one remote little Indian village, the establishment since the be-
which was visited by delegates from
ginning of 1947 of nearly 14,000
the Gneral-Confèrence, was being schools. This was announced by
transformed by a team of six"Fun- the'Brazilian Dire'Ctor-Generar. of'
, damental, Educators."They were
Education, Dr. Lourenço Filho,
teaching the peasants to pipe their delegate to Unesco's Second Gen-
water supply, to combat disease ;to eral Conference, at a press con-
grow better fruit and crops, to build
ference in Mexico City onNov-
weather-proof houses and make de- ember 25, who declared that it was
cent furniture, to bake better bread
largely due to Mexico's example
and to weave and sew. but had tttat Brazil embarked on its cam-
not so far taught them to read and
paign of Fundamental Education.
write. However, the foundations, of
More than 30 million cruzeiros
a village school had been laid. So
(about $1,250,000 U. S.) for this
it is with fundamental education.
special instruction have been set
Literacy teaching and the exnsion aside from a national, fund of over
and improvement of primary
120 million cruzeiros (about $5,000,-
schooling will take their place in a 000 U. S.) created by the Brazilian
wider programme of community
Government for primary education.'
education for better living. "We are receiving enormous vo-
Fundamental Education will"be
luntary support from all sections
concentrated first on the most
of the nation,"Dr, Loureneo said,
pressing, problems of each parti-
pointing out that the success of
cular community."More often than
the drive was only partly due to
not, these will be-disease and
government initiative.Figures given
poverty. Over vast regions of the
by him showed that, of the schools
globe human communities, which
established 3,000 were founded by
have scarcely risen above the civi-
industrial and commercial firms
lisation of the Iron-Age, are living
and other organisations, while
at a bare subsistence level-un-
10,540 were set up by the Federal
derhoused, underfed, and underclo-
Government in collaboration with
thed, their vitality sapped by
State authorities. The campaign
disease. Their agriculture-if such
will also be extended through com-
it can be called-consists of hifting Two international exhibitions organised by Unesco-one dealing with Libraries and Museums and
munal centres and cultural mis-
cultivation with the hand-hoe or the other with Fundamental Education and Reconstruction in Education-were shown for the first time
sions, and it is expected that the,
the wooden plough. These untold during the General Conference in Mexico City. The Fundamental Education exhibition, which is pictured number of students will exceed one
acres of potentially productive land here, stresses the great problems which must be faced in providing at least Fundamental Education for wall, million in 1948.
 EDUCATION :
,)

Three Seminars Slated

for the Coming Year

Aware of the importance of con- the work, already begun, of collating

tributions educators and teachers and disseminating information
can make to international under- likely to help achieve this end.
stranding as the condition of peace, /
delegates from forty nations, as- Problems arising in the educe-
sembled in Mexico City at the tion of war-handicapped children
General Conference of Unes- will be studied in collaboration
co, assigned top priority for 1948 to with national and international or-
a. carefully integrated educational ganisations concerned. From re9\nt,
programme. and information received from ex-
perts in different, countries, plans
Seven. major proposals, all of will be drawn up to overcome these
which will have equal priority, problems in the light of past ex-
have been approved for 1948. At perience
the outset, the Conference recom-
mended that Unesco's activities in Several Educational iss
M. : o ! in-
1S,
Fundamental Education should be cluding repiesentatives frog teach-
combined with its other educa- ers'organisations and school ex-
tional work so as'to strengthen and perts, may be sent to Member States
co-ordinate all educational activities upon request for purpose of con-
with the other, aspects of Unesco's sultation and advice on the re-or-
programme. (A special article on ganisation of educational systems,
this vial aspect Of Unesco's educCl>&gt;
particularly in war-devastated areas.
tional programme will be found One panel of the Reconstruction in
OH the oppose pane.), Education exhibition calling attention
Charter for, Youth to the help needed by war-devastated
Three international study Se- countries to rebuild their facilities.
minars will be sponsored Unesco will continue to co-operate I
by Unesco.
with other United Nations organisa- ,,
Of these three Seminars in 1948. tions in a number of projects group-
one will be sponsored jointly by ed under the general heading of
Unesco and the'United Nations, on education : Greater educational op-
the general topic of teaching about Unesco to Promote'
portunities for women ; the-role of
the United Nations and its Agen- the arts and of science in general
cies, particularly in the elementary education ; extended technical edu-
and secondary schools of Member cation and vocat ; onal guidance ;
States. Teacher and child educa- and the special problems of lan-
tion will* be discussed at other in- Reconstruction Fund
guage teaching, particularly the
ternational Seminars, in different .'
teaching of auxiliary languages in
areas of the world. The special connection with Unesco's"pilot
educational problems of Latin
projects"in Fundamental Educa-
American Member States may be tion. All these projects will be By v Dr. Bernard DrzewiesJd'
considered at a fourth Seminar ap- studied as part of the extensive
proved by the General Conference. work programme for 1948.
An extended programme, design- maximum achievement in-this will further international under-
In planning these Sessions, Unes- ed world-wide campaign
to assist and stimulate educa- for recons-
Implicit in the whole pro- stranding between the countries co-
co has the benefit of experience tional, scientific and cultural re- truction. operating in the scheme.
gramme is the principle of equa-
gained at the eminently successful lity for students and teachers alike. construction was agreed upon by The General Conference. at He, study of the multiple proo
Seminar held in 1947 at Sevres, The possibility-of an International delegates to Unesco's Second Gen- Mexico decided that Unesco would lems arising in the task of educate
particularly concerned that chil- Charter for Youth will'be studied. eral Conference for implementation immediately take on certain short- ting the post-war child, will be die.
dren in all parts of the wor. d shall This Charter will call for equality throughout Member States during. term emergency committments, de- veloped during 1948 and a suitable
1948. Committees who considered signed to afford early relief to the plan of action to combat these dif-
the draft programme recommended nations whose educational, scien- ficulties will be drawn up in coy
that Member States form National tific and cultural institutions have laboration with the various na
Committees of non-governmental suffered badly from the effects tional and international orgitnisa,
By Dr. Kuo'Yu-Shou organisations for the purpose of of total war. Among the projectS tions concerned. Experts in variou.
coordinating the tusk of rebuilding envisaged in this connection is the countries will be contacted for in
the means, of learning and culture immediate purchase, as far as funds formation and suggestions ;
in war-devastated countries. will allow, of books, educational survey made of the most significant
Unesco will continue to make material and scientific equipment. experiments already carries out
be able vividly to understand the of educational opportunity, and in-
available information on the needs Unesco's eighteen-man Executive These background reports and sta-
nature and the objectives of the cludes the principle that no youth
tistics will be analysed and user'
United Nations, Unesco delegates to should be deprived, by reason of of these countries and will provide Board will take on the added res-
as the basis for further action.
the Conference voted to co-operate financial handicap, of instruction material suitable for use in national ponsibility of advising in the alloca-
with the United Nations during the suited to his capacities. campaigns, special emphasis being tion of such supplies and material As in 1947, Unesco will aid your
placed on radio broadcasts, docu- among devastated countries. Other camps and conferences which see ! !
coming year in providing materials teachers at the Conference spoke to develop international under"
mentary films and illustrated pam- assistance will take the form or
, teachers could use. And in order
optimistically of drawing up an In- phlets. suggestions to teachers, library and standing by serving the common
to stimulate the interest of youth ternational Teachers'Charter, with-
Delegates urged that Member museum authorities, sponsors of interests of their members ano
in the work of Unesco, two com- out discrimination of race, colour, States be approaches to arrange youth camps and others in an ef- providing a more fruitful commllf !.,
petitions are to be organised in sex or religion, and applying it to
for the duty-free entry of contribut- fort to solve some of the educa- ity life.
Member States, with the help of all levels of the teaching proses, ed educational material and it was tional and cultural problems aris- The publication of the Libran,-
National Commissions.
sion. also recommended that more ade- ing from the war. Bulletin, which has world-wide cir-
A conference of leaders in Adult 'In committee and plenary meet- culation to libraries, museums, uni-
quate information be given by reci-
Education is to be held by Unesco "The Book of Needs" versities and other cultural ins
pient countries regarding the dis-
in the first six mouths of 1948. In ings alike, there was hardly a delve- tutions, and which is equally avail-
posal of money and materials con- A report based on surveys made
sponsoring this conference, Unesco gate who did not, at one time or ] able to private organisations ann,
tributed. by Unesco field workers, and state-
will capitalise on results obtained another, stress the part teachers
ments from governmental and m- the general public, will also con-
all over the world play in achiev-
through contacts during the last' T. I. C.E. R. Grows ter-governmental sources was pre- tinue as part of the publicity gives,
year with leaders of the former ing the purposes for which Unesco to this sphere** of the Reconstruc-
sented to the Conference. This
World Association for Adult Educe-' stands. The secretariat for T. I. C.
E.R. report, which is now on sale under tion and Rehabilitation programme
tion and of the projected Interna- Teacher-delegates spoke of the (Temporary International Council the title of"The Book of Needs,'
tional Federation of Workers'Edu- enormous reservoirs of goodwill jfor Educational Reconstruction) Hooks for Devastated Areas
covers fifteen European and Asiatic ,.....
'.cation Associations, and with adult that 1 were waiting to be tapped, and will continue to be furnished by countries and indicates the type"If National Book Exchange and Do
education experts in many parts or, of the results that could be achiev-1 unesco. Created in May 1947, assistance and the areas meriting tribution Centres will be establishec
the world. The 1948 conference- ed by correlating efforts now being' r.I C.E.R. now has a represeQ ; tati9nthe highest priority. After exams- and maintained by Unesco. as par'.
is being designed to canvass th ] made by teachers to help the cause () f twenty international voluntary
ing this Report, the Delegates of the drive to overcome inadequate
opportunities of increasing inter- (of peace and uhderstanding. In vot- :tgencies working for relief in the, again urged the need for immediate distribution of cultural, educational
national understanding through j
ing to continue an enquiry into the f; tricken countries. In 1948. as In action on behalf of educational re- and scientific literature between
adult educational agencies, for the status of the teaching profession 1;he year of. its formation, T. I. C. E. Rconstruction.
: The cost of this pub- countries. Unesco will also assis'
promotion of peace and seeuri-y. i in Member States, the Conference 1will work with Unesco in order to lication was borne by Unesco as these centres in negotiating for th
, ! agreed unanimously to encourage pud in the coordination of volun- part of the publicity to attract con- reduction or elimination of import
. Association of Universities 1
teachers'organisations to colla-t :ary efforts, while fully recognising tributions-of money and aterisl duties and the reduction of trains,
I
borate in drawing up a Charter t:he autonomy of co-operating as well as to enable the provision port costs for book and other edu-
The responsibilities of Univer- ( designed to. raise the professional of professionnal training for the
groups. Member States are being cational material. Member States
sities in international matters is a ! and financial status of teachers asked to maintain close liaison countries whose educational and are asked to take the lead in the
question that has aroused so) throughout the world. : vi th/this
body so as to ensure the cultural machinery has been ne- reduction of such tariffs and hau
much interest recently that dele-
glected during the past eight years. lage charges and to co-operate'n
gates to the General Conference Unesco will explore the possibi- the setting ujp of their own Centres
instructed the Unesco Secretariat
lity of launching an appeal for with all possible speed.
to-bring university leaders to- 40 MEMBER STATES OF UNESCO
funds to assist these countries in The General Conference recom
gether, to look into the p03Sibility Australia Denmark Italy Poland mended that while careful selec-
building up their media of mass
of closer co-operation between
Austria Dominican Rep. Lebanon Saudi Arabia communications. In addition, the tion should be made of all boOK
Unesco and the universities and of counsel of international financial and
Be ! gium Ecuador Liberia Switzerland periodicals passing through
developing more extensive interna- Brazil Egypt Luxembourg Syria. experts will be sought to advise on such centres, censorship in any
tional courses in the universities
Bolivia E ! Savador Mexico Turkey the feasibility of creating an"in- form would be undesirable.
themselves. The possible formation Reconstruction and rehabilitatiolJ
Canada France Netherlands U, of Sth Africa tel'Itationalloan"whreby countries
of a World Association of Univer- of the educational, scientific ana
China Greece New Zealand United Kingdom may obtain foreign currency needed
sities is envisaged for the coming for cultural reconstruction.
Colombia Haiti Norway U. S. of America cultural institutions of the war-
year, to study and report on equi- Cuba Hungary Peru Uruguay The basis of the scheme is that devastated countries is a gigantic
valence of degrees and to promote countries requiring assistance from tasi :.
Unesco's carefully gauged and
Czechoslovakia India Philippines Venezuela
education in international relation the hard currency areas in the task well integrated programme was
among universities States which have signed but not yet ratified the constitu- of rebuilding their shattered educa-. acclaimed by delegates bf forty na-
tion are : tional and cultural institutions win
Delegates to the C. Jference aisc tions who attended the Conference
indicated their desire to see an Argentina Honduras Nicaragua provide facilities in their own as a pratical measure towards forg-
improvement in textbooks and other Chile Iran Panama "soft"currency for professional ing the bonds of peace and under-
teaching materials and instructed Guatemala Iraq Yugoslavia- and cultural visitor from the standing between the nations of the
the Unesco Secretariat to continue hard currency areas. This exchange world.
 6 UNESCO COURIER

Book Coupon Scheme

Highlight of Unesco

to Be Studied in 1948
Projects for New Year

By Edward J. Carter.
(Continued from Page 1) in the field of education. A brood
the next step towards the achieve- programme has been outlined for
the work of the Executive Board,
AS becomes'increasingly
Unesco's work develops,
evidentit ment of the scheme it is proposed 1948 of education to improve inter-
Public Information, Personnel, and
that no programme can work in to convene a small committee of
other activities not directly con- national understanding.
isolation from the others. This is experts who understand the com- cerned. with executing projects Three Seminars on education,
particularly true of the work and plexities of book distribution and within the programme. similar to those at Sevres, France,
international finance, to answer last year, will be held in different
plans of the Libraries program-
Reconstruction
ttne. Libraries are essentially ser- outstanding problems, and it is parts of the world during 1948. In
yices to education, science and hoped that the scheme will be Unesco hopes to put into opera- co-operation with the United Na-
culture and are among the impor- operating before the end of the tion in 1948 a novel international tions and its other SpeciaHsed
tant channels of communication year. scheme for Cultural Rehabilita- Agencies, Unesco will undertake
through. which the mind of man is Bibliography and tion, based on a new method of an educational campaign of teach-
stimulated and refreshed. In terms
Documentation securing funds on an international ing about the UN, its aims and
Of Unesco's own Charter, libraries scale. If this scheme is deemed activities.
can be an immense force for the Bibliographical and documenta- feasible, Unesco will urgé'a system
little third Session of he, General Con- Cultural Interchange
l'development of international un- tion work, though perhaps whereby"soft currency"countries
derstanding and world peace." understood outside the realm of ferece of Unesco will be held in
may oþtain"hard currency"and In the field of Arts and Letters,
the specialists who have to use Beirut, at the invitation of the
lebanese Government. Photograph pay for it by meeting the living Unesco will continue to, support by
Pubiic Library Development these services, is. in fact, at the
expenses of visiting teachers, stu- technical advice the creation of
The conference gave special em- base of all library activity. The shows of theMonseigneur
Lebanese delegation,
Jean and Mr.
Maroun, dents and technicians from these an International Theatre Institute,
phasis to the responsibilities of public librarian cannot decide what Joseph Abeukater, Lebanese Minis- countries. independent of Unesco. Unesco
Unesco in the development of pu- books to buy, or the scientist select Unesco will also encourage the will also undertake preliminary en-
blic libraries, to enable all peoples the most important material that I ter to Mexico leaving a Session.
establishment of a National Ex- quiries for the establishment of
has been published on his subject,
to have an"equal chance to develop change Centre in war-devastated an International Music Institute.
their educational. scientific and without an intricate chain of I. UnescoProgramme and book surplus countries to The Director-General has been
cultural life.One of Unesco's tasks bibliographical services. This in- facilitate the international exchan- instructed to draw up a listof high-
is to bring workers from diverse cludes short and simple book lists ge and dissemination of books, quality colour reproduction design-
countries together for discussion for the popular reader, elaborate
To Stress Exchange and will seek to eliminate or re- ed to illustrate the most important
and study of each others'ideas, specialised bibliographies for work- duce import duties on literature phases and movements in art. This
techniques and problems. crs in higher studies and huge
dealing with science, education and catalogue will bepublished and dis-
The Unesco Bureau for the national bibliographical enterprises, Between Museums' culture. tributed throughout member states
Exchange of Persons-will help the such as national union catalogues to promote the interchange of cul-
and complete national, bibliogra- During 1948 the principal task of Communication
Library programme by awarding tures. In 1946, the United Nations
the Museums programme will be to
a number of fellowships to public phies. Unesco's Communication Pro- requested Unesco to prepare a plan
librarians from"reconstruction At the simpler and more poplar promote the exchange of informa-
gramme, which includes Exchange for the translation of the classics.
tion on museums, and of museum
Brea"counbries to enable them to end of Unesco's bibliographical of Persons, Mass Communication, Unesco expects to complete and
personnel throughout the world.
study in other countries where the . work. every nation is being urged Libraries and Copyright has been present such a plan to the Eco-
finest examples of public library to issue regular short lists of its Emphasis is thus laid on exchanges
assigned a high priority for 1948. nomic and Social Council by June
because it is by that means that
work can be seen. best current publications, paying A resolution proposed by the 1, 1948.
the immense amount of damage
Reconstruction 'special attention to those. which, United States delegates was A number of eminent philoso-
contribute to Unesco's aim to' done to museums, everywhere by
the war can most speedily be made adopted by the Conference to. en- phers attended the Mexico Con-
Almost every part of Unesco's promote international understand- courage the free flow of informa- ference. As a result of their delibe-
1W0rk. nd certainly every part of ing and world peace. The General good.
tion by seeking to reduce the rations the Conference agreed upon
the Libraries programme has Conference has also urged all In many war-devastated coun-
barriers existent in the world to- a series of round-table discussions
reference to post-war reconstruc- Member States to publish complete tries, museum systems were entire-
day. A second resolution, sponsored dealing with certain philosophical,
tion. The problem of reconstruction national bibliographies and to ly destroyed, and it is a primary
by the United Kingdom delegation, concepts to be held in conjunction
is, everlastingly present, and no establish national union catalogues, duty-of Unesco to help in their
was also approved, calling for the with the Amsterdam International
good library is ever free from the which show in one centre the hold- reconstruction. To resume the flow
Congress of Philosophy. In order to
creation of an Inn. Ideas Bureau.
need to construct and reconstruct ings of all the principal libraries of ideas, inteN-upted in all coun-
In the field of broadcasting, the link the efforts of philosophers and
its programmes and collections. in the country. These tasks involve tries by the war, is vital if mu-
General Conference agreed that humanists with the work ofUnesco,
For Unesco, libraries reconstruction the building up of effective con- seums are to play their part in
Unesco will co-operate in the pro- the organisation will encourage the
is mainly a problem of creating or tacts with librarians, documental- developping education, science and establishment of an International
posed United Nations world radio
re-creating new and better com- fistsand archivists throughout the' cuiture.-I network ; if it is established. If Council of Associations in the field
munications between libraries inter- . world, largely through the Inter- The possibility of establishing in- of Philosophy and the Humanities.
ternational foundations, supported : this network is not set up, hovewer,
nationally and between libraries national Federation of Documenta-t Unesco's Museum specialists will
Unesco will study the creation of
and all existing sources of publica- tion, the International Federation of by member governments, as a prepare a plan for the international
means of encouraging co-opera- a network of its own.
tions. The reconstruction wnrk Library Associations and a project- exchange of contemporary work of
The Mexican delegation favoured
which was started in 1947 will be ed International Council of Pro- tion between museums will be art through organised exchanges of
continued and developped during fessional Archivists. studied by Unesco ; international the creation of a World University
exhibitions and collections accom-
0 : tie Air which would broacast
the present year. A world-wide survey of biblio- conferences, like the one M be held
the best lectures from leading panied by appropriate catalogues.
As its main libraries reconstruc- graphical services as a means of by the International Council of
world universities over all natio- Social and Human
tion agency Unesco has established detecting overlaps Museums next June, will be aided,
and gaps and nal networks.
an"International Clearing House deficiencies will be undertaken and plans for international exhibi- Relations
During Mt8 Uneseo wiH place special
for Publications,"an intelligence jointly with the Library of Con- tions will be stimulated and en- emphasis on a Book Coupon Scheme.
centre. where an extensive filing gress in Washington Here, too, Unesco has outlined a plan to Searching enquiries into the ten-
during 1948. 1 couraged.
assist the"soft currency"countries. It.sions affecting international under-
system records thy publications This project will probably be con- The work of the Museums pro- !
is unfortunately true, that since the laststanding will be carrier out by
which particular libraries want and centrated Oh a detailed study of gramme is not limited to periodical' war, Inost"sort currency"nations have Unesco in 1948 in collaboration
the duplicates they have for .the bibliographical and documenta- conference meetings or exhibitions ; been almost unable to buy books and
with leading social scientists every-
disposal by gift, sale or exchange. tion needs in one field of Unesco it must, above all, furnish a per- periodicals of other nations.
Unesco's Book Coupon Scheme ins an where. The purpose of such enqui-
Already, more than 6,000 libraries activity-such as Fundamental Edu- manent service which will arrange effortto eliminatethis currency exchange
ries is to prepare first of all. t
are co-operating and many hun- cation. for persons connected with mu- problem by substitutingspecial coupons
comprehensive analysis of the for-
dreds of exchanges have been seums to visit museums u foreign redeemable in local monies.
Science Abstracting ces which influence understanding
effected through the clearing house countries, and to meet foreign Education
and respect among peoples of dif-
and advice has also been given on Another big single project under museum experts so that they may EDUCATION occupies an im- ferent culture patterns. Secondly,
the disposal of book gifts. The the bibliographical head will be exchange ideas and experiences.
portant place in Unesco's 1948 the project envisages a programme
clearing house works in close worked out in co-operation. with the This permanent service will be able
Natural Sciences section of Unesco. to supply, on request, guidance and programme. At the Mexico City of action to overcome and eliminate
liaison with the American Book
Conference delegates agreed that tensions negatively affecting mu-
Center in Washington, and under- - A large-scale attack on problems information based on the most up-
it is the duty of all member tual understanding.
took the disposal of the books from of natural science abstracting. to-date museum practice wherever
states to guarantee a basic mini-
the Inter-Allied Book Centre in Without carefully prepared abs- it many be found. Natural Sciences
mum of education, to all their
London. A Unesco Bulletin for tracts, or summaries of currant In conclusion, it may be raid
citizens that is free and universal Unesco specialists in the NATU-
libraries is published monthly as literature, it is impossible to keep that although a great deal has
a means of channeling Clearing pace with scientific work though- compulsory primary schooling. To RAL SCIENCES were very active
already been done to develop the
House information round the world out the world. A series of expert use of museums aid Member States in such cam- during 1947. The three Field
in the cause of
and enabling libraries to establish committees and meetings will be education, science and culture, yet Ipaigns, the Conference authori- Science Co-operation Offices al-
their own contacts. The Bulletin, held during the year, leading, it the greater part of the talk is still sed the use of a world board of ready in existence in the Middle
Fundamental Education experts. In East, the Far East and Latin
enthusiastically received during may be hoped, towards the exten- before us, involving much new and
addition Unesco will aid and America will be maintained and an
1947. will continue to be published sion and improvement, not only
exciting experimental work. but al- advise a limited number
of abstracting services as the cen- so entailing much of"pilot additional office in South Asia will
during 1948. routine survey-
Inter-library exchange is an old tral subject of discussion, but of all ing of present conditions through- projects". be established in 1948 as under-
established means of maintaining the related services of mdexing and out the world. Fundamental Education, however, takings of the highest priority
stocks, and there is a growing need publications distribution. within
gramme. the Natural Sciences pro-
for national exchange and distribu- One final section of the libraries
tion centres for publications. The programme This year will also see the
is being worked out
General Conference has recom- in close co-operation with the Mass establishment of the International
mended that all Member States Communications staff ; this is to Institute of the Hylean Amazon.
establish such centres and has explore ways of encouraging the The Brazilian Government and the
instructed the Secretariat to press inexpensive production of books and countries bordering on the vast
for the abolition or reduction of periodicals. In recent years publish- paigns, the Conference authoris-
Import duties, and the reduction of ers m many countries have con- Amazon Basin are taking special
transport costs and excessive book tributed to education, science and interest in the Institute, which will
prices, all of which militate against culture with great imagination by study ecological, ethnological and
the free flow of publications. developing the production and agricultural questions as weal as
Owing to the disturbed economic distribution of good inexpensive educational and linguistic problems,
state of the world at the present books. In an effort to stimulate affecting the Amazon region.
time, it is practically impossible for this enterprise, Unesco will suggest It became evident during the
countries with"soft cUl"rencies"to new books which should be written Mexico Conference that, amidst
purchase books from'"hard cur- and published in cheap editions, the troubled problems before the
1'ency"countries. and will he1p the negotiation of world today, Unesco offers one of
Although Unesco cannot reform agreements so that existing good the few meeting places where both
the economic system of the world, books can be re-published cheaply, men and nations may find agree-
a realistic proposal has been made translated into many languages. ment on vital international ques-
for a syste : nof purchase by"book This is a big programme. It is a tions.
coupons"which will enable some start only'of an enterprise which This feeling was manifest at
of the outstanding difficulties to be extends indefinitely ; but the stan·t Mexico City where an almost una-
circumvented. Briefly, the es- is bold'and will be successful if it nimous effort was made by na-
sence of the scheme is that Unesco receives the enthusiastic support of tional delegations to avoid con-
or some other agency shall issue the mass of the people of the world. Thousands of visitors to the General Conference saw the exhibitions at I troversialpolitical issues. Delegates
internationally valid coupons to who almost all, are directly or the Escue ! a formal de Maestros and through them learned hoTV Unesco agreed that Unesco-in the space
enable"soft currency"countries to indirectly dependent on the printed assists in the development of Library, Museum and Educational systems. only of its first year of life-had
buy books in their own currency word for their spiritual-and mate- Two Mexican visitors, pictured here, study one of the panels of the gained ground towards becoming
from the"hard currency"a'1'eas, As rial welfare. Museums'exhibit arranged as part of the"'Unesco Month"programme. a truly universal organ.
 UNESCO CCHJRFER 7

TRANSLATION OF CLASSICS "Moral'Guide

, of World", ,

TO BE PROMOTE BY UNESCO

By Prof. Jean' : Jacques Mayoux

Says Mexican President
IF it is true that"it is in the minds of men that the defences of
peace must be constructed,"in what way can philosophy and the In Tribute to Unesco
vast studies dealing with the cultural past of mankind contribute to
such a peace ?
At the inaugural meeting on. the
Let us, in this respect, examine the Philosophy and Humanist : yes
6th November, 1947 of the Second
programme of Unesco, by dividing it into two categories : the empir-
Session of Unesco's General Con-
ical and the theoretical.
-"' ference in Mexico City, His Excel-
On the practical side, it is a
fact that intellectual life and the lency Miguel Aleman, President of
'UNESCO MONTH"
the United Mexican States welcom-
minds of men are both condition-
ed by habit and surroundinga. Be- ed delegates. and observers to his
ATTRACTS country.
cause of the every nature of their
THOUSANDS academic work and the universal" Describing Unesco as"the moral
character of their interests, philo- guide of the peopies of the world",
(Continued from page 1.)
sophers,'humanists and sociaf President Aleman stressed the im-
Early in the Conference, Dr. science specialists depend on inter-
Julian Huxley, Director-Genera !, portance of the work already ac-
national exchanges. These, until complisheq by Unesco and stated,
pointed out the difficulties under
, which Unesco wou : d have to work now, have been almost entirely the Organisation's principal task as
and the obstacles against which lacking. and
It sophers The facthumanistsis that are philo-
not "the creation of a, mind for peace
would have to struggle. He de- that shall be like a second nature
clared : organised on an international in all men".
"Unesco cannot operate with full
scale, or at : east not effectively.
effectiveness in the presence of President Airman stated'that
fascism, imperialism, intolerance, In an endeavour to remedy. tiiis,
through science, education and cul-
witch-hunting, oppressive exploita- Unesco has proposed the re-group-
His Excellency the President of Mexico, Lic. Miguel Alemån (leftl ture Unesco's purpose could be
tion, corruption, authoritarian sup- ing of the existing organisations
I in order to establish an Interna- and Lic. Manuel Gual Vida], Mexican Mimister of Education and achieved and the peoples of the
pression of freedom or exaggerated
nationalism..." earth live together in mutual un-
tonal Council of Philosophy and Resident of the Second Session of Unesco's General Conference.
From november 10 to November derstanding and harmony.
Humanistic Studies similar to the
28, in sub-commissions and work- International Council of Scientific "Right education", he said,''is
ing parties-as many as six con- Unions. This International Council
basic for the continuous develop-
vening simultaneously in morning, . meantof culture and for the healthy
afternoon and even night sessions it is hoped, will stimulate the
- the 1948 programme took form. movement Social Scientists Study [progress of science. We have always
of ideas and the dissemi-
At the same time, problems of ad- nation of knowledge between na- felt the need of giving education
ministration, of budget, external tions. International Tensions" i the highsst moral function. This
relations and procedure, were stud- ! weed was expressed by Simon Bo-'
ied and resolved. i Among the many duties whicn
Mie Association will undertake on their time and energy. But. the post- llívar-the most authorised spo-
Nineteen plenary sessions were THE Sciences
major programme
project in tha Social
for 1948 is war situation poses new interna- kesman of our peoples-when he
held up to December 3, the last five an international scale are the pre- outlined before the Congress of
of which were almost continuous. paration of bibliographies : various that on Tensions affecting Interna- tional problems too. The peoples of angostura. the constitutional as-
Delegates from all member'states tional Understanding. The Unesco the world will have to think and
systems of card indexing ; analy- sembly of the nations he had lib-
heard and approved the programme tical summaries and abstract sur- Conference indicated three main live and work together in a com-
for 1948 in its final form, lines along which efforts should be munity erated, his ideas as to how free
veys ; clearing house services for the of international co-opera-
Letters and telegrams of support directed. tion if they are to be spared a. new peoples should organise themselves".
were received from people all over exchange of articles between philo-
The first step towards interna- and final catastrophe. Therefore
the world in all walks of life. sophical reviews and. eventually. "Simon Bolivar said'Popular edu-
Lectures, musical and artistic bulletins and year books containing tional understanding, it decided, is pnesco will try to call to'1he atten- cation should be the primary in-
presentations and receptions high- scientific information.. to make it possible for nations two tion of social scientists everywhere
terest and concern of the Congress ;
lighted the colourful Unesco Month understand one another better. It the Importance of dealing with the
morality and enlightenment are the
Programme, held concurrently with problem of international collabora-
Translation-01 Great Books accordingly provided for"Enquiries foundation poles of a Republic ;
the Conference. A series of seven tion which can be investigated in
'lectures was delivered on Mexican into the distinctive character of
In this same field of Cultural In- morality and enlightenment are our
the, various national cultures, ideals, various fields of study. prime need'",'
education, science, plastic art, terchange, the Economic and So- In the present world, the peoples
and legal systems, with the aim of
music, biology and literature at the cial Council of the United Nations "Unesco corresponds in the in-
"Palacio dt-Bellas ArIes". has charged Unesco with a difficult stimulating the sympathy and res- have laid a basis for working and

During the Conference, two and important undertaking, that of living together, in the great inter- ternational field and for the entire
Unesco exhibits (each divided inoo By national organisations and institu- world, to what Bolivar desired for
two sections) were on display in preparing, submitting and ultimate- tions of the United Nations. But the peoples he made independent.",
the school-one exhibit on public ly putting into execution a plan Dr. Arvid Brodersen
they are far from complete and stated President Alemán."There-
libraries and museums, the other for the general translation of the
perfect yet ; they are living organ- fore, in these lands of Boltvar's
on Fundamental Education and classics,'including great contem- ."
isms which need proper care, America, the purposes of Unesco
on educational reconstruction-and : pest of nations for each other's
porary books not only of literature. nourishment and guidance to gain find the most favorable environ-
were viewed by thousands of vi- but of philosophy and of social and ideals and aspirations and the ap-
sitors. the strength and skills-required of ment, are most. warmlv welcome,
natural science as well. preciation of national problems." them in the world of to-day. It is have
Other important meetings were the greatest assurance of
held in conjunction with the Con- This project will have the follow- As a counterpart, to this it aIs6
instructed the Director-General to vitally important for scientific'being understood and waken
ference which itself served-in the ing two objectives : specialists in all social fields to glowing enthusiasm".
view of both delegates and observ- promote"Enquiries into the
a) Unknown or insufficiently study and observe the day-to-day
ers-as a successful experiment in conceptions which the people of one
known classics are to be translated problems of this great community
international co-operation. A land- nation entertain of their own and
of the peoples. Here and there,
mark for the organisation's work, into. a number of major languages of other nations."
in order to enrich the culural valuable work is already being done.
concluding Unesco's first yeas. of These two groups of'enquiries Dr. 6M) Vidal
I heritage of the world and to give Unesco will seek to encourage such
life,
aim at discovering, as it were, the work and in some cases to initiate
particular encouragement to all na-
tions whose cultural'importance present state of international un- special studies itself.
Stresses Education Role
WORLD COPYRIGHT derstanding in the world, Thy
may have seemed insignificant.
problem is how this understanding International Standards
LAW PLANNED b) A limited number of Great can be made better. To this end In Building Peace
, J , in Political Science'
Books, selected for their universal the 1948 programme provides for
'valueand their representative and National divergences is, research
When Unesco's Director-general In his inaugural address as Pres-
"Enquiries into modern techniques
Dr Julian Huxley said :"Copyright iiuman qualities, are to be translat- which have been developed in edu- techniques and concepts, in ap-
ident of the Second Session jot th
matters are a primary responsibility ed into a. <many
; languages as pos- proach and emphasis, are an im-
cation, political science, philosophy General Conference, H. E. Mcen-
of Unesco because of its iriterest sible. portant problem at this stage, when
and psychology for changing men- ciado Manuel Gual Vidal, Mexican
in the free flow of information the social sciences everywhere mus :
tal attitudes and fay revealing the
Regional Centres be developed and brought together Minister of Public Education, set
throughout the world and the pro- processes and forces involved when the general tone of the Conference
tection of the literary, scientific and Culture Understanding into an international force fit to
human minds are in conflict." when he emphasised the role
and artistic'works upon which deal with the great issues of our
Realising that it is essential This general-', udy is to be sup- times. The problem can be describ- Unesco can play in building a
cultural interchange depnds,"he
for Unesco's purposes to under- plemented by a specific piece of lasting and secure peace, through
was stating with greater, precision stand ed as one of creating a unity ill
and appreciate all cul- work bearing directly upon this the active support of the peoples
! What Unesco had already affirmed diversity, an internationally in-
tural differences, the Organisa- central question :"An enquiry into and nations of. the world.
during the initial stages of the tion, during 1948, is to consider the the influences throughout lifewhich tegrated social science with stan-
Preparatory. Commission in London. dardised working tools, terms, con- The Minister of Education de-
possibility of setting up regional predispose towards international cepts and methods : at the same claret :"We fully recognize the
The various groups of laws pro-
centres of cultural co-operation. A understanding on the one hand and
time leaving full freedom for the world-wide significance of the ex-
tecting copyright had hitherto start in this direction will be made aggressive nationalism on the
been considered merely from the other." expression of the national genius ceptional honour conferred on our
this year when a survey wilt be
in social research. country, on Hispano-America and
relatively unfavourable aspect of carried out in the Middle East. Finally, it is recognised that two
the obstacles which their entirely
On the theoretical side, Unesco, particular factors are of, special In 1948, Unesco will initiate a on the New World in general by
anarchical condition was constantly comparative study of political this Conference, staged in the tem-
and in particular. the Philosophv importance in regard to tensions
raising against world cultural inter- science as presented in representa- ple erected by Mexico'to carry on
and Humanities programme will en- affecting international understand-
change.. tive samples of recent research1 . that most honourable of human
In the future, this will no loner courage a critical study of human ing ; technological change and po-
materials from various countries vocations : that of the Teacher,
values on an international scale. It pulation movements. A. Source
be the case. The programme un-
must avoid the danger of civilisa- Book is to be prepared showing (scientific publications and high- whose noble work is the best means
dertaken in pursuance of a reason of training men morally fitted to
tion destroying itself through ap- what studies are under way on level textbooks>. A main
decision by the Mexico City Con- for choosing political science as live together in peace, harmony and
parent conflicts of ideology, which these subjects in the Member
ference', will make a study of
in reality, may be no more than a States. the first subject of study is the brotherhood".
copyright problem, with the object fundamental importance of that
confusion of words. Two further points laid down by "The Mexican nation has been
of harmonising the various national
In 1948, Unesco will undertake the Conference for the conduct of discipline for the understanding 3f stirred to the heart by Unesco's,
laws on the,subject and will prepare international problems. The project-
two groups of surveys : the"Tensions"'project are of work", he said."It has mobilised
the draft of a Universal Copyright is therefore ancillary to the en- its teachers, its men of science and
Convention. 1) an enquiry into the influence special interest. To the utmost
extent possible the services of uni- quiries on international collabora- of letters; it has brought its best
The first task of this programme on current ideological controversies tion'and on tensions. The term"po-
versities, research centres, National resources into play. Mexico has
for 1948 is to make a critical survey concerning the fundamental con- litical science"as'used here may learnt from the historical signi-
of comparative law, having regard of the fundamental concepts of Commissions, internï. tional organ !.
be described broadly as the sys-
to all the laws at present existing sations, are to be enlisted in carry- ficance of the aims and functions
democracy, justice and liberty. tematic study of politics and poli- of the Organisation that, we, the
and the methods by which these 2) an enquiry into the ideas held ing, out this project. At the same tical behaviour, particularly'the Members States, have the moral
flaws are given practical effect. Due by a country, or b :' a group within time, the Director-General of
exercise of and struggle for'poli-
Unesco is instructed to"study duty of formulating, through the
regard will be paid to all the a country, of its own culture and tical power in central or local gov-
interests involved, e.g., free flow of the relations of that culture with methods whereby the findings of
ernement. Some
proper constitutional channels, in-
typical fields of ternational educational agreements,
the investigations may be popular-
information, the rights of authors others, individually or as a whole. study are, for instance : parties and
ised." of setting up schools at aU
and publishers or workers in gen- Here the object is to ascertain the
party systems and other political ievels to carny, Unesco's educational
eral as well as the public. gaps in existing relations and to International Collaboration group : ; representative bodies (par- principles to the heart of the
This considerable survey is being work out measures to integrate liaments, etc.): political public teaching systems of the world.
undertaken under the direction of :,. As a Problem in Social
e : : culture in the whole of world , science opinion ; leadership and political
the French expert, M. François civilisation. "When these efforts have boy.
personnel ; political doctrines and
Hepp, Doctor of Law and organiser, These undertakings, and in fact Social scientists everywhere are ideologies ; government and publIC practical results", concluded Df
of the Provisional Committee of the work of Unesco as a whole, will
largely preoccupied with national administration. The findings of VMa !,"they will serve as a modes,
Copyright Experts, which met at succeed any in proportion to the problems these days. Reconstruction this enquiry are to be presented in a basis for an international educa-
Unesco House in Paris during active participation stimulated, par- nd social development after the a publication as a Report To The tional plan which will be a constant
Beptember, 194'1.' ticularly amongst youth. war naturally have a first claim on General Conference. sowce of peace amon ; peoplea".
 8 UNESCO COURIER

Arts and Letters

Programme

for 1948

,,.

fACH branch of Arts and Letters has before it pro-

the jests
Arts. which
The constitute valuable
programme contributions
is a direct attempt toto

stimulate the arts and to further the major Unesco

aim of promoting understanding between peoples. It
entails much work ; it demands co-operation, energy
and judgement.
, It has long been apparent that the exchange of
. articles between
asufficient library or
proportion periodicals
volume hasachieve
to never. reached
impor-

tant results in the exchange of cultures. For one

reason or another ; and particularly since 1939,
periodicals have lacked exact information regarding
the literary scene in other countries. Editors have not
known where to seek articles or how to co. ntact
writers. The'need Was felt forborne, system of, assis-
tance'by whlchál1terary re, vlew m sooie'Ìnldwest
town of the United States, four
example, or a strug-
gling review in a devastated country could enjoy the'
possibility of publishing articles by foreign con-
tributors In the same way the great reviews of'the
Above : Draped flag of thl ! l\1 :'cxican Republic,
European capitals have desired to print the works of
writers in other countries. surmounted by the country's national emMem,
It is the aim of the Interna. Uonat Literary Pool forms a dramatic backdro to the speaker's
to effect this exchange, and to help literary periodic- rostrum in the main conference haU of the
als in their attempts to keep their readers informed Eiilcuela.Nacional de Maestros where the
of-international literary and cultural life. During
Genera ! Conference of Unesco held its
"1947 the Secretariat conducted preliminary enquiries
Second Session. upper left : Another view,
as to how this project might be accomplished, and
how a Pool, a turntable of this nature, might best of the principal conference hall, pictured
serve its purpose. during a plenary session. Left : the President of
That such a Pool was necessary, soon became Mexico welcomes delegates to the Second
apparent. Requests for information and for articles Session of the Genera ! Conference of Unesco
were received from sources in many different parts at the inaugural ceremony
de BeUas Artes, Mexicoin City.
the Pàlacio
of the world. To take a typical example, the Pool
was axle to place the French review"la Nef"in
contact with the"Revista de America :' which is
If much has already been accomplished in litera-
published i, nl Bogotá.'
But it must be emphasised that Unesco has no ture and the-theatre, only the spade work has been
Desire to create a monopoly and no wish to act as undertaken in the Visual Arts. In a sense so much
could be attempted that the major problem facing
3'substitute for a. literary agency. It sees its wok PRESS REJ/JEW
Unesco has been to limit the choice of projects to. I
above all as one of liaison, as providing a means
those which could be effectively carried out at the
for establishing contact at a time when communica- The Second Sess : on o/Unesco's she scientific side there ; s already
tions are excessively difficult. present time. It was felt by the Conference that
General Conference received world- a sound tradition of international
the most fruitful opportunity for action lay in the
A well advanced project is the Internat ! onat wide coverage in the press : prom co-operation... For its own intrinsic \.
field of reproductions.
Theatre Institute. The setting up of this Institute New Zealand to Norway, from merit it deserves generous ! Ka7t-
was agreed to at a meeting of experts held through During the last few years much technical progress Belgium to Br, azil. editorialists cial support. and the GeneraZ
the direct agency of Unesco in July, 1947. It is to has been made in art reproduction methods and it have shown themselves sensitive to Conference had the good sense to
, hold its first Congress this year,. when it. is hoped seemed ess, éntialto encourage the raising of stan- the fact that the world is interest- proMde tut.
that the d2aft charter will be ratified. dards and the improvement of distribution facilities ed in the work of this, Specialised "CORRIERE DI MILANO" (Italy)
During the Congress and the early stages of the as a means of assisting art education and stimulating Agency of the United lIiations.. 21 December.
Institute. the Secretariat, will be provided by Unesco. cultural exchange. Any work of this nature inevitably We re-print below extracts from Guido De Ruggiero, wntes, :,
It is designed to promote international exchange in . would be considerable, and the Conference according- a very small selection of the clip- "y/te work of the Second Gen-
the world of the theatre, to facilitate the movement ly felt that attention should be devoted in the first rpings Unesco has received, taken eral Conference of'Unesco has
of theatrical troupes, scripts, ideas-and all kinds of place to important and specific periods and phases prom newspapers printed in widely com on an end. During titis month
theatrical information. of art.' separated cultural areas of the much was discussed and in the
glebe : midst of a number of rather Uto-
"LE FIGARO" (France) of 30 De- pian and aOl1tract rplan$ which were
FINE ART REPRODUCTIONS TO BE ENCOURAGE cember : formulated and approved. several
'''Unesco's session at Mexico City concrete proposals have come to
represents a turning potttt in its slight which will constitute a use-
Though some alterations and 1947 felt that Customs barriers they are tasks specifically set by the existence. The delegates showed furl working programme'for the
additions may prove necessary, the form an impediment to the ex- Conference-the Arts and Letters
clearly their determination to pass year 1948.,Among these which will
categories marked for attention change of culture. It is thus one Programme will also'include its interest Italians particularly are
from the necessary phase oafplans,
during 1948 indicate the breadth of of the tasks of Unesco to begin continuous activities.These consist those which will seek to stimulate
enquiries and programmes ta that
the project. They concern Pre- enquiries into those Customs duties of research and documentation, con-
the international exchange of per-
of realislttion and action.
historic art'.Persian art, art of the and other restrictions imposed by cerning all phases of the Arts and
The repercussions of the meeting songs, books and scientific materilXI.
Italian Renaissance and the devel- Member States on the importation art education, which must be built New study grants will be allocated
in Mexico Cit1l were so great in
opment of European painting be- of works of art, and to study the up over'a number of years. They anal concrete facilities introduced
all the Latin American countries
tween 1870 and 1914 The aim of possibilitiesof negotiating an agree- . will not only enableUnesco to meet for the, exchange of professors and
that it became apparent that a
the Arts and Letters Programme ment to reduce or eliminate them. enquiries from member states and
meeting in the Near East would be students on : the basis of a"cleàr-
isl to compile a detailed catalogue Reproduction is on of the prin- the general public, but equip the
useful to spread in : M the
Arab warld ing"system which will obviate the
of those paintings which have been cipal themes of the Programme Organisation to undertake such
the ideas of solidarity and mutual necessity of currency exchange. A
reproduced in colour, together with this year. Music specialists in the tasks of a long or short term
v.ncterstanding which are the essen- plan has also been formulated for
recommendations for additional re- same way as Visual Arts specialists nature as °the General Conference
tial condition of peace." . the' exchange of books-with the-
productions. This catalogue will be will commence the preparation of a may set for it.
...
M. !Pail
R : pet. cremation of"book coupons"to be
discussed with experts in colour catalogue of world music. As yet, guaranteed by Unesco,'thus assur-
final details for this catalogue "EL UNIVERSAL", (Mexico) 10
reproduction, art education and the ing an int'l. ctrculation of books.
have not been fully worked out, but November.
history of art, who are to meet in Attention'oj World
Paris this summer at the same time il will be approached along the In an editorial entitled"Lan-
"CIN" (Czechoslovakia) 5 Decem-
as the Conference of the Inter- same lines as those adopted for the Fixed on. Unesco guages in Unesco". this paper ber.
national Council of Museums. To Visual Arts. At the same time, writes :
Dr. A Vanicek in an article
"AM men of goodwill who have "It would be an anomaly if tie
complement these, lists, to bring preliminary investigations will be I the heavy task of seeking, instruc- "Neglected Unesco"writes :
them alive as it were, an exhibi- made into advisability
the of language of Cervantes were exclud--
ling and informing, have their "Since politics have undoubtedly
tion will be held consisting of the establishing a n International attention focussed on our work. ed. not onl1l in Mexico, but in the
a greater impact OM the orqanisa-
best colour prints available to illus-Music Institute ; a report will be Entire peoples passionately follow many distant countries where it is
tion of the world than science and.
tor,
ate techniques of colour submitted to the Third Session of our discussions. We must not de-
spoken, and oily those oft Shales-
culture, the last session of the,'
printing and their role in art the General Conference in 1948. peare and MoKere retained in the
General AssemblY of United Na-
appreciation and education. profoundly desirous of peace, the work of this important'organisa-
Though these projects are na- ceive
problemsthis ofgreat
which hope
can ofbea aresolved
world tions and the Conjerence of For-
only by passing from purely tion. Since the countries speaking
A Conference of experts held in turally of paramount importance- eign Ministers in London had
our language total nearly half of
material approach to an internatio- much more pub :icity than the
the Member States of the United
nal and human approach. Let us work of Unesco, axd its General
unite in our efforts to give people Nation Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization, the right of Conference. Thfs should not be the
reasnns to believe in a future more
case sine a peace organisation
closely conforming to their aspira- Spanish to be classed along with
SUBSCRIPTION RATES tions and conforming also to the such as UN with all its political
English and French as a widely
ideal of our Chrter." and economic activities cannot do
spoken language is beyond dispute.
The UNESCO COURIER is publtshed monthly in English, French without an educational institution
(Extract from address of M. Jacques And this right, it must be emphases-,
and Spanish by th Public Information Uftice of Unesco. MARITAIN. eh. etof the French Dele- like Unesco.-,-'
ed, is not çonfined'to the present
gation delivered at inaugural meeting "By co-operation withe prominent
6-month subscription : 2s.'d, or $0.50 or Fr. frs. 60. of Second Session of the General meeting. It is valid for all future
Conference at the Palacio de Bellas meetings of Unesco, and scientists ail over the world a stage
Please write to the Unesco agent indicated below tor your country, the dele-
Artes.Mexico City,on November 6. 1947,) of world development could be
or directly to Unesco House, 19 Av. Kléber, Paris 16e, France, gates of the nations who recogntse
achieved where po :itics would bë
this right must never cease to
Argentina, Editorial Sudamericana S, A.. Alsma 500.-Buenos-Aires. subordinated to knowledge and not
claim it."
Au. traJja, H. A. Goddard LId. 255a, Georj : (e St.. Svdnev,' Net York Office of Unesco , u : ce uersaas we have experienced
Canada : { !. yerson Press,
299 Queen St. West. Toronto. "MANCHESTER GUARDIAN' it so far to the great harm of all
Cuba : La Oasa Betga. it :, de Smedt O'ReiUy. Habana. The New York office of Unesco (Eng ! and) 12 December. mankind.'
Czechoslovakia : Libraine F. Topic. 11 Narodn1. Prague. has recently been moved to the An editorial entitled"Mexico
:
Denmark Einar Munksgaard. 6 Norregade. Copenhagen. United Nations Building in Man- "CHRISTIAN'SÙIENCE MONI-
City"reads in part as follows :
France'EditIOns A, Pedone. 13 Rue SoufHot. Pahs. 5e. hattan. TOR" (USA) 6 December).
"Most of the good work aT Unesco
Great Btitatn: H M. Stationery Office. Th ; Chief ot Publications. The official address is : Unesco,
United Nations Building (Room 401) is unspectacular and done in re- "So Unesco hats pacTced zts bags..
4j Oxford sot..London W. 1.
mote parts of the world. There is figuratively with as many gocxJ
Greece E :eftheroudakis.Libraine tnternationaie.Athens. 405 East 42nd Street New York
no better publicity than a big t/ !tKgs as
things as oM
old Sa :?tt WtcTtoXas
Saint H ?t-
Nicholas him-
UoUand : N, V Martinus Nijhoff'sBoekhandelenUitMvers Maats. City, N, Y.
' !
Lange VJorhout The Hague conference. shelf might have taken aboard for
India: Oxford Book and Stattonerv 00.. SlCindiaHouse, New Detht. Telephone : MUrray Hill 3-1100, "It wOl, fld be far better ; 1 Unesco's a peace-hungry world nearing the
Extension 40.
) iraq
: Mackenzie and Mackenzie. Bookseih. rs,
The Bookshop, Baghdad. friends thought less for a while Christmas festival. The'good-
Sweden. Ab. 0. E Fntzes. Fredsgatan 2. Stockholm. about war and peace ånd toolc as effects of these gilts ma1J not be
Switzertand: Dbraire Payot. Lausanne. their task to press on in the pract- felt until the'new
IMPRIMERIE year is well un-
Syria and Lebanon : Librairie universelle. Av.Fouad Ier, Beirut.
DU NEW YORK HERALD TRIBUNE ical service of education and der toay, but the packages can be
21, Rue de Berrt-Parts 8e science as ends in themselDes. On opened now 1m-viewing."