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    A2 Level Biology: Coordination-Lecture 3 by Muhammad Ishaq Khan

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    Awais Bodla
    1. Nerve impulses are transmitted along neurons via changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane caused by the movement of sodium and potassium ions. 2. At rest, the inside of the neuron membrane has a negative potential of -60mV to -70mV due to the sodium-potassium pump actively transporting more potassium ions into the cell. 3. When an action potential is triggered, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing sodium ions to rush into the neuron and depolarize the membrane to +30mV. Then, voltage-gated potassium channels open, repolarizing the membrane back to its resting potential.

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    A2 Level Biology: Coordination-Lecture 3 by Muhammad Ishaq Khan

    Uploaded by

    Awais Bodla
    27 views10 pages
    1. Nerve impulses are transmitted along neurons via changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane caused by the movement of sodium and potassium ions. 2. At rest, the inside of the neuron membrane has a negative potential of -60mV to -70mV due to the sodium-potassium pump actively transporting more potassium ions into the cell. 3. When an action potential is triggered, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing sodium ions to rush into the neuron and depolarize the membrane to +30mV. Then, voltage-gated potassium channels open, repolarizing the membrane back to its resting potential.

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    Lecture 3 coordination

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    1. Nerve impulses are transmitted along neurons via changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane caused by the movement of sodium and potassium ions. 2. At rest, the inside of the neuron membrane has a negative potential of -60mV to -70mV due to the sodium-potassium pump actively transporting more potassium ions into the cell. 3. When an action potential is triggered, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing sodium ions to rush into the neuron and depolarize the membrane to +30mV. Then, voltage-gated potassium channels open, repolarizing the membrane back to its resting potential.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    27 views10 pages

    A2 Level Biology: Coordination-Lecture 3 by Muhammad Ishaq Khan

    Uploaded by

    Awais Bodla
    1. Nerve impulses are transmitted along neurons via changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane caused by the movement of sodium and potassium ions. 2. At rest, the inside of the neuron membrane has a negative potential of -60mV to -70mV due to the sodium-potassium pump actively transporting more potassium ions into the cell. 3. When an action potential is triggered, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing sodium ions to rush into the neuron and depolarize the membrane to +30mV. Then, voltage-gated potassium channels open, repolarizing the membrane back to its resting potential.

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    A2 Level Biology

    Coordination-Lecture 3
    By Muhammad Ishaq Khan
    Transmission of nerve impulses
    • Electrical impulses travel along neurone membrane which are
    brief changes in distribution of electrical charge across the
    cell surface membrane due to rapid movement of sodium and
    potassium ions. In order to study exact nature of impulses,
    electrical activity is monitored along cell membrane of
    neurons when impulse does not pass and when it passes.
    Some axons in organisms as squids and earthworms are wider
    enough to insert tiny electrodes inside them to measure the
    changes in electrical charge.
    Transmission of nerve impulses
    • When axon membrane is at rest or no impulse passes:
    1. Inside of a resting axon has slightly negative electrical
    potential compared with outside. This difference is called
    potential difference.
    2. Potential difference lies between -60mV and -70mV and it
    is termed as resting potential. It means that electrical potential
    of inside of the axon is between 60 and 70 mV lower than the
    outside.
    Transmission of nerve impulses
    3. The resting potential is
    produced and maintained by
    the sodium-potassium pump in
    the cell surface membrane
    which constantly move 3 Na+
    ions out of the cell and 2K+ ions
    into the cell by using one ATP
    molecule. These ions are
    actively pushed against their
    concentration gradient.
    Transmission of nerve impulses
    4.Membrane has protein channels for sodium as well as for
    potassium but more channels for potassium. Some potassium
    diffuses back faster than sodium. Cell cytoplasm also has some
    negatively charged molecules which attract potassium thus
    preventing their movement outside.
    5.Hence, there is an overall high number of negative charges
    inside the membrane than outside, causing negative potential
    difference.
    6.Membrane is relatively impermeable to sodium ions, but
    sodium ions diffuse inside when special channels are opened.
    Transmission of nerve impulses
    Transmission of nerve impulses
    • When membrane is active or impulse
    passes:
    1. When axon is stimulated by small
    electric current briefly, the potential
    difference across cell surface membrane
    switches to +30 mV. It then returns to
    normal after a brief overshoot, within
    about 3 milliseconds
    Transmission of nerve impulses
    2.This positive potential difference is called action potential and
    is caused due to changes in permeability of membrane for
    sodium and potassium ions.
    3.There are voltage-gated channels in the membrane for both
    ions which open and close depending upon electrical potential
    or voltage across the membrane. At resting potential these
    channels are closed.
    4.Stimulated axon by electric current has voltage-gated channels
    of sodium ions in the membrane and sodium ions enter down
    the concentration gradient. Due to steeper gradient and
    negative charge inside the membrane, sodium ions enter
    through these open channels.
    Transmission of nerve impulses
    5.Influx of sodium ions changes the potential difference inside
    becoming less negative. It triggers some more channels to open
    and more sodium ions to move inside. Membrane is said to be
    depolarized.
    6.Action potentials are only generated if potential difference
    reaches to 50 or 60 mV (resting potential). This value is the
    threshold potential at which action potential of +30 mV is
    generated. Less than this an action potential is not produced.
    Repolarisation
    • After about 1 ms, all voltage-gated channels for sodium ions
    close and sodium ions stop moving into the axon. Potassium
    ions also open and some potassium ions diffuse out down
    their concentration gradient. It removes some positive charge
    from inside of axon to outside and potential difference comes
    to normal, -70 mV. It is called repolarization. In fact, potential
    difference becomes even more negative than normal resting
    potential called hyper-repolarisation. The potassium ion
    channels then close and sodium ion channels become
    responsive to depolarization. Sodium-potassium pump
    continues to pump sodium ions out and potassium ions in
    which helps maintain the distribution of sodium and
    potassium ions across the membrane so that many more
    action potentials occur.

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