Presented by Aliza Zaina: Usman Rafique PHD (Education) 03007573057

Usman Rafique
Presented By
PhD (Education)
03007573057
Aliza Zaina
What is a Research Report?
A research report is a completed study that

reports an investigation or exploration of a
problem, identifies questions to be
addressed, and includes data collected,
analyzed, and interpreted by the researcher.
Difference Between Research Report &
Research Proposal
Research Report Research Proposal

 A research report is  A research proposal is
prepared after a study Prepared before a study
is completed. begins.
 A research report  A research proposal
communicates what was communicates a
actually done in a study, researcher's plan for a
and what resulted. study.
Difference Between Research Report &
Article
Research Report Article
 A research report is a  An article is a
primary source. secondary source.
 it reports the methods  It does not report
and results of an original research by
original study the author.
performed by the
researcher.
Structure Of A Research Report
The research report format mainly consists of

three main sections:
1) The Introductory Section
2) The Main Body Of The Report
3) The Reference Section
a) Title Page
b) Acknowledgments (if any)
c) Table of Contents
d) List of Tables (if any)
e) List of Figures (if any)
f) Abstract
2) The Body Of The Report
2.1. Introduction
a) Statement of the Problem
b) Significance of the Problem
c) Purpose
d) Statement of Hypothesis
e) Assumptions
f) Limitations
g) Definition of important Terms
2.2. Review of Related Literature (analysis
of previous research)
2.3. Design of the Study

a) Description of Research Design and Sources
of Data
b) Sampling Procedures
c) Methods and Instruments of Data Gathering
d) Statistical Treatment
2.4. Analysis of Data
text with appropriate
a) Tables
b) Figures
2.5. Results And Discussion
a) Major Findings (reject or fail to reject Ho)
2.6. Summary and Conclusions
a) Conclusions
b) Recommendations for Further

Investigation
a) References/ Bibliography
b) Appendices
a) Title Page:
 Title Page identifies the title of the report, the

name of the researcher, the name of the guide,
institution, month and year of submission.
 The title should communicate what the study is
about. A well constructed title makes it easy for
the reader to understand and determine the
nature of the topic .
b) Acknowledgments:
This page permits the writer to express
appreciation to persons who have contributed
significantly to the research.
c) Table of Contents:
The table of contents is an outline of the report
that indicates the page number on which each
major section and subsection begins.
d) List of Tables:
A list of all the tables included in the report along
with the page numbers should be provided.
e) List of Figures:
A list of all the figure included in the report along
with the page numbers should be provided.
f) Abstract:
The abstract is a brief but comprehensive

summary of the research report. It includes a
concise statement of the goal of the research, the
type of participants and instruments, outlines the
methods, major results and conclusions.
Abstract must be limited to a specific number of
words, usually between 100 and 500 words.
2) The Body Of The Report
Introduction:
 The Introduction section provides the

theoretical framework of the study within
which the research has been conducted,
background information of the topic as well as
the need for and rationale for the research, to
make the material more logical, useful and
interesting for readers.
 The introduction begins with a description of
the research problem or topic and includes
objectives, significance of the problem,
research questions, statement of
hypothesis(if any).
 It also includes the assumptions of the
study(if any), definition of important terms,
limitations and delimitations of the study.
2) Review of Related Literature
 The Review of Related Literature indicates what

is known about the problem or topic.
 Its function is to educate the reader about the
area under study.
3) Design of the Study
 This section provides a detailed description of
the methodology used in the study. e.g.
population, sample size and sampling
techniques and tools used in the study.
 The purpose of this section is to describe in
detail how a researcher performed the study so
that someone should be able to replicate the
study based on the information that a
researcher provide in this section.
 For a qualitative study, this section may also
include a detailed description of the nature
and length of interactions with the
participants. The description of participants
includes information about how they were
selected and mainly representative of the
population.
 The description indicate the purpose of the
instrument and the validity and reliability of
the instrument.
4) Analysis of Data
 This section describes the statistical

techniques or the inferential interpretations
that were applied to the data and the result of
these analyses.
 Tables and figures are used to present findings
or graphic form which add clarity in findings
for a reader.
5) Results And Discussion
 The Results section is to tell the reader what

was found in the study.
 it includes the descriptive statistics for the
relevant variables (e.g mean, standard
deviation).Then tell the reader what statistical
test you used to test your hypothesis and
what you found.
 The Discussion section is where the researcher
interprets and evaluates the results.
 The discussion of a research report section
presents the theoretical and practical
implications of the findings and make
recommendation for the future research.
Discuss the results of the
current study, explaining
exactly what was found.
Account for the research

findings, relate back to the
previous research and theories
highlighted in the introduction
Discuss the limitations of the

current study and provide ideas
for future research. End with a
conclusion.
6) Summary and Conclusions
 Conclusions is a summary of the main ideas

that come out from the discussion.
 It draws all arguments and findings together.
 It indicates whether hypothesis were accepted
or rejected.
 It summarize major findings of the study.
 The purpose of this section is to evaluate
interpret the result, especially with respect to
the original research question.
References/ Bibliography:
The References section provides the reader with all
the information needed to seek out and obtain all
original sources used in the research. it is written
in the alphabetical order.
Appendices:
This section provide a place for important
information.it includes tools prepared by the
researcher and used in the study.it may be lettered,
interview, names, raw data and data analysis
sheets.
Sample abstract page
Sample Introduction Page
Sample Results Section
Sample References Page
References
Gay, L.R. , Mills, G.E.& Airasian, P. (2008).

Educational Research(ninth edition). Prentice Hall;
Pandya, S.R. (2010). Educational Research. New

Delhi; A P H Publishing Corporation.
Retrieved January 28,2015 from

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Usman Rafique

A research report is a completed study that

Research Report Research Proposal

The research report format mainly consists of

2.3. Design of the Study

c) Methods and Instruments of Data Gathering

b) Recommendations for Further

 Title Page identifies the title of the report, the

The abstract is a brief but comprehensive

 The Introduction section provides the

 The Review of Related Literature indicates what

 This section describes the statistical

 The Results section is to tell the reader what

Account for the research

Discuss the limitations of the

 Conclusions is a summary of the main ideas

Gay, L.R. , Mills, G.E.& Airasian, P. (2008).

Pandya, S.R. (2010). Educational Research. New

Retrieved January 28,2015 from

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