Review

REVIEW
Center for Drug Information and Pharmacy Practice1, ABDA –– Federal Union of German Associations of Pharmacists, Berlin,
and Institute of Legal Medicine2, University of Hamburg, Germany
Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of more than 800 drugs and
other xenobiotics
M. Schulz1, A. Schmoldt 2
Received April 22, 2003, accepted May 5, 2003

Dr. Martin Schulz, Zentrum für Arzneimittelinformation und Pharmazeutische Praxis (ZAPP), ABDA,
Jaegerstrasse 49/50, 10117 Berlin, Germany
M.Schulz@abda.aponet.de
Pharmazie 58, 447–474 (2003)
In order to assess the significance of drug levels measured in clinical and forensic toxicology as well
as for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) it is essential that good collections of data are readily avail-
able. For more than 800 substances, therapeutic (‘normal’) and, if data was available, toxic, and fatal
plasma concentrations as well as elimination half-lives were compiled in a table. The compilation in-
cludes data for hypnotics, benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, antidepressants, sedatives, analgesics, anti-
inflammatory agents (e.g., NSAIDs), antihistamines, antiepileptics, betaadrenergic antagonists, antibio-
tics (penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, gyrase inhibitors), diuretics, calcium-channel
blockers, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, antiasthmatics, ACE-inhibitors, opiate agonists, and local
anesthetics, among others. In addition, toxicologically relevant xenobiotics were listed. Data have
been abstracted from published information, both compilations and primary sources and have been
completed with data collected in our own forensic and clinical toxicology laboratories. Wherever possi-
ble, ranges for therapeutic plasma concentrations are expressed as trough concentration at steady
state. The half-life values given for each drug are chosen to represent the terminal log-linear phase at
most. It is the purpose to rapidly assess the significance of drug levels for the therapeutic monitoring
of patients, and to facilitate the diagnostic and clinical assessment in case of intoxications.
1. Introduction gained over several years from working in the clinical

and forensic toxicological field also contributed to the
It has been common for several years that plasma con- following list.
centrations of drugs having a narrow therapeutic range
have to be measured. This accounts, among others, for 2. Selection and criteria for evaluation
antiepileptics, cardiac glycosides, aminoglycosides, antiar-
rhythmics, theophylline, immunosuppressants, and few The substances have been selected by clinical and toxico-
cytostatics. It is indicated to draw blood samples for the logical aspects, by frequency of prescribing and other mat-
following reasons: if doses are high and borderline, if ters in the area of internal intensive care medicine as well
signs of overdosage occur although the dose is within as clinical and forensic toxicology. There is an increase in
normal range (e.g. genetic polymorphism), if there is no determining antibiotic concentrations using analytical and
effect although the dose is correct or if non-compliance chemical methods and there are special cases which are
can be expected. In general, plasma concentrations at closely monitored although therapeutic concentrations de-
steady state are retrievable from dosage and pharmacoki- pend on the susceptibility of the microorganisms and tis-
netic data. However, sufficient pharmacokinetic data are sue concentrations are often more reliable.
often not available. Therefore, it makes sense to offer a Screening the data in daily practice, it became obvious
compilation of therapeutic and toxic plasma concentration that for many well known drugs there is only insufficient
ranges for quick information. A list [469] published in pharmacokinetic data available. However, for current sub-
1997 has been completely revised and updated. In parti- stances little documented data is published about intoxica-
cular, data for drugs recently introduced to the market tions and their plasma/blood concentrations.
have been added. Reviews, compilations of other authors In general, therapeutic plasma concentration ranges or
[e.g., 28, 99, 100, 109, 111, 112, 114, 155, 268, 269, concentrations found after therapeutic dosing refer to
340, 354, 395, 423, 426–429, 495, 528, 534] and publi- trough levels at steady state. Inter-individual deviation is
cations concerning individual drugs/xenobiotics and case high. Therefore, any data listed can only be taken as ori-
reports have been used to set up the database. Experience entation.
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 447

REVIEW
Often, it is not possible to find the threshold between the generally unknown. In any case, it is more relevant to
therapeutic and toxic concentration for the specific patient. have the correct concentration measured rather than how
This is the case if tolerance develops and if drug inter- much drug has been –– presumingly –– taken. Statements
actions or additional diseases are involved. In order to about case histories are often not reliable. And often, it is
keep the overall context clear, we preferred not to go into not known how much drug has been absorbed after intake of
further details. charcoal, due to vomiting and/or irrigation of the stomach.
Data about fatal plasma concentrations consciously orient Elimination half-lives are statistically more reliable than
on life threatening or lethal intoxications who occurred at data gathered in case of intoxications. Yet even with this
low plasma concentrations so that actual and potential data, substantial deviation can be expected. In addition,
dangers in clinical cases are not being underestimated. most pharmacokinetic parameters are retrieved from
Many intoxicated patients survived even with significantly healthy subjects after application of relatively low doses.
higher concentrations. It is also difficult to relate the con- The data indicated generally deals with the terminal elimi-
centrations to the clinical picture because the interval be- nation half-life which most of the time is higher than the
tween intake of the drug and drawing a blood sample is half-life of the intended biological effect (see annotations).
Table: Therapeutic (‘normal’), toxic, and comatose-fatal blood-plasma/serum concentrations (mg/mL) in man
Substance Blood-plasma/serum concentration (mg/ml) t (h) Ref.
Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

(from)
Acamprosate appr. 0.37–0.65231 13–20232 [155, 444]

Acebutolol 0.2–2 (0.5–1.255) 15–20 3–11 [440, 466]
N-Acetylacebutolol1 1–2.5 90–150 9–14 [466]
Acecainide see (N-Acetyl-)
Procainamide
Acecarbromal(um) 10–20 (sum) 25–30 ?
Acemetacin see Indomet(h)acin
Acenocoumarol 0.03–0.1197 0.1–0.15 3–11 [155, 340, 527, 528]
Acetaldehyde 0–30 100–125 [527, 528]
Acetaminophen see Paracetamol
Acetazolamide (4–)10–20267 25–30 2–6 [155, 468, 469, 528]
Acetohexamide 20–70 500 1.3 [423]
Acetone (2–)5–20 100–400; 20008 550 (6–)8–31 [528, 545, 573]
Acetonitrile 0.77 [528]
Acetyldigoxin3 0.0005–0.0008 0.0025–0.003 0.005 40–70 [420, 516]
Acetylsalicylic acid 20–200 300–350 (400–)500 3–2037 [77, 207, 234, 329,
(ASS, ASA)2 334, 409, 548]
Acitretin appr. 0.01–0.05112 2–46 [291, 488]
Acyclovir (0.4–0.63) 0.5–1.5203 2–583 [148, 155, 358,
476, 527]
Adipiodone-Meglumine 850–1200 0.5 [489]
thanol see Ethanol –– 139
Ajmaline (0.1–) 0.53–2.21 (?) 5.58 1.3–1.6, 5–6 [155, 426]
Albendazole 0.5–1.592 8–992 [104, 333, 348, 572]
Albuterol see Salbutamol
Alcuronium 0.3–3 3.31.3
Aldrin –0.0015 0.0035 [528]
Alendronate <0.005 –– 6 [411]
Alfentanil 0.03–0.64 0.6–2.396 [299, 327, 462, 541]
Alfuzosine 0.003–0.06 3–9 [423]
Alimemazine (Trimeprazine) 0.05–0.4 0.5 1–3.2 8 [114, 428]
Alizapride 0.1–2 2–3 [423]
Allobarbital 2–5 10 20 40–48
Allopurinol 2–19 0.5–3 [133, 528]
Alphaprodine 0.87–1 1.6–2.6 [528]
Alprazolam 0.005–0.05 (–0.08)65 0.1–0.4 252
6–20 [114, 155, 272, 286,
293, 301, 341]
Alprenolol48 0.025–0.14 1–2 40–48 2–7 [466]
Aluminium <0.005234 0.05–0.15 4.48 appr. 0.5 [133, 371, 429, 528]
Amantadine 0.2–0.6 (–1) 1; 2.48 218 9–15
Amfebutamone see Bupropion
Amikacin76 10–25 30 2–3 [71]
Aminobenzoic acid 300–600 600 [429]
Aminoglutethimide 0.5–25 13.3 2.65 [133, 155, 528]
448 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Aminophenazone 10–20 appr. 2–4 [423]

4-Aminopyridine (Fampridine) 0.025–0.075 0.148; 0.2 3–3.5 [503, 527, 528]
5-Aminosalicylic acid see Mesalazine
(5-AS, 5-ASA)
Amiodarone261 (0.5–) 1–2 (–2.5) 2.5–3 30–1206 [54, 133, 155, 449]
Amisulpride –0.4 12–18 [423]
Amitriptyline7, 48 0.05–0.3 0.5–0.6 1.5–2 30–50 [45, 57, 114, 121,
151, 181, 304, 305,
345, 415]
Amlodipine 0.005–0.015 0.0888, 165 0.1–0.28, 166 34–50 [268, 275, 492]
(0.003–0.011)
Ammonia 0.5–1.7 [528]
Amobarbital 1–5 5–6 10 15–30
Amodiaquine –0.05270 –– 270 [133, 510]
Amoxapine 0.18–0.6151 3 5 8 [340]
Amoxicillin 0.5–1 (5–15) 1–2 [423]
Amphetamine 0.02–0.1 0.2 0.5–1 4–8 [201, 429]
Amphotericin B (0.1–) 0.2–3 (3–) 5–10 24–48110 [79, 192, 310]
Ampicillin 0.02–2 (2–20) 1 [71]
Amrinone 1–2(–4) 3–12 [155, 200, 269]
Amsacrine 0.1–0.5 (0.15–5.5) 5–7
Anileridine <0.5 0.98 ? [528]
Aniline appr. –1 (urine) 6 [133, 528]
Antimony –0.01 0.2 [133]
Antipyrine see Phenazone
Apomorphine 0.002–0.02204 appr. 0.75 [155, 527]
Aprindine48 1–2 2–3 13–50
Aprobarbital 4–20 30–40 50 14–34
Arsenic 0.002–0.07 0.05–0.25 9–15 [133, 528]
Articaine <1.5–2 (?) 0.3 (–1) [379]
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 4–15 ? –– 6 [39, 155, 241, 321,
546]
Astemizole 0.002–0.0543 148 appr. 206, 42, 43 [28, 155, 487a]
Atenolol 0.1–1 (–2)77 2–3 278 4–149 [155, 426, 466, 504]
Atovaquone 13.9 6.9 (>15) 2–36 [490]
Atracurium(besylate) 0.1–0.5 (–5) appr. 0.5
Atropine 0.002–0.025155 0.03–0.1 0.2 2–6.5, 13–38 [429, 524, 528]
Azapropazone (Apazone) 40–80 8–24
Azathioprine10 –2 1–411
Azelastine 0.002–0.003(–0.01) 22–25 [423]
Azithromycin appr. 0.04–1 50–60 (2–46) [17, 312, 402, 436,
470]
Aztreonam 1–10 (50–250) 1.5–2 [528]
Baclofen 0.08–0.4(–0.6) 1.1–3.5 6–9.6 6.8 0.7 [28, 340, 528]
Bambuterol see Terbutaline 10
Barbital 2–20 20–50 50 57–120
Barium –0.001 [133]
Bendrofluazide 0.05–0.1 appr. 3 [426]
Benoxaprofen –50 19–39 [133, 155]
Benperidol appr. –0.002 4–8 [423]
Benzbromarone 2–10 2–4
Benzene –0.0002271 0.95 [528]
Benzphetamine 0.025–0.5 0.5 148 ? [28, 528]
Benztropine 0.01–0.18 0.05 0.2–0.7 ? [423, 528]
Benzyl alcohol ? 188, 194 –– 195 [155, 210, 314]
Benzylpenicillin 1.2–12 1 [71, 489]
Bepridil 0.6–2.5 33–42 [178]
Beryllium –0.0003 [133]
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 449

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Betacarotene 4–6196 ? [155, 168]

Betaxolol 0.005–0.05 368 14–22 [28, 34a, 466]
Bethanidine 0.02–0.5 9–10 [155, 528]
Bevantolol 0.2–2 2 [423]
Bezafibrate –15 2 [133, 155]
Bicalutamide 1.5–17.5 (–25)163 (3–) 7–106 [325]
Biperiden 0.05–0.1 0.258 18–24 [114]
Bismut(h) <0.05 (–0.1) 0.05–0.1 –– 6
Bisoprolol 0.01–0.1 10–12 [466]
Bopindolol 0.001–0.01554 4–854 [466]
Borate 0–7 20 200 [429]
Boron 0.8–6 20–50 50–150 [528]
Brallobarbital (Brallobarbitone) 4–8 8–10 15 20–40
Bretylium 0.8–2.4 6–11 [155]
Brodifacoum 0.02 0.03–0.17; 20–606 [391a, 528]
acute: 3.98
Bromadiolon 0.02 [528]
Bromazepam (0.05–) 0.08–0.2 0.3–0.4 (1–) 2 8–22 [272]
Bromide 10–50 500–1500; 2000 12–136 [186, 213, 497, 528]
30008, 242
Bromisoval 10–20 30–40 appr. 428, 105
Bromoxynil 20 [133]
Bromperidol 0.001–0.02 20–36
Brompheniramine 0.005–0.015 0.28 2–10 (–20) [423]
Brotizolam 0.001–0.02 108 4–10 [28, 443a]
Budipine appr. 0.1–0.3 30 [423]
Buflomedil appr. 0.2–0.5 (–1.0) 15–25 25–50; 2758 2–4 [426, 528 ]
Bunitrolol 0.001–0.015 2–6 [466]
Bupivacaine (0.25–) 0.5–1.5 (–2) 2–4 0.5–3 [155, 202, 260, 300]
Bupranolol –– 44 2–4 [466]
Buprenorphine 0.0005–0.005 (–0.01) 0.2 (?) 1.18; 4–13 3–5 [28, 133, 155, 520a,
544]
Bupropion (Amfebutamone) 0.01–0.02; 1.2246 7.3 10–20 [28, 132, 148a, 214,
0.05–0.1152 222, 287, 305, 412,
509]
Buspirone 0.001–0.004 (–0.01) 2–3 [528]
Butabarbital see Secbutabarbital
Butalbital 1–5 10–15 15–30 30–40
Butanone –10 500 [133]
Butaperazine 0.02–0.3(–0.7) 12 [423]
Butorphanol 0.0006–0.002 4–9 [423]
Butriptyline 0.07–0.15 0.4–0.5 ? [423]
Cadmium –0.0065 0.015–0.05 [133, 528]
Caffeine (Coffein) (2–) 4–10 15–20 180 2–10 [28, 82, 155, 350,
433]
Calcifediol 0.01–0.05 [429]
Camazepam 0.1–0.6 2 20–24 [272]
Camphor 0.3–0.4 1.7 ? [423]
Candesartan 0.08–0.18 5–7 [423]
Canrenone see Spironolactone
Captopril 0.05–0.5 (–1) 5–6 60 1–2 [4, 268, 426]
Carazolol23 –0.015 9 [466]
Carbamazepine12 2–8 (4–12) 10 20 12–60 (7–35)140 [60, 81, 114, 124,
145, 258, 311]
Carbaryl 5 6 [28, 114a]
Carbenoxolone appr. 5–30 8–20 [429]
Carbimazole95 0.5–3.495 3–595
Carbinoxamine appr. 0.02–0.04 appr. 10–15 [502]
450 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Carboc(h)romene 0.8–2.4 0.2–1.5

Carbon monoxide –– 200 25–30% 50–60% [155, 527, 528]
Carbon tetrachloride –0.07 7.18, 269 ; 20–50 100–200 [458, 528]
Carboplatin max. 10–25 2.5–6106
Carbromal(um)13 2–10 15–20 40 7–15
Carisoprodol 10–30 40 508, 104 8 [114, 528]
b-Carotine see Betacarotene
Carteolol 0.01–0.1 3–7 [466]
Carvedilol appr. 0.02–0.15 (–0.3) 6–10 [155, 269]
Cefaclor 13–35 (i.v. –900) 0.5–1 [155, 528]
Cefalexin –65 1–1.5 [489]
Cefaloridine 20–80 1.5 [489]
Cefamandole 1–5 (10–40–150) 0.5–1.2 [489, 528]
Cefazolin –150 1.5–2 [71, 489]
Cefoperazone –250 1–2 (–5) [88]
Cefotaxime 0.5–2 1–1.5 [71]
(10–50, i.v. –225)
Cefotetan 65–90 3.5 [489]
Cefotiam –15071 0.7–1.5 (–2) [464, 489]
Cefoxitin –150 0.7–1 [489]
Cefsulodin 20–100 1.6–1.9 [155, 528]
Ceftazidime 20–40 (50–200) 1.6–2 [155, 528]
Ceftibuten appr. 3–20 2–4
Ceftizoxime 40–160 6–9 [489]
Ceftriaxone 15–75 6.5–8.5 [71]
Cefuroxime 0.5–1 (–180) ; 1.1–1.3 [155, 315, 392, 527,
7–59243 528]
Celiprolol 0.05–0.5 3–6
Cephalothin (Cefalotin) –30 0.5–0.6 [155, 489]
Cerivastatin 0.002–0.04 1.5–3 [423]
Cetirizine appr. 0.02–0.3 2–5 7–9 [28, 423]
Chinidine see Quinidine
Chinine see Quinine
Chloralhydrate14 1.5–15 40–50 60–100 8–30
Chlorambucil 0.15–0.3 (–1.0) 1.5–3 [423]
Chloramphenicol 5–10 (–15)59 25 2–6 [277, 528]
Chlordane –0.001 0.0025 1–7 [133, 528]
Chlordecone 0.5 [133]
Chlordiazepoxide15 0.4–3 3.5–10 20 6–24 [18, 28, 114, 528]
Chlormethiazole see Clomethiazole
Chlormezanone (3–) 5–9 (–14) appr. 20 188; 538 20–30 [104, 114, 279]
Chlorobutanol ? 75 [429]
Chloroform 20–50 70–250 390 [528]
Chlorophacinone 0.1 [133]
Chloroquine 0.02–0.5 1 3 dose-dependent6 [83, 114, 234]
Chlorothiazide appr. 6 0.5–2 [155, 528]
Chlorphen(ir)amine 0.003–0.017 1.18 15–25 [28, 133, 155, 528]
Chlorpromazine66 0.03–0.1 (–0.5) 1–2 3–4 10–30 [114, 155, 245, 346]
Chlorpropamide 30–150 200–750 25–60 [429, 528]
Chlorprothixene 0.02–0.2 0.4 0.8 10–30
Chlorpyrifos 0.2 27 [28, 133]
Chlortalidone 0.15–0.3 (–1.4) appr. 2 44–48 (35–70)
Chlortetracycline 1–5 (–10) 30 5–6 [340, 468, 469]
Chromium –0.00035 328 [28, 133]
Cibenzoline 0.2–0.4 (–0.9) (0.5–) 1 7–883 [155, 537]
Cicletanine appr. 1–2 5–23 [155, 423]
Ciclosporine see Cyclosporine
Cidofovir appr. 7–43 2.5 [155, 423]
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 451

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Cilazapril()at 0.003–0.09 30–50 [423]

Cimetidine 0.25–3 (0.75–4) 30–50 1108 1.5–4 [172, 477]
Cinoxacin appr. 15 1.5–4
Ciprofloxacin 2.5–4 11.58 3–6 [80, 93, 454, 494]
Cisaprid 0.04–0.08 6–12 [423]
Citalopram appr. 0.01–0.2 (– 0.1?) 5–6160 appr. 33170 [173, 188, 242, 380,
386–388, 423]
Cladribine appr. 0.006 0.1–0.2 [36, 248, 261]
(6.4–19.7)
Clarithromycin appr. 0.2–2 3–7217 [17, 53, 423, 436,
437, 463]
Clemastine appr. 0.001–0.002 (?) appr. 8 [56, 423]
Clenbuterol 0.0003–0.0006 0.0038 34–35 [28]
Clindamycin appr. 0.5 2–3
Clobazam17 0.1–0.4 10–32 [272, 274]
Clobutinol appr. 0.05–0.2 23–34 [155, 423]
Clofibrate 50–250 10–18
Clomethiazole 0.7–2 (2.8–) 4–15 50 3–7 [155, 273, 340, 468,
(Chlormethiazole) 532]
Clomipramine 48, 85 (0.02–) 0.09–0.25 0.4–0.6 1–2 20–2686 [20, 87, 131, 151,
(–0.4)226 156, 285, 305]
Clonazepam (0.004–) 0.01–0.08150 0.1 20–60 [60, 286, 431]
Clonidine 0.001–0.002 (–0.004) 0.025–0.05 0.238 8–25 [28, 127, 367, 417]
(0.0098)
Clopenthixol 0.002–0.015 0.05–0.1 15–25 [423, 528]
Clorazepate15 see Nordazepam 1–2 [145]
Clotiazepam 0.1–0.7 3–15
Cloxacillin 5–30 (–85) 0.5–1 (0.3–2)
Clozapine136 (0.1–) 0.3–0.6 0.6–1 (9.58) 1.28; 28 ; 5.28 6–14 [85, 134, 174, 326,
(>0.35 ?) 571]
Cobalt 0.0001–0.0022 [133, 528]
Cocaine 0.05–0.3 0.5–1 4 0.5–118 [28, 65, 133, 397,
468, 469, 528]
Codeine48 0.03–0.25 0.5–1 1.8 3–4 [155, 484]
Coffein(e) see Caffeine
Colchicine 0.0003–0.0025 0.005 0.0248 11–32143 [29, 435, 527]
Colistin 1–5 2–5
Copper 0.6–1.5 2 5 [133, 429]
Cotrimoxazole see Sulfamethoxazole
and Trimethoprim
Cresol (Methylphenols) appr. 50 120 [133, 528]
Cromolyn (Cromoglycate) appr. –0.01 1–1.5 [133, 155]
Cyanide –– 177 0.5 1–3 appr. 19184 [30, 155, 179, 220,
434, 446, 497, 505]
Cyclizine 0.1–0.25 0.75–1 15 24 [133, 528]
Cyclobarbital 2–6 10 20 8–17
Cyclobenzaprine appr. 0.003–0.04 0.4 18 (9–40)253 [133, 528, 565]
Cyclohexane –0.4 [133]
Cyclophosphamide 10–25 4–8 (1.3–16) [155, 423]
Cyclopropane 80–180 [133, 528]
Cyclosporine A (CsA) <0.1–0.15–0.25 0.3–0.416 10–27169 [116, 219, 306, 307,
377, 520]
Cyproheptadine appr. –0.05 0.478 appr. 16 [28, 133, 155]
Cyproterone acetate ? 30–40 [325]
Cytarabine 0.05–0.5 0.1–0.2 (1.9–2.5) [248, 340]
2,4-D see 2,4-Dichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid
Danazol appr. –0.2 4.5 [133, 155]
Dantrolene (0.1–) 0.4–1.5 (–3) 4–12 [155, 340, 534]
452 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Dapsone48 0.5–2 10 188 25–31 [280, 406]

Deferoxamine (Desferrioxamine) 3–15 4–6
Demoxepam 0.5–0.74 1 2.7 [429]
Desipramine48, 69 0.01–0.5 (0.12–0.25) 0.5–1 3 15–2570 [57, 69, 304, 305,
356]
Desmethyldiazepam see Nordazepam 40–80 [272]
Dexamethasone appr. 0.05–0.265247 2.5–9.5 [155, 432]
Dexfenfluramine appr. 0.03–0.06 0.15–0.25 appr. 18 [429, 528]
Dextromethorphan48 0.01–0.04 0.1 3 2–4 [195, 427]
Dextromoramide 0.075–0.15 0.2 0.9 0.1–1.5 (?) [28, 266a, 423, 526,
528]
Dextropropoxyphene 0.05–0.3 (–0.5) 1 1–2 10–30 [234]
3,4-Diaminopyridin (DAP) <0.04213 0.1 (?) 0.3–2214 [37]
Diazepam19 0.2–2 (–2.5) 3–5 24–48 [65, 107, 155, 272,
431, 468, 469, 521]
Diazinon 0.05–0.1 (–0.5) [133, 528]
Diazoxide 10–20 (–50) 50 (–100) 20–36 (–48) [155, 268, 426, 527,
528]
Dibenzepine 0.025–0.15 (0.1–0.5) 3 18 3.5–5 [133, 528]
Dichloromethane 200 280 [133]
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid –– appr. 100 200; 3928; appr. 18182 [155, 528]
(2,4-D) 7208
Dichlorvos 29 0.16 [28]
Diclofenac 0.5–3 50; 608 1–2 [92, 133, 141, 142]
Dicoumarol 8–30 50–70 1–46 [133, 528]
Dicyclomine (Dicycloverin) –0.1 appr. 0.2 0.5 1.8–2 [133, 423]
Didanosine appr. 1–30 mmol/l 1 [66, 67, 155, 358]
Dieldrin –0.0015 0.15–0.3 [28, 133, 528]
Diethylcarbamazine >0.8–1.0 4–15 [47]
Diethylpentenamide 2–10 20 45 6–7
(Valdetamide)
Diethylpropion 0.003–0.007 (–0.2) 2 5.48 4–823 [133, 155, 423, 528]
Difenacoum 0.5 [133]
Diflunisal 40–100 (–200) 300–500 600 5–1283 [133, 155, 340, 528,
556]
Digitoxin 0.01–0.025 0.03 0.04 140–200 [109, 171]
Digoxin 0.0005–0.0008 0.0025–0.003 0.005 40–70 [108, 120, 217, 251,
(–0.002) 357, 420, 516, 529,
550]
Dihydralazine see Hydralazine
Dihydrocodeine 0.03–0.25 0.5–1 2 3–4 [133, 469, 528]
Dihydroergotamine 0.001–0.01 7–9 [133, 155]
Diltiazem 0.03–0.13 (–0.25)157 0.8–1 2–6; 78; 88 2–6 (4–9) [133, 155, 268, 528]
Dimenhydrinate see Diphenhydramine
Dimethadione 700–1000 1000 ? [133, 155, 528]
Dimethindene 0.01–0.05 appr. 6 [155, 423]
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine 0.001–0.1 [528]
4,6-Dinitro–2-methylphenol 40 [133]
Dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) 1–5 30–60 75 [528]
Diphenhydramine 0.05–0.1 (–1) 1–2 (–4) 5–10 4–10, 20–60 [86, 235, 524, 528]
Diphenoxylate appr. 0.01 2–3
Dipipanone appr. –0.05 0.2 ? [133]
Diprophylline see Dyphylline
Dipyridamole 0.1–1.5 4 11–13 [340, 468, 469]
Dipyrone see Metamizole
Diquat 0.1–0.4 [133, 528]
Disopyramide 2–778 8 5–8 [133, 528]
Disulfiram 0.05–0.4 5 8 appr. 5–7
Dixyrazine appr. 0.3249 5.58; 9.48 [383]
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 453

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Domperidone appr. 0.01–0.1 12–16 [24, 155, 208, 223,

343]
Donepezil207 appr. 0.03–0.075 70–100 [230, 438]
Dothiepin (Dosulepin)20 0.02–0.1 0.8 1 11–40 [265, 467]
Doxacurium 0.01–0.3 1–283
Doxapram (1.5–) 2–5 9268 2.4–9.9 [22, 133, 155, 528]
Doxazosin 0.01–0.15 10–22 [269]
Doxepin21 0.01–0.2 (0.03–0.1) 0.5–1 2–4 8–25 [8, 45, 126, 181,
282, 305, 356]
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) 0.006–0.02 20–48 [133, 155, 528]
Doxycycline 1–5 (–10) 30 7–20
Doxylamine 0.05–0.2 1–2 5 9–11
Dronabinol (Delta-9-tetra- 0.005–0.01 (–0.05)137 50–100 [65, 246, 382]
hydrocannabinol, THC)
Droperidol appr. –0.05 1.5–2.5237 [133, 155, 450]
Dyphylline 6.5–14 (–20) 40 2 [133, 528]
Edrophonium –0.15 appr. 0.15 1.3–2.4 [9, 155, 528]
Emetine appr. –0.1 0.5 ? [133]
Enalapril52 0.01–0.05 (–0.1) 8–11 [4, 268]
Encainide48 –– 175 1.5–3.5176 [155]
Endrin –0.003 0.01–0.03 [133, 528]
Enoxacin 1–4 3–6 [93]
Enoximone 0.2 4–7 [155, 269]
Entacapone 0.4–1.0 (–7.0) 1.5–3.5 [155, 423]
Ephedrine 0.02–0.2 1 58 3–11 [133, 428, 528]
Epirubicin 0.01–0.05 24–52
Eprosartan 0.4–1.0 (–1.85) 5–9 [155, 423]
Erythromycin 2–6 (–8) 12–15 1–3 [133, 528]
Esmolol 0.15–2 4–16 min [466]
Estazolam 0.055–0.2 10–24 [133, 155, 528]
Et(h)amsylate 15–20 2.5–4
Ethacrynic acid 0.05–0.1 1–4 [155, 340]
Ethambutol 0.5–6 10 2.5–3.5 [236, 528]
Ethanol 1000–2000 3500–4000 –– 139
Ethchlorvynol 0.5–8 20 50 10–25 (–35) [133, 155, 528]
Ethinamate 1.5–10 50–100 2008 appr. 2
Ethosuximide 30–100 (40–60) 150–200 250 30–60 [60, 145]
Ethylene glycol 200–500 2000 [429]
Etidocaine 0.5–1.5 1.6–2 2–3 [557]
Etilefrine appr. 0.06 2–3.5
Etodolac >14229 6–8 [51, 155, 423]
Etomidate 0.1–0.5 (–1) 3.9 1.1 (2–11) [155, 340]
Etoposide 1–6 4–11 [133, 155, 528]
Ezetimibe >0.015 appr. 30 [129, 130]
Famotidine 0.02–0.2 0.428 2–4.5 [13, 155, 570]
Fampridine see 4-Aminopyridine
Felbamate 50–110164 200 (?) 20–24 [167, 522, 542]
Felbinac appr. 0.4–1 (topical) 10–17 [48, 155]
Felodipine 0.001–0.012 0.01 22–2788 [43, 268, 423]
Fenbufen appr. –60 10–12 [133, 155]
Fendiline 0.02–0.15 appr. 20
Fenfluramine 0.04–0.3 0.5–0.7 6 1–2, 18–25
Fenitrothion 1.1 [28]
Fenofibrate 5–30241 20–22 [155, 313]
Fenoldopam 0.003–0.06 0.1 [423]
Fenoprofen (25–) 30–60 2–3 [206]
Fenoterol (0.001–) 0.01–0.04 appr. 7 m
454 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Fentanyl 0.003–0.34 0.003–0.028, 103 1–3.5 [13, 28, 226, 297,

(transdermal 299, 403, 462, 482,
patch: appr. 17) 486, 493, 569]
Fexofenadine appr. –0.3 191 14–18 [423, 478]
Finasteride 0.008–0.01 5–7 [499]
Flecainide48 (0.2–) 0.4–0.8 1–2 2.68; 138 10–20 [128]
Fleroxacin 1–4 8–13
Flucloxacillin 3–30 0.7–1.5
Fluconazole appr. 1–5 (–15) 20; 958 22–3183 [98, 430, 461, 528]
Flucytosine 35–70 (20–50) 100 3–5 [192]
Flumazenil22 (0.01–) 0.02–0.1 0.5 1–2
Flunarizine 0.025–0.2 0.3 –– 6 [426]
Flunitrazepam23 0.005–0.015 0.05 10–20 [49, 114, 272]
Fluoride 0.095–0.190 2 3 short [155, 391, 407, 497,
(–0.285)39 527, 528, 552]
5-Fluorouracil 0.05–0.3 0.4–0.6 <0.5 [133, 155, 528]
Fluoxetine appr. 0.16–0.5 1 68 2–46, 130 [69, 121, 188, 204,
356, 425]
Flupentixol 0.0005–0.002 19–39
Fluphenazine 0.0002–0.004 0.05–0.1 10–1845
Flupirtine 0.5–1.5 appr. 3–4 7–11 [368]
Flurazepam24 0.02–0.1 0.2–0.5 0.8; 248 appr. 224
Flurbiprofen 5–15 3–4 [138]
Flutamide60 0.4–1.560 7–2060 [104, 465]
Fluvoxamine appr. (0.05–) 0.65 2.88 15–22 [28, 170, 188]
0.15–0.25
Furosemide (Frusemide) 1–6 25–30 1–3 [133, 155, 528]
Fusidinic acid 30–200 4–6
Gabapentin 5.9–21185 858 5–8186 [28, 44, 64, 400,
483, 500, 519, 562]
Galant(h)amine appr. 0.03–0.14 (?) 6–8 [38, 474]
Gallopamil 0.02–0.1 88 3–8 [146, 268]
Gamma-hydroxybutyricacid see 4-Hydroxybutyrate
(gamma-hydroxybutyrate,
gamma-butyrolactone, GHB,
liquid ecstasy)
Ganciclovir (0.29–0.51) 0.5–5107 3–5 2–483 [252, 358, 476]
Gemcitabine 15–20 mmol/l146 –– 192 0.05 (0.18–0.43) [248]
Gemfibrozil appr. –25 1.5 [133, 155]
Gentamicin (2–) 4–10233 12 1.5–6 [58, 71, 119, 120,
231, 278, 353, 547]
Glibenclamide (Glyburide) 0.05–0.2 0.6 10
Glipizide 0.1–1.0 (–1.5) 2 3–7 [429]
Glutethimide 0.2–5 10–30 20–50 5–20 [234]
Glyburide see Glibenclamide
Glyceryl trinitrate see Nitroglycerin
Gold 3–8 10–15 [528]
Granisetron 0.009–0.017 (?) 3–14 [155, 423]
Griseofulvin 0.3–1.3 22
Guaifenesin appr. 0.3–1.4 appr. 1 [155, 423]
Guanethidine 0.01 5–106 [133, 155, 528]
Halazepam15 see Nordazepam 30–40
Haloperidol 0.005–0.017 0.05–0.5 0.5; 0.188, 74 10–35153 [104, 288, 346, 413,
(0.001–0.02) 520, 530, 531, 571]
Hematin 50–100 ?
Hemin see Hematin
Heptabarb(ital) 0.5–4 8–15 20 6–11
Heptaminol appr. 0.2–1 (–1.5) 2–3
Hexachlorophene 0.003–0.65 (–1) 35 6–44 [133, 528]
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 455

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
n-Hexane –0.01 [133]

Hexapropymate 2–5 10–20 ? [528]
Hexobarbital 1–5 10–20 50 4–6
Hirudin-rec –– 171 –– 171 (1–) 2.5–3 [76, 104, 155]
Hydralazine5 0.05–0.5 (–1.5) 2–6 [268]
Hydrochlorothiazide appr. 0.04–2 10–12 [155, 426]
Hydrocodone 0.01–0.05 0.1 0.2 appr. 4 [423]
Hydromorphone appr. 0.005–0.015 0.1 0.2 2–3 [176, 340, 423, 427]
4-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) appr. 50–1204 80 250–280 0.3–0.5 (–1) [28, 133, 155, 335a,
(abuse) (abuse) 423]
Hydroxychloroquine –0.1 (–0.4) 0.5–0.8 4 dose-dependent6 [133, 155, 284, 468,
469]
Hydroxyzine 0.05–0.1 0.1 398 7–20 [114, 528]
Ibuprofen 15–30 200 2–3 [28, 140, 206, 556]
Idebenone 0.05–0.2 16–22 [155, 405]
Iloprost appr. 0.0001 appr. 0.5
Imatinib 0.72258 appr. 18 [113, 320]
Imipenem 0.5–5 (20–75) 1 [513]
Imipramine48, 125 0.05–0.35 0.5–1 1.5–2 6–2026 [8, 57, 126, 151,
181, 249, 304, 305]
Indinavir –– 260 0.5 1.5–2 [53, 155, 421]
Indomet(h)acin 0.3–1 (–3) 4–5 3–11 [157]
Indoramin appr. 0.025–0.1 12 (3.5–15) [269]
Iproniazid appr. –5 ( ?) ? [133]
Iridium –0.02 [133]
Iron 0.5–2 6 17 [133, 426, 528]
Isoniazid (INH) 5–10 20 (30–) 100 1–3 [155, 236, 423]
Isopropanol 200–400 1000 [28, 528]
Isosorbid mononitrate (ISMN) 0.1–1 2–5 [269]
Isotretinoin appr. 0.001–0.002 10–20 [155, 349, 375]
(topical)224
Isoxicam 5–15 20–50
Isradipine 0.0005–0.002 0.01 0.268, 259 5–10 [78, 155, 268, 439,
(–0.01) 523]
Itraconazole appr. 0.4–2111 24–36 [25, 309, 366, 485]
Ivermectin appr. 0.0551 16–28 [155, 384]
Kanamycin 1–4 (10–25) 25–30 0.5–3
Ketamine 1–6 7 (abuse) 7 (abuse) 1–3 [28, 50a, 114, 191,
499a]
Ketanserin 0.05–0.5 10–22
Ketazolam15 0.001–0.02 1–3 [272]
Ketobemidone appr. 0.3 0.6 2–2.5 [28, 50a, 155, 499a]
Ketoconazole 1–3 (–6) 6–10 [423]
Ketoprofen 1–6 (–20) 11008 1,5–2 (–4) [21, 28, 106, 206,
237, 302, 364]
Ketorolac 0.5–3 5 4–10 [155, 423]
Ketotifen 0.001–0.004 0.02 1.28 21 [428]
Labetalol 0.03–0.18 (–0.65)50 1 3–10 [155, 269, 466]
Lacidipine 0.003–0.006 12–19 [423]
Lamivudine –– 230 (3–) 5–7 [155, 247]
Lamotrigine (1–5) 3–14 15–30 508 24–36109 [28, 64, 419, 453,
519]
Lead –0.16 (–0.3) 0.4–0.6 3 –– 6, 180 [28, 133, 155, 452,
456]
Leflunomide255 8.8 2.9, 18 9.6, 11 (4–28)6 [32, 155, 163, 316]
63 36256
Levetiracetam 10–37 4008; 264 5–8 [27]
Levocabastine <0.001–0.01147 33–40 [209]
456 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Levodopa (L-Dopa) 0.3–1.6 6508 1–3215 [15, 182–184, 507]

Levomepromazine27 0.005–0.025 (–0.2) 0.4 0.5 15–3028
Levomethadone 0.04–0.3 1 0.2 10–40 [155, 451]
Levorphanol 0.007–0.02 0.1 2.78 11–30 [423]
Levothyroxine 0.045–0.1447 6–86 [143]
Lidocaine (Lignocaine) (1–) 1.5–5113 6–7 10 1–4113 [95, 189, 231, 557,
567]
Lisinopril (0.005–) 0.02–0.07 0.5 12 [268]
Lithium 4–879 13 14 8–5028 [5, 161, 305, 356,
361]
Lofepramine 0.003–0.01 10–20
Loperamide –– 84 7–15
Loprazolam 0.003–0.01 11–20 [272]
Loratadine 0.001–0.02138 8–14 [418, 575]
Lorazepam (0.02–) 0.08–0.25 0.3–0.5 10–40 [203, 272, 424, 431]
Lorcainide (0.04–) 0.1–0.4 (–0.9) 5–10
Lormetazepam 0.005–0.025 (–0.1) 10–15 [272]
Losartan <0.2227 1.5–2 [155]
Loxapine 0.01–0.03 (–0.1) 1 7.7 4 (1–14) [133, 528]
Lysergide (lysergic acid 0.0005–0.005 0.001 0.002–0.005 appr. 2–5 [317, 423, 528]
diethyl amide, LSD)
Magnesium 55–75121 120–140 150–180 [155, 558]
Malathione 0.5 1758 [28, 133]
Manganese 0.0005–0.0015 [133]
Maprotiline 0.1–0.6 (0.1–0.25) 0.5–1 1–5 20–60
MCPA see 2-Methyl–4-chloro-
phenoxyacetic acid
MCPP see 2-Methyl–4-chloro-
phenoxypropionic acid
Mebendazole 0.167 appr. 0.6 2.8–9 [104]
Medazepam30 0.1–0.5 (–1) 2–5
Mefenamic acid 2–10 (–20) 25 2–4 [340, 468, 469]
Mefloquine 0.4–1108 1.5–28 appr. 216 [68, 199]
Melitracen 0.01–0.1 12–23
Meloxicam 0.4–2 17–22 [373, 423]
Melperone <0.2219 17.18 4–8 [228, 423, 496a]
Melphalan –1.5 1.5–2
Meperidine see Pethidine
Mephenesin 3–10 (?) appr. 2–4 [423]
Mepindolol 0.007–0.07 3–6 [466]
Mepivacaine appr. 0.4 (–4) 5–6 (–10) 50 1–3 [423]
Meprobamate 5–10 10–25 30 6–17 [114]
Meptazinol 0.025–0.25 2–3
Mercury appr. 0.0015–0.002 0.05–0.2 0.5 appr. 36 [133, 155, 372, 429,
(<0.005)178 481]
Mesalazine (Mesalamine) appr. 1119 0.5–2.4120 [271]
8 8 8
Mesoridazine 0.15–1 3–5 3 ; 4 ; 16 20 [423]
Mesuximide see Methsuximide 1–2 [155]
Metaclazepam 0.05–0.2 7–23 [272]
Metamizole (Dipyrone)5 1032 2032 6–8 [423]
Metformin 0.1–1 (0.6–1.3) 5–10 648; 858; 918; 2–4 (–10) [101, 422]
1668
Methadone135 (0.05–) 0.1–0.5 0.2 0.4 23–25 (13–55) [218, 232, 233, 457,
(–0.75) 525]
Methamphetamine 0.01–0.05 0.2–1 10–40 6–9 [423]
Methanol appr. –2 200 900 [133, 423, 528]
Methapyrilene appr. 0.1 4 [133]
Methaqualone 1–3 3–5 5–10 10–40 m
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 457

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Methemoglobin –– 199 25–30% 60–70% [155, 527, 528]

Methimazole 0.5–2 2–28 [317, 423]
Methocarbamol 25–40 (–50) 250 0.9–2 [133, 155, 528]
Methohexital (0.5–) 1–655 1–3
Methomyl 28 (8–57) [28]
Methotrexate 0.04-? 0.4 2–10
Methotrimeprazine see Levomepromazine
Methoxsalen 0.025–0.1 (–0.2) 1 [155, 527]
(8-Methoxypsoralene)
Methsuximide (Mesuximide)223 10–40 40–50 20–40 [155, 496, 528]
D-Methylamphetamine –0.1 1 [133]
2-Methyl–4-chlorophenoxy- –– appr. 100 appr. 180 –– 187 [155, 459]
acetic acid (MCPA)
2-Methyl–4-chlorophenoxy- –– appr. 100 6698; 7158, 181 17183 [155]
propionic acid (MCPP)
Methyldopa 1–5 98 1.5–3 [340, 468, 469]
Methylenedioxyamphetamine –0.4 1.5 2 [317, 423, 528]
(MDA)
Methylenedioxyethyl- 0.2 1 [28]
amphetamine (MDEA)
3,4-Methylenedioxymethyl- 0.1–0.35236 0.35–0.5 0.4 9–10 [75, 317, 423, 528]
amphetamine (XTC, MDMA)
Methylphenidate 0.01–0.06 0.5; 18 2.3 2–7 [427]
4-Methylthioamphetamine 28; 4.28; 7.48 [46, 123, 410, 512,
(4-MTA, p-MTA) 549]
Methyprylon(e) <10–20 12–75 50 (–100) 3–6, 9–11
Metiamide 0.01–0.06 ? [528]
Metildigoxin3 0.0005–0.0008 0.0025–0.003 0.005 40–70 [420, 516]
Metipranolol33 0.02–0.08 2–3.5
Metoclopramide 0.05–0.15 0.2 4.48 3–6 [429]
Metocurine appr. –0.4 ? [133]
Metoprolol48 0.035–0.5 0.658; 12–18 4.78; 128; 638 3–6 [28, 155, 466]
Metrifonate appr. 1.4–3.6 2–5 [423]
Metronidazole 3–10 (–20) 2008 6–10 (–14) [423]
Mexiletine (0.5–) 0.7–2 2.5 358 5–26 [338]
Mianserin 0.01–0.15 0.5–5 8–19 [114]
Miconazole appr. 1 24
Midazolam 0.04–0.1 (–0.25)134 1–1.5 1.5–346 [16, 42, 227, 293,
431]
Mifepristone –– 216 24–48 (20–54) [196]
Milrinone 0.15–0.25 0.3 1–2 [155, 269, 426]
Minaprine appr. –0.1 ? [133]
Minoxidil149 appr. 0.02–0.25 1.48; 3.18 2.78 2.8–4.2 [28, 155, 268]
Mirtazapine –0.3 1–2 20–40188 [155, 501]
Mizolastine appr. 0.2–0.8 8–17 [155, 423]
Moclobemide141 appr. 0.5–1.5 (–3) 11162; 25–60 1–3 [150, 175, 239, 336,
363, 365]
Modafinil appr. 2–3257 12–15 [201, 352]
Molindone appr. –0.5 ? [133]
Molsidomine 0.002–0.01 1–2.5 [269]
Molybdenum –0.005 [133]
Montelukast appr. 0.05–0.3 3–6 [155, 423, 574]
Moricicine appr. 0.12–1.27 6–13 [317, 423]
Morphine 0.01–0.1 0.1 0.1–4 1–4 [1, 65, 159, 253]
Moxonidine 0.001–0.002 (–0.004) 2–3 [155, 269]
Muromonab-CD3 (OKT 3) appr. 0.7–1.3 appr. 18
Mycophenolate mofetil –– 211 16–18212 [33, 149, 225, 448]
Nabumetone –– 206 –– 206 [155, 560]
458 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Nadolol 0.01–0.25 1.38 14–24

Naftidrofuryl (Nafronyl) <0.5 1–2 [133]
Nalbuphine 0.02–0.2 2.5–7
Nalidixic acid 10–30 40–50 1 (–7) [155, 340, 423]
Nalmefene –0.1 8.5–11 [133, 155]
Naloxone 0.01–0.03 1–2
Naltrexone –0.0599 4–10
Naproxen 20–50 (–100) 200–400; 4148 10–20 [90, 206, 335, 556]
Naratriptan appr. 0.01–0.05 5–6 [155, 423]
Nebivolol <0.02 (–0.2) 0.488 10 (8–27) [155, 197, 211, 337]
Nedocromil <0.025 1.5–3.3 [133, 155]
Nefazodone appr. 0.01–0.3 (?)220 5.58, 221 2–7222 [23, 94, 153, 155,
169, 262, 445]
Nefopam 0.01–0.1 48 128 3–8
Neostigmine appr. 0.001–0.01127 0.4–1.3 [9, 74]
Netilmicin 1–12 2–380
Nicardipine 0.07–0.1 7–12 [268]
Nickel –0.003 0.005 [133, 528]
Nicotine123 0.005–0.02 (–0.03) 0.4 (–1) 5; 13.68 1–4124 [155, 255, 426]
Nicotinic acid 4–18 0.3–1
Nifedipine 0.025–0.1 appr. 0.15–0.2 5.48 2–5 [28, 268]
Niflumic acid 2–35 2–3 [423]
Nilvadipine <0.01 11–20 [268]
Nimesulide appr. 1–3235 2–7 [34, 155, 423]
Nimodipine 0.01–0.05 1–2 (8–9) [268]
Nimustine 0.0002–0.0005 ? [528]
Nisoldipine 0.0003–0.001 7–12 [155, 268]
Nitrazepam 0.03–0.1 0.2–3 5 (?) 20–30
Nitrendipine 0.01–0.05 8–12 [268]
Nitrofurantoin 1–3 3–4 1 0.3
Nitroglycerin appr. –0.015 20–30 min [355]
(Glyceryl trinitrate)
Nitroprusside see Thiocyanate see also Cyanide
Nizatidine 0.05–0.5 (–1.0) 0.7–2.1
Nomifensine 0.01–0.1 8–10 2–5
Nordazepam 0.02–0.2 (–0.8) 1.5–2 40–80
Norephedrine see Phenylpropanol-
amine
Norfenefrine –0.4 2–3
Norfloxacin 0.5–5 3–4 [155, 528]
Normesuximide31 10–30 40 38
Nortriptyline48 0.02–0.2 (0.05–0.15) 0.5 1–3 18–5668 [151, 305, 345, 415]
Obidoxime 1–10 [133, 518, 528]
(appr. 10–15 mmol/l)
Ofloxacin appr. 2.5–5.5 (30–) 408 (3–) 5–8 [155, 289]
OKT 3 see Muromonab-CD3
Olanzapine appr. 0.02–0.03 (–0.05) 0.2 18; 4.98 33 (21–54) [28, 73, 121a, 423,
477a, 528]
Omeprazole48 –– 98 0.5–1 (–1.5)
Ondansetron 0.03–0.3 3–5.5 [429]
Opipramol 0.1–0.5 2–3 7–10 6–12262 [104, 264]
Orphenadrine 0.1–0.2 (–0.6) 1.7 3.68; 5–7 14–18 [86, 114, 340]
Oxatomide 0.02–0.1 14–30 [133, 155]
Oxazepam 0.2–1.5 2 3–5 6–20 [107, 155, 272, 468]
Oxazolam15 see Nordazepam 1–2
Oxcarbazepine 12–24172 1–2.5172 [155, 517, 519]
Oxpentifylline see Pentoxyfylline
Oxprenolol 0.05–0.3 (–1.0) 2–3 10 1–4 [466]
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 459

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Oxycodone (0.005–) 0.02–0.05 0.2 0.6; 58 2–553 [340, 426, 528]

Oxyfedrine appr. 0.06 4.2 [269]
Oxypurinol61 5–15 20 18–30 [528]
Oxytocin appr. –0.0002 3–5 min [133, 155]
Paclitaxel 0.085–1 (?)122 4–8 (–13)
Pamidronate appr. 0.5–1 appr. 2.5
Pancuronium 0.1–0.6 0.48; 198 1.6 1.5–2.5 [536]
Pantoprazole appr. 4.6 1–2 [155, 423]
Papaverine (0.2–) 0.6–1 (–2) 1–2, 6–7 [428]
Paracetamol (5–)10–25 100–150 200–300 2–4 [50, 166, 260, 331,
369, 442, 455, 484,
487, 535]
Paraldehyde 10–100 200 400–500 4–10
Paraoxon –– 0.005 [528]
Paraquat –– 0.05 1–2201 [155, 187, 528]
Parathion –– 0.01–0.05 0.05–0.08 [155, 527, 528]
Paroxetine48 <0.01–0.05 (–0.1) 0.35–0.4 16–2493 [69, 170, 188, 283,
479, 480]
Pefloxacin 1–10 (3–6) 25 8–15
Pemoline appr. 1–7 7–13
Penbutolol 0.01–0.3 (–1.0) 20–26 [466]
Penfluridol 0.004–0.025 70 [155, 528]
(D–)Penicillamine 1.7–5.6 (–11) 1–3
Pentachlorophenol –0.2 30 45 [133, 528]
Pentamidine appr. 0.3–0.5 6–9 [155, 423]
Pentazocine 0.01–0.2 1–2 3 2–5
Pentobarbital 1–10 10–19 15–25 20–40
Pentoxifylline72 appr. 0.5–2 0.5–2 (4–6)
Perazine 0.02–0.35 0.5 (6.18) 8–16 (–35) [164, 423]
Perici(y)azine 0.005–0.03 0.1 ? [340]
Perindopril 0.08–0.15 0.8–1.5265 [155, 423]
Perphenazine 0.001–0.02 0.05 8–12 (–21) [308]
(0.0008–0.0024)161
Pethidine115 0.1–0.8 1–2 2 (–3) 3–6 (–10) [10, 31, 177, 215,
257]
Phenacetin62 5–10 (–20) 50 appr. 1 [340, 468]
Phenazone (Antipyrine) 5–25 50–100 10–12
Phencyclidine (PCP) 0.007–0.24 1–5 1–12 [317, 423, 528]
Phendimetrazine 0.02–0.24 (–0.3) 2–4 [133]
Phenelzine 0.001–0.002 (–0.04) 0.5 1.5 6–8 [155, 528]
Phenformin 0.03–0.1 0.6 3 4–13 [155, 423]
Pheniramine 0.01–0.27 2 ( ?) 16–19 [155, 423]
Phenmetrazine 0.02–0.25 0.5 4 ca. 8
Phenobarbital 10–30 (15–40) 30–40 50–60 60–130 [60, 145, 157]
Phenol 50 90 [133, 528]
Phenprocoumon 0.16–3.6 (1–5) appr. 5 100–16035 [528]
Phensuximide 4–10 (–20) 80 4–12 [423, 528]
Phentermine 0.03–0.1 0.9 1 appr. 20 [423, 528]
Phenylbutazone36 50–100 120–200 400 30–17537 [340, 468]
Phenylephrine 0.04–0.1 2–3 [423]
Phenylpropanolamine 0.1–0.5 2 48 3–7 [155, 340]
(Norephedrine)
Phenytoin 5–15 (10–20)81 20–25 438; 50 10–6037 [6, 55, 145, 147,
193, 221, 351, 362,
416]
Pholcodine appr. –0.2 ? [133]
Physostigmine <0.001–0.005 0.4–1 [9, 14, 230]
Pimozide appr. 0.004–0.01 24–55 m
(–0.02)
460 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Pinazepam15 0.01–0.05 16 [272]

Pindolol 0.02–0.15 0.7–1.5 2–5 [466]
Pipamperone 0.1–0.4 0.5–0.6 <4
Piperacilline 1–5 (20–70) 1–2 [423, 528]
Piperazine 0.02–0.1 0.5 [426, 429, 528]
Pipotiazine 0.001–0.06 0.1 8–11 [155, 340, 423, 528]
Piracetam appr. 20–50 4.5–7
Pirenzepine 0.03–0.45 8–20
Piritramide 0.0088 0.0053128 4–10 [266]
Pirmenol 1–4 6–18 [155, 528]
Piroxicam 2–6 148 30–70
Pizotifen 0.007–0.009 26
Prajmalium48 0.06–0.44 5–7
Pramipexole appr. 0.0002–0.007 8–14 [317, 423]
Pranlukast appr. 0.2–1.2 appr. 2–9 [155, 423]
Prazepam15 0.2–0.7 1 1–3
Praziquantel appr. 0.2 1–2.5
Prazosin 0.001–0.02 0.9 2.9 0.8 [269, 426]
Prednisolone 0.5–1 2–6
Prilocaine 0.5–1.5 (–2)126 5–6 appr. 20 1–2 [162, 557]
Primaquine appr. 0.1–0.2 4–7 [423]
Primidone63 4–12 (8–15) 20–50 65 4–12, 9–22 [60, 145]
Probenecid 100–200 (20–150) 3–1737
Procaine 0.2–2.5 (–10) 15–20 20 –0.5 [423, 528]
Procainamide5 4–10 (3–9) 10–15 20 2–5
N-Acetylprocainamide38 5–30 (10–35, 15–40) 3–7
Prochlorperazine 0.01–0.05 0.2–0.3 5 7–9 (–18) [155, 340, 528]
Procyclidine 0.08–0.63 1–2 7.88 7–16 [423, 528]
Proguanil48 appr. 0.04–0.15114 13–24114 [117]
Promazine 0.01–0.05 (–0.4) 1 5 5–41 (8 7)
Promethazine 0.05–0.2 (–0.4) 1–2 2.48; 8–15 (–20) [114, 506]
1.8–5.4250
Propafenone48 0.4–3 (0.06–1) 2–3 7.78 5–8, 2–3248 [244, 426]
Propallylonal 0.3–10 >10 appr. 3
2-Propanol see Isopropanol
Propantheline appr. –0.02 1–3 [133, 155]
Propiomazine <0.3 (?) 8–10 [114, 190]
Propofol appr. 2–8 3–891 [11, 299]
Propoxyphene see Dextropropoxyphen
Propranolol 0.02–0.3 (0.5–) 1–3 4–10 2–6 [466, 504]
Propylene glycol 0.05–0.5 1000–2000; 47008 [62, 528]
Propylhexedrine 0.01 0.5 2–3 ? [133, 528]
Propyphenazone 3–12 1–1.5 (–3) [340, 468, 469]
Prothipendyl appr. 0.05–0.2 appr. 0.5 (–1) 2–3
Protriptyline 0.05–0.3 0.5 1 50–200
Pseudoephedrine 0.5–0.8 19–20 9–16 [423, 528]
Pyrazinamide 30–75 9–10 (–25) [110, 155, 340]
Pyridostigmine <0.05–0.2 1–2.5 [9, 554, 559]
Pyridoxine 0.003–0.018 3–6 [429]
Pyrimethamine appr. –1.5 80–96 [133, 155]
Pyrithyldione 1–10 11–20 [340, 468, 469]
Quazepam131 0.01–0.05 (–0.15) 39 (25–41) [272, 423, 528]
Quetiapine <1239 1.88 12.78 appr. 5–7240 [12, 102, 185, 374,
408]
Quinidine48 1–5 6–10 10–15 4–12 [357]
Quinine 1–7 10 4–15 [115, 390]
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 461

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Rabeprazole appr. –0.6 1–2 [423]

Ramipril appr. 0.001–0.01228 1–5 [155]
Ranitidine 0.05–1 2–4 [344]
Reboxetine Cmax < 0.3 12–14 [135, 155]
Recainam 1.3–5.7 5–7 [7]
Remoxipride 2.15 0.59132 41–150 5–10 [114, 250, 290]
Retinol (Vitamin A) 0.2–0.8 [342, 429]
(0.7–2.8 mmol/l)
Ricin 0.0005 [276a]
Rifabutin 0.05–0.15 45 (?) [155]
Rifampicin (Rifampin) 0.1–10101 558 2.3–5 [28, 110, 236, 407a]
Rifapentine ? 13.2 [110]
Riluzole appr. 0.05–0.5 (1.5) 9–15 [317, 423]
Risperidone48 appr. 0.006158 1.88 2–4159 [28, 401]
Ritonavir appr. 5–11 (–20) 3–5 [155, 224]
Rivastigmine ? 1–2 [230, 423]
Rizatriptan appr. –0.1 2–3 [155, 423]
Ropinirole 0.0004–0.006254 6 (2–10) [263]
Ropivacaine (1–) 2173 2168 [125, 332, 473]
Roxatidine 0.1–0.8 5–6
Roxithromycin 4–12 12 [17, 155]
Salbutamol (Albuterol) <0.01–0.02 0.1–0.15116 0.16 3–6 [303, 528]
Salicylamide 5–40 appr. 1
Salicylic acid 20–200 300–350 (400–) 500 3–20 [77, 155, 207, 234,
329, 334, 409]
Scopolamine 0.0001–0.0003 appr. 3 [423, 528]
(–0.001)
Secbutabarbital 5–10 (–15) 20 30 34–42
Secobarbital 1.5–5 7–10 10–15 15–30
Selegiline see Amphetamine and 1.2 [155]
Methamphetamine
Selenium 0.045–0.13 0.4 [133, 155, 359]
Sertraline 0.05–0.25 (–0.5) 0.298 1.68; 38 24–28 [28, 317, 345a, 423,
528]
Sildenafil appr. 0.05–0.5 3–5 [155, 423]
Silver –0.005 0.06–0.6 [528]
Sirolimus 0.005–0.015244 0.015 (–0.06) 57–63 [155, 256, 322, 324,
576]
Sodium nitroprusside see Thiocyanate 0.1
Sodium oxybate (GHB) see 4-Hydroxybutyrate
Sodium valproate see Valproic acid
Sotalol167 0.5–3 (–4) 7.5–168 408; 438 5–13 (–17) [118, 466, 498]
Sparteine48 0.5–1 2.6
Spiramycin appr. –3 5–8 [61, 155]
Spironolactone (0.05–) 0.1–0.25 13–2473 [423, 528]
(–0.5)73
Stiripentol appr. 4–22 20 13 [133, 155]
Streptomycin 1–5 (15–40) 40–50 2–4 [317, 423, 528]
Strontium –0.03 [133]
Strychnine 0.075–0.1 0.2–2 appr. 10–15 [423, 528]
Sufentanil 0.0005–0.014 0.001–0.0078 2–5, 22 [19, 28, 52, 194,
226, 403, 460, 462]
Sulbactam –80 1–270 [88, 155]
Sulfamethoxazole 30–6056 200–400 9–12 [155, 389]
Sulfasalazine34 5–30 (–70) 4–10
Sulfinpyrazone 6–17 3–5
Sulindac 1–5102 appr. 7 [91]
462 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Sulpiride 0.05–0.4 (–0.6)225 3.88; 388 4–7 [28, 104, 155, 528]
Sultiam (Sulthiame) 0.5–12.5 (6–10) 12–15 20–25 3–30 [496]
Sumatriptan 0.018–0.06 2 [423]
Suramin >100117 300118 44–54 [281]
2,4,5-T see 2,4,5-Trichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid
Tacrine appr. 0.01 2–4 [230]
Tacrolimus (FK–506) 0.005–0.015 (–0.02) (0.015–) 9–16 [216, 254, 306, 360,
0.02–0.025 511, 528, 533,
538–540, 543, 564]
Talinolol 0.04–0.15 58, 129; 208 10–14 [466, 514, 515]
Talipexole appr. 0.0001–0.001 5–9 [423]
Tamoxifen 0.05–0.5 5–76 [133, 155]
Taxol see Paclitaxel
Teicoplanin (10–) 15–20 (–40) 200 10–15; 83–16883 [243, 561]
8 8
Temazepam 0.02–0.15 (–0.9) 1 8.2 ; 14 6–25 [139, 272, 423, 528]
Tenoxicam174 appr. 5–10 (50–) 70–90 [198, 370]
Terazosin appr. 0.02–0.08 8–12 [423]
Terbinafine 0.01–0.03205 22–26 [155, 527, 528]
Terbutaline 0.001–0.006 (–0.01) 0.04 16–2089 [423, 528]
Terfenadine <0.01 0.06148 0.48 15–2264 [28, 155, 566]
Tetrachloroethylene 4–5 [528]
Tetracycline 1–5 (5–10) 30 6–10 [155, 423, 528]
Tetrazepam40 0.05–0.6 (–1) 10–26 [272]
Thalidomide 0.5–1.5 (–8) 5–9 [155, 423]
Thallium 0.1–0.5179; 5.68 0.5–11 –– 6 [59, 155, 528]
Theobromine 10–15 20 6–10 [528]
Theophylline (5–) 8–15 (20)82 20 50 6–941 [84, 103, 120, 122,
157, 180, 217, 267,
404, 447, 475, 508,
553]
Thiamphenicol 0.5–3–10 (–15) 20 2–7 [423]
Thiazinamium 0.05–0.15 0.3 [317, 423, 528]
Thiocyanate 1–12144 35–50 200 3–46 [3, 155, 446, 528]
from Nitroprusside 5–30 50–100
Thiopental57 1–5 10–1558 3–8
Thioproperazine appr. 0.001–0.02 0.1 [423]
Thioridazine133 0.1–2 2.5–5 3–10 7–13 (–36) [114]
(0.2–0.8–1.25)133
Thiothixene see Tiotixene
Thyroxine see Levothyroxine
Tiagabine 0.05–0.2 (?) 0.5–0.6; 7–9 (4–13) [2, 155, 294, 295,
3.18, 245 318, 399, 423, 519]
Tiapride max. 1–2 appr. 3–4 [423]
Tiaprofenic acid appr. 15–40193 1.5–3 [89, 155, 414]
Ticlopidine <1–2 (?) 0.8100
Tilidine25 0.05–0.12 1.78 appr. 3
Tiludronate 0.2–1.5 65–78 (–150) [472]
Timolol 0.005–0.05 (–0.1) 2–6
Tin 0.03–0.14 [133, 528]
Tinidazol max. 60 11–15 [133, 155]
Tiopronin appr. 2–5 23 11 [158]
Tiotixene 0.001–0.03 0.1 34–36 [346]
(0.002–0.014)
Tizanidine appr. 0.015 appr. 2.5 [155]
Tobramycin 4–10154 12–15 2–3 [71, 155, 454, 489]
Tocainide 4–12 (6–10) 13–15; 208 748; 1408 8–25 [23a, 28, 155, 292]
Tofenacine 0.025–0.1 0.5–1 [340, 528]
Tolbutamide 50–100 400–500 6408 4–12 [26, 528]
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 463

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Tolmetin 10–80 60 (?) 2–4 [528]

Toluene 10 [528]
Topiramate 3.4–5.2 (–10?)218 20–30 [399, 423, 519]
Topotecan appr. 0.001–0.01190 2–3 [152, 155, 205]
Tramadol48 0.1–1 (>0.3)87 1 28, 49; 138; 5–10 [35, 298, 341, 528]
38.38, 252
Tranexamic acid 10–50 10
Tranylcypromine –0.2 (?) 0.58, 202 0.78; 58 1.5–3.5 [238]
Trapidil (4–) 6–10 2–6, 12 [155, 269, 339]
Trazodone145 (0.5–) 0.8–1.6 4 12–158 4–8 (6–13) [104, 381]
Triamterene 0.01–0.1 1.5–4 [155, 426]
Triazolam 0.002–0.02 0.04 2–5 [229, 272, 366]
2,2,2-Tribromoethanol 50 90 [133, 528]
Trichloroethane 100–1000 [528]
2,2,2-Trichloroethanol 5–15 40–70 60–100 [28, 133, 528]
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic –– appr. 100 200 23–33 [155, 528]
acid (2,4,5-T)
Trifluoperazine 0.001–0.01 (0.05) 0.1–0.2 7–18
Triflupromazine 0.03–0.1 0.3–0.5 appr. 6
Trihexyphenidyl –– 75 0.5 3–5 [340, 524]
Trimeprazine see Alimemazine
Trimethadione 20–40 ? [528]
Trimethobenzamide 1–2 ? [133, 528]
Trimethoprim 1.5–2.556 20 8–11 [155, 389]
Trimipramine 0.01–0.25 0.5 1.7–8.2251 10–20 (–40) [114]
Tripelennamine 0.02–0.06 10 5–8 [423, 428, 528]
Triprolidine 0.004–0.045 2–5 [428]
Tropisetron appr. 0.02–0.05 5.6–8.6 [429]
Tubocurarine (0.6–) 1–3 (–6) 2–4
Tungsten –0.035 [133]
Urapidil appr. 0.1–0.2 2.7–7 [155, 269]
Valdetamide see Diethylpentenamide
Valnoctamide 5 40 ? [528]
Valproic acid 40–100 (50–150) 150–200 7208 10–20 (7–17) [28, 60, 145]
Vanadium –0.05 [133]
Vancomycin 5–10 (–12)142 30 4–1183 [28, 71, 119, 144,
296, 323, 330, 394,
551]
Vecuronium appr. 0.2–0.37 (–0.5) 1–1.5 [133, 155, 340]
Venlafaxine appr. 0.2–0.4189 1–1.5266 6.68 3–5 [28, 270, 528]
Verapamil90 (0.01–) 0.02–0.25 1 2.5; 3.98 6–1442 [114, 268, 292, 319,
(–0.4) 471]
Vigabatrin 2–9 (–15)94 5–8 [28, 519]
Viloxazine –6.0–8.0 (?) 2–5 [104, 155, 423]
Vincamine <0.25 (?) 1–2 (8–17)
Vinylbital 1–3 5 8 18–33
Viquidil appr. 0.15–0.25 6–12
Vitamin A see Retinol
Vitamin C see Ascorbic acid
Vitamin D >50 nmol/l263 appr. 306 [328]
Warfarin 1–3 (–7) 10–12 100 37–5097 [155, 426, 469, 555]
Wismut see Bismut(h)
Xamoterol appr. 0.02–0.04 (–0.1) 7–8 [133, 155]
Xipamide –20 5–8 [133, 155]
Xylene 3–40 [528]
Yohimbine appr. 0.05–0.3 1–3 [133, 423]
Zafirlukast 0.005–0.03 10 [155, 423]
464 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
Table (continued)

(from)
Zalcitabine appr. 0.1 (0.5 mmol/l) 1–383 [66, 358]

Zanoterone 0.1–0.5 [568]
Zidovudine51 0.1–0.3 (–1) 2–3 1–1.5 [66, 136, 137, 155,
212, 358]
Zinc 0.6–1.3 2 428 [429]
Zipeprol 0.1–0.7 5.88; 10.68 ? [133, 428]
Ziprasidone 0.02–0.06 2–7 [155, 423]
Zolmitriptan appr. 0.007–0.01 2.5–3 [423]
Zolpidem 0.08–0.15 (–0.2) 0.5 2–4 2–5 [96, 114, 154, 155,
160, 282, 423, 528,
563]
Zonisamide (15–) 20–30 (–40) (30–) 40–70 100208 50–70209 [276, 347, 399, 519]
Zopiclone <0.1 0.15 0.6–1.8 3.5–8 [114, 155, 423, 528]
Zotepine 0.01–0.15 0.15–0.2 14–16 [155]
Zuclopenthixol48 0.005–0.1 0.15–0.3 appr. 20 [423, 469]
Clinical categories used for grouping analytical data:
Therapeutic: blood-plasma/serum concentrations (in general, trough at steady state) observed following therapeutically effective doses; no, or only minimal, side-effects (drugs);
‘normal’: concentrations associated with no, or only minimal, toxic effects (other xenobiotics).
Toxic: blood-plasma/serum concentrations which produce toxicity.
Comatose-fatal: blood-plasma/serum (comatose) concentrations and whole blood (fatal) concentrations reported to have caused coma and death, respectively.
t: in general, terminal elimination half-life.
Ref.: if not specifically referenced, data was taken from review articles [13, 28, 40, 41, 57, 63, 72, 99, 100, 104, 105, 109, 111, 112, 114, 133, 155, 165, 240, 272, 317, 340, 354,
376, 378, 393, 395, 423, 426–429, 441, 443, 466, 468, 469, 489, 491, 495, 510, 527, 528, 534] and/or supplemented with our clinical and forensic analytical results.
Annotations 40
active metabolite nortetrazepam (t1/2: 25–51 h)
41
01 smokers: 3–6 h
active metabolite of acebutolol 42
during steady state
02
as salicylic acid (for analgesic and antipyretic effect) 43
astemizole plus desmethylastemizole
03
as digoxin 44
04 blood drug concentrations following therapeutically effective doses be-
during mechanical ventilation
05 low detection limit
slow (poor) and rapid (extensive) acetylators (metabolizers) 45
06 as decanoate (t1/2: 5–12 days)
days 46
07 in intensive care patients in some cases 8–22 h
active metabolites nortriptyline (see Table) and amitriptyline oxide 47
physiologic
(t1/2: 1.5–3 h) 48
08 rapid (extensive) and slow (poor) metabolizers (genetic polymorphism)
case report 49
09
in patients with impaired renal function in some cases up to 100 h 6 month-old-child, appr. 15 h after 100 mg rectally tramadol
50
10
active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine (t: 1–1.5 h) total labetalol: 0.7–5.0 mg/ml
51
11
appr. 0.2 h for azathioprine Cmax 0.038 0.006 mg/ml after a single oral dose of 150 mg/kg in nine
12
active metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (t1/2: 5–16 h; usual plas- persons with onchocerciasis (t1/2: 56 7 h)
52
ma concentration range 0.2–2 mg/ml) should be considered in case of as enalaprilat
53
intoxication duration of clinical effect: 3–5 h
54
13
each sum carbromal(um) + carbromide (t1/2: 12–15 days) product after hydrolysis
55
14
each as trichloroethanol narcotic; analyzed during distribution phase
56
15
active metabolite desmethyldiazepam = nordazepam (see Table) for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PcP) treatment: sulfamethoxazole
16
nephrotoxic 100–200 mg/ml, trimethoprim 5–10 mg/ml
57
17
active metabolite desmethylclobazam metabolite: pentobarbital (see Table)
58
18
duration of pharmacological effects: 0.3–0.4 h; major metabolite: ben- “narcotic”
59
zoylecgonine (t1/2: 5–6 h) higher with meningism (25 mg/ml); decreased protein binding in neo-
19
active metabolites nordazepam and oxazepam (see Table) nates results in increased unbound drug
60
20
active metabolite nordothiepin (t1/2: 20–60 h) each as 2-hydroxyflutamide (active and major metabolite)
61
21
active metabolite desmethyldoxepin (nordoxepin, t1/2: 33–80 h) should active metabolite of allopurinol
62
be considered in case of intoxication active metabolite paracetamol (acetaminophen, see Table)
63
22
benzodiazepineantagonist active metabolite phenobarbital (see Table)
64
23
active metabolites as active carboxylic acid metabolite ¼ fexofenadine (t1/2: mean 15 h)
65
24
active metabolite desalkylflurazepam (t1/2: 74 24 h) 1 mg oral alprazolam/day equals appr. a plasma concentration of 10 ng
25
active metabolite nortilidine (t1/2: 6 h), comatose-fatal plasma concentra- alprazolam/ml during steady state. Usually higher doses/plasma concen-
tion: 4.4 mg/ml8 trations are recommended for the treatment of phobias when compared
26
in some cases up to 80 h to panic disorder/attacks
27 66
active metabolite levomepromazine sulfoxide (t: 5–10 h) highly inter- and intraindividual variable kinetics; for children (thera-
28
t1/2 for biological effects peutically): 0.04–0.1 mg/ml; active metabolite desmethylchlorpromazine
67
29
active metabolite desipramine (see Table) 0.25 mmol/l desirable for echinococcosis
30 68
active metabolites diazepam, nordazepam plus oxazepam (see Table) mean: 27 h; for geriatric patients (>65 years) in some cases increased to
31 more than 90 h
active metabolite of mesuximide
32 69
sum of active metabolites active metabolite 2-hydroxydesipramine (t1/2: mean 18 h; in patients
33 with impaired renal function several fold increased)
each as desacetylmetipranolol
34 70
active metabolite 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine, see Table); rapid/ in patients with impaired renal function several fold increased
71
slow acetylators of the primary metabolite sulfapyridine in colon tissue 0.8–1.8 h after 1 2 g i.v.: 94.0–7.4 mg/g
35 72
in some cases longer active metabolites 1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine and 1-(3-
36 carboxypropyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine (t1/2: 1–1.6 h), among others, with
active metabolite oxyphenbutazone (t: 27–64 h)
37 5 and 8 times, respectively, higher plasma levels than pentoxifylline
dose dependent
38 73
active metabolite of procainamide as canrenone (one of the active metabolites of spironolactone,
39
for the management of osteoporosis t1/2: 1.31.4 h)
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 465

REVIEW
074 130
appr. 8 h after ingestion of probably 210 mg haloperidol and 1400 mg t1/2 of the active metabolite norfluoxetine: 7–9 days (mean)
131
orphenadrine-HCl with life-threatening arrhythmias active metabolites 2-oxoquazepam (t1/2: 39 (28–43) h) and N-desalkyl-
075
data on effective plasma concentrations for Parkinson’s disease not 2-oxoquazepam (N-desalkylflurazepam, t1/2: 74 24 h)
132
available peak plasma concentration during steady state (Css max )
076 133
peak: 20–30 mg/ml, trough: <7 mg/ml range of plasma concentrations after therapeutically effective doses of
077
for hypertension: 0.2–0.45 mg/ml; for angina/CHD, arrhythmias: 0.3– thioridazine for the active metabolites mesoridazine (thioridazine-2-
0.8 mg/ml sulfoxide): 0.2–1.6 mg/ml (t1/2: 10–14 h) and sulforidazine (thiorid-
078
therapeutic concentration of the unbound fraction: appr. 0.5–2 mg/ml azine-2-sulfone): up to 0.6 mg/ml (t1/2: 10–16 h) and for the inactive
079
in mmol/l (mEq/l, mval/l): 0.4–1.2 (0.6–1.4), toxic from 1.5 metabolite thioridazine-5(ring)-sulfoxide: 0.06–4 mg/ml; probably, the
080
terminal elimination t1/2: 37 6 h; increased in case of renal dysfunction best correlation exists between the plasma concentration of mesorida-
081
therapeutic concentration of the unbound fraction: 1–2.2 mg/ml zine and the clinical response
082 134
for (sleep) apnea: 5–10 mg/ml usually sleep occurred with 0.1 mg/ml; in infants and children (<13
083
increased in patients with impaired renal function years): in some cases during mechanical ventilation up to 3 mg/ml;
084
Cmax 3–5 h after 4 mg oral loperamide hydrochloride: 1–3 ng/ml
h> a-hydroxymidazolam-glucuronide likely contributes in case of impaired
085
active metabolite N-desmethylclomipramine (t1/2: 21–65 h, mean: 40 h) renal function to prolonged sedation
086 135
12–36 h plasma concentration range of the primary metabolite 1,5-dimethyl-3,3-
087
post-operative (on-demand; i.v.): 0.02–1–2 mg/ml (median: 0.29– diphenyl-2-ethylidene-pyrrolidine during steady state: 0.005–0.055 mg/
0.92 mg/ml) as minimal (analgesic) effective concentration; O-des- ml (daily oral methadone dose: 10–225 mg, mean 60 mg)
136
methyltramadol: 0.03–0.04 mg/ml (median: 0.036 mg/ml) ratio clozapine/active metabolite N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine,
088
10–36 h t1/2: 19.2 10.2 h ) usually 1.0 to 2.5
089 137
11–26 h maximum antiemetic effect at >0.01 mg/ml
090 138
stereoselective metabolism (therapeutic concentration after oral applica- active metabolite descarboethoxyloratadine (t1/2: 17–24 h): appr.
tion higher than after intravenous administration) 0.005–0.02 mg/ml
091 139
t1/2 for ß-phase: 0.5–1 h 0.15 0.05‰ per h
092 140
as albendazole sulfoxide (active metabolite) during chronic administration appr. 10–20 h (induction of own metabo-
093
t in slow (poor) metabolizers appr. 40 h lism)
094 141
through plasma concentration at steady state during 2 g twice daily p.o. caution is warranted in case of concomitant use or intoxication with
appr. 9 mg/ml; Cmax 0.8 h after 1 g orally: appr. 45 mg/ml serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) as citalopram, clomipramine
095
as active metabolite methimazole (fluoxetine, paroxetine): possible serotonin syndrome
096 142
mean 80 min trough concentration; peak concentration: <40 mg/ml
097 143
15–85 h distribution half-life: 0.3–0.5 (1) h
098 144
plasma concentrations does not correspond with pharmacological ef- non-smoker: 1–4 mg/ml (17–69 mmol/l);
fects smoker: 3–12 mg/ml (52–206 mmol/l)
099 145
plasma concentrations of the less potent major metabolite 6-b-naltrexol major active metabolite 1-m-chlorophenylpiperazine; plasma concentra-
(t1/2: 11–13 h) are usually 1.5–10 times higher tion appr. 1/10 compared to trazodone
100 146
appr. 25–30 h for the metabolites plasma concentration for maximal cellular accumulation of the active
101
sum rifampicin plus metabolites form gemcitabine-50 -triphosphate
102 147
sum sulindac plus metabolites (sulindac sulfide, t1/2: 15–18 h; t1/2 sul- after topical nasal or ocular administration
148
fone: 17–20 h) Torsade de pointes, usually due to cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition
103
abuse (e.g., ketoconazole, erythromycin) and/or impaired hepatic function
104 149
sum carisoprodol plus meprobamate after oral administration; after topical application: plasma concentration
105
12–15 days for the metabolites < 0.03 mg/ml and t1/2 appr. 22 h
106 150
t1/2 for total platinum plasma concentrations: 20–40 h (up to 6–7 days) for each added 1 mg/day dose of clonazepam, there is appr. an increase
107
2–20 mmol/l of 12 ng/ml in the plasma (patients with panic disorder)
108 151
carboxylic acid metabolite (t1/2: appr. 20 days): 1.5–5.5 mg/ml sum amoxapine and major metabolite 8-hydroxyamoxapine
109
during concomitant therapy with carbamazepine or phenytoin 8–33 h (t1/2: appr. 30 h; t1/2 7-hydroxyamoxapine: 4–6.5 h)
152
(mean: 15 h), during concomitant therapy with valproic acid 31–89 h sum bupropion (amfebutamone) and morpholinole metabolite
(mean: 60 h) (t1/2: 19–22 h)
110 153
in infants and after intoxications in some cases dramatically increased after i.m.-application as decanoate appr. 3 weeks
111 154
during steady state 3–4 h after oral doses of 100–400 mg; prophylaxis Cmin <1–2 mg/ml at best (especially in patients with renal dysfunction)
155
of candidiasis: >0.2 mg/ml and of aspergillosis: >1.0 mg/ml in patients appr. 0.02 mg/ml in organophosphorous ester poisoning depending on
with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) the clinical symptoms
112 156
plasma concentrations of the major metabolite 13-cis-acitretin are in case of organophosphorous ester (e.g. parathione) intoxication;
usually higher 250 mg intravenously as bolus followed by an infusion of 750 mg/24 h
113 157
higher and increased, respectively, in patients with impaired hepatic if used as an antiarrhythmic appr. 0.1–0.4 mg/ml
158
function; for tinnitus aurium: therapeutic plasma concentration appr. using daily oral doses of 25 mg 0.00046 mg risperidone/ml per mg
1–2 mg/ml dose and 0.0064 mg/ml per mg dose for risperidone plus 9-hydroxyris-
114
biologically active/major metabolite cycloguanil (t1/2: 8–17 h): plasma peridone (the clinical effects likely results from the combined concen-
concentration level after daily oral doses of 100–200 mg proguanil trations)
159
appr. 0.02–0.06 mg/ml extensive metabolizers; t for risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone:
115
active metabolite norpethidine (t1/2: 14–24 (–48) h): toxic from appr. 22–24 h
160
0.5 mg/ml 6 case reports: post-mortem 5.2–49 mg citalopram/g blood and 0.3–
116
tremor, hypokalemia 1.4 mg desmethylcitalopram/g blood
117 161
as cytostatic drug: >200 mg/ml concentration/dose-values for extensive metabolizers: 0.025–0.55
118
neurotoxic (median 0.098) nmol/l per mg oral perphenazine, and 0.096–0.75
119
in terminal renal insufficiency appr. 0.5–2 mg/ml, cumulation of the (median 0.195) nmol/l per mg oral perphenazine (mol wt 506.07) for
inactive metabolite N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid (Ac-5-ASA) up to poor metabolizers, respectively
162
20 mg/ml without adverse effects two cases after ingestion of appr. 4 g moclobemide in combination
120
t1/2 of the inactive major metabolite N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid with clomipramine (plasma concentration: 0.3–0.5 mg/ml, i.e. toxic)
163
(Ac-5-ASA) appr. 6–9 h as R-enantiomer, mean: 9 mg/ml
121 164
tocolytic (4.5–6.25 mval(mEq)/l, 2.25–3.125 mmol/l). Approximate dosage: 50–55 mg/kg per day
normal range: 18–25 mg Mg2þ/ml (0.74–1.03 mmol/l); conversion fac- 165
appr. 2.5 h after ingestion of 50–100 mg amlodipine besylate with al-
tor: mg/dl 0.4113 ¼ mmol/l cohol (263 mmol ethanol/l)
122
Cmax appr. 2–8 mmol/l (i.e. 1.7–6.8 mg/ml, after 170–275 mg/m2 intra- 166
101 ng/ml 4 h after ingestion of 70 mg and 185 ng/ml at 10.5 h, com-
venously for 6 h); much lower after intraperitoneal injection plicated by oxazepam ingestion
123 167
as transdermal system (patch); plasma concentrations of the major me- data for d,l-sotalol
168
tabolite cotinine (t1/2: mean 16–20 h) appr. 10 times higher after i.v.-application; t1/2: 4–7 h following epidural administration
124
mean 2 h; after application of the transdermal system possibly longer (appr. 4–5 h following intercostal block and appr. 8 h following bra-
125
active metabolites desipramine (see Table), 2-hydroxyimipramine chial plexus blockade, respectively)
(t1/2: 6–18 h), and 2-hydroxydesipramine69 169
mean 19 h; t1/2 of oral cyclosporine microemulsion is appr. 8 h
126 170
3–7 min after retrobulbar blockade: 0.5–1.1 mg/ml a longer t1/2 has been reported in elderly patients, up to 3.8 days
127 171
for myasthenia gravis target range of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is prolon-
128
EC50 analgesia; EC50 respiratory depression: 0.035 0.022 mg/ml gation of 50–70 sec, aPTT prolongation of more than 100 sec has
129
appr. 14 h after oral ingestion of 1.5 g been associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic events
466 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

REVIEW
172 220
as 10-hydroxycarbazepine for seizures; in patients with trigeminal neu- nonlinear kinetics
ralgia, therapeutic serum concentrations of the active metabolite 10-hy- 221
appr. 5 h after ingestion of 3 g, not associated with severe toxicity to a
droxycarbazepine (t1/2: 8–11 h): 50–110 mmol/l 27-year-old woman
173 222
mild CNS symptoms (limited data) slightly increased (8–12 h) in patients with impaired hepatic function;
174
pharmacologically inactive metabolites 50 and 60 -hydroxytenoxicam active metabolites hydroxynefazodone (t1/2: 2–5 h), m-chlorophenyl-pi-
175
effective plasma concentrations for the 2 active metabolites: O-des- perazine (t1/2: 4–10 h), and triazoledione (t1/2: 10–12 h)
methylencainide (0.05–0.3; toxic from 0.3 mg/ml, t1/2: 11 h) and 3- 223
each as N-desmethylsuximide; appr. methsuximide (t1/2: 1–2 h) steady
methoxy-o-desmethylencainide (0.06–0.28 mg/ml; t1/2: >24 h) during state concentration: 0.04–0.08 mg/ml
long-term therapy 224
mean steady state trough concentration in 15 young adults receiving a
176
in poor metabolizers 9–11 h daily dose of 0.47–1.71 mg isotretinoin/kg: 0.05–0.34 mg/ml (t1/2:
177
“normal”: 0.001–0.006; smoker: 0.005–0.012 (0.15) mg/ml; mmol/l 29 40 h), and for the 4-oxo metabolite (t1/2: 22 10 h): 0.16–
0.026 ¼ mg/ml 0.68 mg/ml
178
reference value; 0.001 mg/g creatinine or 0.0014 mg/ml urine; <30 mg/ 225
for depression; higher in case of schizophrenia (2–3 mg/ml?)
24 h urine (“normal”); “toxic” from appr. 0.05–0.3 mg/ml urine 226
suggested threshold for the sum of clomipramine (0.05–0.06 mg/ml)
179
> 0.04 mg/ml urine and N-desmethylclomipramine (0.16–0.18 mg/ml): 0.2–0.24 mg/ml
180
up to years in chronically exposed workers 227
for the active metabolite E-3174 (t1/2: 4–9 h); plasma concentration of
181
combination with 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos losartan producing 50% of maximal blood pressure response to exo-
182
in case of intoxication/overdose: 70–90 h genous angiotensin-II: 0.032 mg/ml
183
overdose 228
as ramiprilat (t: 13–17 (50–110) h)
184
one case of toxicokinetic estimation in acute KCN poisoning 229
185 IC50 level for analgesic effect after oral surgery
tentative target range; Css max appr. 4.6 mg/ml (300 mg tid) and appr. 230
the inhibitory concentration to reduce the level of extracellular hepatitis
8.4 mg/ml (600 mg tid)
186
prolonged in case of impaired renal function to 16–43 h; >100 h in B DNA by 50% varied from 2.3 ng/ml to 1.3 mg/ml
231
dialysis dependent patients Cmax at steady state (666 mg tid p.o.)
232
187
dependent of urine pH, if alkaline appr. 8–10 h after oral administration of the enteric-coated tablet
233
188
females showed significantly longer elimination half-lives (35.4 13.7 h) trough <2 plus peak 6–10 (5–12) mg/ml
234
than males (mean 21–26 h); the t1/2 of the R()-enantiomer is twice reference value; <0.015 mg/ml urine
that of the S(þ)-enantiomer
235
active metabolite 40 -hydroxynimesulide (t: 3–9 h)
236
189
after doses of 25, 75, and 150 mg every 8 h for 3 days, mean peak Cmax 126.5 and 226.3 ng/ml (at 2 h) after 75 and 125 mg p.o.
237
serum levels were 0.053, 0.167, and 0.393 mg/ml; corresponding levels in patients >60 years prolonged up to 10 h
238
of the major active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine (t1/2: 10–11 h) adjuvant in methadone maintenance therapy
239
were 0.148, 0.397, and 0.686 mg/ml means of the ‘average’ steady state plasma concentration for the rela-
190
at least 10 nmol of the lactone (mol wt 421.46)/l (?); decreases in tively high dose of 250 mg q8 h appr. 0.4–0.6 mg/ml
240
absolute neutrophil counts of 50–90% were observed with steady state combination of distribution and elimination processes
241
plasma concentrations of total topotecan (lactone þ hydroxy acid) of as active metabolite fenofibric acid
242
20–60 nmol/l, respectively appr. 37.5 mmol/l (mval/l, mEq/l)
243
191
a mean steady state peak plasma concentration of 0.286 mg/ml was ob- steady state concentration 21.6 14.2 mg/ml (mean SD) during con-
served in healthy volunteers after 60 mg (oral solution) every 12 hours tinuous infusion of 3 g (1.1–2.2 mg/kg h) every 24 hours in 44 pa-
for 10 doses tients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery
192
the metabolite 20 ,20 -difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) has minimal antitu- 244
target trough concentration if cyclosporine (CsA) is being used at trough
mor activity but may contribute to the toxicity of gemcitabine concentrations of 0.075–0.15 mg/ml; without CsA: appr. 0.03 mg/ml (LC/
193
Cmax after 200 mg tid UVassay)
194 245
serum concentration of benzoic acid following high dose diazepam i.v.- 4 hours after ingestion of 30–40 tiagabine HCl 8 mg tablets (coma)
infusion and severe metabolic acidosis (5-year-old girl; urine concentra- 246
bupropion plus 10-hydroxybupropion
tion: 1200 mg/ml) 247
calculated steady state concentration in children (4 months to 16 years)
195
1.5 h in dogs after i.v.-administration receiving 0.3 mg/kg b.w. i.v.
196
for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) 248
femoral blood concentration of the metabolite desmethylalimemazine
197
trough; peak: 0.1–0.5 mg/ml after fatal intoxication: 0.2–1.3 mg/g
198
þ0.4 mg of its metabolite 3-deacetylpancuronium/ml 249
40–50 min after 0.15 mg/kg i.v.
199
“normal”: 2–3% of total Hb; from 15–20%: cyanosis, headache, 250
femoral blood concentration of the metabolite desmethylpromethazine
dizziness after fatal intoxication (n ¼ 3): 0.3–1.8 mg/g
200
“normal”: 5% (elderly: 15%); smoker: 8–10% 251
femoral blood concentration of the metabolite desmethyltrimipramine
201
2 h after ingestion after fatal intoxication (n ¼ 10): 0.3–2.5 mg/g
202
3 h after ingestion of 400 mg with no severe symptoms 252
fatal overdose with tramadol, alprazolam (0.21 mg/ml), and alcohol
203
mean steady state trough concentration; peak: 5–15 mg/ml (1.29 g/kg) in a 30-year-old woman
204
for Parkinson’s disease (appr. 15–50 pmol/ml) 253
enterohepatic circulation; prolonged in elderly subjects to 33.4 hours
205
peak: 0.5–3 mg/ml (range: 20.0–53.4 h)
206
plasma concentrations below detection limit; plasma concentrations of 254
Cmin/D [(ng/ml)/mg], i.e. dose-normalised trough plasma drug concen-
the active metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (t1/2: appr. 24 h),
tration, dosage interval 8 h
which appears to be responsible for the effects, were 10–37 mg/ml 255
all data refer to the active metabolite A771726
3–6 h after single oral doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg 256
207 steady state concentrations at 5, 10, and 25 mg/d, respectively
active metabolite 6-O-desmethyldonepezil 257
208 steady state trough concentrations after 400 mg/d orally; two major
coma in a patient overdosing zonisamide, carbamazepine, and clonaze-
pam metabolites modafinil acid (appr. 0.5–0.8 mg/ml, t: 7.3 1.1 h) and
209
25–30 h in patients co-medicated with enzyme-inducing anticonvul- modafinil sulfone (appr. 4.5–5.3 mg/ml), but neither appears to contri-
sants bute to the wake-promoting properties of modafinil
258
210
2–4 h in patients co-medicated with enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants mean plasma trough concentration at steady state obtained from
211
long-term (2–3 years) treated renal-transplant patients had significantly 400 mg imatinib/day in 83 adult patients with chronic phase CML;
lower trough plasma concentrations of mycophenolic acid (1.94 peak: 2.3 mg/ml
259
0.24 mg/ml), the active metabolite, compared with patients taking in a 5-year-old girl
260
mycophenolate mofetil (1 g twice daily) short-term (2–10 months; at this time (March 2003), there is insufficient evidence to recommend
3.53 0.45 mg/ml). Proposed mycophenolic acid pre-dose target con- a general therapeutic range
261
centration: 1–3.5 mg/ml active metabolite N-desethylamiodarone (t1/2: 57–64 days), which
212
as mycophenolic acid achieves plasma concentrations similar to the parent compound
262
213
ten men with multiple sclerosis, 10–20 mg p.o. every 6 h 30 min be- inactive metabolites deshydroxyethyl opipramol (t1/2: 97 24 h) and
fore the next dose; peak levels < 0.1 mg/ml 30 min after a dose opipramol N-oxide (t1/2: 10.7 3.2 h)
214 263
nine patients, maximum tolerated oral dose 50–100 mg as 25-hydroxyvitamin D for adults >49 years
215 264
t1/2 metabolite 3-O-methyldopa: 15 h 6 h after reportedly ingestion of 30 g in a 38-year-old woman
216 265
appr. 2.5 mmol/l (1 mg/ml) 24 h after single doses of 100–800 mg and metabolite perindoprilat, 3 to 10 hours, with a prolonged terminal half-
during daily treatment with 200 mg life between 25 to 120 h
217 266
active metabolite 14-hydroxyclarithomycin (t1/2: 5–7 h) sum venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine
218 267
Cmax following oral administration of 200, 400, 800, and 1200 mg, for glaucoma 4–5 mg/ml
respectively: 3.7, 8, 18, and 29 mg/ml 268
doxapram þ keto-doxapram
219 269
at a daily dosage of 60, 120, and 240 mg the mean SD concentration 24 h after ingestion of appr. 20 ml
in patients with symptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmias (n ¼ 9–18) 270
active metabolite desethylamodiaquine (t1/2: 1–10 days)
was 75 46, 144 105, and 324 180 nmol/l, respectively 271
smokers: 0.0006 mg/ml
Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 467

REVIEW
We thank Margit Schmidt and Susanne Roth, both at the Center for Drug 46 de Boer, D.; Egberts, T.; Maes, R. A.: Pharm. World. Sci. 21, 47 (1999)
Information and Pharmacy Practice at ABDA, for her most valuable help 47 Bolla, S.; Boinpally, R. R.; Poondru, S.; Devaraj, R.; Jasti, B. R.: J.
in preparing and updating the manuscript. Clin. Pharmacol. 42, 327 (2002)
48 Bolten, W.; Salzmann, G.; Goldmann, R.; Miehlke, K.: Z. Rheuma-
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474 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

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Received April 22, 2003, accepted May 5, 2003

1. Introduction gained over several years from working in the clinical

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 447

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Acamprosate appr. 0.37–0.65231 13–20232 [155, 444]

448 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Aminophenazone 10–20 appr. 2–4 [423]

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 449

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Betacarotene 4–6196 ? [155, 168]

450 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Carboc(h)romene 0.8–2.4 0.2–1.5

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 451

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Cilazapril()at 0.003–0.09 30–50 [423]

452 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Dapsone48 0.5–2 10 188 25–31 [280, 406]

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 453

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Domperidone appr. 0.01–0.1 12–16 [24, 155, 208, 223,

454 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Fentanyl 0.003–0.34 0.003–0.028, 103 1–3.5 [13, 28, 226, 297,

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 455

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

n-Hexane –0.01 [133]

456 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Levodopa (L-Dopa) 0.3–1.6 6508 1–3215 [15, 182–184, 507]

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 457

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Methemoglobin –– 199 25–30% 60–70% [155, 527, 528]

458 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Nadolol 0.01–0.25 1.38 14–24

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 459

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Oxycodone (0.005–) 0.02–0.05 0.2 0.6; 58 2–553 [340, 426, 528]

460 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Pinazepam15 0.01–0.05 16 [272]

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 461

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Rabeprazole appr. –0.6 1–2 [423]

462 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 463

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Tolmetin 10–80 60 (?) 2–4 [528]

464 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7

Therapeutic (‘normal’) toxic (from) comatose-fatal

Zalcitabine appr. 0.1 (0.5 mmol/l) 1–383 [66, 358]

Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7 465

466 Pharmazie 58 (2003) 7