CLASS : MA FINAL

FINAL REPORT FOR

ASSIGNMENT 2020 DEPARTMENT of
EDUCATION

SUBMITTED TO : DR.
RIZWANA MUNEER

Topic : Role Of
Multimedia And
Other Technologies

Date : 28th January

Group # 6
2021
GROUP MEMBERS

1. Zainab manzoor (LEADER)

2. Yumna zahid
3. Zarmina aziz
4. Saba salim
5. Ujala wasim
6. Asma salim
7. Syeda asmaar
8. Adan aziz
9. Ilsa naz
10. Shama noor
11. Kulsum khalid

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GROUP ASSIGNMENT
Instructor: Dr. Rizwana Muneer
Group : 06
TASK ASSIGNED :-

1.Characteristics & importance of multimedia (Ujala)

2. What are multimedia technologies & advantages of multimedia

technologies . ( Asma)

3. Where to use multimedia & Role of multimedia in education

( Syeda asmaar)

4. Advantages of using multimedia in classroom.(Zainab )

5. New technologies in projected aids. (kulsum+shama)

6.Projected aids / Non-projected aids . (Adan)

7. Examples + description of projected media (Ilsa)

8.Projected media in educational technology (saba)

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 INDEX
S.NO. CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. MAIN BODY OF ANSWERS
 Characteristics & importance of multimedia.
 What are multimedia technologies & advantages of
multimedia technologies.
 Where to use multimedia & Role of multimedia in
education.
 Advantages of using multimedia in classroom.
 New technologies in projected aids.
 Projected aids / Non-projected aids .
 Examples + description of projected media.
 Projected media in educational technology.
4. BIBLOGRAPHY
5. APPENDIX
6. CONCLUSION
7. QUOTATION

ABSTRACT
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Multimedia plays an important role in today’s society because it is society now all
are the things is keep up with the times. The multimedia is a good way for
communication because that can easy to communicate and understand what they
say. After that, multimedia has animation, music, video and more of this.
Computer-based, interactive applications having multiple media elements,
including text, graphics, animations, video, and sound. Multimedia
technology refers to both the hardware and software used to create and run such
systems. The biggest handicap to multimedia event develops. On the web have
bandwidth limitation people connecting to net via modern just can’t be expected
to wait along enough for huge media files to download. But is capacity of
common times transmitting data back and forth between internet and your
computer. There are dozens of media format available but there are only a few
that stand tell among a little guys struggling for the piece of the pie. At the top of
heap Is real networks with thier real system soft were that is very soul of
expressive conversation, combining wide, adios and animation and doing so with
aplomb all the while closed behind is Microsoft media player which as of this
within getting a measure over hall and to better fight with the big boys. All
students go through a transition period from childhood to adolescence. In most
regions of Europe students actually transfer from a primary to secondary school.
This tends to results in student changing from having just one often marked by a
different style of teaching, which can result in a deceased rate of learning. A
multimedia learning environment involves a number of components or elements
in order to enable learning to take place. Hardware and software are only part of
the requirement. Having the right type of equipment, including software, will not
necessarily environment to enable learning to take place.

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 ROLE OF MULTIMEDIA AND
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
INTRODUCTION

Multimedia and the term is again made of multi and media

compound. Media (medium) original double meaning, one that
stores information on entities, such as disk, CD, tape,
semiconductor memory and more. Second is the transmission of
information carriers, such as numbers, text, sound, graphics and
so on. Therefore, the corresponding term and multimedia is a
single media, literally, the media is compounded by a single
media. Multimedia is anything and everything that you watch and
listen. It is graphics, audio, sound, text and many. This is usually
recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information
content processing devices such as computerized and electronic
devices. Multimedia to the general argument is that the image,
sound, graphics, images, text, text, animation and other media
together to form an organic whole, to achieve a certain function,
it is called multimedia. There are two aspects of the media itself is
all modern technologies. It is hardware and software or a mix of
machines and ideas.

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What is Educational Technology ?

“Educational technology is the use of both physical hardware, software,

and educational theoretic to facilitate learning and improving

performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate
technological processes and resources.”

Definitions Of Experts
1: According to Richey, R. C., Silber, K. H.1963 :
Audiovisual communications is the branch of educational theory and practice
concerned with the design and use of messages which control the learning
process. It undertakes:
(a) The study of the unique and relative strengths and weaknesses of both
pictorial and nonrepresentational messages which may be employed in the
learning process for any reason; and
(b) The structuring and systematizing of messages by men and instruments in an
educational environment. These undertakings include planning, production,
selection, management, and utilization of both components and entire
instructional systems. Its practical goal is the efficient utilization of every method
and medium of communication which can contribute to the development of the
learners’ full potential.

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2: According to Michael Spector:

Educational Technology involves the disciplined application of knowledge for the

purpose of improving learning, instruction and/or performance.

3: According to Spector, J. M. (2015) :

Educational technology is a field involved in the facilitation of human learning

through systematic identification, development, organization and utilization of a
full-range of learning resources and through the management of these processes.

4: According to Davies, I. K., & Schwen, T. M. (1972):

Educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people,

procedures, ideas, devices and organization for analyzing problems and devising,
implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems involved in
all aspects of human learning. 

5: According to Ching, Y. H. (2013) :

Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development,

utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIMEDIA

1. A SYSTEM OF INFORMATION
A multimedia system is an information system that combines
different types of media. It uses at least 3 media types, such as
text, images, animation, audio and video. Multimedia systems
have the potential to provide a better experience than any other
information medium

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 2. MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTS
The types of media used in a multimedia product include text,
numbers, hypertext, audio, images, animations and video.

3. TEXT IN MULTIMEDIA AND NUMBER IN MULTIMEDIA

The text media type refers to letters, numbers and other
characters whose meaning is not s specified. The number
media type, on the other hand, refers to predefined characters,
usually numerals, whose meaning and format are specified.
4. COMPUTER CONTROLLED
Multimedia system must be computer controlled.

5. INTEGRATED
Multimedia systems are integrated.

6. DIGITALLY
The information they handle must be represented digitally.

7. SCREEN DESIGN
Screen Design is used to co-ordinate text and graphic elements
in order to present sequenced contents to facilitate learning and
enhance student’s learning.

8. NAVIGATION
Navigation feature can enhance learning outcome and make an
interactive multimedia applications easy to use by the students.

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 9. MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATIONS
Multimedia presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected,
transmitted, or played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a
live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can
be either analog or digital electronic media technology. Digital online
multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming multimedia may
be live or on-demand.

10. MULTIMEDIA GAMES

Multimedia games and simulations may be used in a physical
environment with special effects, with multiple users in an online
network, or locally with an offline computer, game system, or
simulator.
11. ENHANCE USER’S EXPERIENCE
The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be
intended to enhance the users’ experience, for example to make it easier
and faster to convey information. Or in entertainment or art, to transcend
everyday experience.

12. A LASER SHOW

A laser show is a live multimedia performance.

13. ENHANCED LEVELS OF INTERACTIVITY

Enhanced levels of interactivity are made possible by combining
multiple forms of media content. Online multimedia is increasingly
becoming object-oriented and data-driven, enabling applications with
collaborative end-user innovation and personalization on multiple forms
of content over time.
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 14. LEARNING
Multimedia approach calls for the use of a member of media, devices
and techniques for learning.
15. PLANNED USE OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
In multimedia approach planned use of hardware and software available
in the field of educational technology.

IMPORTANCE OF MULTIMEDIA
The importance of multimedia are as follows:
 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
Multimedia is an advanced technology that facilitates integration of text,
data, image, graphics, audio, video animation in digital form.

 PROVIDES NEW WAYS

It provides new ways to enhance the delivery of information and its
impact on the user.

 GIVE INFORMATION IN DISPLAY FORM

Multimedia is information displayed in picture/sound form and it does
not include plain text exclusively. Thus it includes pictures, audio and
video which are captured and digitized by input devices to get the
information ready for manipulation by the computer.

 COMBINES DIFFERENT MEDIA

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It is a new trend in one computer science because it combines different
media in one computer application, it is called multimedia.

 STORES INFORMATION
Computer stores multimedia information in a variety of standard
formats. We can display multimedia information on output devices.
 HUGE IMPACT ON EDUCATION
Multimedia has a huge impact on education.

 COMPUTER BASED TEACHING

Many college or schools use different types of computer based teaching
software based on multimedia.

 MULTIMEDIA AS A WHOLE
It is not necessary that teacher is available in class.

 HEPLFUL FOR PRESENTATION

Students in engineering colleges use interactive multimedia
presentations to learn the basics of electronic, implement test and
manipulate the circuit they design on a computer.

 ACADEMIC CURRICULUM
Training/classroom multimedia, appropriately known as CBT (Computer
Based Training/Tutorials) uses multimedia technology to teach academic
curriculum.

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  ENTERTAINMENT
Entertainment and media industry are benefitted by multimedia
technology. Images, animation and sound are broadly used for creation
animation movies.

 INCREASE STUDENT’S INTEREST

Multimedia can enhance the interest of an individual in educational
manner.

 FLEXIBLE LEARNING
It provides flexible learning that will be anywhere and anytime.

 PROVIDE EASY ACCESS

It gives easy access and fast delivery of course material, tests and
quizzes to the users.

 COLLABORATION AMONG TEACHERS

Multimedia enhances collaboration among teachers so that teacher use it
for making their teaching method more effective.

WHAT ARE MULTIMEDIA

TECHNOLOGIES?

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 1. TEXT MATERIAL:
Text takes us back to how the internet started, as a means
of sending written messages back and forth between researchers.
Actually, it takes us back quite a bit further, as pretty much every
office memo ever written has mostly consisted of text with
perhaps a smidgen of other media types thrown in. Text is still a
primary way to transmit information, although nowadays, it is
also used to augment other forms of communication, such as a
text description of a photograph.

2. PHOTOGRAPHS AND OTHER STILL IMAGES:

Illustrations are perhaps the oldest form of media,
harking back at least as far as the prehistoric paintings on cave
walls found in various locations around the world. Gutenberg's
printing press in the 1400's enabled mass distribution of
multimedia works containing both text and images. The growth of
electronic communications has meant that older text-only forms
of communication could be enhanced with photographs and
images as well. Small images such as thumbnails or icons are
often used as a visual "entry point" to larger images or more
detailed information. Text and images sometimes combine in a
single form, as many software programs make it easy to
create text art, a form of lettering that combines a strong
visual element as well.
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 3. AUDIO FILES:
Your website or presentation can add sound, from
a musical background to a spoken explanation, by including
audio files. Even digital cameras, a quintessentially image-
based technology, have been engineered these days to record
sound as well. Many sound files are compressed, which
reduces the file size without greatly sacrificing sound quality.
Compressed files require less storage space and stream faster
when sent over the internet or transmitted to local systems.
4. VIDEO PRESENTATION:
Video presents moving pictures and typically combines
images and sound for a compelling multimedia experience. Of
course, videos can include text as well, which often appears as
captioning for spoken words or as text in an image, as in the
case of a slide presentation. Video files are some of the most
memory-intensive multimedia applications, but clever
streaming methods makes their use practical in everyday use.

5. GIFs AND OTHER FORMS OF ANIMATION:

Animated files occupy a middle ground between
still images and video. GIFs, which is an abbreviation for
graphic image files, in particular, are small files that
present a single image or rapidly display a sequence of a
few images to give the appearance of motion.

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 ADVANTAGES OF MULTIMEDIA
TECHNOLOGIES

1. This is a very user-friendly. It does not need the number of

energy users, in this sense, you can sit down to watch the demo,
you can read the text and hear the sound.

2. It is a multi-sensory. It uses the senses of many users, while the

use of multimedia, such as hearings, see and talk.

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 3. It is a comprehensive and interactive. Through different media
in the process of digital integration. The possibility of
interaction easy feedback are greatly increased.

4. It is flexible. Digitalization, this media can easily be changed to

adapt to different situations and audiences.

5. It can be used for a variety of audiences, ranging from one

person to the whole group.

6. Through participation in multimedia activities, students can

learn real- world skills related to technology. They will know
the value of teamwork and the importance of effective
collaboration techniques.

7. It helps the learners to express and represent their prior

knowledge and provides them with many learning opportunities.

8. It provides a non-threatening environment for a learner to study

at their own pace.

9. It facilitates teaching- learning process. The combination of text,

sound, and graphics holds the attention of students and makes
students innovative by making their studies more meaningful.
most learners enjoy working with multimedia.

WHERE TO USE MULTIMEDIA?

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  Advertising:

In the field of advertising, the multimedia plays a vital role. As whatever

it is whether print or electronic advertisement, they first are prepared on
the computer by using professional’s software’s and then it is brought in
front of the ultimate audiences.

 Business:
Multimedia is vividly used in Business field. Business applications in
multimedia are presentation, training, marketing, advertising, product
demos, catalogues etc. These are important in business to sales, training,
teaching, lecturing and generally entertaining an audience. In business
we have customers of different age groups so with the help of
multimedia it can make it easy for them to understand.

 Home:
Multimedia is majorly used in homes too. Usually, only youngsters use
multimedia, but nowadays elderly people are also very keen in learning
about this. Home consumers can use own computer to watch movies
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through the use of Multimedia such as CD-ROM or DVD driver.
Nintendo, X-box or PlayStation machine are also the examples of
Multimedia which are used in homes.

 Virtual Reality:
Virtual reality is a multimedia extension, and it uses imagery, sounds,
and animations of basic multimedia elements. Because it requires from a
person stringing is navigation feedback, maybe virtual reality is an
interactive multimedia in its fullest extension. It is often used to describe
a wide variety of applications commonly associated with immersive,
highly visual and 3D environments. Simulation environment can be
similar to the real world, for example is in the pilot or combat training,
simulation or it can be significantly different from the reality as in
virtual reality games. This definition will be somewhat ahead of
romantic attention. Then the people tend to agree with wearing a suit
virtual reality display and data.

 Journalism:
It is used in the field of mass media i.e., journalism, in various
magazines and newspapers that are published periodically. The use of
multimedia plays a vital role in a publishing house as there are many
works of newspaper designing and other stuff also. Nowadays it’s not
only the text that we can see in the newspaper, but also the photographs,
which not only makes newspaper a perfect example but also explains the
worthiness of hypermedia.

 Gaming Industry:

One of the most exciting applications of multimedia is games.

Nowadays the live internet used to play games with multiple players has
become popular. In fact, the first application of multimedia system was
in the field of entertainment and that too in the video game industry. The

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integrated audio and video effects make various types of games more
entertaining.

 Medicine:

The use of Multimedia in medicine is rapidly increasing. In medicine,

doctors can be trained by looking at a virtual surgery (Simulators) Using
multimedia, they can simulate how a human body is affected by diseases
spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to eliminate
them.

ROLE OF MULTIMEDIA

The interactive nature of multimedia provides the room to enhance

traditional "chalk-and-talk" method of teaching with more flexibility to
learners to adapt to individual learning strategy. Multimedia provides a
technology based constructivist learning environment where students are
able to solve a problem by means of self-explorations, collaboration and
active participation. Simulations, models and media rich study materials
like still and animated graphics, video and audio integrated in a
structured manner facilitate the learning of new knowledge much more
effectively. It enables both the educators and learners to work together in
an informal setting. The role of educators and learners are extended. It
encourages and enhances peer learning as well as individual creativity
and innovation.
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Multimedia technology empowers the educational process by means of
increased interaction between teachers, students, and courseware also
innovative ways to make learning more dynamic, longer lasting, and
more applicable to the world outside the classroom. Throughout the
1980s and 1990s, the concept of multimedia took on a new meaning and
plays as a good tool in educational technology. Furthermore the satellite,
computers, audio, and video converged to create new media with
enormous potential combined with the advances in hardware and
software, these technologies were able to provide enhanced learning
facility and with attention to the specific needs of individual users.

USE OF MULTIMEDIA
According to Vaughan , multimedia is a combination of text, graphic,
animation, audio, and video which are everything we can see and hear in
our daily life. Multimedia also refers to the uses of computer technology
to create, store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia plays a
crucial role in education which range from preschool education to
postgraduate students and corporate training packages.
Multimedia can be defined as an application that uses a combination of
many media sources such as texts, graphics, audios, videos and
animations. It is often use to deliver information which is more powerful
than printed learning resources such as printed text book. It also allows
users to interact with the information quickly and accurately.
Educational multimedia applications enable students to get information
in various formats. Examples of multimedia applications are World
Wide Web, courseware, interactive TV, computer games, and virtual
reality.

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In education, multimedia is used to provide computer based training
courses and reference books such as encyclopedia. A computer based
training courses lets the students go through a series of presentation, text
about a particular topic in various information format. Multimedia is
used by teachers and lecturers to convey information such as lecture
slides, assessment materials and others learning resources. It can also
use by students to learn new skills and knowledge without lecturers
guidance.
The rapid innovation and development in information and
communication technologies has been increased the used of multimedia
in our daily life and brought the changes to computing, entertainment
and education. However, educational multimedia will not going to
replace the roles of teachers or lecturers, it will only allow students to
learn more when compare with traditional teaching methods. Multimedia
for educational purposes is similar like the printed text books and other
teaching materials, but they can be come in a wider range of sources.
The potential of multimedia applications for educational purposes is
well-recognized by the universities, school, government and private
organization. Educational multimedia applications can be more focused
on specific objectives or in more comprehensive ways.
There has been an increase in demand of educational multimedia
applications at all level of citizens for them to apply their knowledge in
different field of study and situations. Multimedia had greatly influenced
the education in many ways. They give teachers or lecturers to prepare
study materials for students in a more clearly and comprehensive way
such as demonstrate and visualize the study material in a multimedia

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presentation. Multimedia can also be used as a source of information.
Multimedia can be developed to enhance the learning process and
increase the interaction between students and lecturers. Lecturers can
make the lesson more interesting by using the multimedia presentations.
As the information is presented in variety ways, multimedia enhance the
user experience and make the learners easier to grasp the information.

PROJECTED MEDIA
Over time, technology has changed to allow people to communicate
efficiently and has gone from a means to make difficult tasks easier.
Technology has always been a present force acting in the world. It
started out as simple tools created by the most primitive humans and
evolved into other tools that made life easier for the people and the
inventor himself. In the mid 20th century, the technological advances
began to boom. Engineers and educators began to look for new ways to
make computers do tasks as media that would help them during the
class. Projected and electronic materials are forms of media which could
be visual, audio and audio-visual in nature that requires projection and
electricity in their using process for teaching and learning situation.

Visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or

stimulate and support learning. It means that visual aids are those aids
which appeal to the sense of vision or the eye in which children can see
something

In a more complete meaning Visual aids as any device which by sight

and sound increase the individuals' practice, outside that attained
through read labeled as an audio visual aids. Visual aids give chance to
speakers to make a more professional and consistent performance.

Projected visuals have been long popular as media as well as

entertainment. Projected visuals are media formats in which pictures are
enlarged and displayed on a screen which are really suitable for all use at
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all grade levels and for instruction in all curriculum areas. One
advantage of projected visual is that the teacher can maintain eye contact
with the students. The lighted screen is a silent shout, meaning that a
shout likely to be heeded by even the most reluctant learners. The large,
bright image captures the students’ attention as no other technology can.
Years ago, equipment like overhead projectors and posters provided the
common visual aids. With the evolution of multimedia, PowerPoint slide
shows and portable digital projectors for showing animated clips have
become known.

Overhead Projection
The first projected visual aids which come into world is OHP. The
typical overhead projector is a simple device which basically consists of
a box with a large aperture or “stage” on the top surface. This device
makes use of transparency which later is called as acetate (individual
sheet of transparent film) and overlays (sheets of transparent film).

 Slides
Slide is a more modern one than OHP. It refers to a small-format
photographic transparency individually mounted for one-at-time
projection. The standard size of slides is 5 x 5 cm. Slides may be used at
all grade levels and for instruction in all curriculum area, such as
providing a tour without walking though the area, making a visual
history, illustrating lectures, documenting students activities, showing
people at work in various jobs, simulating a field trip, promoting public
understanding, etc.
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  Sound-Slides Sets
While OHP and slides are not accompanied by sounds, sound-slides sets
are a combination of 2x2 inch slides and audiotape which is versatile,
easy to use and effective for both group and independent study. This
sound slide programs may be advanced in manually or automatically. In
manual operation, the visual and audio components are usually
separated. The presenter needs to ensure that the visual and audio are
synchronized. In automatic operation, it uses two sound tracks – one for
audible narration and for inaudible tones that activate the advance
mechanism on the slide projector.

 Multi Image Presentation 

Multi Image is the earlier form of video player. It is any visual
presentation showing several images simultaneously, often using
multiple screens. It may incorporate moving images, film or video but
slides are used as foundation. It is heavily used in corporate
communications – to impress visitors, to introduce new products, to
review the year accomplishments. In education, it is usually produced
for persuasive purposes like to enlist parent support for new programs,
to heighten student’s awareness of issues, to arouse interest in new
classroom technique.

 Filmstrip
A filmstrip is a roll of 35mm transparent film containing a series of
related still pictures intended for showing one at a time. The standard
format of film strips is the single-frame filmstrip, in which the images
are printed perpendicular to the length of the film, while in 35mm slide
film, the images are parallel to the length of the film. This projector has
no audio accompaniment. Narrative information is printed at the bottom
of each frame or is recorded separately. As slides can be made by the
teacher and students, filmstrips are better suited to mass production and
distribution.

 Opaque
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Opaque projection is a method of enlarging and projecting
nontransparent material on screen. It works by directing a very strong
incandescent light down onto the material. The light is reflected upward
to strike a mirror, which aims the light beam through series of lenses
onto a screen. Consequently, the image on the screen is dimmer, and
more complete room darkening is required. The document camera is an
electronic version of the opaque projector. The image may be projected
onto large screen within the room or it may be transmitted to distant sites
via television. This projector is useful for many small groups or
classroom-size groups that need to view printed or visual material
together.

 Computer Image Projection

Liquid crystal display (LCD) projections panels project computer
images onto screen. This works as the same as reflective OHP, minus
the transparency. An LCD panel is plugged into computer and placed
onto the stage of a high-intensity overhead projector. The projector light
shines through LCD panel, projecting image on a screen.

EXAMPLES OF PROJECTED MEDIA

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Projected media can be in a form of:
1. Power point presentation (ppt)
2. Video Presentation
3. Transparencies

PROJECTED AIDS
Learning

is the modification of behavior through

experiences. The basic learning
experience has to be received by the people through his séances, as they
are the gateways to knowledge. Most of such experience enters through
one’s eyes and ears. Materials that help to make learning experiences
clear and vivid by appealing to these senses are called audio visual aids.
The effective application of such aids is known as the audio visual
technology.
Audio visual aids may be classification to projected aids,
non projected aids and activity aids. A projected aid is one in which item
to be observed are projected on a screen using mechanical devices.
These aids are found to be very effective because movement can be
added to sound and hence a realistic experience can be provided. The
various projected aids are;
1. Film and film projector

26
 They enrich learning by presenting a series or sequences of
meaningful experiences involving motion. They can enlarge or reduce
the actual size of objects to suit the need. They can transcend the barriers
of time, complexity, and space and bring the past, present and probable
future into the classroom. They give a sense of reality by enabling
individuals to experience the outside world and make abstract and
relationships concrete. Synchronizing the moving figures with sound
makes the experience realistic and lively.
2. Filmstrips and filmstrip projector: A filmstrip is a piece of
non-inflammable safety film, 35 mm wide. Its length may vary
according to requirement and can be up to about one meter. One
such strip may contain 10 to 50 picture frames. These pictures may
constitute a connected series of drawings, photographs, diagrams
or a combination of these and illustrate a single sequence, theme or
incident. The picture may be in colour or in black and white. The
filmstrips are projected by a filmstrip projector. Projecting
filmstrips especially along with record commentary provide
realistic and effective experience regarding a situation observed.
3. Overhead projector (OHP): This is called overhead projector
because it projects the image behind and over the head of the
teacher. In overhead projection a transparent visual is placed on a
horizontal platform platform at the top of the light source. The
passes through the transparency and then is reflected at an angle on
to the screen placed at the back of the teacher.
4. Television: Television also can be considered as a projected aid.
But projection is made at a central place, the T.V station. It is a
very exciting and efficient means of mass communication.
Educational television programmer aim at education rather than
entertainment. Television can provide a variety of interesting
learning experiences.
5. Slides and slide projector: Any picture or diagramed which will
take a long time to be drawn on black board in tof a class period
27
 can be developed as a slide. This can be got enlarged by projecting
it on a screen with a slide projector.
6. Episcope and epidiascope: Episcope is used for projection of
opaque objects. The principle of reflected projection is used in
these pictures, photographs, drawings or any opaque material
within the size of the platform of the episcope can be projected
using this instrument.
7. LCD projector: LCD projector is the most advanced and
sophisticated projecting aid. It is used to present a topic in the
classroom or in front of a large audience. We can demonstrate the
real world situation and its simulation in the classroom. We can
present a topic by using computer made slides, graphics, pictures,
video clips, movies and special effects.
 NON-PROJECTED AIDS
Non-projected aids can be classified as ,
1. GRAPHIC AIDS:
Graphic aids are visual aids such as graphs ,diagrams, charts,
etc ,and are represented on plane surface .Graphic aids help
to present data systematic ally in an abridged form. Graphics
could truly be considered as the short hand language of the
idea conveyed by the data concerned. The principal categories
of graphic aids are described below.

 GRAPHS: The nature of the relation of two dependent variables

could be very easily presented by graphical representation. Graphs
could be interpreted and inferences drawn easily.
 DIAGRAMS: Diagrams could be used to easily explain
many facts at the same time, by using a variety of symbols
and labels. Diagrams can explain fact more vividly than charts.
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  Posters: Posters are bold and attractive representations of an idea
concept and are usually given in color. Poster captures the eye and
conveys the desired message.
 Maps: A map is a acute representation of the boundaries and other
details of the continents, countries, etc.
 Cartoons: A cartoon is a meta-horical, humorous & exaggerated
caricature of a person or a situation, in the form of a picture or a
sketch.
 Flash cards: Flash card is an aid liberally used in language
lessons, especially in the lower classes. This facilitates immediate
feedback of comprehension and skill in silent reading; hence, the
name flash card.
 Pictures & photographs: Pictures & photographs play a
significant role in making ideas clear & comprehensive.
 Charts: A chart may be defined as a combination of graphic &
pictorial media designed for the orderly & logically visualizing of
relationship between key facts & ideas.
2. DISPLAY BOARD:
The stereotyped atmosphere of the traditional classroom, libraries &
corridors of schools is recently giving way to attractive & educative
surrounding with a wealth of display materials. Display may be
categorized into three main types according to functions they perform,
namely, motivational, developmental & summarizing.
3. THREE – DIMENSIONAL AIDS:
 Models: Models are concrete representations of objects, their size
being adjusted to make it handy & conveniently observable. Most
often models prove to be more effective than the real ones.
 Objects: Objects may be defined as the real things collected from
their natural settings.

29
  Specimen: A specimen may be defined as a typical object or a part
of an object, which has been removed for convenient observation.
It may a representative of class or group of similar objects.
 Diorama: A diorama is a three dimensional scene in depth,
incorporating a group of model objects & figures in a natural
settings. Diorama is very effective in the teaching of all subjects’
especially social & biological science.
4. Audio aids:
Radio & tape recorder are the most important teaching aids used for
teaching & learning.
 Radio: Radio adds variety experiences. It is a powerful medium
for mass communication. It also plays a major role in imparting
instructions to school children’s through educational broadcast.
 Tape recorder:A tape recorder is used to record sound on
magnetic tape which can be reproduced at will as many times as
required. It is a very effective aid for classroom instruction.

“NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN
PROJECED AIDS”
Projected visual aids are picture shown upon a screen by the use of a certain
types of machines.

POJECTED AIDS
 Opaque projectors
 slides projector
 Overhead projectors
 Computer image projector
 filmstrips
 Multi image
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 1. Film strip
Film strip is a continuous strip of film consisting of series of individual
picture or massage arranged in sequence to convey certain massage.
These pictures usually carry their titles or caption.
The filmstrip is a form of still image instructional multimedia, once
commonly used by educators in primary and secondary schools (K-12),
overtaken at the end of the 1980s by newer and increasingly lower-cost
full-motion videocassettes and later on by DVDs. From the 1940s to
1980s, filmstrips provided an easy and inexpensive alternative to 16
mm educational films, requiring very little storage space and being very
quick to rewind for the next use. Filmstrips were large and durable, and
rarely needed splicing. They are still used in some areas.
A filmstrip is a spooled roll of 35 mm positive film with approximately
thirty to fifty images arranged in sequential order. Like 16 mm film, a
filmstrip was inserted vertically down in front of the projector aperture,
rather than horizontally as in a slide projector. Therefore, the frame size
is smaller than normal 35 mm film. Two image frames of a filmstrip
take up the same amount of space as a single 35mm frame, including its
guard band, so that a 25 exposure 35mm film can contain 50 filmstrip
images. Early celluloid filmstrips had a habit
of melting or combusting from the intense and sustained heat of the
projection lamp. These were called pictorial filmstrips, the first
filmstrips that were produced in a complete set.
Typically, a filmstrip's running time was between ten and twenty
minutes. Depending on how they were narrated or produced, filmstrips
(which often came with an instructor's guide) were flexible enough to be
used in both self-paced learning formats and a full classroom. In
addition to a standard classroom wall or screen projector, personal film

31
display units were available with a screen size of approximately eight
inches diagonal for up-close viewing by one or two people.
The instructor would turn on a filmstrip projector that would show the
first frame (image) of the filmstrip. The instructor then turned on a
33 RPM record or cassette tape containing the audio material for the
filmstrip which included narration. At the appropriate point, a tone
would sound, signaling the instructor to turn a knob, advancing to the
next frame. Later, technical improvements allowed the projector to
advance the film automatically.

Disadvantages of filmstrip
 Need a darkened room.
 Sequence cannot be changed
 Visual media only; it requires audio or printed text.
 Require professional assistance for final production.

Advantages of filmstrip
 It is easy to make and convenient to handle and carry.
 Takes up little space and can be easily stored.
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  Provides a logical sequence to the teaching procedure and the
individual picture on the strip can be kept before the student for a
length of time.
 Filmstrip can be projected on the screen or wall or paper screen as
the convenience and the teaching situation demands.
 It is available both in color and black and white.
 Good to use –afterward, have a discussion to see whether people
have understood the subject.
Techniques of using film strip
1. A common manually operated film-strip projector is used in
following steps.
2. Place the film-strip projector on a rigid and stable table.
3. Place the screen at an appropriate place so that the whole class can
see it.
4. Insert the film-strip on its place behind the object lens tube after
opening the tube.
5. Mount a film strip on its carrier.
6. Insert the projector card plug into the wall socket.
7. Darken the room in which projection is to be carried out.
8. Switch the cooling fan first and then the projection bulb.
9. Focus the image on the screen sharply by moving or objectives
lens forward and backward.
10. Show the slide that explains your subject matter with its aid.
11. Move the film-strip to get the next frame.
12. Present the frame sequentially.
13. After the lesson, switch off the tube first, the cooling fan
unplug the film-strip projector store it back in its box.
Application of film strip
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  Department of health education
 Libraries
 Museum
 History of certain era
 To describe about geography

2. Computer image projector

A projector is an output device that takes images generated by a
computer or Blu-ray player and reproduce them by projection onto a
screen, wall, or another surface. In most cases, the surface projected onto
is large, flat, and lightly colored. For example, you could use a projector
to show a presentation on a large screen so that everyone in the room
can see it. Projectors can produce either still (slides) or moving images
(videos). A projector is often about the size of a toaster and weighs only
a few pounds.

Advantages and Limitations

Projectors are sometimes called "front projectors" or "two-piece
projection systems" in reference to the fact that a projector is typically

34
used with a separate screen that is either mounted on a wall or hung
from a ceiling. However, these days many users of the more inexpensive
projectors simply shine the picture on a white wall to save the cost of the
screen.

Advantages
 Largest possible picture. Front projectors generate the biggest
possible image size. You can use them to create the very large
screen experience of a commercial movie theater in your own
home. In theory, actual image size can go up to 300" diagonal or
more. But in reality the size of any given projector's image is
limited by its light output. Nevertheless, most projectors produce
beautiful images at sizes of 90" to 120" diagonal, which is far
larger than anything you can get with flat screen TVs or rear-
projection TVs.
 Smaller images a great option also. Perhaps you don't want a
huge image, or maybe you don't have space for one. If this is the
case, a projector can be used to throw a smaller image, say about
60" diagonal. So it can serve as an inexpensive substitute for a 60"
plasma TV. At this image size the picture is usually very bright,
and can be used with some of the room lights on. Given the low
cost of many entry level projectors, this can be the least expensive
way to get a 60" picture on your wall.
 Low cost. Believe it or not, a front projector can be the least
expensive alternative for big screen video in your home. Some
projectors built for dedicated home theater have now dropped
below $1,000, making them much less expensive than flat screen
TVs or rear-projection TVs. They can even be cheaper than a
regular 36" television. Of course, projectors range in price from
very cheap to very expensive depending on a variety of
performance factors. But even some of the best ones are now mass
market consumer products and much more affordable than they
used to be. And measured on a cost per diagonal inch basis, they
are clearly the least expensive video products on the market.
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  Space saving. A small projector that is mounted on a coffee table,
a rear shelf or bookcase, or mounted on a ceiling, takes up no floor
space in the room. When not operating, it is largely invisible.
Using a projector gets rid of the big box television that really
doesn't look very good in the room when it is not being used.
 Easy to install. The ease of installation can vary actually. But if
you are setting up a simple system on a coffee table or a rear
bookshelf and shining it onto a white wall, it really is as easy to set
up as a simple television. They are lightweight, and one person can
pull it out of the box, hook it up and get a picture on the wall with
little trouble. Sometimes some adjustments are required to fine
tune the picture so that it looks its best, but that is true of all video
products including conventional televisions.

Limitations
 Dark room often required. Front projectors look their best in a
darkened room, just like a movie theater. When you view in a dark
room you get maximum contrast and sparkle in the picture.
Whether you need a dark room or not depends in part on how
bright your projector is, and in part on how picky you are about
maintaining maximum image quality. If you are trying to create the
"movie theater" experience, this is not really a disadvantage since
you want a dark room anyway. However, if you plan to have a lot
of family or social gatherings around your screen, a darkened room
may not be desired. So your intended usage needs to be considered
before selecting a front projector.
 Maintenance required. Most projectors require maintenance
attention that flatscreen and regular televisions do not. All
projectors operate on lamps that need to be replaced periodically,
and lamps can cost $300 to $400, or even more in some cases. The
frequency of lamp replacement depends on the model and on your
usage, but many projector users replace lamps every two to three
years.

36
In addition to lamp replacement, most projectors have air filters that
need to be cleaned or replaced every couple of months. Failure to keep
filters clean can reduce lamp life and increase the chances of dust getting
into the unit and creating fuzzy spots on the projected image. Once this
happens, a projector usually must be returned to the dealer or
manufacturer for cleaning. Some projectors have sealed optics that
eliminate this issue, but most do not since sealing the optics adds cost to
the unit.

 Installation can be more involved.

 As noted above, the ease of installation varies based upon how
you want to set it up. If you plan to ceiling mount it, you may need
to hire some help to run power and signal cables through the walls.
Furthermore, if you are using a projection screen as well, then
hooking a fixed screen to the wall, or installing an electric
retractable screen on or in the ceiling adds further steps to the
installation process. If the projector does not have physical lens
shift capability, the job of ceiling mounting to fit a screen must be
done with particular care. ("Lens shift" is a feature that lets you
move the lens up and down, and sometimes sideways, in order to
adjust the location of the projected image without moving the
projector. Most projectors do not have this feature, and some do.)
 Rainbow artifacts. 
In choosing a projector you should be aware that some users of
projectors using DLP technology can see color separation artifacts,
commonly known as rainbows, or rainbow artifacts. This is an
unfortunate side-effect of the spinning color wheel in the light
engine of a DLP projector. Most people are not sensitive to this
phenomenon, but those who are can experience it as anything from
a minor distraction to a severe flaw that makes the projector
unwatchable. In addition to being visually distracting, the effect is
also reported to cause headaches and eyestrain. If you are
acquiring a DLP projector for home use it is important to verify
that you, your spouse, and any other regular viewers are not
sensitive to DLP rainbow artifacts.
37
  Separate audio system required. Most projectors either have no
audio on board, or if they do, it is not audio you'd want to use for
movie presentation. So most people who opt for a projector are
also setting up a separate surround sound audio system to go with
it. (Big pictures look better with big sound.) If budgeting the whole
system is too much of a stretch, you can always get the projector
today and use your current two-channel stereo as a good audio
solution until you have the cash and time to get into the world of
multi-channel surround sound.

In short, the projector solution is not as plug-and-play as a television. So

if you are taking the step up to large screen projection, carefully think
through what you will need to do to install it the way you want it.

3. Multi image projection

 Multi-image is the now largely obsolete practice and business of
using 35mm slides (dispositive) projected by single or
multiple slide projectors onto one or more screens in
synchronization with an audio voice-over or music track. Multi-
image productions[1] are also known as multi-image slide
presentations, slide shows and diaporamas and are a specific form
of multimedia or audio-visual production.
One of the hallmarks of multi-image was the use of the wide
screen panorama. Precisely overlapping slides were placed in slide
mounts with soft-edge density masks; when the resulting images were
projected, the images would blend seamlessly on the screen to create the
panorama. By cutting and dissolving between images in the projectors,
animation effects were created in the panorama format.
 Multi-image presentations were a unique form of communication
to audiences of various sizes, to meet a variety of communication
38
 and entertainment needs. The use of projected photographic
images such as lantern slides for entertainment and instruction
dates to the early 1800s. Others, such as L. Frank Baum had a
traveling show (1908) that included slides, film, and actors
describing the Land of Oz. Throughout the years improvements in
technology took place and applications for multi-image continued
to expand. During the 1960s, automated synchronized audio and
slides modules became more common and found use in
instructional environments.

Advantages

1. INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY:

39
 The biggest advantage for anyone, designers and those in other
professions, is an increase in productivity. There have been a number
of studies performed over the years that have attempted to calculate
the change in productivity from using multiple monitors. According
to a study done by the Jon Peddle Research, productivity increases an
average of 42% when using multiple displays. The Pfeiffer
Report from 2005 (testing the impact of large monitors and/or
multiple monitors) found that improved productivity could result in
an ROI of several thousand dollars per year. Likewise, a study
conducted by the University of Utah and NEC found 10% increases
in productivity and 20% reduction in errors (plus reduced stress) for
test workers that were using multiple monitors. Their test company
also experienced over 600% ROI.
 From the report, “Both the 24-inch widescreen and the 20-inch
dual screens were significantly more productive than the 20 inch
single monitor… Overall in spreadsheet task, the dual 20-inch
monitors performed the best with a slight lead over the 24-inch
widescreen” (see this slide show of the results). This study has
been reported by the Wall Street Journal and many others.
However, the report also found that productivity gains max out and
eventually decline when size becomes too big.

2. DESIGNERS OFTEN USE MULTIPLE

PROGRAMS SIMULTANEOUSLY:

Most designers have some type of workflow that involves using multiple
programs at any given time. Maybe you’re flipping back and forth
between Photoshop and Illustrator, or maybe it’s an HTML editor,
Internet browser and FTP applicati0n. Whatever the case may be, it’s
very rare that a designer would only have one program open and would
not be moving around at least periodically. Since using multiple
programs is such a frequent occurrence for designers, having a second

40
screen can make this juggling act much less painful and more
productive?

3. KEEP EMAIL OR TWITTER UP ON ONE

SCREEN:

If you’re interested in being more connected and accessible to clients or

to other professionals in your network, you may find that a second
screen can make this much more feasible.
While you may be using the primary screen for the bulk of your work,
you could have your email or Twitter open all the time in a second
browser. While this practice is normally associated with reduced
productivity, using a second screen for this purpose can help you to still
stay focused on your work while allowing you to quickly scan what is
coming through (and respond promptly) with a minor impact on your
work.

4. WORKS WELL WITH LAPTOPS AND

ALLOWS FOR FLEXIBILITY:

Many designers are working from laptops and not staying at one desk all
day every day. Setting up an additional monitor is easy with most
laptops now. This allows the designer to have a home office with a dual
screen set up, but still allows for flexibly as it is easy to disconnect the
second monitor and take the laptop wherever you need to go. Setting it
up is simple and taking the laptop somewhere else only takes a minute.

5. SHARING DATA BETWEEN APPLICATIONS

CAN BE EASIER:

41
Not only do most designers work with multiple programs at once, but
sharing data is also very common, for example copying code from one
application to another, or opening an image in Dreamweaver that was
created in Photoshop. All these things can be streamlined with the help
of a second screen. Moving from one screen to the next is often easier
than using multiple applications on one screen.

6. USING SKYPE WHILE STILL

HAVING ACCESS TO OTHER DATA:
Some designers use Skype for video conferencing with clients or
colleagues. If this is the case for you, a second screen can make it easier
to have a video conference and still have normal access to your screen to
look at other things during the conference. Most video conferences will
involve looking at websites, mockups, or something else that will need
to be seen at some point during the conference.

7. ITS VERY EASY:

Extending your computer to a second screen is actually very easy,
although to many people it sounds like it would be more difficult or
involved than it really is. If you’ve wanted to try a dual screen set up but
have been putting it off, there’s really no reason not to give it a shot.
More advanced set ups can obviously get more complicated, but a
second screen is not difficult in most situations.

Disadvantages
1. MORE POTENTIAL FOR DISTRACTIONS

42
Probably the biggest disadvantage to having more than one screen is the
added risk of distractions. It’s easy enough to get distracted when you’re
working with just one screen, and even more so when you add to it. I
mentioned the possibility of using the second screen to keep your email
or Twitter open all the time. While this is potentially a good thing for
communication purposes, without some resistance to distraction it could
also be a productivity killer. It really depends on your workflow and
your own personal preferences.

2. POTENTIAL LACK OF RESOURCES

From a technical perspective, a disadvantage is that the resources of the

video card are divided between each display. Depending on your system
and what programs you are running, you may notice a difference in
performance.

3. LACK OF DESK SPACE

Unfortunately, the amount of available space of a desk can easily be a

hindrance when it comes to getting set up for maximum efficiency.
Fortunately, flat panel and LCD monitors take up only a fraction of the
space required by monitors of the past. If space is your primary concern,
see if you can rearrange your desk to make it feasible, or you could even
purchase a larger desk if that is within your control.

4. COST
If you currently only have a traditional set up, you’ll need to get an
additional monitor.
While the cost has come down considerably, it is still a barrier in some
situations, especially for those who are uncertain if they would even
prefer working with a second screen.

43
 5. TOO MUCH SPACE

Jeff Atwood of Coding Horror calls it The Large Display Paradox.

When using very large monitors you may wind up spending too much
time resizing and arranging windows.
This is an issue that you won’t encounter on smaller displays where you
tend to work with one maximized window at a time.
4. OPAQUE PROJECTOR
The opaque projector is a device which displays non transparent materials (unlike
the overhead projector which uses transparencies) by shining a bright lamp on to
the object from above a system of mirrors prism and or imaging lens is used to
focus and image of the material onto a viewing screen because they must project
the reflected light. It works by directing a very strong incandescent light down
onto the material. The light is reflected upward to strike a mirror, which aims the
light beam through series of lenses onto a screen. Consequently, the image on the
screen is dimmer, and more complete room darkening is required. The document
camera is an electronic version of the opaque projector. The image may be
projected onto large screen within the room or it may be transmitted to distant
sites via television. This projector is useful for many small groups or classroom-
size groups that need to view printed or visual material together. Opaque
projectors are typically used to project images of book pages drawing specimen
extra care must be taken that the materials are not damaged by the heat
generated by the light source.
Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer Leonhard
Euler demonstrated an opaque projector around 1756. It could project a clear
image of opaque images and (small) objects. French scientist Jacques Charles is
thought to have invented the similar "mega scope" in 1780. He used it for his
lectures. Around 1872 Henry Morton used an opaque projector in demonstrations
for huge audiences, for example in the Philadelphia Opera House which could
seat 3500 people. His machine did not use a condenser or reflector, but used
an oxyhydrogen lamp close to the object in order to project huge clear images.
The light source in early opaque projectors was often limelight. Opaque
projectors are still in use for tracing, called tracing projectors. A flat or solid

44
original is projected on a larger sheet of paper onto a wall or easel, where the
artist or craftsperson can trace the outline reliably.

OPAQUE PROJECTORS FOR ART:

Unlike an overhead or slide projector, an opaque projector does not require you
to first transfer your image to something transparent. The opaque projector
allows you to work directly from a photograph as long as the photo is small
enough to fit on the opaque projector’s stage. This ability has made opaque
projectors very popular with photorealistic artists.
The artist can take a photograph of what he would like to draw or paint on a
larger surface. As long as the photograph can fit into the opaque projector, the
artist can enlarge it on a canvas or other surface to trace and paint. Some artists
even use this method to create murals on walls.

HOW TO USE THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR:

For art, opaque projectors are best used when working on a scale of 18 by 24
inches or larger. Smaller works will benefit from other transfer methods. Opaque
projectors usually have a stage – the area where you put your opaque object – of
about 5 to 7 inches square. If you are transferring from a photograph, make sure
it is small enough to fit.
You will place the photograph or object on the projector’s stage. Then, turn on
the projector and turn off the lights in the room. Next, adjust the image until it is
your desired size, and it is positioned correctly on your work surface. Be sure the
image is not warped or distorted due to the projector or the canvas being placed
at an odd angle. Secure the projector so it will not shift once you begin your work.
Then, trace the outlines of the image onto your canvas, wall or other work
surface. Once you have your outlines, it is safe to turn off your projector and keep
working on the details of the image.

OPAQUE PROJECTOR CAUTION:

45
 Be sure you have enough time to completely transfer the image before you begin.
If your projector gets bumped even slightly out of alignment, it can be very
frustrating to try to get the image back into the correct

ADVANTAGES:
 Opaque projection allows on the spot projection of readily available classroom
material, such as maps, newspaper, and illustration from books and magazines.
 Materials such as pictures which lose much in reproduction processes can be
viewed naturally.
 Colour can be projected.
 Does not require any written or typed material, hand material can be used.
 Used to review topic.
 Used to test knowledge and ability.
 Convenient to use.
 No special preparation of material is required.
 Relatively flat three dimensional objects such as coins, plant leaves, and insect
specimens can be magnified for close up inspection.
 Prints, pictures, etc. can be viewed with minimum damage due to handling by
numerous people.
 Student work such as drawings, solutions to math problems, compositions, etc.
can be viewed and discussed by a group.
 Tracings and enlargements of printed or pictured materials can be made by
projecting onto a blank sheet of paper.

46
 DISADVANTAGES:
 Dim image means the room must be almost completely dark.
 Costly equipment’s.
 Requires careful handling.
 Machine is bulky, heavy, cumbersome to move.
 High wattage lamp generates a lot of heat, making parts of the projector unsafe
to touch. The heat may also damage materials being projected if they are exposed
too long. Laminated or plastic book covers can bubble or melt, and the glue on
paperbound books may melt.
 Pictures must be flat or parts of the image will be out of focus.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS:
 Plug in.
 Place item to be shown on platen (stage). Place material face up with bottom
edge toward screen.
 Use platen lever to raise and lower stage.
 Turn on projector with ON/OFF switch.
 Focus image.
 To enlarge image, move projector away from screen, to make smaller, move
projector closer to screen.
 Warning! Because of the heat generated by the bulb, do not leave photos or
other paper material on the platen area for too long.
5. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
The overhead projector OHP is mostly in all audio visual AIDS. It projects
transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable for use in the lighted room.
the teacher can write a draw diagrams on the transparency while he teaches;
these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP. The overhead
projector works with trans missive, or transparent, objects, such as sheets of
plastic film, on which you print or write messages, artwork or other source
material. A bright light shines through the transparent substrate and onto a
mirror, which reflects the image through a lens and onto a flat surface.
Overhead projectors enable you to write in real time on a transparency that's
placed on the machine, sharing what you write with an audience. Although the

47
 technology requires electricity and a projection surface, it offers the advantage
of enabling you to write or draw comfortably on a flat surface, compared to the
awkward writing position required for traditional whiteboards or lecture-hall
chalkboards. They were widely used in education and businesses before the
advent of computer-based projection it includes
Optical system, Condenser, focus adjustment, source of illumination
 An overhead projector consists of a metal box with 1000watt bulb and a concave
reflector, a condenser lens illuminate the transparency placed on the glass sheet
on the top of the box.
 There is a vertical rod by the slide of the box which carries an objective convex
lens parallel to the transparency and a plane mirror to reflect the image on the
screen.
 The movement of the objective lens and mirror focuses the image properly on the
screen
 There is also a small cooling fan on the overhead projector to blow out the excess
heat produced by the bulb.

USING AND OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

 Place the OHP on a stable table with the objective lens facing the screen

48
 put the cord plug into a power wall socket. switch on the blower first and then
the bulb.
 Place the transparency on the glass top.
 move the objective lens and mirror assemble up and down to get the image in the
focus on the screen.
 Explain about the material on the transparency sitting behind the ohp with a small
pointer.
 OHP transparencies instruction
 Use of standard size of acetate sheet measuring 21.5 cm X 30 cms.
 OHP markers are also available in two types temporary and permanent
 the best colours to write on transparency are black,blue and green
 there should be not more than 6 words in each line and not more than 8 lines in
one sheet
 A sheet with printed written or drawn material is placed on the platform for the
projector and a large image is projected on the screen.

ADVANTAGES OF OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

If you think of an overhead projector as outdated primitive tech compared with
its digital counterpart, you might not be seeing the bigger picture. The simpler
format brings many benefits such as lower running costs, fewer technical hassles
and more flexibility during a presentation.

 Simple Technology
The beauty of an overhead projector is its simplicity. There are no software issues
to worry about during a presentation, and the projector contains no moving parts
other than a cooling fan, so any breakdowns are likely to be rare and easy to
diagnose. Setting up and using an overhead projector requires minimal skills,
which are easy to learn, and once you know how to use one overhead projector
you should have no trouble with other models. This contrasts with digital
projectors where the connectivity options and settings controls may vary across
different set-ups.

 Transparency Film

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 The transparencies you use for material to show on an overhead projector offer
great flexibility. You can print from computers onto transparency sheets that are
suitable for most ordinary printers, including color models. Because the sheets
are transparent, you can easily create a series of sheets that overlay one another
and build up an image, which can be useful for explaining a complex process in
single steps so that the audience can see how the steps fit together.

 Real-Time Annotations
As long as you have a wax or grease pencil, you can make annotations on a slide
during a presentation, for example in response to a point raised by an audience
member, then easily remove them later so you can reuse the transparency in
another presentation. This can be quicker than trying to edit a document on a
computer hooked up to a digital projector, and avoids the risk of mistakenly
saving changes and permanently changing the document if you don't have a back-
up copy. It's also usually easier to write on the flat horizontal surface of a
projector than on the vertical surface of a whiteboard, blackboard or flipchart.

 Bulb Costs
Overhead projectors require bulbs with more illumination power than ordinary
household bulbs, but otherwise the technology is largely the same: depending on
the projector you'll need a fluorescent, halogen or incandescent bulb. The
lifespan is certainly much less than a household bulb, but then you usually only
need it for a limited period. In contrast, digital projectors normally need a
mercury bulb which is considerably more costly and must be properly disposed of
when it expires. Some models of overhead projector can house two bulbs, with
one acting as a back-up, removing the need to interrupt a presentation for a new
fitting if a bulb fails.

DISADVANTAGES OF OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

Since the 1980s, overhead projectors have enjoyed widespread use in classrooms,
businesses and churches, but they come with limitations. Although many are
being replaced with digital projectors, they still find use today, and it is important
for the presenter to understand their disadvantages

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 Space
Overhead projectors are bulky, and it can be difficult to find ample space to
operate them. First, there is the size of the unit itself, which can require up to
four square feet on a solid surface if the projector handles larger-size
transparencies. They also must be placed a proper distance from the screen to
achieve optimum clarity. Finally, additional space is required for storage of
erasable markers and transparencies.

 Room Light
While the projected image may be visible with lights on, older overhead
projectors, or those with older bulbs, may produce images that are blurry due to
interference from other light sources. Ideally, the room should be darkened, but
this too can pose problems by making it difficult to see which transparency to
load next, or finding markers to make notes on the transparency.

 Weight
Even small projectors can weigh over 30 lb., and the larger models can easily
weigh 80 lb. or more. This can make it difficult to transport the unit from one
room to another. Another consideration is that the projector must be placed on a
surface that can support its weight.

 Consumables
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage to overhead projectors is the cost of the
materials required to operate them. Transparencies cannot be reused unless
you're using dry-erase markers, and can become stained over time if they are not
cleaned properly. New markers must be periodically purchased as well because
they run out of ink. Finally, the bulb in the unit will need to be replaced every
couple of years, and they are significantly more expensive than standard light
bulbs.

6.SLIDE PROJECTOR

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A slide projector is an opto - mechanical device to view photographic slides. Slide
projectors became common since the 1950s as a form of entertainment; family
members and friends would gather to view slide shows. Slide is a more modern
one than OHP. It refers to a small-format photographic transparency individually
mounted for one-at-time projection. The standard size of slides is 5 x 5 cm. Slides
may be used at all grade levels and for instruction in all curriculum area, such as
providing a tour without walking through the area, making a visual history,
illustrating lectures, documenting student’s activities, showing people at work in
various jobs, simulating a field trip, promoting public understanding, etc. In-home
photographic slides and slide projectors have largely been replaced by low cost
paper prints, digital cameras, DVD media, video display monitors, and video
projectors. A projector has four main elements:
⁕electric incandescent light bulb or other light source ⁕reflector and
"condensing" lens to direct the light to the slide ⁕slide holder ⁕focusing lens a
flat piece of heat-absorbing glass is often placed in the light path between the
condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the latter. This glass transmits
visible wavelengths but absorbs infrared. Light passes through the transparent
slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a
perpendicular flat screen so the audience can view its reflection. Alternatively, the
image may be projected onto a translucent "rear projection" screen, often used
for continuous automatic display for close viewing. This form of projection also
avoids the audience interrupting the light stream by casting their shadows on the
projection or by bumping into the projector.
Small size transparent pictorial/ diagrammatic slides arranged in a proper
sequence for presentation on a large screen. Slide is still transparency of 70
mm,35 mm or 60 mm size which is optically enlarge and projected on a screen as
a real image: Ideal size usually used to present specific findings of pathological
laboratory test, photographs/ pictures of life experiences or pictures of patients
with rare clinical presentation.

Sound-Slides Sets
While OHP and slides are not accompanied by sounds, sound-slides sets are a
combination of 2x2 inch slides and audiotape which is versatile, easy to use and
effective for both group and independent study. This sound slide programs may

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be advanced in manually or automatically. In manual operation, the visual and
audio components are usually separated. The presenter needs to ensure that the
visual and audio are synchronized. In automatic operation, it uses two sound
tracks one for audible narration and for inaudible tones that activate the advance
mechanism on the slide projector.

INSIDE YOUR SLIDE PROJECTOR

Though each slide projector is a little different all projectors have a few basic
components. Open your projector as if you were going to change the light bulb
and look for these parts:

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 1) The light bulb and reflector.
Every projector has some light source. The bulb produces light; the reflector
located just behind the bulb reflects light in the direction that you want it to go. In
some projectors the reflector and the bulb are one unit. In all projectors, the
bulb-and-reflector combination is designed to provide a bright light. You may
have to remove the bulb to take a close look at the filament, the coiled wire,
which glows when the bulb is on. Avoid touching the bulb with your fingers; the
oil from your skin can reduce the life of the bulb. If you do touch it, don't worry,
just clean the bulb with a facial tissue and some rubbing alcohol.

2) Heat-absorbing glass.
Between the light bulb and the slide you may find a thick piece of greenish glass.
This glass prevents much of the heat produced by the bulb from reaching the
slide.

3) One or two condensing lenses.

The projector is designed so that as much light as possible passes through the
slide. The condensing lens (or lenses) catches the light from the light bulb and
reflector and bends it so that it passes through the slide.

4) Adjustable lens.
This is the lens that you adjust to focus the slide. It catches the light that has
passed through the slide and bends it to form an image of the slide on the screen.

TYPES OF SLIDES
1.Photographic slide 2. Handmade slide 3. Marker slides 4. Ethched glass slides

1. Photographics slide:
 black and white in color
 ideal size - 2 X 2 inches to 3 X 4 inches
2. Handmade slides:
 handmade using and acetate sheet, cellophane sheet, etched glass, plain glass or
a lummarith (type of plastic glass)

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3. Marker slides:
 Clean glass piece draw pictures/ diagram using fine tip Marker pen hold- glass
with cardboard /wooden frame
4. Ethched glass slide:
 clean glass piece
 rinse it with kerosene
 draw the diagram with crayon glass marking pencil.

ADVANTAGES OF SLIDE PROJECTOR

 Required simple skills.

 Variety of learning information.
 Easy to transport.
 Can be combined with taped narration or can be controlled for time during a
discussion.
 Easily handled, stored and rearranged.
 Convenient aid for making classroom teaching interesting.
 Small in size
 Used in a group or individual.
 Can be stored and also carried around easily.
 Quite cheaper
 A logical and sequential order of presentation.
 Image in the screen can held for anytime interval.

DISADVANTAGES OF SLIDE PROJECTOR

 More time consumes for preparation of slides.

 Not suitable for all educational material.
 Not to use for longer duration.
 Requires imaginative and creative skills.
 Preparation requires a lot of predevelopment work like collecting, taking
snapshots of pictures.
 They can also be seen with the help of slide projector.

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 Students can’t see the slide with the naked eyes.
 Expensive material is used for making the slides.
 Many errors occur during preparation.

PROJECTED MEDIA IN EDUCATIONAL

TECHNOLOGY

• DEFINITION OF TERMS :
Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a screen by use of a
certain type of machine such as a filmstrip projector, slide projector,
overhead projector or TV/VCR.
• PROJECTED MEDIA CAN BE IN A FORM OF :
1. Power point presentation (Ppt)
2. Video presentation
3. Transparencies
•VALUES OF PROJECTED VISUALS:
▪︎Provides greater enjoyment in Learning.
▪︎Stimulates more rapid learning.
▪Make teaching situation adaptable to wider range.
▪︎Enlarge or reduce actual size of objects.

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▪︎Influencers and changes attitudes.
• UTILIZATION OF EDUCATION :
Popular media (video, slide shows) are a familiar medium to students
that helps gain attention and maintain student interest in the theories and
concepts under discussion. Students can see the theories and concepts in
action. In more than a figurative sense, theories and concepts leap from
the screen. The use of media sources help connect learners with events
that are culturally relevant. As a result, a positive consequence of
utilizing media is that instructors must keep their materials and examples
up-to-date.
•STRENGTHS :
° It is easy to operate.
° It can be use even in dark places.
° It can be shared by a large group of people than non-projected media.
° The way of teaching is more effective and efficient than with the use of
traditional resources.
° Projected media will not cost a lot of money in making visual aids
unlike non-electronic resources.
•WEAKNESS :
° Often needs a dark room.
° Presenters can step in front of the beam of the light and not only
temporarily blind themselves, but ruin the picture.
° May make using laser pointers difficult since so much light is already
bouncing off the surface.
° Digital project don't last forever (usually only about 2 - 4000 hours
depending on the model).

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° Most projectors don't have good sound quality or need an external
sound unit (like a Dolby processor for really solid presentation).
•CONCLUSION :
Regardless of whether you've got an old-fashioned overhead projector or
a laptop computer and a data projector, you can build effective projected
materials for your classroom.
Let's review what types of tasks projected presentation materials do well.
First, A presentation slide works well to show relationships such as
spatial and temporal relationships. Organisational charts and statistical
relationships are also appropriate for medium. Second, A presentation
slide can be used to show procedures and processes. For example, you
could illustrate the mechanical workings of an engine, or the step by step
process of photosynthesis. Third, A presentation slide can reinforce
important points, key ideas, or sayings.

Multimedia activities encourage students to work in groups, express

their knowledge in multiple ways, solve problems, revise their own
work, and construct knowledge. The advantages of integrating
multimedia in the classroom are many. Through participation in
multimedia activities, students can learn:

 Real-world skills related to technology

 The value of teamwork-
 Effective collaboration techniques
 The impact and importance of different media
 The challenges of communicating to different audiences
 How to present information in compelling ways
 Techniques for synthesizing and analyzing complex content
 The importance of research, planning, and organization skills
 The significance of presentation and speaking skills
 How to accept and provide constructive feedback
 How to express their ideas creatively

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There are, however, some constraints to using multimedia in the
classroom, including:

 Technological resources, both hardware and software

 Technological skills, for both the students and teacher
 Time required to plan, design, develop, and evaluate multimedia
activities

Biblography
 https://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2009/05/advantage
s-and-disadvantages-of-working-with-multiple-screens/
 http://www.hdtvsolutions.com/big_picture_projectors.ht
m
 https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/projecto.htm
 http://members.aect.org/edtech/ed1/29/29-05.html
 https://www.slideshare.net/jopin_5/advantage-and-disadvantages-of-
multimedia
 https://kullabs.com/class-8/computer/multimedia-and-its-application-
1/application-of-multimedia-
 https://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/role-of-
multimedia-in-todays-society-information-technology-essay.php
 https://www.ukessays.com/essays/computer-science/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-multimedia-computer-science-essay.php
 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/5-components-multimedia-28279.html
 www.mecindia.co.in
 www.igi-global.com
 www.ukessays.com
 www.en.m.wikipedia.org
 www.ptdoms.pbworks.com
 www.faculty.nps.ed

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 APPENDIX

(RELATED PICTURES)

1.TAPE RECORDER 2. RADIO

3. DIORMA / ROJECT

4. SPECIMEN

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5.DISPLAY BOARD 6.PHOTOGRAPHS

7.CHARTS 8.FLASH CARDS

9.CARTOONS

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10.POSTERS 11. MAPS

12.DIAGRAMS

62
13.LCD 14.TELEVISION

15.IMAGES 16.MULTIMEDIA SLIDES

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17.COMPUTER PROJECTION

18. SOUND PROJECTION

64
19.MULTI IMAGE PROJECTOR

20.OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

21.FILMSTRIP PROJECTOR

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 CONCLUSION
66
To conclude we may say that multimedia possessed
a lot of advantages to make learning interesting.
With the help of its elements, it can invoke creativity
in both teacher and students so that they can apply it
in order to teach or learn. Learning also become
much more easier with the help of multimedia. Thus,
using images, video and animations alongside a text
stimulates the brain. Student attention and retention
increase. Under these circumstances, in
a multimedia learning environment, students can
identify and solve problems more easily compared to
the scenario where teaching is made possible only by
textbooks.

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 QUOTATION OF THE PHILOSPHER

Maxim for Role Of Multimedia And Other

Technologies
68
 “Technology is more effective when
used together”

WORK DONE BY MEMBERS ARE SHOWN AS UNDER :

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NAMES WORK DONE NAMES WORK DONE

KULSOOM Collect and type material with YUMNA Concise , collect and written
KHALID relevant examples ZAHID the material

Written and concise work

SYEDA ( Technical definitions of ZARMINA Made charts
ASMAR educational technology ) AZIZ

SHAMA Collect the material ILSA NAZ Written and concise work
NOOR

Worked on importance of
ADAN AZIZ ASMA educational technology with
Just assign work . SALEEM relevant examples
( but he did wrong )

SABA UJALA Written,Type and concise

SALIM Written and concise work WASIM work

 Introduction
ZAINAB  Technical definitions of educational technology
 Projected media in educational technologies
MANZOOR
 Searching of relevant pictures
 Typed abstract
 Typed conclusion
 Typed maxim of assignment
 Compiled assignment
 Made table of content
 Made title
 Made appendix

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