Optical Communication Theory and Techniques: H (T) Z T T
Optical Communication Theory and Techniques: H (T) Z T T
Optical Communication Theory and Techniques: H (T) Z T T
A binary transmission system uses the signals s(t) and −s(t) to transmit the symbol a0 ∈ {−1, 1}, with
P(a0 = ±1) = 1/2 and
A, 0 ≤ t ≤ T
s(t) =
0, otherwise.
where w(t) is a zero-mean Gaussian noise process with power spectral density N0 /2.
Writing the output of the filter as x(t) = a0 g(t) + n(t) and knowing that w(t) is independent of a0 :
1. Determine and sketch the filtered signal component g(t) = s(t) ⊗ h(t) for all t ≥ 0.
2. Compute mean and variance of z = x(t0 ), at the sampling instant t0 such that g(t0 ) is maximum.
4. Suppose now that h(t) is the impulse response of the filter matched to s(t) and that the sampling
instant is still as in (2). Determine the probability of error in this case and compare it with
the value obtained in (3). What is the power penalty (expressed in dB) for the less efficient
configuration?
5. Suppose now that, instead of single symbol, a binary sequence of symbols an ∈ {−1, 1} is
transmitted at a transmission rate of 1/T . Tell, justifying your answer, whether the probability
of error for both cases in (3) and (4) remains the same.
Solution:
1. As s(τ) vanishes for τ < 0 and τ > T , while h(t − τ) vanishes for τ > t, we have
ˆ∞ ˆ )
min(t,T
AT (1 − e−t/T ) , 0≤t≤T
g(t) = s(τ)h(t − τ)dτ = s(τ)h(t − τ)dτ =
AT (1 − e )e
−1 −(t−T )/T
, t>T
−∞ 0
g(t)
t
T 2T 3T 4T
As can be seen, g(t) is maximum at t = T and the maximum value is g(T ) = AT (1 − e−1 ).
2. For a one-shot transmission, r(t) is applied to the filter at t = 0, such that r(t) = 0 for t < 0. So,
choosing t0 = T , as ˆ T
n(T ) = w(τ)h(T − τ)dτ ,
0
the mean of z = a0 g(T ) + n(T ) is
ˆ T
E{z} = E{a0 }g(T ) + E{w(τ)}h(T − τ)dτ = 0
0
because E{a0 } = E{w(t)} = 0. Thus, taking into account that a is independent of w(t) and thus
also of n(t), the variance of z turns out to be
2 o
E{z2 } = E a0 g(T ) + n(T ) = E a20 g2 (T ) + 2a0 g(T )n(T ) + n2 (T )
n n o
= g2 (T ) + E n2 (T )
(ˆ T ˆ T )
2
E n (T ) = E w(τ1 )h(T − τ1 )dτ1 w(τ2 )h(T − τ2 )dτ2
0 0
ˆ Tˆ T
E w(τ1 )w(τ2 ) h(T − τ1 )h(T − τ2 )dτ1 dτ2
=
0 0
ˆ ˆ T
N0 T
!
= δ(τ1 − τ2 )h(T − τ2 )dτ2 h(T − τ1 )dτ1
2 0 0
ˆ ˆ
N0 T 2 N0 T −2(T −τ1 )/T N0 T
= h (T − τ1 )dτ1 = e dτ1 = (1 − e−2 ) ,
2 0 2 0 4
and hence
N0 T
E{z2 } = A2 T 2 (1 − e−1 )2 + (1 − e−2 ) .
4
3. Due to the symmetry, letting σn2 = E n2 (T ) , the probability of error can be written as
P(E ) = P(E | a0 = −1) = P(z > 0 | a0 = −1) = P −g(T ) + n(T ) > 0 = P n(T ) > g(T )
s
g(T ) AT (1 − e ) 4Eb (e − 1)
! −1
=Q = Q q = Q ,
σn N0 T N0 (e + 1)
4
(1 − e−2 )
d
!
P(E ) = Q √
2N0
where d is the distance between s(t) and −s(t). As
ˆ T
2 2
d = 2s(t) dt = 4A2 T = 4Eb ,
0
we get
2Eb
r
P(E ) = Q ,
N0
as expected, the signals being antipodal. As 2(e − 1)/(e + 1) ' 0.92 < 1, the probability of error
is larger when not using the matched filter and the power penalty is
1 e+1
!
10 log10 ' 0.35 dB .
2 e−1
It is easy to see that, if h(t) is the filter matched to s(t), g(t) is as shown in the following figure
g(t)
t
T 2T 3T 4T
such that g(kT ) = 0 for k 6= 1. Thus, the ISI term vanishes and the probability of error remains
unchanged. This is not true in the other case and, as the ISI term can be seen as an additional
noise, the probability of error increases.