Anti Surge
Anti Surge
Anti Surge
Anti-Surge
g GE Energy
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SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................3
2 CONTROL OVERVIEW.....................................................................................................6
2.1 ANTISURGE CONTROL LAW....................................................................................10
2.2 FLOW ELEMENT IN SUCTION ..................................................................................14
2.3 FLOW ELEMENT IN DISCHARGE .............................................................................15
2.4 FLOW ELEMENT INTERSTAGE................................................................................17
2.5 ANTISURGE CONTROL LINES .................................................................................19
2.6 AUXILIARIES CONTROLLERS OPERATION ............................................................21
3 INPUT AND OUTPUT......................................................................................................24
3.1 CONTROL INPUT ......................................................................................................24
3.2 CONTROL OUTPUT ..................................................................................................27
4 COMMUNICATIONS .......................................................................................................28
5 DIAGNOSTIC ..................................................................................................................29
6 VIDEO PAGES................................................................................................................31
6.1 LIST OF GRAPHIC INTERFACES..............................................................................32
6.2 BASE FUNCTIONALITIES .........................................................................................34
6.2.1 HEADING ..........................................................................................................34
6.2.2 CONTROL BANNER .........................................................................................34
6.2.3 SET-POINT CONTROL .....................................................................................35
6.2.4 ALARMS & TRIPS WINDOWS ..........................................................................37
6.3 ESA SCREENS ..........................................................................................................39
6.3.1 LOG AND MAIN MENU .....................................................................................39
6.3.2 LIST OF GRAPHIC INTERFACES ....................................................................40
6.3.3 ESA SCREEN HIERARCHY .............................................................................41
6.4 HMI VIDEO PAGES....................................................................................................45
7 PARAMETERS CONFIGURATION .................................................................................50
7.1 INSTRUMENTS RANGES..........................................................................................50
7.2 ANTISURGE CONTROL ............................................................................................51
7.3 SURGE CONTROL LINE............................................................................................55
7.4 SETTING EXAMPLE ..................................................................................................56
SYMBOL LEGEND...................................................................................................................57
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1 INTRODUCTION
A simple description of the surge phenomenon can be given, having a look at the
flow - differential pressure plane, as shown in Fig. 1-2 Centrifugal-compressor
performance curve, where is illustrated a compressor curve for a constant speed.
Surge point
D C B for this speed
A
F
E Compressor’s characteristic
curve as determined by speed,
inlet temperature, pressure
and composition
Backward Forward
Inlet Flow
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Suppose there is a steady state at point A and there comes a sudden decrease in
gas demand, experienced by the compressor as a differential pressure increase.
Since speed changes of heavy rotating mass as compressors, require a great lag
time such as several minutes. Therefore, on a shorter term, speed may be
considered constant.
At a constant speed the compressor cannot keep up as much flow against a higher
pressure, so flow goes down toward the SCL to point B, as reflected in the curve
and called surge point. The locus of the surge points for all compressor speeds,
above and below the characteristic curve, is then called surge limit line. The flow
here has fallen to the least the impeller can handle without losing grip on the gas.
From the surge line on, any further decrease in downstream demand no longer
result in increased differential pressure. Instead, the impeller suddenly loses its
effectiveness as a motive element and immediately the gas begins spinning around
with the impeller. As the pipeline gas coasts to a stop, the operating point falls to
zero flow at point C.
Gas begins leaking backwards as a flow reversal and is shown in the picture Fig.
1-2 as a continuation of the jump past point C to point D, lying on a theoretical
extension of the normal characteristic (point B) into negative flow.
Then, within a short time the differential pressure goes down to the minimum the
impeller, decoupled by the gas, can maintain with centrifugal force only, point E.
There, the impeller suddenly gains grip on the gas and push it forward to point F on
the normal characteristic curve. If line flow is still restricted below the surge point for
the given speed, the described cycle B-C-D-E-F repeats at regular intervals, typical
on the order of one second.
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DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
FLOW
DP
FT
USERS
CHECK
VALVE
CENTRIFUGAL
COMPRESSOR
STEAM OR GAS
TURBINE
ELECTRICAL MOTOR
PC
PRESSURE CONTROLLER
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2 CONTROL OVERVIEW
USERS
ANTI-SURGE
VALVE
CHECK
FLOW VALVE
CENTRIFUGAL OR
AXIAL COMPRESSOR
The piping and instrument diagram shown in, represents a compressor provided of
antisurge valve. The energy produced by a turbine or an engine moves compressors
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shaft and process gas sucked up in the inlet. Finally the line users shared out the
gas, compressed to the desired pressure ratio.
The outlet gas is also feed-backed to the antisurge valve. If the recycle valve is not
closed, the process gas is allowed to get back to the compressor inlet, reducing the
compression ratio. In a system of this type, the dedicated digital controller, heart of
an advanced surge-control system, receives inputs:
Inlet pressure
Temperature
Flow
Head across the compressor
Compressor speed.
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is generally based on the error (e) between some user-defined set point (SP) and
some measured process variable (PV). The PID controller computations are
addressed in cutting the error down and anticipating the system response.
The PID implemented grant bumpless control mode transfer, avoiding unwanted
disturbance in the control loop.
The characteristic of PID controller:
o Proportional control; reduces the rise time and reduces, but never eliminate, the
steady-state error.
o Derivative control; increases the stability of the system, reducing the overshoot,
and improving the transient response.
The PID controller is provided of tracking Anti-Windup, in order to avoid any limit
cycling or even instability, that integrator windup may cause.
Pd
Ps Surge Control Line SCL
Compressor
Operating
B Point
SPEEDn
A
SPEED2
SPEED1
SPEED0
Backward Forward
Suction Flow QS
All compressors operating points are described on the suction flow - differential
pressure plane. There is a different curve for each speed, altogether forming the
compressor’s wheel map (Fig. 2-2). In each line is possible identifying the so-called
“surge point”, corresponding to the maximum differential pressure that limits the
stable area of the speed constant curves. The locus of surge point for all
compressor speeds, above and below the characteristic curve in question, is called
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surge limit line (SLL). The flow here has fallen to the minimum impeller can handle,
without losing its grip on the gas and represents the limit after which corresponds to
an unstable behaviour of the compressor.
The antisurge control (ASCV) system main goal is to avoid the compressor
operating point (A) to reach SLL. This purpose is obtained defining a protection line
on the right side of SLL. This safety line is called surge control line (SCL).
The ASCV system will act opening the antisurge valve. This action increases the
suction flow therefore the operating point moves backwards along the speed
characteristic curve, from the critical condition to the stable operating area.
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H P = K2 ∗ N 2 Eq. 2-2
From Eq. 2-1, Eq. 2-2 we obtain
Hp = K 3 (QS )
2
Eq. 2-3
K2
K3 =
Where
(K1 )2
Since polytropic head Hp is defined as:
n −1
n Pd n
Hp = ZRT −1 Eq. 2-4
n − 1 Ps
From Eq. 2-3, Eq. 2-4 we obtain
n −1
n Pd
− 1 = K 3 (Q s )
n
ZRT 2
Eq. 2-5
n − 1 Ps
If QS is measured through a calibrated orifice mounted on the compressor suction,
we can express it related to the measured ∆p
hs
Qs = β Eq. 2-6
γs
Ps
Eq. 2-6 with the perfect gas equation γ s = , leads to Eq. 2-7
RZT
hs * RZT
Qs = β Eq. 2-7
Ps
Introducing this equation into Eq. 2-5, Eq. 2-8 is obtained representing all the surge
points in function of the orifice differential pressure ∆p. It is possible demonstrate
how the surge phenomenon is not influenced by the gas condition and composition.
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n −1
n Pd
− 1
Ps n
hs = Eq. 2-8
K 3 * β 2 n − 1 Ps
Therefore, for small compression ratios and small n variations, the terms:
n −1
n −1 n Pd
− 1 ≅ d − 1
n n P
and become roughly 1 and so
n −1 n n − 1 Ps Ps
Ps Pd 1
hs = − 1 where = K 4 is a constant
K 3 * β Ps
2
K3 * β 2
P hs
hs = Ps * K 4 * d − 1 ⇒ =1
Ps Pd Eq. 2-9
− 1 * Ps * K 4
Ps
1
Where = K4
K3 * β 2
The Eq. 2-9 defines the SLL shape, on the plane of compression ratio (ρ) versus
flow (Q) and is represented by a parabola which has the minimum located in ρ = 1
and Q = 0, see Fig. 2-3.
Q Q
Fig. 2-3 highlights a theoretical wheel map, characteristic for a single stage
compressor (one impeller only), while the Fig. 2-4 shows typical multistage
compressor behaviour. The multistage compressor surge limit line puts in evidence
that the surge control line cannot be realized using a parabola, since this
approximation excluding a large part of compressor operating area.
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SLL SCL
ρ
Fig. 2-5 shows the solution to this lost of operability. The SLL is evaluated by a ten-
break lines function generator f(Pd-Ps/Ps) and consequently the relevant SCL,
moving the SLL right side of a pre-set percentage margin (K). The following section
illustrates the algorithm used to evaluate the surge control line.
The control algorithm developed from Eq. 2-9 and used inside the controller requires
as process variables, suction, discharge and design pressures and the differential
pressure evaluated at a calibrated orifice positioned at compressor suction
Psd
hs *
Ps
= K2 Eq. 2-10
P − Ps
f d
Ps
Where:
hs = differential pressure on calibrated orifice at the compressor suction (Eng. unit).
Pd = compressor discharge pressure (Eng. unit).
Ps = compressor suction pressure (Eng. unit).
Psd = compressor suction pressure at design conditions
The controller set point is K2. It represents the deviation margin between “SLL” and
“SCL”. In the “Antisurge Control Line configuration sheet”, the margin is expressed
in percentage of flow.
The algorithm takes in account the ∆P measured across the flow element (indicated
by “hs”) that is proportional to square suction flow (hs = Q2).
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NOTE: the same algorithm is applied for pipeline compressors where the flange to
eye characteristic instead of a traditional flow element is used.
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The antisurge controller with the orifice placed in the compressor suction is the basic
configuration to which all the previous calculations refer. See Fig. 2-6 where is
shown the antisurge control loop and the relevant instruments.
COMPRESSOR
SUCTION DISCHARGE
PT
FT PT
ANTISURGE
CONTROLLER
PY
The orifice placed in the compressor inlet provides the suction flow and with suction
and discharge pressure is sufficient to build up surge calculations, applying directly
Eq. 2-10. The instruments involved in the antisurge controller are listed in the
following Table 2-1.
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The second displacement of the calibrated orifice is in discharge, it is typical for low
suction pressure cases and needs more instrument measure to reconstruct the
suction flow, see Fig. 2-7.
COMPRESSOR
SUCTION DISCHARGE
TT
PT
TT PT FT
ANTISURGE
CONTROLLER
PY
The orifice placed in discharge needs more process variables than suction, as seen
in Table 2-2.
The increase of signal necessary for the control provides the analog inputs useful to
build up Eq. 2-10, through the differential pressure evaluated at a calibrated orifice
placed at compressor discharge.
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The differential pressure can be reproduced through Eq. 2-11 that, as seen in
chapter 2.1 ANTISURGE CONTROL LAW is proportional to flow squared (hs = Qs2).
Pd Ts Z s
hs = hd ∗ ∗ ∗ Eq. 2-11
Ps Td Z d
Replacing the differential pressure calculated with the previous equation in Eq. 2-10
is possible to control the deviation margin percentage between SLL and SCL, basic
antisurge control algorithm, the following Eq. 2-12.
P T Z P
hd ∗ d ∗ s ∗ s * sd
Ps Td Z d Ps
= K2 Eq. 2-12
P − Ps
f d
Ps
Where:
hd = differential pressure on calibrated orifice at the compressor discharge (Eng.
unit).
Pd = compressor discharge pressure (Eng. unit).
Ps = compressor suction pressure (Eng. unit).
Td = compressor discharge temperature (Eng. unit).
Ts = compressor suction temperature (Eng. unit).
Zd = compressor discharge gas compressibility at design conditions
Zs = compressor suction gas compressibility at design conditions
Psd = compressor suction pressure at design conditions
The controller set point variable is K2. It represents the deviation margin between
“SLL” and “SCL”. In the “Antisurge Control Line configuration sheet”, the margin is
expressed in percentage of flow.
The algorithm takes in account the ∆P measured across the flow element (indicated
by “hs”) that is proportional to square suction flow (hs = Q2).
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FT
TT PT TT PT PT
ANTISURGE
CONTROLLER
PY
Like the previous case, whit the orifice placed in discharge, the differential pressure
can be reproduced through Eq. 2-13 that, as seen in chapter 2.1 ANTISURGE
CONTROL LAW is proportional to flow squared (hs = Qs2).
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Pi Ts Z s
hs = hi ∗ ∗ ∗ Eq. 2-13
Ps Ti Z i
Replacing the differential pressure calculated with the previous equation in Eq. 2-10
is possible to control the deviation margin percentage between SLL and SCL, basic
antisurge control algorithm, the following equation.
P T Z P
hi ∗ i ∗ s ∗ s * sd
Ps Ti Z i Ps
= K2 Eq. 2-14
P − Ps
f d
Ps
Where:
hi = differential pressure on calibrated orifice at the compressor intermediate phase
(Eng. unit).
Pd = compressor discharge pressure (Eng. unit).
Pi = compressor intermediate phase pressure (Eng. unit).
Ps = compressor suction pressure (Eng. unit).
Ti = compressor intermediate phase temperature (Eng. unit).
Ts = compressor suction temperature (Eng. unit).
Zi = compressor intermediate phase gas compressibility at design conditions
Zs = compressor suction gas compressibility at design conditions
Psd = compressor suction pressure at design conditions
The controller set point is K2. It represents the deviation margin between “SLL” and
“SCL”. In the “Anti-surge Control Line configuration sheet”, the margin is expressed
in percentage of flow.
The algorithm takes in account the ∆P measured across the flow element (indicated
by “hs”) that is proportional to square suction flow (hs = Q2).
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An example of surge safety and control lines construction is given in Fig. 2-9,
together with the relevant graphic.
Units
FE calc. FE values @ Flow
FLOW ELEMENT for all
values refer.condition Margin %
tables
Volumetric flow m3/h 11844.0 11844.0 10
Differential pressure mBar 100.00 100.00
Molecular weight 8.720 8.720
Absolute suction pressure bara 31.41 31.41 Ps Design
Absolute suct. temperature °K 313.0 313.0
Compressibility 1.012 1.012
Antisurge curve
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
(Pd/Ps)-1
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
hs(SLL)
1.5 hs(SCL)
1.0 N
0.5 R
0.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
The wheel plane, differential pressure minus one vs. suction volumetric flow, shown
in the picture above is the result of interpolation of the input values inserted in the
table.
The following list reports and illustrates the quantities taken in consideration to build
the table shown in Fig. 2-9.
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(Flow.mar. + 100 )
2
hs ( scl ) = hs ( sll )
100
FE design values
Values used for the design of flow element.
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Differenial pressure
Pd
Safety Protection Line
Ps
Safety Correction Line
Surge Control Line SCL
Compressor
Operating
Point
SPEEDn
SPEED2
SPEED1
SPEED0
Suction Flow QS
Fig. 2-10 Antisurge auxiliaries control operation
UNIT STOP: The valve is in open position by setting to minimum the control
signal.
PURGE: When the unit is at zero speed, it is possible to close the valve by a
digital command in order to allow purging of the centrifugal compressor.
START UP: The valve is forced in open position by setting to minimum the
control signal, until the minimum operating speed is reached.
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the controller output does not change. This function permits to make the
controller less sensitive to the noise of flow transmitter.
b) Transient Absorption:
If the measure decreases very fast, to anticipate the controller response, the
controller set point is incremented by a fixed value. When the condition resets,
the set point return to the previous value following a pre-set ramp.
c) Safety Correction:
When the measure is lower of safety correction line (SLL plus 5% in term of
flow) the antisurge controller output decreases following fixed steps in fixed time
gaps until the measure goes back to a value higher than safety correction line.
d) Safety Protection:
When the measure is lower of safety protection line (SLL plus 2% in term of
flow) the antisurge controller output decreases following quick opening ramp
until the measure goes back at the right of the safety correction line.
e) Control Output Rate Limiter:
It's used to avoid instability phenomenon on antisurge control introducing an
output limit of variation. Quick rate is used in valve opening, slow rate in valve
closing.
f) Safety Protection/Correction Disabling:
Allows disabling the safety protection, the safety correction and the manual
operation override functions. Password protected. A typical application of this
function is the compressor surge test, using the controller in manual mode.
g) Manual operation override function:
Allows the automatic disabling of manual control in case measure reaches the
"Safety Correction" limit.
NORMAL STOP: The valve remains under automatic control until the unit drops
below the minimum operating speed. At this point the valve is forced in fully
open position.
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To control from remote the valve, the following features are provided:
EXTERNAL OVERRIDE: Analog input that opens the valve more than anti-surge
controller action. Anti-surge controller current output is available for feedback
purpose. This can be useful when the anti-surge valve is used also for load
control.
EXTERNAL PROTECTION: Digital input that opens the valve with the fast ramp.
This signal can be used in case of series compressors to drive all anti-surge
valves in open position when one stage reaches the safety protection level. The
safety protection signal is available at controller output too.
FALLBACK STRATEGY
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This chapter illustrates all inputs and outputs involved in the examined control.
Starting from control I/O, a brief look at the communications mode is given in the last
section.
Control inputs can be divided into digital and analog inputs; the first ones are listed
in the table below, where is also shown a small description:
For what concerns analog inputs, Suction and discharge are the key points of the
control. Instruments are placed respectively at the compressor inlet and outlet to get
the analog inputs for the control loop.
Four different set of signals are taken in consideration, depending on where is
placed the calibrate orifice and its presence, as seen in chapter 2.
The set of signals are depicted in the following units and in chapter ANTISURGE
CONTROL LAW are given the antisurge algorithms necessary to the control. In all
cases, analog inputs for feedback signals are included.
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The orifice placed in the compressor inlet provides the suction flow and with suction
and discharge pressure is sufficient to build up surge calculations, as seen in
section 2.1. The instruments are listed in the following Table 3-2.
PT SUCTION PRESSURE
PT DISCHARGE PRESSURE
The compressors displacement in the orifice outlet needs more instrument signals,
see in Table 3-2, this is due to the reconstruction of the suction flow as shown in
section 2.1.
PT SUCTION PRESSURE
PT DISCHARGE PRESSURE
TT SUCTION TEMPERATURE
TT DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE
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PT SUCTION PRESSURE
TT SUCTION TEMPERATURE
PT INTERSTAGE PRESSURE
TT INTERSTAGE TEMPERATURE
PT DISCHARGE PRESSURE
Table 3-4 Instrument list
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Antisurge control output signals have a dual effect on the antisurge valve:
The analog output provides the control variable that converted is the valve
open/close value.
The digital output commands the open/close solenoid valve, controlling the
valve inlet circuit. The safety approach to the antisurge valve is the failure
open type.
A schematic if the output control is given in Fig. 3-1, where are shown the two
different type of signals coming out of the antisurge controller and their different
action. The analog provides the control value for the recycling valve, while the digital
secure the compressor against surge in the failure mode.
ANTISURGE
CONTROLLER
ANALOG
DIGITAL
SOLENOID
CONTROL
VALVE
VARIABLE
SIGNAL
ELECTRO
PNEUMATIC
TRANSDUCERS
FAILURE
ANTI-SURGE OPEN
VALVE
SUCTION DISCHARGE
LINE FEEDBACK
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4 COMMUNICATIONS
One, two or more serial ports, used as control interface, grant communication to and
from control system. These ports support the following types of communication:
Hardwire connection
RS-232
RJ-45 (Ethernet)
Communication protocols used are:
• MODBUS RTU
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5 DIAGNOSTIC
Trouble shooting:
a. Automatic generation of cause–effect tips in case of alarms.
b. Video or photos to help the operator to solve the problem.
Data logging in case of trip: the last hours of the analog signals, the events for
the digital signals and the alarm history are stored automatically or manually
when required. Data logging help the operator to determine trip causes or find
correlation out of a particular subset of signals. Signals cross analysis is
possible.
Database storing and restoring: the HMI archives can be exported as Excel
files and externally viewed by the customer with his software tools, to perform
statistic reports, production analysis, etc.
HMI commissioning video pages: on line video page builder allows the
operator to visualize all those elements, useful in the commissioning phase.
These pages can be stored and are protected by a password.
HMI I/O diagnostic video pages: according to the control panel I/O list some
HMI pages are dedicated to raw signals visualization. All the digital input are
represented by a LED, all the analog input by a graphic bar. The data
exchanged with the DCS is shown as well. This pages help during pre-
commissioning and are a useful tool for troubleshooting.
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Automatic reports generation. By selecting the sample time, the report rate
and the signals subset, an automatic report can be generated. This report is
stored in the database and then in can be compared with the previous ones
and exported.
Load and Restore parameters setting. The running parameters can be stored
and recalled if needed (a password is required). Many parameters sets can be
stored with different names and a default setting is always present.
Alarm messages and data via SMS or Email. Temporal or alarm events can
trigger a message to be sent via SMS or Email to a configurable team. The
message will contain all those information previously selected during a
configuration session.
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6 VIDEO PAGES
The touch-screen on board or an external device acquires data from the control
using Human/Machine Interface HMI software. The link is internal or made through
Ethernet or TCP/IP connection architecture.
All the data are stored in a database, providing all the necessary data to the
operator allowing control and diagnostic of the system.
Diagnostic pages
• Display and modification of all calibration SET POINTS and eventually present
logic timers. Access to above mentioned functions by means of a mechanical
or electronic key.
• Display and modification of engineer unit for all the acquire measure. Access
to above-mentioned functions is allowed by means of a mechanical or
electronic key.
• Historical logging of all analog measures for minimum 3 months. The system
will use a standard relational database. At least two different historical tables
are created, the first one indicating data types and the other the data storage
times. The first table is for a detailed analysis and reports the data sampled
with a minimum period of two seconds during at least one day. The second
table is for production analysis and it reports the data averaged during a
maximum period of five minutes and acquired during at least three months.
The following units illustrate in detail video pages graphics interfaces, base
functionalities and screen samples.
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Graphic interfaces are devised to interact with the HMI system and following
functions are adopted in order to protect the system:
The user can interact with the resources available (active areas) through either
The user cannot use any other Windows applications except those of the same
application.
To briefly describe alarms under way, a message box on the bottom of the page
is used.
The user’s functions vary according to the login type (type of user).
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Each video page is composed of five different and separated sectors, divided per
functionality:
• Heading
• Control Banner
• Right-hand Toolbar
• Point Control Object
• Alarms & Trips window
6.2.1 HEADING
On top the page a banner is featured showing: the company name and possible
logo, the system name, the machine item, the title of the video page displayed and
the T&T Sistemi logo.
On the bottom of each video page a dialogue banner of the general control system
is displayed. This banner is divided into the following zones:
Acknowlegment push-buttons (ACK) and Trips and Alarms reset push-buttons
(RESET);
Zooming push-button (ZOOM);
Window reporting existing alarms and trips, date and time of occurance, whether
they have been acknowledged and the alarm message description
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Leds for the main signallings such as: PLC active, allarm common, trip common ,
MOS active, and so on.
Display of PLC date and time.
Previous and Home Page push-buttons
General signal
PLC Date&Time
The user can employ the various graphic interfaces by positioning the mouse arrow
on the desired push-button and pressing the mouse left-button. Some push-buttons
feature hotkeys (e.g. F2, F3 or F4) which allow the use of functions by pressing on
the corresponding hotkey with no need to use the mouse.
Note: when the mouse arrow icon moves onto an active area (e.g., push-buttons or
setpoints), the mouse icon turns from a skew arrow into a vertical one and the active
area is highlighted by an outline.
The access to the HMI control is possible as two kinds of users. The first level is the
view mode, while the second level one is the maintenance mode. Positioning the
mouse cursor on the active area and clicking once with the mouse left-button, a
password request window is displayed.
The connection as viewer is possible If user enters the level 1 password (np) in
the appropriate text box and presses “OK”, so that a new window appears, see Fig.
6-4.
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The user is now in view mode and is only allowed to change the Set-point value in a
preselected range and press “OK” to confirm the choice.
Fig. 6-5 shows the set-point window if connected as maintenance; If user enters the
Level 2 password (np1) in the appropriate text box and presses “OK”. This second
level configuration allows user to change the Set-point value of the range selected
(HH,H,L,LL) as well as the related Min and Max thresholds, and then press “OK” to
confirm.
In this case the user can change the measure Set-point values and press “OK” to
confirm.
Any mistake done entering the password an error window pops up, as shown in Fig.
6-6 below.
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The existing alarms and trips are shown in the control banner (see Fig. 6-7),
displayed in the bottom of all video pages. The alarm window can be enlarged to full
screen by pressing the zoom push-button (seeFig. 6-3) and this operation will open
the alarm historical report.
The acknowledgement sequence (ACK) and the alarm sequence is the following:
The alarm occurs and is displayed in the related banner (Fig. 6-7) with a
yellow background and black text.
The user must acknowledge the alarm by pressing the ACK push-button (see
Fig. 6-3); if the alarm remain active it is still displayed in the control banner (Fig. 6-7)
with black background and yellow text and shall automatically disappear when it is
no longer active.
If once the alarm has been acknowledged and is no longer active, the alarm
automatically disappears without changing coulor.
ISA-A sequence is used for alarms as shown in the following Table 6-1:
The trip acknowledgment (ACK) and reset (RESET) sequences are as follows:
The trip occurs and is displayed in the related banner (Fig. 6-7) with red
background and black text.
The user must first acknowledge the trip by pressing the ACK push-button
(see Fig. 6-3); if the trip is still active it is displayed in the control banner (Fig. 6-7)
with black background and red text.
The user must reset the trip by pressing the RESET push-button (see Fig.
6-3), then the trip disappears from the alarm and trip list.
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The following tables report text and background colours for the signal status and in
the control banner.
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This section offers a general review or ESA screens, followed by a more detailed of
the single features appearing in the screen, starting with the log and main menu
page and continuing with a brief look at hierarchy, concluding with the whole set of
screens.
Fig. 6-8 and Fig. 6-9 show respectively the log and main screens of ESA monitor.
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Screens are organized according to the hierarchy structure reported below; it can be
noted that there are three main video page classes:
LOG page
MAIN
MENU
P&I Antisurge
In this section these three typical video page classes are described, explaining in
detail the page use for supervision purposes.
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1.2) P&I
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7 PARAMETERS CONFIGURATION
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1. Margin K
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Flow Element Data @ Suction Condition FE val. @ refer. Con. Flow Margin %
Volumetric Flow @ Suction Condition
DP @ Suction Condition
Molecular Weight
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In this chapter is shown a typical video page representing antisurge constants and
underneath are listed the setting constantvposition in the worksheet.
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Constants:
A, I and Surge Lines can be found in unit 7.3.
B are placed respectively in unit 7.2 point 12, 16 and 17.
C, unit 7.2 points 9 and 8.
D, unit 7.2 points 5.4, 13, 14 and 20.
E, unit 7.2 point 5.
F, unit 7.2 point 11 and 15.
G, unit point 19.1 and 19.2.
H, unit point 5.1 and 5.2
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SYMBOL LEGEND
PT = PRESSURE TRASMITTER
FT = FLOW TRASMITTER
TT = TEMPERATURE TRASMITTER
PSD = DESIGN SUCTION PRESSURE
SCL = SURGE CONTROL LINE
SLL = SURGE LIMIT LINE
N = COMPRESSOR SPEED
K1,K2,K3,K4 = CONSTANTS
Qs = VOLUMETRIC FLOW
Hp = PRESSURE HEAD
Pd = DISCHARGE PRESSURE
Ps = SUCTION PRESSURE
Z = COMPRESSIBILTY FACTOR
R = GAS CONSTANT
T = GAS ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
n = POLYTROPIC HEAD EXPONENT
β = CHARACTERISTIC ORIFICE CONSTANT
hs = ∆P BETWEEN SUCTION PIPE AND 1ST COMPRESSOR EYE
γs = SUCTION GAS DENSITY
Κ = DEVIATION MARGIN
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