Exercise7.

1
1. What is the difference between a point estimate and an
interval estimate of a parameter? Which is better?
Why?
5 3. What is the maximum error of the estimate?
5. What are three properties of a good estimator?
7. What is necessary to determine the sample size?
9. Find each.
a. Z a/2 for the 99% confidence interval
10 b. Z a/2 for the 98% confidence interval
c. Z a/2 for the 95% confidence interval
d. Z a/2 for the 90% confidence interval
e. Z a/2 for the 94% confidence interval
Source: World Almanac.
15 11. Reading Scores A sample of the reading scores of 35
fifth-graders has a mean of 82. The standard deviation of
the population is 15.
a. Find the best point estimate of the mean.
b. Find the 95% confidence interval of the mean
20 reading scores of all fifth-graders.
c. Find the 99% confidence interval of the mean
reading scores of all fifth-graders.
d. Which interval is larger? Explain why.
13. Workers’ Distractions A recent study showed that
25 the modern working person experiences an average of
2.1 hours per day of distractions (phone calls, e-mails,
impromptu visits, etc.). A random sample of 50 workers
for a large corporation found that these workers were
distracted an average of 1.8 hours per day and the
30 population standard deviation was 20 minutes. Estimate
the true mean population distraction time with 90%
confidence, and compare your answer to the results of
the study.
Source: Time Almanac.
35 15. Actuary Exams A survey of 35 individuals who passed
the seven exams and obtained the rank of Fellow in the
actuarial field finds the average salary to be $150,000. If
the standard deviation for the population is $15,000,
construct a 95% confidence interval for all Fellows.
40 17. TelevisionViewing Astudy of 415 kindergarten students
showed that they have seen on average 5000 hours of
television. If the sample standard deviation of the
population is 900, find the 95% confidence level of the
mean for all students. If a parent claimed that his children
 watched 4000 hours, would the claim be believable?
19. Hospital Noise Levels Noise levels at various area
urban hospitals were measured in decibels. The mean
of the noise levels in 84 corridors was 61.2 decibels,
5 and the standard deviation of the population was 7.9.
Find the 95% confidence interval of the true mean.
Source: M. Bayo, A. Garcia, and A. Garcia, “Noise Levels in an Urban
Hospital and Workers’ Subjective Responses,” Archives of Environmental
Health 50, no. 3, p. 249 (May–June 1995). Reprinted with permission of
10 the Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation. Published by Heldref
Publications, 1319 Eighteenth St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036-1802.
Copyright © 1995.
21. Time on Homework A university dean of students
wishes to estimate the average number of hours students
15 spend doing homework per week. The standard
deviation from a previous study is 6.2 hours. How large
a sample must be selected if he wants to be 99%
confident of finding whether the true mean differs from
the sample mean by 1.5 hours?
20 23. Chocolate Chips per Cookie It is desired to estimate
the mean number of chocolate chips per cookie for a
large national brand. How many cookies would have to
be sampled to estimate the true mean number of chips
per cookie within 2 chips with 98% confidence?
25 25. National Accounting Examination If the variance of a
national accounting examination is 900, how large a
sample is needed to estimate the true mean score within
5 points with 99% confidence?

30 Exercise 7.2
1. What are the properties of the t distribution?
3. When should the t distribution be used to find a
confidence interval for the mean?
5. Hemoglobin The average hemoglobin reading for a
35 sample of 20 teachers was 16 grams per 100 milliliters,
with a sample standard deviation of 2 grams. Find the
99% confidence interval of the true mean.
7. Women Representatives in State Legislature
A state representative wishes to estimate the mean
40 number of women representatives per state legislature.
A random sample of 17 states is selected, and the
number of women representatives is shown. Based on
the sample, what is the point estimate of the mean? Find
the 90% confidence interval of the mean population.
 (Note: The population mean is actually 31.72, or about
32.) Compare this value to the point estimate and the
confidence interval. There is something unusual about
the data. Describe it and state how it would affect the
5 confidence interval.
5 33 35 37 24
31 16 45 19 13
18 29 15 39 18
58 132
10 Source: World Almanac.
9. College WrestlerWeights A sample of six college
wrestlers had an average weight of 276 pounds with a
sample standard deviation of 12 pounds. Find the 90%
confidence interval of the true mean weight of all
15 college wrestlers. If a coach claimed that the average
weight of the wrestlers on the team was 310, would the
claim be believable?
11. Distance Traveled to Work A recent study of 28
employees of XYZ company showed that the mean of
20 the distance they traveled to work was 14.3 miles. The
standard deviation of the sample mean was 2 miles.
Find the 95% confidence interval of the true mean. If a
manager wanted to be sure that most of his employees
would not be late, how much time would he suggest
25 they allow for the commute if the average speed were
30 miles per hour?
13. Students perTeacher in U.S. Public Schools The
national average for the number of students per teacher
for all U.S. public schools in 15.9.Arandom sample of 12
30 school districts from a moderately populated area showed
that the mean number of students per teacher was 19.2
with a variance of 4.41. Estimate the true mean number of
students per teacher with 95% confidence. How does your
estimate compare with the national average?
35 Source: World Almanac.
15. For the stress test described in Exercise 14, six women had
an average heart rate of 115 beats per minute. The standard
deviation of the sample was 6 beats. Find the 95%
confidence interval of the true mean for the women.
40 17. Costs for a 30-Second Spot on Cable Television
The approximate costs for a 30-second spot for various
cable networks in a random selection of cities are shown
below. Estimate the true population mean cost for a 30-
second advertisement on cable network with 90%
 confidence.
14 55 165 9 15 66 23 30 150
22 12 13 54 73 55 41 78
Source: www.spotrunner.com
5 19. Grooming Times for Men and Women It has been
reported that 20- to 24-year-old men spend an average
of 37 minutes per day grooming and 20- to 24-year-old
women spend an average of 49 minutes per day
grooming. Ask your classmates for their individual
10 grooming time per day (unless you’re an 8:00 A.M.
class), and use the data to estimate the true mean
grooming time for your school with 95% confidence.
Source: Time magazine, Oct. 2006.

15 Exercise 7.3
1. In each case, find and .
a. n 80 and X 40
b. n 200 and X 90
c. n 130 and X 60
20 d. n 60 and X 35
e. n 95 and X 43
2. (ans) Find and for each percentage. (Use each
percentage for .)
a. 15%
25 b. 37%
c. 71%
d. 51%
e. 79%
3. Vacations A U.S. Travel Data Center survey conducted
30 for Better Homes and Gardens of 1500 adults found that
39% said that they would take more vacations this year
than last year. Find the 95% confidence interval for the
true proportion of adults who said that they will travel
more this year.
35 Source: USA TODAY.
4. Regular Voters in America Thirty-five percent of adult
Americans are regular voters. A random sample of 250
adults in a medium-size college town were surveyed, and
it was found that 110 were regular voters. Estimate the
40 true proportion of regular voters with 90% confidence
and comment on your results.
Source: Time magazine, Oct. 2006.
5. Private Schools The proportion of students in
private schools is around 11%.Arandom sample of
 450 students from a wide geographic area indicated that
55 attended private schools. Estimate the true proportion
of students attending private schools with 95%
confidence. How does your estimate compare to 11%?
5 Source: National Center for Education Statistics (www.nces.ed.gov).
6. Belief in Haunted Places A random sample of 205
college students was asked if they believed that places
could be haunted, and 65 of them responded yes.
Estimate the true proportion of college students who
10 believe in the possibility of haunted places with 99%
confidence. According to Time magazine, 37% of
Americans believe that places can be haunted.
Source: Time magazine, Oct. 2006.
7. Work Interruptions A survey found that out of
15 200 workers, 168 said they were interrupted three or
more times an hour by phone messages, faxes, etc.
Find the 90% confidence interval of the population
proportion of workers who are interrupted three or
more times an hour.
20 Source: Based on information from USA TODAY Snapshot.
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pˆ qˆ
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9. High School Graduates Who Take the SAT The
25 national average for the percentage of high school
graduates taking the SAT is 49%, but the state averages
vary from a low of 4% to a high of 92%. A random
sample of 300 graduating high school seniors was
polled across a particular tristate area, and it was found
30 that 195 of them had taken the SAT. Estimate the true
proportion of high school graduates in this region who
take the SAT with 95% confidence.
Source: World Almanac.
11. DVD Players Asurvey of 85 families showed that
35 36 owned at least one DVD player. Find the 99%
confidence interval of the true proportion of families
who own at least one DVD player. If another survey in a
different location found that the proportion of families
who owned at least one DVD player was 0.52, would
40 you consider that the proportion of families in this area
was larger than in the area where the original survey
was done?
13. Financial Well-being In a Gallup Poll of 1005 individuals,
452 thought they were worse off financially than a
 year ago. Find the 95% confidence interval for the true
proportion of individuals who feel they are worse off
financially.
15. Vitamins forWomen Amedical researcher wishes to
5 determine the percentage of females who take vitamins.
He wishes to be 99% confident that the estimate is within
2 percentage points of the true proportion.Arecent study
of 180 females showed that 25% took vitamins.
a. How large should the sample size be?
10 b. If no estimate of the sample proportion is available,
how large should the sample be?
17. Direct Satellite Television It is believed that 25% of
U.S. homes have a direct satellite television receiver.
How large a sample is necessary to estimate the true
15 population of homes which do with 95% confidence and
within 3 percentage points? How large a sample is
necessary if nothing is known about the proportion?
Source: New York Times Almanac.
19. Unmarried Americans Nearly one-half of Americans
20 aged 25 to 29 are unmarried. How large a sample is
necessary to estimate the true proportion of unmarried
Americans in this age group within 21⁄2 percentage
points with 90% confidence?
Source: Time magazine, Oct. 2006.
25
Exercise 7.4
1. What distribution must be used when computing confidence
intervals for variances and standard deviations?
3. Using Table G, find the values for x2
30 left and x2
right.
a. a 0.05, n 12
b. a 0.10, n 20
c. a 0.05, n 27
35 d. a 0.01, n 6
e. a 0.10, n 41
5. Carbohydrates in Yogurt The number of
carbohydrates (in grams) per 8-ounce serving of yogurt
for each of a random selection of brands is listed below.
40 Estimate the true population variance and standard
deviation for the number of carbohydrates per 8-ounce
serving of yogurt with 95% confidence.
17 42 41 20 39 41 35 15 43
25 38 33 42 23 17 25 34
 7. Cost of Knee Replacement Surgery U.S. insurers’
costs for knee replacement surgery range from $17,627
to $25,462. Estimate the population variance (standard
deviation) in cost with 98% confidence based on a
5 random sample of 10 persons who have had this
surgery. The retail costs (for uninsured persons) for the
same procedure range from $40,640 to $58,702.
Estimate the population variance and standard
deviation in cost with 98% confidence based on a
10 sample of 10 persons, and compare your two intervals.
Source: Time Almanac.
9. New-Car Lease Fees A new-car dealer is leasing
various brand-new models for the monthly rates (in
dollars) listed below. Estimate the true population
15 variance (and standard deviation) in leasing rates with
90% confidence.
11. Oil Changes A service station advertises that
customers will have to wait no more than 30 minutes for
an oil change. A sample of 28 oil changes has a standard
20 deviation of 5.2 minutes. Find the 95% confidence
interval of the population standard deviation of the time
spent waiting for an oil change.
Exercise 8.1
1. Define null and alternative hypotheses, and give an
25 example of each.
3. What is meant by a statistical test?
5. What is meant by the critical region? The noncritical
region?
7. What symbols are used to represent the probabilities of
30 type I and type II errors?
9. When should a one-tailed test be used? A two-tailed
test?
11. In hypothesis testing, why can’t the hypothesis be
proved true?
35 13. For each conjecture, state the null and alternative
hypotheses.
a. The average age of community college students
is 24.6 years.
b. The average income of accountants is
40 $51,497.
c. The average age of attorneys is greater than
25.4 years.
d. The average score of 50 high school basketball
games is less than 88.
45 e. The average pulse rate of male marathon runners is
 less than 70 beats per minute.
f. The average cost of a DVD player is $79.95.
g. The average weight loss for a sample of people
who exercise 30 minutes per day for 6 weeks is
5 8.2 pounds.
Exercise 8.2
For Exercises 1 through 13, perform each of the
following steps.
a. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
10 b. Find the critical value(s).
c. Compute the test value.
d. Make the decision.
e. Summarize the results.
Use diagrams to show the critical region (or regions),
15 and use the traditional method of hypothesis testing
unless otherwise specified.
1. Walking with a Pedometer An increase in walking
has been shown to contribute to a healthier life-style. A
sedentary American takes an average of 5000 steps per
20 day (and 65% of Americans are overweight). A group of
health-conscious employees of a large health care system
volunteered to wear pedometers for a month to record
their steps. It was found that a random sample of 40
walkers took an average of 5430 steps per day, and the
25 population standard deviation is 600 steps. At a 0.05
can it be concluded that they walked more than the
mean number of 5000 steps per day?
Source: www.msn.com/health
3. Revenue of Large Businesses Aresearcher
30 estimates that the average revenue of the largest
businesses in the United States is greater than $24 billion.
Asample of 50 companies is selected, and the revenues (in
billions of dollars) are shown. At a0.05, is there enough
evidence to support the researcher’s claim? s 28.7.
35 178 122 91 44 35
61 56 46 20 32
30 28 28 20 27
29 16 16 19 15
41 38 36 15 25
40 31 30 19 19 19
24 16 15 15 19
25 25 18 14 15
24 23 17 17 22
22 21 20 17 20
 Source: New York Times Almanac.
5. Health Care Expenses The mean annual expenditure
per 25- to 34-year-old consumer for health care is $1468.
This includes health insurance, medical services, and
5 drugs and medical supplies. Students at a large university
took a survey, and it was found that for a sample of
60 students, the mean health care expense was $1520,
and the population standard deviation is $198. Is there
sufficient evidence at a0.01 to conclude that their
10 health care expenditure differs from the national average
of $1468? Is the conclusion different at a0.05?
7. Heights of 1-Year-Olds The average 1-year-old
(both genders) is 29 inches tall. A random sample of 30
one-year-olds in a large day care franchise resulted in
15 the following heights. At a 0.05, can it be concluded
that the average height differs from 29 inches? Assume
s 2.61.
25 32 35 25 30 26.5 26 25.5 29.5 32
30 28.5 30 32 28 31.5 29 29.5 30 34
20 29 32 27 28 33 28 27 32 29 29.5
Source: www.healthepic.com
9. Undergraduate School Expenses The average
undergraduate cost for tuition, fees, room, and board for
all institutions last year was $26,025.Arandom sample of
25 40 institutions of higher learning this year indicated that
the mean tuition, fees, room, and board for the sample
was $27,690, and the population standard deviation is
$5492. At the 0.05 level of significance, is there sufficient
evidence that the cost has increased?
30 Source: Time Almanac.
11. Use of Disposable Cups The average college student
goes through 500 disposable cups in a year. To raise
environmental awareness, a student group at a large
university volunteered to help count how many cups
35 were used by students on their campus.Arandom sample
of 50 students’ results found that they used a mean of
476 cups with s42 cups. At a0.01, is there sufficient
evidence to conclude that the mean differs from 500?
Source: www.esc.mtu.edu
40 13. Ages of U.S. Senators The mean age of Senators in the
109th Congress was 60.35 years. A random sample of
40 senators from various state senates had an average
age of 55.4 years, and the population standard deviation
is 6.5 years. At a 0.05, is there sufficient evidence
 that state senators are on average younger than the
Senators in Washington?
Source: CG Today.
15. State whether the null hypothesis should be rejected on
5 the basis of the given P-value.
a. P-value 0.258, a 0.05, one-tailed test
b. P-value 0.0684, a 0.10, two-tailed test
c. P-value 0.0153, a 0.01, one-tailed test
d. P-value 0.0232, a 0.05, two-tailed test
10 e. P-value 0.002, a 0.01, one-tailed test
17. Stopping Distances A study found that the average
stopping distance of a school bus traveling 50 miles per
hour was 264 feet. A group of automotive engineers
decided to conduct a study of its school buses and found
15 that for 20 buses, the average stopping distance of buses
traveling 50 miles per hour was 262.3 feet. The standard
deviation of the population was 3 feet. Test the claim
that the average stopping distance of the company’s
buses is actually less than 264 feet. Find the P-value.
20 On the basis of the P-value, should the null hypothesis
be rejected at a 0.01? Assume that the variable is
normally distributed.
Source: Snapshot, USA TODAY, March 12, 1992.
19. Burning Calories by Playing Tennis Ahealth
25 researcher read that a 200-pound male can burn an
average of 546 calories per hour playing tennis. Thirtysix
males were randomly selected and tested. The mean
of the number of calories burned per hour was 544.8. Test
the claim that the average number of calories burned
30 is actually less than 546, and find the P-value. On the
basis of the P-value, should the null hypothesis be
rejected at a 0.01? The standard deviation of the
population is 3. Can it be concluded that the average
number of calories burned is less than originally thought?
35 21. Farm Sizes The average farm size in the United States
is 444 acres. A random sample of 40 farms in Oregon
indicated a mean size of 430 acres, and the population
standard deviation is 52 acres. At a 0.05, can it be
concluded that the average farm in Oregon differs from
40 the national mean? Use the P-value method.
Source: New York Times Almanac.
23. Transmission Service A car dealer recommends that
transmissions be serviced at 30,000 miles. To see
whether her customers are adhering to this recommendation,
 the dealer selects a sample of 40 customers and
finds that the average mileage of the automobiles
serviced is 30,456. The standard deviation of the
population is 1684 miles. By finding the P-value,
5 determine whether the owners are having their
transmissions serviced at 30,000 miles. Use a 0.10.
Do you think the a value of 0.10 is an appropriate
significance level?
25. Sick Days Amanager states that in his factory,
10 the average number of days per year missed by the
employees due to illness is less than the national average
of 10. The following data show the number of days
missed by 40 employees last year. Is there sufficient
evidence to believe the manager’s statement at a0.05?
15 s 3.63. Use the P-value method.
0 6 12 3 3 5 4 1
3 9 6 0 7 6 3 4
7 4 7 1 0 8 12 3
2 5 10 5 15 3 2 5
20 3 11 8 2 2 4 1 9

Exercise 8.3
1. In what ways is the t distribution similar to the standard
normal distribution? In what ways is the t distribution
25 different from the standard normal distribution?
3. Find the critical value (or values) for the t test for each.
a. n 10, a 0.05, right-tailed
b. n 18, a 0.10, two-tailed
c. n 6, a 0.01, left-tailed
30 d. n 9, a 0.025, right-tailed
e. n 15, a 0.05, two-tailed
f. n 23, a 0.005, left-tailed
g. n 28, a 0.01, two-tailed
h. n 17, a 0.02, two-tailed
35 5. Veterinary Expenses of Cat Owners According to the
American Pet Products Manufacturers Association, cat
owners spend an average of $179 annually in routine
veterinary visits. A random sample of local cat owners
revealed that 10 randomly selected owners spent an
40 average of $205 with s $26. Is there a significant
statistical difference at a 0.01?
Source: www.hsus.org/pets
7. State and Local Taxes The U.S. average for state and
local taxes for a family of four is $4172. A random
 sample of 20 families in a northeastern state indicates
that they paid an annual amount of $4560 with a
standard deviation of $1590. At a 0.05, is there
sufficient evidence to conclude that they pay more than
5 the national average of $4172?
Source: New York Times Almanac.
9. Heights of Tall Buildings A researcher estimates
that the average height of the buildings of 30 or more
stories in a large city is at least 700 feet. A random
10 sample of 10 buildings is selected, and the heights in
feet are shown. At a 0.025, is there enough evidence
to reject the claim?
485 511 841 725 615
520 535 635 616 582
15 11. Cost of College The average undergraduate cost for
tuition, fees, and room and board for two-year institutions
last year was $13,252. The following year, a random
sample of 20 two-year institutions had a mean of $15,560
and a standard deviation of $3500. Is there sufficient
20 evidence at the a 0.01 level to conclude that the mean
cost has increased?
Source: New York Times Almanac.
13. Cost of Making a Movie During a recent year the
average cost of making a movie was $54.8 million. This
25 year, a random sample of 15 recent action movies had
an average production cost of $62.3 million with a
variance of $90.25 million. At the 0.05 level of
significance, can it be concluded that it costs more than
average to produce an action movie?
30 Source: New York Times Almanac.
15. Earnings of Financial Specialists Average weekly
earnings for those working in financial activities is
$623. A group of employees working for a large
national accounting firm felt that they earned more. The
35 mean weekly earnings for a random sample of 21
employees showed an average weekly earning of $650
with a standard deviation of $72. At a0.01, can it be
concluded that the employees are correct?
Source: New York Times Almanac.
40 17. Doctor Visits A report by the Gallup Poll stated
that on average a woman visits her physician 5.8 times
a year. A researcher randomly selects 20 women and
obtained these data.
3 2 1 3 7 2 9 4 6 6
 8 0 5 6 4 2 1 3 4 1
At a 0.05 can it be concluded that the average is still
5.8 visits per year? Use the P-value method.
19. Teaching Assistants’ Stipends A random sample
5 of stipends of teaching assistants in economics is
listed. Is there sufficient evidence at the a 0.05 level
to conclude that the average stipend differs from
$15,000? The stipends listed (in dollars) are for the
academic year.
10 14,000 18,000 12,000 14,356 13,185
13,419 14,000 11,981 17,604 12,283
16,338 15,000
Source: Chronicle of Higher Education.
Exercise 8.4
15 1. Give three examples of proportions.
3. When you are testing hypotheses by using proportions,
what are the necessary requirements?
For Exercises 5 through 15, perform each of the
following steps.
20 a. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
b. Find the critical value(s).
c. Compute the test value.
d. Make the decision.
e. Summarize the results.
25 Use the traditional method of hypothesis testing unless
otherwise specified.
5. Home Ownership A recent survey found that 68.6% of
the population own their homes. In a random sample of
150 heads of households, 92 responded that they owned
30 their homes. At the a 0.01 level of significance, does
that suggest a difference from the national proportion?
Source: World Almanac.
7. Computer Hobbies It has been reported that 40% of
the adult population participate in computer hobbies
35 during their leisure time. A random sample of 180 adults
found that 65 engaged in computer hobbies. At a 0.01,
is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the
proportion differs from 40%?
Source: New York Times Almanac.
40 9. Answering Machine Ownership It has been reported
in an almanac that 78% of Americans own an answering
machine. A random sample of 143 college professors at
small liberal arts schools revealed that 100 owned an
answering machine. At a 0.05, test the claim that the
 percentage is the same as stated in the almanac.
Source: World Almanac.
11. Fatal Accidents The American Automobile
Association (AAA) claims that 54% of fatal car/truck
5 accidents are caused by driver error. A researcher
studies 30 randomly selected accidents and finds that 14
were caused by driver error. Using a 0.05, can the
AAA claim be refuted?
Source: AAA/CNN.
10 13. After-School Snacks In the Journal of the American
Dietetic Association, it was reported that 54% of kids
said that they had a snack after school. Arandom sample
of 60 kids was selected, and 36 said that they had a snack
after school. Use a 0.01 and the P-value method to test
15 the claim. On the basis of the results, should parents be
concerned about their children eating a healthy snack?
15. Youth Smoking Researchers suspect that 18% of all
high school students smoke at least one pack of
cigarettes a day. AtWilson High School, with an
20 enrollment of 300 students, a study found that 50
students smoked at least one pack of cigarettes a day.
At a 0.05, test the claim that 18% of all high school
students smoke at least one pack of cigarettes a day.
Use the P-value method.
25 17. Borrowing Library Books For Americans using library
services, the American Library Association (ALA)
claims that 67% borrow books. A library director feels
that this is not true so he randomly selects 100 borrowers
and finds that 82 borrowed books. Can he show that the
30 ALA claim is incorrect? Use a 0.05.
Source: American Library Association; USA TODAY.
19. Football Injuries Areport by the NCAAstates that
57.6% of football injuries occur during practices.Ahead
trainer claims that this is too high for his conference, so
35 he randomly selects 36 injuries and finds that 17 occurred
during practices. Is his claim correct, at a0.05?
Source: NCAA Sports Medicine Handbook.

Exercise 8.5
40 1. Using Table G, find the critical value(s) for each, show
the critical and noncritical regions, and state the appropriate
null and alternative hypotheses. Use s2 225.
a. a 0.05, n 18, right-tailed
b. a 0.10, n 23, left-tailed
 c. a 0.05, n 15, two-tailed
d. a 0.10, n 8, two-tailed
e. a 0.01, n 17, right-tailed
f. a 0.025, n 20, left-tailed
5 g. a 0.01, n 13, two-tailed
h. a 0.025, n 29, left-tailed
3. Calories in Pancake Syrup A nutritionist claims
that the standard deviation of the number of calories in
1 tablespoon of the major brands of pancake syrup is 60.
10 A sample of major brands of syrup is selected, and the
number of calories is shown. At a 0.10, can the claim
be rejected?
53 210 100 200 100 220
210 100 240 200 100 210
15 100 210 100 210 100 60
Source: Based on information from The Complete Book of Food Counts by
Corrine T. Netzer, Dell Publishers, New York.
5. Stolen Aircraft Test the claim that the standard
deviation of the number of aircraft stolen each year in
20 the United States is less than 15 if a sample of 12 years
had a standard deviation of 13.6. Use a 0.05.
Source: Aviation Crime Prevention Institute.
7. Transferring Phone Calls The manager of a large
company claims that the standard deviation of the time
25 (in minutes) that it takes a telephone call to be
transferred to the correct office in her company is
1.2 minutes or less. A sample of 15 calls is selected,
and the calls are timed. The standard deviation of the
sample is 1.8 minutes. At a 0.01, test the claim
30 that the standard deviation is less than or equal to
1.2 minutes. Use the P-value method.
9. Calories in Doughnuts A random sample of 20
different kinds of doughnuts had the following calorie
counts. At a 0.01, is there sufficient evidence to
35 conclude that the standard deviation is greater than
20 calories?
290 320 260 220 300 310 310 270 250 230
270 260 310 200 250 250 270 210 260 300
Source: The Doctor’s Pocket Calorie, Fat, and Carbohydrate Counter.
40 11. Tornado Deaths A researcher claims that the
standard deviation of the number of deaths annually
from tornadoes in the United States is less than 35.
If a sample of 11 randomly selected years had a
standard deviation of 32, is the claim believable?
 Use a 0.05.
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
13. Home Run Totals A random sample of home run
totals for National League Home Run Champions from
5 1938 to 2001 is shown. At the 0.05 level of significance,
is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the variance
is greater than 25?
34 47 43 23 36 50 42
44 43 40 39 41 47 45
10 Source: New York Times Almanac.
15. Manufactured Machine Parts A manufacturing
process produces machine parts with measurements
the standard deviation of which must be no more than
0.52 mm. A random sample of 20 parts in a given lot
15 revealed a standard deviation in measurement of
0.568 mm. Is there sufficient evidence at a 0.05 to
conclude that the standard deviation of the parts is
outside the required guidelines?
Exercise 9.1
20 1. Explain the difference between testing a single mean
and testing the difference between two means.
3. What two assumptions must be met when you are using
the z test to test differences between two means? Can the
sample standard deviations s1 and s2 be used in place of
25 the population standard deviations s1 and s2?
For Exercises 5 through 17, perform each of the
following steps.
a. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
b. Find the critical value(s).
30 c. Compute the test value.
d. Make the decision.
e. Summarize the results.
Use the traditional method of hypothesis testing unless
otherwise specified.
35 5. Lengths of Major U.S. Rivers Aresearcher wishes
to see if the average length of the major rivers in the
United States is the same as the average length of the
major rivers in Europe. The data (in miles) of a sample of
rivers are shown. At a 0.01, is there enough evidence
40 to reject the claim? Assume s1 450 and s2 474.
United States Europe
729 560 434 481 724 820
329 332 360 532 357 505
450 2315 865 1776 1122 496
 330 410 1036 1224 634 230
329 800 447 1420 326 626
600 1310 652 877 580 210
1243 605 360 447 567 252
5 525 926 722 824 932 600
850 310 430 634 1124 1575
532 375 1979 565 405 2290
710 545 259 675 454
300 470 425
10 Source: The World Almanac and Book of Facts.
7. Commuting Times The Bureau of the Census reports
that the average commuting time for citizens of both
Baltimore, Maryland, and Miami, Florida, is approximately
29 minutes. To see if their commuting times
15 appear to be any different in the winter, random samples
of 40 drivers were surveyed in each city and the
average commuting time for the month of January was
calculated for both cities. The results are provided
below. At the 0.05 level of significance, can it be
20 concluded that the commuting times are different in
the winter?
Miami Baltimore
Sample size 40 40
Sample mean 28.5 min 35.2 min
25 Population standard deviation 7.2 min 9.1 min
Source: www.census.gov
9. Length of Hospital Stays The average length of
“short hospital stays” for men is slightly longer than
that for women, 5.2 days versus 4.5 days. A random
30 sample of recent hospital stays for both men and
women revealed the following. At a 0.01, is there
sufficient evidence to conclude that the average hospital
stay for men is longer than the average hospital stay for
women?
35 Men Women
Sample size 32 30
Sample mean 5.5 days 4.2 days
Population standard deviation 1.2 days 1.5 days
Source: www.cdc.gov/nchs
40 11. Women Science Majors In a study of women science
majors, the following data were obtained on two
groups, those who left their profession within a few
months after graduation (leavers) and those who
remained in their profession after they graduated
 (stayers). Test the claim that those who stayed had a
higher science grade point average than those who left.
Use a 0.05.
Leavers Stayers
5 3.16 3.28
s1 0.52 s2 0.46
n1 103 n2 225
Source: Paula Rayman and Belle Brett,
“Women Science Majors: What Makes a
10 Difference in Persistence after Graduation?”
The Journal of Higher Education.
13. Money Spent on College Sports A school
administrator hypothesizes that colleges spend more
for male sports than they do for female sports. A sample
15 of two different colleges is selected, and the annual
expenses (in dollars) per student at each school are
shown. At a 0.01, is there enough evidence to
support the claim? Assume s1 3830 and s2 2745.

20 Exercise 9.2
For Exercises 1 through 11, perform each of these
steps. Assume that all variables are normally or
approximately normally distributed.
a. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
25 b. Find the critical value(s).
c. Compute the test value.
d. Make the decision.
e. Summarize the results.
Use the traditional method of hypothesis testing unless
30 otherwise specified.
1. Assessed Home Values Areal estate agent wishes to
determine whether tax assessors and real estate appraisers
agree on the values of homes.Arandom sample of the
two groups appraised 10 homes. The data are shown here.
35 Is there a significant difference in the values of the homes
for each group? Let a 0.05. Find the 95% confidence
interval for the difference of the means.
Real estate appraisers Tax assessors
$83,256 $88,354
40 s1 $3256 s2 $2341
n1 10 n2 10
3. NFL Salaries An agent claims that there is no difference
between the pay of safeties and linebackers in the
NFL. A survey of 15 safeties found an average salary
 of $501,580, and a survey of 15 linebackers found an
average salary of $513,360. If the standard deviation in
the first sample was $20,000 and the standard deviation
in the second sample is $18,000, is the agent correct?
5 Use a 0.05.
Source: NFL Players Assn./USA TODAY.
5. Ages of Homes Whiting, Indiana, leads the “Top 100
Cities with the Oldest Houses” list with the average age
of houses being 66.4 years. Farther down the list resides
10 Franklin, Pennsylvania, with an average house age of
59.4 years. Researchers selected a random sample of 20
houses in each city and obtained the following statistics.
At a 0.05, can it be concluded that the houses in
Whiting are older? Use the P-value method.
15 Whiting Franklin
Mean age 62.1 years 55.6 years
Standard deviation 5.4 years 3.9 years
Source: www.city-data.com

20 7. IRS Tax Return Help The local branch of the Internal

Revenue Service spent an average of 21 minutes
helping each of 10 people prepare their tax returns.
The standard deviation was 5.6 minutes. A volunteer
tax preparer spent an average of 27 minutes helping
25 14 people prepare their taxes. The standard deviation
was 4.3 minutes. At a 0.02, is there a difference in
the average time spent by the two services? Find the
98% confidence interval for the two means.
9. Moisture Content of Fruits and Vegetables
30 Listed below is the moisture content (by percent) for
random samples of different fruits and vegetables. At
the 0.05 level of significance, can it be concluded that
fruits differ from vegetables in average moisture
content?
35 Fruits Vegetables
Apricot 86 Artichoke 85
Banana 75 Bamboo shoots 91
Avocado 72 Beets 88
Blackberry 88 Broccoli 89
40 Clementine 87 Cucumber 95
Fig 79 Iceberg lettuce 96
Pink grapefruit 92 Mushroom 92
Mango 84 Radish 95
Tomato 94
 Source: www.nutritiondata.com
11. Hockey’s Highest Scorers The number of points
held by a sample of the NHL’s highest scorers for both
the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference is
5 shown below. At a 0.05, can it be concluded that there
is a difference in means based on these data?
Eastern Conference Western Conference
83 60 75 58 77 59 72 58
78 59 70 58 37 57 66 55
10 62 61 59 61
Source: www.foxsports.com
Exercise 9.3
1. Classify each as independent or dependent samples.
a. Heights of identical twins
15 b. Test scores of the same students in English and
psychology
c. The effectiveness of two different brands of
aspirin
d. Effects of a drug on reaction time, measured by a
20 before-and-after test
e. The effectiveness of two different diets on two
different groups of individuals
3. Improving Study Habits As an aid for improving
students’ study habits, nine students were randomly
25 selected to attend a seminar on the importance of
education in life. The table shows the number of hours
each student studied per week before and after the
seminar. At a 0.10, did attending the seminar
increase the number of hours the students studied
30 per week?
Before 9 12 6 15 3 18 10 13 7
After 9 17 9 20 2 21 15 22 6
5. Sleep Report Students in a statistics class were
asked to report the number of hours they slept on
35 weeknights and on weekends. At a 0.05, is there
sufficient evidence that there is a difference in the mean
number of hours slept?
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hours,
40 Sun.–Thurs. 8 5.5 7.5 8 7 6 6 8
Hours,
Fri.–Sat. 4 7 10.5 12 11 9 6 9
7. Reducing Errors in Grammar A composition
teacher wishes to see whether a new grammar program
 will reduce the number of grammatical errors her
students make when writing a two-page essay. The data
are shown here. At a 0.025, can it be concluded that
the number of errors has been reduced?
5 Student 1 2 3 4 5 6
Errors before 12 9 0 5 4 3
Errors after 9 6 1 3 2 3
9. Pulse Rates of Identical Twins A researcher
wanted to compare the pulse rates of identical twins to
10 see whether there was any difference. Eight sets of twins
were selected. The rates are given in the table as number
of beats per minute. At a 0.01, is there a significant
difference in the average pulse rates of twins? Find the
99% confidence interval for the difference of the two.
15 Use the P-value method.
Twin A 87 92 78 83 88 90 84 93
Twin B 83 95 79 83 86 93 80 86
Exercise 9.4
1a. Find the proportions and for each.
20 a. n 48, X 34
b. n 75, X 28
c. n 100, X 50
d. n 24, X 6
e. n 144, X 12
25 1b. Find each X, given .
a. 0.16, n 100
b. 0.08, n 50
c. 6%, n 800
d. 52%, n 200
30 e. 20%, n 150
For Exercises 3 through 14, perform these steps.
a. State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
b. Find the critical value(s).
c. Compute the test value.
35 d. Make the decision.
e. Summarize the results.
Use the traditional method of hypothesis testing unless
otherwise specified.
3. Racial Makeup of Two Cities Dallas, Texas, and
40 Stafford, Texas, are numbers 57 and 58, respectively, on
the top 100 most racially diverse cities in the United
States with 35.6% of the population being white. A
random sample of 300 residents from each city was
surveyed, and the results are listed below. At the 0.01
 level of significance, is there sufficient evidence to
conclude a difference in the proportions of nonwhite
residents in these two cities?
Dallas: 98 of 300 surveyed were white
5 Stafford: 120 of 300 surveyed were white
5. Female Cashiers and Servers Labor statistics indicate
that 77% of cashiers and servers are women. A random
sample of cashiers and servers in a large metropolitan
area found that 112 of 150 cashiers and 150 of 200
10 servers were women. At the 0.05 level of significance,
is there sufficient evidence to conclude that a difference
exists between the proportion of servers and the
proportion of cashiers who are women?
Source: New York Times Almanac.
15 7. Lecture versus Computer-Assisted Instruction A
survey found that 83% of the men questioned preferred
computer-assisted instruction to lecture and 75% of
the women preferred computer-assisted instruction to
lecture. There were 100 individuals in each sample. At
20 a 0.05, test the claim that there is no difference in the
proportion of men and the proportion of women who
favor computer-assisted instruction over lecture. Find
the 95% confidence interval for the difference of the
two proportions.
25 9. Desire to Be Rich In a sample of 80 Americans,
55% wished that they were rich. In a sample of
90 Europeans, 45% wished that they were rich. At
a 0.01, is there a difference in the proportions? Find
the 99% confidence interval for the difference of the
30 two proportions.
11. Dog Ownership A survey found that in a sample of
75 families, 26 owned dogs. A survey done 15 years ago
found that in a sample of 60 families, 26 owned dogs.
At a 0.05 has the proportion of dog owners changed
35 over the 15-year period? Find the 95% confidence
interval of the true difference in the proportions. Does
the confidence interval contain 0? Why would this fact
be important to a researcher?
Source: Based on statistics from the AmericanVeterinary Medical Association.
40 13. Survey on Inevitability of War A sample of 200
teenagers shows that 50 believe that war is inevitable,
and a sample of 300 people over age 60 shows that
93 believe war is inevitable. Is the proportion of
teenagers who believe war is inevitable different from
 the proportion of people over age 60 who do? Use
a 0.01. Find the 99% confidence interval for the
difference of the two proportions.
15. Partisan Support of Salary Increase Bill Find
5 the 99% confidence interval for the difference in the
population proportions for the data of a study in
which 80% of the 150 Republicans surveyed favored
the bill for a salary increase and 60% of the
200 Democrats surveyed favored the bill for a salary
10 increase.
17. Never Married Individuals In a recent year the U.S.
Census reported that 32.6% of men aged 15 and older
had never married. The percentage of women never
married for the same age group was 25.6%. Based on
15 the data below, can it be concluded that the percentage
of never married men is greater than the proportion of
never married women? Use a 0.05.
Men Women
Never married 99 81
20 Sample size 300 300
Source: World Almanac.
19. College Education The percentages of adults 25 years
of age and older who have completed 4 or more years
of college are 23.6% for females and 27.8% for males.
25 A random sample of women and men who were
25 years old or older was surveyed with these results.
Estimate the true difference in proportions with 95%
confidence, and compare your interval with the
Almanac statistics.
30 Women Men
Sample size 350 400
No. who completed 4 or more years 100 115