SP 2302 Planning Theory II

Level II – Semester 4

LECTURE 1
ORIGIN OF PLANNING PROCESS
Types of Planning Theory
Normative Planning Theory:
• Normative theories explain the city form in terms of norms and values

Planning Theory I
which had been followed by the people when they designed a city.
1. The Cosmic City Model
2. The Machine City Model
3. The Organic City Model

Substantive Planning Theory

• Explains the growth and development of cities.
• City as a historic process
• City as a people's production of spaces
• City as a socio-spatial process
• City as an economic center

Procedural Planning Theory

Planning Theory II
• Focuses on planning procedure.
• Procedural Planning theories explain how planning is done and the
planning process and how practice of planning should be done.
• Alternative approaches to planning
• Introduction to strategic planning
• Types of plans
• Policy framework for the convergence of local authority functions &
the plan
• Planning methodology as a systems view in integrated planning
 ORIGIN OF PLANNING PROCESS

1. The story of the origin of planning process has to start with the
arrival of town planning to Sri Lanka.

2. The present formal town planning system of Sri Lanka arrived

during British rule, to address “URBAN PROBLEMS” such as
overcrowding, Poor Sanitation , Poverty, Health Problem, etc.

3. In order to address these problems, British imported 2 acts to Sri

Lanka.
1. Housing & Town Improvement Ordinance 1915
2. Town & Country Planning Ordinance1946 .
THE ARRIVAL OF TOWN PLANNING TO SRI LANKA

BRITISH RULE IN SRI LANKA [1815 – 1948]

• During British, Colombo had 3 Zones:

• Fort - British lived
• Pettah - Portuguese & Dutch lived
• Outer Pettah - Ceylonese lived

• Colombo Harbour was built in 1860s

Harbour
was built
• The fortifications were destroyed in 1860s

1869 to connect the Fort to the city.

Outer Pettah
• Due to lack of land within Fort, Britsh
Pettah
residences were shifted to Cinnamon Fort

Garden
THE ARRIVAL OF TOWN PLANNING TO SRI LANKA
BRITISH RULE IN SRI LANKA [1815 – 1948]

• Due to lack of land within Fort, Britsh

residences were shifted to Cinnamon
Garden

• High class British residences moved

to Kollupitya and Bambalapitiya
areas.

• The low income Ceylonese moved to

the old houses of British in Pettah and
Fort and railway warehouse Colombo Municipal
Council
(1865)

• “DECLINE OF PETTAH”
THE ARRIVAL OF TOWN PLANNING TO SRI LANKA
BRITISH RULE IN SRI LANKA [1815 – 1948]

Census Data Collection in

Colombo in 1919

“URBAN PROBLEMS”
•Overcrowding
• Poor Sanitation
•Poverty
•Health Problem

Housing & Town Improvement Ordinance Colombo Municipal

1915 was imported from Britain Council
(1865)

Town & Country Planning Ordinance1946

was imported from Britain
Arrival of Planning in Sri Lanka

Town & Country Planning Ordinance1946

mentioned that,
“All cities should have a
Comprehensive Development Plan”

Accordingly, the below Development Plans are

made for Colombo city:
Patrick Geddes Plan – 1921
Clifford Holiday Plan – 1940
Patrick Abercrombie Plan – 1949 Colombo
Colombo Master Plan Project – 1978 Municipal Council
Colombo Metropolitan Regional Structure Plan (CMRSP) 1998 (1865)
City of Colombo Development Plan – 1999
 Development Plans
How they are made?
Following the Planning Process
 How to Plan?
Planning Process
Requirement for the Module:
Every one must have a soft copy or hard copy of any Development
Plan that is prepared at the Department (by the Senior Students for
their Academic Project)
Origin of Planning Process
Planning in 1940s & 1950s

Planning was concerned with the production of plans

which gave a detailed picture of a desired future in a
certain number of years.

Garden City Concept Neighborhood Unit Broadacre City Concept Radiant City Concept
Concept
Origin of Planning Process
Planning in 1960s -
British pioneer planner Patrick Geddes introduced a simple
sequence of action:
Survey  Analysis  Plan

The existing situation would be surveyed;

Analysis of the survey to find out the actions that needed to be taken;
The plan would embody these actions.

Planning in Late 1960s

Finding out the possible actions and evaluating them to find the
most suitable action.

This led to the Concept of Systems Planning

Origin of Planning Process
The Concept of Systems Planning
 “Rather than producing new knowledge, it is important to
re-organize the existing knowledge”.

 Cities were viewed as complex interacting systems .

(social, economic, biological and physical systems)

 The different parts of the city system can be separated, and

the interactions between them can be analyzed.

 Then, by introducing appropriate control mechanisms, the

behaviour of the city system can be altered in specific
ways, to achieve certain objectives.
City as a system
City as a system

Hydro system
Vegetation system
Settlement system
Road system
Hydro system
Vegetation system
Settlement system
Road system
Origin of Planning Process
The Concept of Systems Planning
 “Rather than producing new knowledge, it is important to
re-organize the existing knowledge”.

 Cities were viewed as complex interacting systems .

(social, economic, biological and physical systems)

 The different parts of the city system can be separated, and

the interactions between them can be analyzed.

 Then, by introducing appropriate control mechanisms, the

behaviour of the city system can be altered in specific
ways, to achieve certain objectives.

 BUT, ITS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE SYSTEMS WORK AS

A WHOLE.
Origin of Planning Process

Planning Process

Based on this understanding,

the programmatic diagram of the planning process was set out
by three leading British planners of the Systems Planning :

Brian McLoughlin,
George Chadwick
Alan Wilson
Planning Process
Planning Process of Brian McLoughlin

 Urban Planning: A Systems Approach

 Planners need a practical framework for their actions.

Decision to adopt planning

Formulation of goals and objectives

Identification of possible actions to achieve

the goals and objectives
REVIEW

Evaluation of possible actions by reference

to costs/benefits

Selection and implementation of the most

suitable action through public investment
Planning Process
Planning Process of George Chadwick

 A Systems View of Planning

Planners’ Actions Tools and Measures

Planning Process
Planning Process of Allan Wilson
Planning Process in Sri Lankan Context
Planning Process in the Context of Sri Lanka

Data Collection

Survey Primary Data Secondary Data

Collection Collection
3 PHASES OF PLANNING PROCESS

Boundary Delineation

Activity 1:
Analysis
Find out the Planning
Analysis & Process that is adopted in
Synthesis
Potentials of the Constraints of the your sample plan.
area area

Vision Formulation

Strategy Formulation of Goals

Formulation and Objectives

Strategy formulation
How do we collect data about a place?

• By visiting the place (Field Visits)

• Preliminary Visit
• Spending Full Day in the area

Primary Data
• Observe day and night activities

• By surveying and recording of field information

• About how the place functions?
• How the place is organized?
• Activity patterns, land uses, issues
• Casual discussion with local residents

Secondary Data
• By reviewing secondary sources about the place
• Resource Profile of the Place
• Historical records
• Previous development plans and projects
• Newspaper articles about issues
Collected data must be converted into SPATIAL INFORMATION

Pedestrian Movement Pattern

Collected data must be converted into SPATIAL INFORMATION

Traffic Congestion
Collected data must be converted into SPATIAL INFORMATION

Activity 2:
Find out how the
collected data is
converted into SPATIAL
INFORMATION in your
sample plan.

Topographic Condition
Planning Process in the Context of Sri Lanka

Data Collection

Survey Primary Data Secondary Data

Collection Collection
3 PHASES OF PLANNING PROCESS

Boundary Delineation

Analysis

Analysis &
Synthesis
Potentials of the Constraints of the
area area

Vision Formulation

Strategy Formulation of Goals

Formulation and Objectives

Strategy formulation
Analysis of the Data

Analyzing and Conceptualizing

the Area

In-depth Comprehension of the

Area

How the place is organized?

How the place is structured?
The Spatial Configuration.
How the place has transformed?
What are the resources, assets and advantages of the Place?
What are the issues, problems and limitations of the Place?
Analyzing and Conceptualizing the Situation of an Area

How do we Analyze and Conceptualize an Area?

(In-depth Comprehension of the Area)

1. Evolution of Space
2. Spatial Configuration (Systems, Pattern, Network)
3. Spatial hierarchy
4. Activity network and Activity hierarchy
5. Regional Linkages
6. Land Value, Land Ownership
7. ….
8. … ,etc., etc.

Tools and Techniques involved in Analysis

1. Space Syntax
2. Systems Analysis
3. Activity Mapping
4. Connectivity Analysis
5. Solid & Void ratio
6. SWOT Analysis
7. Root Cause Analysis
8. Cost – Benefit Analysis , etc, etc.
Activity 3:
Explain how the project area is analyzed?
What are the Analysis Tools used?
How the area is conceptualized?