EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND ITS

APPLICATIONS IN REAL LIFE

S . VENKATESH

venkatesh.singamsetty@gmail.com

RVR & JC COLLEGE

P . GOUTHAM TEJA

gouthamravi.287@gmail.com

RVR & JC COLLEGE

 INTRODUCTION device.” The term programmable and was the first
: embedded system silicon chips, volume user of them.

is a nebulous one debugging tools and Without this

Now a days, we so on. program, integrated
that encompasses
frequently hear about History of circuits might never
just about
things like computers have reached a
Embedded
in televisions, everything except
Systems: usable price point.
refrigerators, desktop PCs. An
The first The crucial design
motorbikes etc. embedded system features of the
recognizably modern
There arises a doubt is one that is Minuteman
embedded system
for what are the preprogrammed to computer were that
was the APPOLO
computers doing in perform a its guidance
GUIDANCE
electronic systems. algorithm could be
dedicated or COMPUTER
They increase the reprogrammed later
narrow range of developed by
work capability and in the program, to
functions as part of CHARLES STARK
power of the make the missile
a larger system, DRAPER and the
appliances. They more accurate, and
usually MIT
also provide extra the computer could
INSTRUMENTATI
capabilities for them. with minimal end-
also test the missile,
ON
Such computers are user or operator saving cable and
LABORATORY.
called embedded intervention. connector weight.
Each flight to the
systems. So an Embedded System
moon had two. They
embedded system is
ran the inertial Is Found In The
nothing but a
guidance system of Below Appliances:
combination of Embedded Systems
both the command Classification Of
hardware and is the technology of
module and LEM Embedded
software designed to today and the future.
(Lunar excursion Systems:
perform a specific It certainly isn’t a
Module). At the
task. They can take new or a nascent Based on the
project's inception, potential, capability
decisions in different technology. The
the Apollo guidance
conditions. They are advent of embedded and the type of work
computer was done, the embedded
very small but they systems was a
considered the
have all the remarkable feat in systems can be
riskiest item in the classified as 1. Stand
processing powers of terms of hardware
Apollo project. The
a computer. and software. Since alone embedded
first mass-produced systems
then there has been a
embedded system
“An embedded tremendous 2. Real time
was the guidance systems.
system is a special- evolution in
computer for the
hardware 3. Networked
purpose computer Minuteman missile.
technologies in the information
system usually It also used
form of appliances
built into a smaller integrated circuits,
microprocessors,
 4. Mobile • Soft real Application 4.Mobile devices:
devices. time s Eg: Mobile phones,
1. Stand Alone systems: Aircraft personal digital
Systems: control, assistants, palmtops
They can
These embedded Space craft etc come under this.
afford to
systems receive control, They have some
do the
some instructions Missiles limits regarding size,
given work
from the user, and memory, user
a bit earlier automatic
process the interface etc and
or later to weapons, work like remaining
information and give
the fixed Mobile and embedded
back the information.
time. cellular sytems.Word
They perform the
Embedded systems phones, processors and
operations in
applications can also Tracking games are recent
electronic devices
be classified as radars, advancements in
whenever necessary
• Non – Time Nuclear mobile devices.
irrespective of time.
– Critical reactors, Characteristics:
Early embedded
Application Oscilloscop
systems operated in a Two major areas of
s Eg: es & storage
stand-alone mode differences are cost
Washing scopes
use an 8-bit and power
machine, 3 Networkrd
microprocessor. consumption. Since
Electronic Information
2 Real Time many embedded
toys, Health
Systems: Appliances: systems are produced
monitoring
The embedded Any embedded in the tens of
equipments,
systems, which system which works thousands to millions
Furnace
execute a specific thru a computer of units range,
temperature
job at a specific time, network (eg: LAN, reducing cost is a
control.
are called real time WAN, Internet) is major concern.
• Time –
systems. They are of called a networked Embedded systems
Critical
2 types. information often use a
Application
• Hard real appliance.eg: bank (relatively) slow
s Eg:
ATMs of a particular processor and small
time Spectrum
bank are connected memory size to
systems: analyzers,
together which forms minimize costs. The
They do a High –
a network and any slowness is not just
specific or speed data
transaction at any clock speed. The
given work acquisition,
ATM is recorded at whole architecture of
at exactly Fuel control
the respective bank; the computer is often
the fixed in
they use TCP/IP intentionally
automobiles
time. protocol and http simplified to lower
• Mission –
server software. costs. For example,
Critical
embedded systems
often use peripherals of conditionin memory. For
controlled by parameters g module. example, a V.34
synchronous serial associated Parts Of An modem typically
interfaces, which are with process Embedded System: uses two
ten to hundreds of parameters The construction for preprogrammed
times slower than like all the embedded processors. One, an
comparable temperature systems is almost the 8-bit microcontroller,
peripherals used in etc. same though they are and implements the
PCs. Programs on an • These of different types. An Hayes-AT command
embedded system parameters embedded system set and provide
often must run with are consists of processor, overall control for
real time monitored memory, software the modem. The
constraints with in real time and some others. other, a 16-bit fixed-
limited hardware with special Processor: point DSP,
resources: often there transducers implements the core
A processor is the
is no disk drive, whose data-pump function.
one which
operating system, output is Of the 6.2 billion
organizes and
keyboard or screen. analog processors
carries out the
A flash drive may signal manufactured in
replace rotating proportional instructions that 2002, less than 2%
media, and a small to the come from the became the brains of
keypad and LCD parameter software. new PCs, Macs, and
screen may be used value. “Embedded UNIX workstations.
instead of a PC's • Embedded processors are The other 6.1 billion
keyboard and screen. processor is waking up, and went into embedded
digital in systems. The essence
they're increasingly
Working of An nature, so it of every modern
accessible and
Embedded System: becomes electronic device,
controllable by
• The necessary to from toys to traffic
networks and the
embedded convert lights to nuclear
these analog Internet.” The power plant
system
to digital proliferation of controllers, these
receives
form programmable processors help run
instantaneo
suitable for processors in factories, manage
us status of
processing embedded systems weapon systems, and
controlled
by the has happened largely enable worldwide
equipment
processors. because of the communication and
through
• So, an A/D availability of the flow of
input
converter is powerful, information,
modules.
employed inexpensive products, and people.
The status is
with signal processors and high- Embedded
nothing but
density, low-cost processors span the
the values
range from simple 4- types of central control systems in
bit microcontrollers processors. processing one form or another
like those at the heart • Digital unit (CPU) -- from 8-bit
of a greeting card or signal made from microcontrollers to
children’s toy, to processor: miniaturize 32-bit digital signal
powerful custom These d transistors processors (DSPs)
128-bit digital and other and 64-bit RISC
microprocessors and signal circuit (reduced instruction
specialized DSPs and processors elements on set computer)chips.
network processors. are very a single In PCS, the
In an embedded helpful in semiconduc processors used are
system, we have 3 processing tor CISC (Complex
types of processors the time integrated Instruction Set
namely signals in circuit (IC). Computing)
• Micro audio and Microproce processors as the
controller: video ssor, which CPUs need large
This is also systems. are very instruction sets. But
called as They are the essential for in case of embedded
dedicated cheap and the working systems, such large
embedded powerful of a instructions are not
controller. alternatives computer required, so another
They are for the are directly theory of processors
manufacture modems. being used has been developed
d by Texas They are as which is known as
instruments, manufacture embedded the RISC (Reduced
Intel etc.in d by Texas systems. Instruction Set
these instruments Embedded Computing)
microcontro with the programma processors.RISC
llers, along name ble processors have
with RAM, ‘TMS320C’ microproces smaller instruction
ROM some , Motorola sors are in sets than compared
input and with the consumer- to CISC processors.
output name ‘5600 electronics A special processor
devices are series’. devices, used especially for
arranged on kitchen the embedded
• Micro
a single appliances, systems is the ARM
processor:
chip and automobiles processor.
A
hence is , ARM stands for
microproces
cheaper networking Advance RISC
sor is an
than the equipment, Machines
electronic
other two and
computer (microprocessors),
industrial
which designed a applications Memory is of two used in embedded
family of RISC needing types. systems are generally

superscalar high speed RAM (Random called Real Time

and Access Memory): Operating Systems
processor
performanc It is a combination of (RTOS). Since the
architecture for
e. SRAM and DRAM. memory of
VLSI
• ARM has ROM (Read Only embedded systems is
implementation.
no of less, it is not possible
Memory):ROM is
ARM processors
registers to use operating
of 3 types
have RISC- like
and fixed systems like
• Simple
features with load
length WINDOWS, LINUX
ROM
and store
instructions. etc. in them. The
• Programma
architecture.
Each RTOS should have
ble ROM
Instructions are such
instruction some special
• Erasable
that the variables and
is of 32 bit features.
PROM
memory addresses
length and 1. Reliability: The
• Electrically
are first loaded into
has 16 PCS working with
Erasable
the registers and then
registers.Th regular OS get
PROM:
perform the
us, ARM is hanged now and
operations using Operating Systems
16/32-bit then. If the same
registers and then In Embedde
processor. thing happens in
results stored in Systems:
• These embedded systems
memory. Normally, any
processors there might be a
Features of Arm computer works only
have two great loss. So, the
Processors: if there is an
types of work capability of
• These operating system.
requests for RTOS should be
processors Even in case of
interrupts - reliable.
offer high embedded systems,
Fast 2.. Multitasking
performanc we use an operating
Interrupt with time
e and very system, which are bit
Request
different from the
constraints: The
lower (FIQ) and
ability to run
power regular operating
Interrupt
system. But it is not different programs at
consumptio Request
the same time is
n and low essential as in case of
(IRQ).
PCs. In such cases, called multitasking.
voltage • ARM
This is the feature of
operations. where no operating
memory has
system is used, we a PC. Even in
• ARM speed
embedded systems,
Processors design special
critical
software to control various tasks are
are widely control
done at a time. But
gaining the hardware
signals.
components. The the only difference is
acceptance MEMORY:
the time factor. I n
for operating systems
embedded systems, it should have an from QNX cellular calls from
is not only important operating system, systems aircrafts.
that the tasks should which can work on • eCos from
be done at a time but all ranges starting REDHAT.
they should from 8-bit micro Latest Conclusion:
also be done at the controller to 64-bit Advancements: The world is on the
given time. This is microprocessor. The 1. Capsule camera: brink of new
called multitasking OS should work in These capsule technological
with time the same manner on cameras have a revolutions beyond
constraints. all of them. This is camera embedded in any human
3.Footprint: called scalability. it which when taken experience. A new
Footprint is very 6. File in by a patient gives powerful revolution
small software. As a management: In the inner view of the in daily life and
memory of the embedded systems, patient by taking electronics is the
embedded system is there is no chance for photographs of the embedded systems.
very less, the OS secondary storage intestinal track. This is really a great
used in it should also (floppy, CD). So, the 2 Cell phones as leap in mankind
use less memory i.e. OS should be able to wallets: It enables which has
the software should support such things. us to use cell phones miniaturized the
use less memory and Along with the OS, as wallets. We can large devices
such software is the application perform bank and made our works
called footprint. software is also withdrawals, credit simpler and easier. It
4. Portability: located on the card purchases and has made almost
Usually the desktop memory chip and so other activities. The every thing in the
PCs use INTEL the file management first cell phone was world switching
processors. But it is is optional in developed by from analog to
not same in case of embedded systems. Jujitsu’s F900IL. digital solutions. The
embedded systems. Available RTOS: 3 In flight cell offshoot of all this is
At present, various • RT Linux the world has gone
phone calls: This
types of processors from FSM almost completely
technology was
are being used in the labs digital and
developed by
manufacture of • Vx works embedded.
Qualcomm And it
embedded systems. from
enables us to make
So, the embedded Windriver
software designed systems.
should be able to • WINDOWS
work on any CE from
processor. This is Microsoft
called portability. • QNX
5. Scalability: The neutrino
embedded systems