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LAB - Basic Shell Commands in Linux

Shell commands allow users to interact with the operating system and perform tasks like navigating files and folders, viewing file contents, copying and moving files. Some common commands are cat, more, and less to view file contents; mkdir, cp, mv, and rm for file manipulation; grep to search files; and ls, cd, pwd for basic navigation. Commands like chmod and chown control permissions and ownership of files. A shell accepts commands and converts them to a format the kernel can understand to carry out the requested task.

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89 views

LAB - Basic Shell Commands in Linux

Shell commands allow users to interact with the operating system and perform tasks like navigating files and folders, viewing file contents, copying and moving files. Some common commands are cat, more, and less to view file contents; mkdir, cp, mv, and rm for file manipulation; grep to search files; and ls, cd, pwd for basic navigation. Commands like chmod and chown control permissions and ownership of files. A shell accepts commands and converts them to a format the kernel can understand to carry out the requested task.

Uploaded by

Tochi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Shell Commands in Linux

A shell is a special user program which provides an interface to the user to use operating
system services. Shell accept human readable commands from the user and convert them into
something which kernel can understand. It is a command language interpreter that execute
commands read from input devices such as keyboards or from files. The shell gets started when
the user logs in or start the terminal.

1). Displaying the file contents on the terminal:

● cat : It is generally used to concatenate the files. It gives the output on the standard
output.
● more : It is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.

● less : It is used to viewing the files instead of opening the file.Similar to more command
but it allows backward as well as forward movement.
● head : Used to print the first N lines of a file. It accepts N as input and the default value
of N is 10.
● tail : Used to print the last N-1 lines of a file. It accepts N as input and the default value
of N is 10.

2). File and Directory Manipulation Commands:

● mkdir : Used to create a directory if not already exist. It accepts directory name as input
parameter.
● cp : This command will copy the files and directories from source path to destination
path. It can copy a file/directory with new name to the destination path. It accepts source
file/directory and destination file/directory.

● mv : Used to move the files or directories. This command’s working is almost similar to
cp command but it deletes copy of file or directory from source path.
● rm : Used to remove files or directories.
● touch : Used to create or update a file.

3). Extract, sort and filter data Commands:

● grep : This command is used to search for the specified text in a file.

● grep with Regular Expressions : Used to search for text using specific regular
expressions in file.
● sort : This commands is used to sort the contents of files.
● wc : Used to count the number of characters, words in a file.

● cut : Used to cut a specified part of a file.

4). Basic Terminal Navigation Commands:

● ls : To get the list of all the files or folders.


● cd : Used to change the directory.
● du : Show disk usage.
● pwd : Show the present working directory.
● man : Used to show the manual of any command present in Linux.
● rmdir : It is used to delete a directory if it is empty.
● ln file1 file2 : Creates physical link.
● ln -s file1 file2 : Creates symbolic link.
5). File Permissions Commands: chmod and chown commands are used to control access to
files in UNIX and Linux systems.

● chown : Used to change the owner of file.


● chmod : Used to modify the access/permission of a user.

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