The document discusses the history and parts of the microscope. It begins by explaining what microscopes are and the key discoveries around the development of simple and compound microscopes in the 16th-17th centuries by Zacharias Janssen, Hans Janssen, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, and Robert Hooke. It then provides details on the major parts of a compound microscope, including the eyepiece, tube, nosepiece, objective lenses, adjustments knobs, stage, clips, condenser, diaphragm, mirrors, and base.
The document discusses the history and parts of the microscope. It begins by explaining what microscopes are and the key discoveries around the development of simple and compound microscopes in the 16th-17th centuries by Zacharias Janssen, Hans Janssen, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, and Robert Hooke. It then provides details on the major parts of a compound microscope, including the eyepiece, tube, nosepiece, objective lenses, adjustments knobs, stage, clips, condenser, diaphragm, mirrors, and base.
The document discusses the history and parts of the microscope. It begins by explaining what microscopes are and the key discoveries around the development of simple and compound microscopes in the 16th-17th centuries by Zacharias Janssen, Hans Janssen, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, and Robert Hooke. It then provides details on the major parts of a compound microscope, including the eyepiece, tube, nosepiece, objective lenses, adjustments knobs, stage, clips, condenser, diaphragm, mirrors, and base.
The document discusses the history and parts of the microscope. It begins by explaining what microscopes are and the key discoveries around the development of simple and compound microscopes in the 16th-17th centuries by Zacharias Janssen, Hans Janssen, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, and Robert Hooke. It then provides details on the major parts of a compound microscope, including the eyepiece, tube, nosepiece, objective lenses, adjustments knobs, stage, clips, condenser, diaphragm, mirrors, and base.
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INTRODUCTION
“Micro” refers to tiny, “scope” refers to view or look at.
Microscopes are tools used to enlarge images of small objects so as they can be studied. The compound light microscope is an instrument containing two lenses, which magnifies, and a variety of knobs to resolve (focus) the picture. Because it uses more than one lens, it is sometimes called the compound microscope in addition to being referred to as being a light microscope. The microscope must accomplish three tasks: produce a magnified image of the specimen, separate the details in the image, and render the details visible to the human eye or camera.
DISCOVERY In 1590, two Dutch eyeglass maker named Zacharias Janssen and his brother Hans Janssen started experimenting using lenses. They got tube and put lenses on each end and started observing objects. They were amazed that the object they observed was greatly enlarged. They made a very important discovery, a compound microscope. Compound because it uses two lenses.
Leeuwenhoek was a man with many talents, his most
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek important attributes were creativity, power of observation, and ingenuity. Leeuwenhoek was a common man without any fortune or formal education, so he had to work for a living. Leeuwenhoek made simple (one lens) microscopes. He was not the first person to build a microscope, but the microscopes that he did build were the best ones for that time period. Leeuwenhoek was the first person to describe bacteria (from teeth scrapings), protozoans (from pond water), helped to prove the theory of blood circulation. He gained much of his inspiration form reading Hooke's Micrographia. These breakthrough earned him the title “Father of Microscopy” Robert hooke, also spent his life working with microscopes improving their design and capabilities. Hooke, using his improved compound microscope, discovered tiny compartment in a thin slice of cork. He called these compartments cells. Microscope parts here we see are of a compound microscope.
Simple microscopes have just a lens, stage and a light source.
But compound microscope has many parts and also is widely used in the laboratory.
It majorly consists of parts which assist in viewing with a naked eye, a magnifying lens, light source and a stage to hold the sample.
But besides there also many parts meant to adjust a provide a fine resolution of the microscopic objects.
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE
1. Eyepiece 2. Tube 3. Revolving nosepiece 4. Objective lens (Three 10x , 45x, 100x) 5. Coarse adjustment 6. Fine adjustment 7. Arm 8. Rack stop 9. Stage 10. Clips 11. Condenser and Diaphragm 12. Mirror (convex and concave mirror) 13. Base
1. Eyepiece: This is the first part which you come across when viewing object in the microscope from the top. It is a transparent glass lens which enables to see the object clearly. This eyepiece can be removed and put back into the tube column. It has two glass lens one at the top which is just flat while the other towards the object is slightly convex to the bottom. One can remove the eyepiece and wipe it with a cloth to free it of any dust particles.
2. Tube: It is a long columnar shaped tube which holds eyepiece and also the nosepiece including the objective lens. It holds the nose piece immediate to the end to which objective lenses are fixed. It has rulings which helps to move it up a down to get a clear view of the object.
3. Revolving nosepiece: It is a circular metallic piece holding the magnifying lenses to the tube. It is revolving freely so as to select the required lenses needed to focus.
4. Objective lens: These are the lenses which help to magnify the objects on the slide placed on the stage. The resolution most common are 10x, 45x and 100x with 10x having the lowest magnification power and 100x having the highest magnification power. These three eyepieces can be removed and replaced if required.
5. Coarse adjustment: This is a adjustment knob present at the junction of arm and the tube. It has larger knob than the lower one. It is routinely used for rough adjustment. One need to use it to adjust the eyepiece till it reaches the slide but not touch it. From there, fine adjustment can be used to get clear resolution.
6. Fine adjustment: This is smaller and circular know seen below the coarse adjustment knob. It is fixed to the arm of microscope. It helps to adjust the magnification lens to the correct height for better resolution. Its movement is slow and very fine. This know is essential besides the coarse adjustment know to for easy and precise focus. Also the chances of damage to the sample slide on the stage is also eliminated due to this knob.
7. Arm: It holds the eyepiece, objective lens, stage, light source in a straight line. It is also useful to carry the microscope from one place to another.
8. Rack stop: This is small threaded pin which helps to fix the column tube at particular height after being adjusted to desired height by the adjustment knobs. Once the adjustment of height is done, the rack stop is tightened to hold the tube at the set height. To further decrease or increase the height, the rock stop has to be loosened.
9. Stage: It is the place where slide containing the test sample is placed for evaluation. It is a square shaped metallic plank consisting of clips, side-wise adjustment and forward adjustment knobs. Stage is always kept clean during and before start of experimentation. The stage has an orifice through which light from the mirror falls in the slide. This light helps in visualization of the microscopic sample.
10. Clips: These are two in number and help in fixing of the slide in a fixed spot on the stage.
11. Condenser & Diaphragm: Condenser is located below the stage and helps to gather light from mirror and condense it on to the stage. Diaphragm is a closure which helps to close the aperture below the stage through which light from source falls on to it. For low light intensity, diaphragm is closed while for more intensity is kept wide open.
12. Mirror (convex and concave mirror): This is fixed to the base below the diaphragm. It passes light on to the stage. 13. Base: This is the foot of the microscope over which entire weight of the instrument rests. It is heavy and flat linked to the arm.
