The Respiratory System

The cardiovascular and respiratory systems supply the

body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.
– The respiratory system organs oversee the gas
exchanges
– Cardiovascular system organs transport the O2 and
CO2
The organs of the respiratory system include
– Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their
smaller branches, and the lungs which contain
the alveoli
– Gas exchanges happen only in the alveoli
Functionally
consist of: Respiratory
Conducting portion:
Respiratory portion: System
 Nose

Divided into right and left sides

hard and soft palate
Superior, middle, and inferior conchae
superior, middle, and inferior meatus.
the conchae increase surface area and air turbulences
Paranasal Sinuses

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

Help decrease the weight of the skull
Act as a resonance chamber
Produce mucus to trap debris
Drain into the nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal ducts and paranasal sinuses ducts open in the nasal cavity
 Nose, Function
Warm incoming air by the blood in the capillaries
The mucus secreted by the goblet cells moisten
and filter incoming air
Cilia move mucus toward the pharynx
Detecting olfactory stimuli: receptors lie in the
membrane lining of the superior nasal
conchae and adjacent septum
Modifying speech vibration ( resonance)
Pharynx,
throat

funnel-shaped muscular tube

Extend from the internal nares to the cricoid cartilage level
Divided into three parts: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Function
– Passageway for air and food
– Resonating chamber for speech sounds
– House the tonsils
Nasopharynx
Location
Five openings in its wall
– 2 internal nareses: pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids can cut off air if swollen.
– 2 pharyngotympanic
– opening to the oropharynx.
Function: breathing only
Oropharynx
Location
Function:
Tonsils: Palatine and Lingual
Laryngopharynx
Location
Function
 Larynx, Voice box

Short passageway connects the Laryngopharynx to the

trachea.
Composed of 9 cartilages : ( thyroid, cricoid, Epiglottis,
2 arytenoids, 2 cuneiform, 2 corniculate)
Location:
– In the midline of the neck anterior to C4 through C6
 Larynx, Voice box

Thyroid cartilage (Adams apple)

– Two fused plates of hyaline cartilage form the anterior
wall of the larynx
– Larger in mal than female
– Connected to hyoid bone by thyrohyoid membrane
 Larynx, Voice box

Epiglottis:
– Large leaf-shaped attached to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly
– free edge posteriorly that moves up and down like a trap door
forms a lid protecting the superior opening of the larynx
 Structures of Voice Production
Two pair of folds:
– Superior pair: false vocal cords, hold breath against pressure in
the thoracic cavity (left heavy object)
– Inferior: true vocal cords
Trachea

tubular passageway for air

anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx to T5 where it divides
into right and left bronchi at the Carina
 Bronchi

Sympathetic dilates airway


Parasympathetic constriction

Histamine constriction
Pleural membrane –
– Two layers enclose S
and protect the m
lungs a
Pleural cavity: l
l
 space between
the two layers Pleura
– Contains small
amount of
lubricating fluid
that helps to reduce
friction between
the membranes and
adheres the
membrane to each
another
– Separate pleural
cavities
surround the
left and right
lungs
lungs

Cone shaped separated by the mediastinum

Extend from the diaphragm to just slightly superior to the clavicles
Anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces of the lung lies against the ribs
The base concave and fits over the convex diaphragm
The apex is the narrow superior portion of the lung
Mediastinal (medial) surface contains the hilus ( bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels, nerves)
 Primary Bronchi
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
 Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
Alveolar sac
alveoli
The lower lung
 Alveoli

Millions of clustered alveoli

make up the bulk of the lungs
Alveolus:
– cup-shaped out pouching
– Alveolar pores
connect neighboring
air sacs and provide
alternate routs for air
Respiratory
Membrane

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air spaces and the blood
Alveolar wall
– Epithelial basement membrane underlying alveolar wall
– Capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the
epithelial basement membrane
– Endothelial cells of the capillary
 Blood Supply to the lungs

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood

from the heart to the lungs

– pulmonary trunk right and left pulmonary
arteries
Oxygenated blood return to the heart via
pulmonary veins that drain into the left atrium
 Inspiration (inhalation)
The contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
increase the vertical dimension and the anterior posterior
diameter
The thoracic cavity expands and the pleura is pulled outward
in all directions pulling with it the lungs
alveolar pressure decrease below atmospheric pressure and
forces air into the lung
eupnea: normal quiet breathing
apnea: temporary cessation of breathing
Dyspnea: painful or difficult
tachypnea: rapid breathing
Brady-pnea
Mechanics of Breathing:
Inspiration
 Expiration
(exhalation)

The inspiratory muscles relax and the thoracic

cage recoils to its normal size compressing the
lungs increasing the alveoli pressure that result in
exhalation
 Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiration
– The process of gas exchange in the body
– Occurs in three basic steps:
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):
the flow of air into (inhalation) and out of (exhalation)
the lungs
External respiration:
The blood gains O2 and loses CO2.
Exchange O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and pulmonary
capillaries
Internal respiration:
The blood loses O2 and gains CO2
exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
 Transporting O2
Oxygen transported in two ways
Only 1.5% of the oxygen is dissolved
in blood plasma
98.5% of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in
RBC
– O2 and hemoglobin bind in a reversible
reaction
Only dissolved oxygen can diffuse out of
issue capillaries into tissue cells
Lung Volume and Capacities
Respiratory rate in adults is 12 breaths per min
Spirometer (respirometer): is the apparatus used
to measure the volume of air exchanged during
breathing, and the respiratory rate.
The record is called Spirogram
 Lung Volume and Capacities
Tidal volume (TV):
– The volume of one breath
– Varies from one person to another
Inspiratory reserve volume:
– The amount of air forcibly inhaled after a TV
Expiratory reserve volumes:
– The amount of air forcibly exhaled after a TV
Residual volume:
– The air remains in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is
exhaled
– Cannot be measured by spirometry
Vital capacity :
– The total amount of exchangeable air
– ISRV + TV + EXRV = ( 4800)
 Transporting Carbon dioxide
CO2 transported in three forms
Dissolved:
CO2 diffuses into alveolar air upon reaching the lung.
Carbamino compounds
20-30% combines with globin of Hb
Bicarbonate ion
CO2 enters RBC, reacts with H2O to form H2CO3 which
dissociates into H ion and HCO3. This is a reversible
reaction.
HCO3 ion leaves RBC and enters plasma
CO2 Transport & Exchange:
at the tissues
CO2 Transport & Exchange:
in the lungs
Exercise and The Respiratory system

Exercise increase O2 consumption and CO2

production
Increase cardiac output will lead to increase
in pulmonary perfusion which increase
surface area available for diffusion of
oxygen into pulmonary blood capillaries
 Regulation of The Respiratory Center

Inspiratory center more strongly stimulated

when PCO2 is rising above normal than
when PO2 is falling below normal

Hyperventilation decrease PCO2

Hypoventilation Increase PCO2