The document discusses the history of paradigms in interactive system design. It provides examples of paradigm shifts such as from batch processing to timesharing, networking, graphical displays, and direct manipulation. New computing technologies arrive creating new perceptions of the human-computer relationship and paradigms of interaction. Understanding the history of HCI is largely about understanding a series of paradigm shifts in how users interact with technology.
The document discusses the history of paradigms in interactive system design. It provides examples of paradigm shifts such as from batch processing to timesharing, networking, graphical displays, and direct manipulation. New computing technologies arrive creating new perceptions of the human-computer relationship and paradigms of interaction. Understanding the history of HCI is largely about understanding a series of paradigm shifts in how users interact with technology.
The document discusses the history of paradigms in interactive system design. It provides examples of paradigm shifts such as from batch processing to timesharing, networking, graphical displays, and direct manipulation. New computing technologies arrive creating new perceptions of the human-computer relationship and paradigms of interaction. Understanding the history of HCI is largely about understanding a series of paradigm shifts in how users interact with technology.
The document discusses the history of paradigms in interactive system design. It provides examples of paradigm shifts such as from batch processing to timesharing, networking, graphical displays, and direct manipulation. New computing technologies arrive creating new perceptions of the human-computer relationship and paradigms of interaction. Understanding the history of HCI is largely about understanding a series of paradigm shifts in how users interact with technology.
Concerns chapter 4 – how can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability?
paradigms – how can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or measured?
History of interactive system design
provides paradigms for usable designs
What are Paradigms Paradigms of interaction
• Predominant theoretical frameworks or New computing technologies arrive,
scientific world views creating a new perception of the – e.g., Aristotelian, Newtonian, Einsteinian (relativistic) paradigms in physics human—computer relationship. • Understanding HCI history is largely about We can trace some of these shifts in understanding a series of paradigm shifts – Not all listed here are necessarily “paradigm” shifts, the history of interactive technologies. but are at least candidates – History will judge which are true shifts
The initial paradigm Example Paradigm Shifts
• Batch processing • Batch processing
• Time-sharing
Impersonal computing Interactive computing
1 Example Paradigm Shifts Example Paradigm Shifts
• Batch processing @#$% ! • Batch processingC…P… filename Move this file here, • Timesharing • Timesharing dot star… or was it R…M? and copy this to there.
• Batch processing • A symbiosis of physical • 1940s and 1950s – explosive technological
and electronic worlds in growth • Timesharing service of everyday activities. • Networking • 1960s – need to channel the power • Graphical display • Microprocessor • J.C.R. Licklider at ARPA • WWW • Ubiquitous • single computer supporting multiple users Computing
2 Video Display Units Programming toolkits
• more suitable medium than paper • Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute
• one person's contribution could drastically • the right programming toolkit provides change the history of computing building blocks to producing complex interactive systems
Window systems and the
Personal computing WIMP interface • 1970s – Papert's LOGO language for simple • humans can pursue more than one task at a graphics programming by children time
• A system is more powerful as it becomes • windows used for dialogue partitioning, to
easier to user “change the topic”
• Future of computing in small, powerful • 1981 – Xerox Star first commercial windowing machines dedicated to the individual system
• Kay at Xerox PARC – the Dynabook as the • windows, icons, menus and pointers now ultimate personal computer familiar interaction mechanisms
Metaphor Direct manipulation
• relating computing to other real-world activity • 1982 – Shneiderman describes appeal of
is effective teaching technique graphically-based interaction – LOGO's turtle dragging its tail – visibility of objects – file management on an office desktop – incremental action and rapid feedback – word processing as typing – reversibility encourages exploration – financial analysis on spreadsheets – syntactic correctness of all actions – virtual reality – user inside the metaphor – replace language with action
• Problems • 1984 – Apple Macintosh
– some tasks do not fit into a given metaphor • the model-world metaphor – cultural bias • What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG)
3 Language versus Action Hypertext
• actions do not always speak louder than • 1945 – Vannevar Bush and the memex words! • key to success in managing explosion of • DM – interface replaces underlying information system • language paradigm • mid 1960s – Nelson describes hypertext as • interface as mediator non-linear browsing structure
• interface acts as intelligent agent • hypermedia and multimedia
• programming by example is both action • Nelson's Xanadu project still a dream today and language
Computer Supported Multimodality Cooperative Work (CSCW)
• a mode is a human communication • CSCW removes bias of single user /
channel single computer system
• Can no longer neglect the social aspects
• emphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for input and output • Electronic mail is most prominent success
The World Wide Web Agent-based Interfaces
• Hypertext, as originally realized, was a • Original interfaces
closed system – Commands given to computer – Language-based • Simple, universal protocols (e.g. HTTP) • Direct Manipulation/WIMP and mark-up languages (e.g. HTML) – Commands performed on “world” representation made publishing and accessing easy – Action based • Critical mass of users lead to a • Agents - return to language by instilling complete transformation of our proactivity and “intelligence” in command information economy. processor – Avatars, natural language processing
4 Sensor-based and Context- Ubiquitous Computing aware Interaction “The most profound technologies are those that • Humans are good at recognizing the disappear.” “context” of a situation and reacting Mark Weiser, 1991 appropriately • Automatically sensing physical Late 1980’s: computer was very apparent phenomena (e.g., light, temp, location, identity) becoming easier How to make it disappear? – Shrink and embed/distribute it in the physical world • How can we go from sensed physical – Design interactions that don’t demand our intention measures to interactions that behave as if made “aware” of the surroundings?
