Individual

Chess
History

Chess was played many centuries ago in China, India, and Persia. No one really knows for sure
in which country it originated. Then, in the eighth century, armies of Arabs known as Moors
invaded Persia. The Moors learned chess from the Persians. When the Moors later invaded
Spain, the soldiers brought the game of chess with them. Soon the Spanish were playing chess,
too. From Spain, chess quickly spread throughout all of Europe.

Chess equipment
A square board, consisting of eight rows of eight squares alternating in a light and dark colour.
Sixteen Chess pieces per player for two players - consisting of a King, a Queen, two Knights, two Bishops,
two Rooks and eight Pawns. 32 pieces in total.
A time clock (optional)

facilities in playing chess?

chess board with pawn, rock, bishop, horse, queen, and king and a referee

Fundamental skills
Chess is a good basic analogy for this skill. You have a playing field, the chess board, which
delineates the boundaries of the engagement. You have pieces that each play a particular role and
represent different values. You take turns “moving”/”negotiating” the board, analogous to the
back-and-forth nature of concessions in a traditional view of negotiation.

Strategic Thinking is also an active skill – one that must be employed while in the heat of the
negotiation. Also thought of as “thinking on your feet,” it’s the ability to respond to the other
sides’ tactics in an appropriate manner. It’s possible that you could, in some situations,
effectively pause the negotiations to go back to your corner and consider your next move.

Golf
History
The origin of golf is unclear and open to debate. Some historians[3] trace the sport back to the
Roman game of paganica, in which participants used a bent stick to hit a stuffed leather ball. One
theory asserts that paganica spread throughout Europe as the Romans conquered most of the
continent, during the first century B.C., and eventually evolved into the modern game.[4] Others
cite chuiwan ("chui" means striking and "wan" means small ball) as the progenitor, a Chinese
game played between the eighth and 14th centuries.[5] A Ming Dynasty scroll dating back to 1368
entitled "The Autumn Banquet", shows a member of the Chinese Imperial court swinging what
appears to be a golf club at a small ball with the aim of sinking it into a hole.

Equipments
Ball occasionally rough, while irons are for
precision shots from fairways as well as
The minimum allowed diameter of a golf from the rough. A new type of club called a
ball is 42.67 mm and its mass may not hybrid combines the straight-hitting
exceed 45.93 g. Modern golf balls have a characteristics of irons with the easy-to-hit
two-, three-, or four-layer design constructed characteristics of higher-lofted woods. A
from various synthetic materials. The hybrid is often used for long shots from
surface usually has a pattern of 300-450 difficult rough. Hybrids are also used by
dimples designed to improve the ball's players who have a difficult time getting the
aerodynamics. The method of construction ball airborne with long irons. Wedges are
and materials used greatly affect the ball's played from difficult ground such as sand or
playing characteristics such as distance, the rough and for approach shots to the
trajectory, spin and feel. Harder materials, green. Putters are mostly played on the
such as Surlyn, usually result in the ball's green, but can also be useful when playing
traveling longer distances, while softer from bunkers or for some approach shots.
covers, such as Urethane, tend to generate Putters have minimal loft, forcing the ball to
higher spin, more "feel" and greater stay on the putting surface when struck.
stopping potential. Golf balls are separated
into three groups depending on their Ball markers
construction: two-, three-, or four-piece
covers. Generally four-piece golf balls tend When on the green, the ball may be picked
to be the most expensive, though price is no up to be cleaned or if it is in the way of an
assurance of quality. opponent's putting line. Its position must
first be marked using a ball marker (usually
Clubs a flat, round piece of plastic or metal,
generally a coin).
A player usually carries several clubs during
the game (but no more than fourteen, the Tees
limit defined by the rules). There are three
major types of clubs, known as woods, A tee is an object (wooden or plastic) that is
irons, and putters. Wedges are irons used to pushed into or placed on the ground to rest a
play shorter shots. Woods are played for ball on top of for an easier shot; however,
long shots from the tee or fairway, and this is only allowed for the first stroke (tee
shot or drive) of each hole. Conventional hands and clean balls and club faces. Some
golf tees resemble nails with a small cup on of these towels can be quite specialized,
the head and are usually made of wood or with a carabiner or other clip to attach it to
plastic. Wood tees are generally very the bag with a grommet used on the towel
inexpensive and quite disposable; a player for durability, and incorporating rougher
may damage or break many of these during materials in certain sections of the towel for
the course of a round. Plastic tees are club and ball cleaning with softer weaves
generally more expensive and last longer.. elsewhere for drying hands and balls. Other
cleaning products abound, from motorized
Golf bag ball cleaners to an array of brushes for
various types of clubs as well as balls and
A golfer typically transports golf clubs in a shoes.
golf bag. Golf bags are usually nylon or
leather and are cylindrically constructed Club head covers
around a plastic frame, but historically have
been made from other materials such as Clubhead covers protect the clubs from
elephant's penis.[1] Golf bags have several striking each other and from weather and
pockets designed for carrying various incidental damage while in the bag, make
equipment and supplies required over the clubs more identifiable at a glance, and
course of a round of golf. Golf bags can be provide a personal touch to a player's clubs.
carried, pulled on a two-wheel pull cart or
harnessed to a motorized golf cart during
play. Golf bags have both a hand strap and
shoulder strap for carrying, and sometimes Ball mark repair tool
have retractable legs that allow the bag to
stand upright when at rest. A ball mark repair tool (or pitchfork) is used
to repair a ball mark (depression in the green
Golf cart where a ball has hit the ground). Some tees
contain such a tool at the end, for pure
Golf carts are motorized vehicles used to convenience when on the green. To repair a
transport golf clubs and/or golfers along the ball mark, one pushes the tool next to the
golf course during a round of golf. The mark and pushes gently inwards from all
traditional way to play was to walk but the sides, loosening the compacted turf to allow
use of golf carts is becoming more common. rapid regrowth of grass, and then flattens the
mark with the smooth flat bottom of the
Towels putter to smooth the putting surface.

Most golf bags have a ring to which a player

can tie or clip a golf towel, used to wipe
Facilities
golf course-A large tract of land laid out for golf. Also called golf links.

5 Basics Fundamental Golf Swing Skills

Most amateurs get into a complete mess, technique-wise, when they are faced with a shot that is
neither a chip nor a full pitch. It is somewhere in between the two, and frankly, that is pretty hard
to deal with for a lot of golfers. The secret lies not in any complicated, fancy swing theories, but
in simple no-nonsense fundamental applied with authority, such as Tiger Woods. With a bit of
practice, anyone can do that.

5 Basics Steps for Short Pitch Success

1. First, you must have good posture, but your look also at slightly open stance and open club
face. They are just as important of this kind of shot.

2. Now, turn your body as you swing your hands and arms back. You also need to add a little
wrist-hinge for good measure.

3. The left arm leads the club into the hitting area, and the angles established in the wrists are
maintained to ensure a crisp downward blow

4. Keep your nerve, and your rhythm. Accelerate the club-head smoothly down and through
impact. Let the club create loft and do not flick at the ball

5. As in the backswing, the follow-through reflects the importance of turning the body as you
swing the hands and arms through

gynastics
History
Exercises of the ancient Greeks at first consisted of athletic feats performed by each individual
according to his own notion, and were encouraged among the youth as combining amusement
with exercise. These exercises were at length reduced to a system which formed a prominent
feature in the state regulations for education. In fact, the period for gymnastics was equal to the
time spent on art and music combined.[4] All Greek cities had a gymnasium, a courtyard for
jumping, running, and wrestling.

As the Roman Empire ascended, Greek gymnastics gave way to military training. The Romans,
for example, introduced the wooden horse. In 393 AD the Emperor Theodosius abolished the
Olympic Games, which by then had become corrupt and gymnastics, along with other sports,
declined. For centuries, gymnastics was all but forgotten.[5]
equipments
 Gymnastic equipment is specialized, geared
toward a sport requiring grace, speed,
coordination and agility. All ages compete in Balance Beam
various gymnastic events, and the various
pieces of gymnastic equipment cover a wide  The balance beam is also regarded as
spectrum. Some of the gear used in this sport, gymnastics equipment primarily used in
such as the balance beam or uneven parallel women's events. The beam is approximately 4
bars, emphasize acrobatic ability. In contrast, feet high, 16 feet long and 4 inches wide.
equipment such as the parallel rings or pommel Gymnasts perform a variety of dance and
horse place the focus on strength. tumbling movements on the thin beam, which
is usually covered with suede or leather to help
Uneven Parallel Bars prevent injuries.

 The uneven parallel bars are used exclusively Still Rings

by women gymnasts, and were first accepted as
an Olympic event at the 1936 games in Berlin.  The still rings hang parallel to each other and
The bars are normally constructed of fiberglass are generally used by men to perform
with a wood coating that prevents them from movements requiring tremendous upper-body
breaking under great stress. The uneven parallel strength. The 7-inch-diameter rings hang
bars were popularized by Olga Korbut at the approximately 19 feet above a mat. Ring
1972 Olympics, by Nadia Comaneci at the 1976 movements include pull-ups, push-ups and
Olympics and Mary Lou Retton at the 1984 handstands.
Olympics.
Pommel Horse

 The pommel horse consists of a plastic

body covered with synthetic materials. It
features two, 5-inch-high pommel handles
that are used for movements such as spins
and handstands. The horse is another device
used by male athletes and is designed to
highlight upper-body strength. The pommel
horse is roughly 5 feet long by 14 inches
wide by 4 feet high.
basic skills of gymnastics

Forward----backward rolls Front and Back Walkovers

Handstands front---back handsprings

Cartwheels bar talents

balanceing

Archery

History
The bow seems to have been invented in the late Paleolithic or early Mesolithic periods. The
oldest indication for its use in Europe comes from the Stellmoor in the Ahrensburg valley north
of Hamburg, Germany and date from the late Paleolithic, about 10,000–9000 BC. The arrows
were made of pine and consisted of a mainshaft and a 15–20 centimetre (6–8 inches) long fore
shaft with a flint point. There are no definite earlier bows; previous pointed shafts are known, but
may have been launched by atlatls rather than bows. The oldest bows known so far come from
the Holmegård swamp in Denmark. Bows eventually replaced the atlatl as the predominant
means for launching shafted projectiles, on every continent except Australia (though the atlatl
persisted alongside the bow in parts of the Americas, notably Mexico (from which its Nahuatl
name comes) and amongst the Inuit).

Equipment
bows
While there is great variety in the construction details of bows (both historic and modern) all
bows consist of a string attached to elastic limbs that store mechanical energy imparted by the
user drawing the string. Bows may be broadly split into two categories: those drawn by pulling
the string directly and those that use a mechanism to pull the string.

Types of arrows and fletchings

The most common form of arrow consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end
and with fletchings and a nock attached to the other end. Shafts are typically composed of solid
wood, fiberglass, aluminium alloy, carbon fiber, or composite materials. Wooden arrows are
prone to warping. Fiberglass arrows are brittle, but can be produced to uniform specifications
easily.

Bow string

Dacron and other modern materials offer high strength for their weight and are used on most
modern bows. Linen and other traditional materials are still used on traditional bows. Almost any
fiber can be made into a bow string

Facilities
Shooting Facilities And Archery Lanes

Shooting technique and form

The bow is held in the hand opposite to the archer's dominant eye, though holding the bow in the
dominant hand side is advocated by some. This hand is referred to as the bow hand and its arm
the bow arm. The opposite hand is called the drawing hand or string hand. Terms such as bow
shoulder or string elbow follow the same convention. Right-eye-dominant archers hold the bow
with their left hand, have their left side facing the target, sight towards the target with their right
eye and handle the arrow and string with their right hand.

DARTS

HISTORY
Some believe and claim that dart history began when bored soldiers challenge each other by
throwing their spears into turned over barrel base, that later evolved into a cut up tree
trunk for target.

The rings in the tree trunk turned out to be perfect for keeping scores. As winter took the
game indoors, darts of shorter lengths were used and rules were created and implemented.

Darts maintained its military relation during the founding and formation of the “British
Empire”; soldiers use their drinking clubs and fitted dartboards extended all over the entire
Empire. Citizens in different countries embraced the sport, and the British participants
remained in the lead.
 Dart Equipment

To make the game of darts successful there is dart equipment involved. It includes dartboards,
shafts, dart, barrels, flights and other accessories. Today, there are many companies that
manufacture dart equipment with international standards.

The dartboard used internationally is also called a "clock face" dartboard, and it is made of rope
fiber that is compressed under tremendous pressure. The surface is made smooth and screen-
printed with different types of color combinations. Lastly, with the help of wires and stapled
rings, it is given radial movement. Darts or barrels are cylindrical, pointed equipments, that are
thrown by hand onto the dartboard. There are different types of material that darts are made of.
They are brass, tungsten/silver, copper, etc. Usually, three darts make a set. Flights are the tails
or wings of the darts that help to stabilize the movement. These flights are made of different
material like soft and hard flights, and nylon and dimplex or ribtex flights. Shafts support the
body of the darts and can be made of plastic, composite, spinning and solid aluminum shafts.
The dartboard and darts are hard-core dart equipment, whereas, the shafts and the flights are dart
accessories.