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    Derivatives Vector Valued Functions

    Uploaded by

    David Hume

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Derivatives Vector Valued Functions

    Uploaded by

    David Hume
    35 views15 pages

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    35 views15 pages

    Derivatives Vector Valued Functions

    Uploaded by

    David Hume

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Derivatives and Integrals

    13.2
    of Vector Functions

    Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


    Derivatives
    The derivative r ʹ′ of a vector function r is defined in much
    the same way as for real-valued functions:

    if this limit exists. The geometric significance of this


    definition is shown in Figure 1.

    (a) The secant vector (b) The tangent vector rʹ′(t)


    Figure 1
    2
    Derivatives
    If the points P and Q have position vectors r(t) and r(t + h),
    then represents the vector r(t + h) – r(t), which can
    therefore be regarded as a secant vector.

    If h > 0, the scalar multiple (1/h)(r(t + h) – r(t)) has the


    same direction as r(t + h) – r(t). As h → 0, it appears that
    this vector approaches a vector that lies on the tangent
    line.

    For this reason, the vector r ʹ′(t) is called the tangent vector
    to the curve defined by r at the point P, provided that
    r ʹ′(t) exists and r ʹ′(t) ≠ 0.

    3
    Derivatives
    The tangent line to C at P is defined to be the line through
    P parallel to the tangent vector r ʹ′(t).

    We will also have occasion to consider the unit tangent


    vector, which is

    4
    Derivatives
    The following theorem gives us a convenient method for
    computing the derivative of a vector function r: just
    differentiate each component of r.

    5
    Example 1
    (a) Find the derivative of r(t) = (1 + t3)i + te–t j + sin 2t k.

    (b) Find the unit tangent vector at the point where t = 0.

    Solution:
    (a) According to Theorem 2, we differentiate each
    component of r:

    r ʹ′(t) = 3t2 i + (1 – t)e–t j + 2 cos 2t k

    6
    Example 1 – Solution cont’d

    (b) Since r(0) = i and r ʹ′(0) = j + 2k, the unit tangent vector
    at the point (1, 0, 0) is

    7
    Derivatives
    Just as for real-valued functions, the second derivative of
    a vector function r is the derivative of r ʹ′, that is, r ʺ″ = (r ʹ′)ʹ′.

    For instance, the second derivative of the function,


    r(t) = 〈2 cos t, sin t, t〉, is

    r ʺ″(t) = 〈–2 cos t, –sin t, 0〉

    8
    Differentiation Rules
    The next theorem shows that the differentiation formulas
    for real-valued functions have their counterparts for
    vector-valued functions.

    9
    Example 4
    Show that if | r(t) | = c (a constant), then r ʹ′(t) is orthogonal to
    r(t) for all t.

    Solution:
    Since
    r(t)  r(t) = | r(t) |2 = c2

    and c2 is a constant, Formula 4 of Theorem 3 gives

    0= [r(t)  r(t)] = r ʹ′(t)  r(t) + r(t)  r ʹ′(t) = 2r ʹ′(t)  r(t)

    Thus r ʹ′(t)  r(t) = 0, which says that r ʹ′(t) is orthogonal to


    r(t).
    10
    Example 4 – Solution cont’d

    Geometrically, this result says that if a curve lies on a


    sphere with center the origin, then the tangent vector r ʹ′(t) is
    always perpendicular to the position vector r(t). (See
    Figure 4.)

    Figure 4 11
    Integrals
    The definite integral of a continuous vector function r (t)
    can be defined in much the same way as for real-valued
    functions except that the integral is a vector.

    But then we can express the integral of r in terms of the


    integrals of its component functions f, g, and h as follows.

    12
    Integrals
    So

    This means that we can evaluate an integral of a vector


    function by integrating each component function.

    13
    Integrals
    We can extend the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to
    continuous vector functions as follows:

    where R is an antiderivative of r, that is, R ʹ′(t) = r(t).

    We use the notation ∫ r(t) dt for indefinite integrals


    (antiderivatives).

    14
    Example 5
    If r(t) = 2 cos t i + sin t j + 2t k, then

    ∫ r(t) dt = ∫ 2 cos t dt i + ∫ sin t dt j + ∫ 2t dt k

    = 2 sin t i – cos t j + t2 k + C

    where C is a vector constant of integration, and

    15

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