murwptpay; vd;why; vd;d?

murwptpay;
murwptpayhdJ polis – efu muR> polity – murq;fk;> politeia –
murpay; ahg;G vDk; 03 fpNuf;fnrhw;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ
vdf; $wg;gl;l NghjpYk; polis vDk; fpNuf;fr; nrhy;Ny murpay;
(politics) vDk; nrhy;Yf;F mbehjkhf mike;jJ vd;gij kWf;f
KbahJ.

polis vd;gJ City States vDk; efu murpid Fwpg;gjw;fhd fpNuf;fr;

nry;yhFk;. efu murpy; tho;e;j kf;fsJ jdpg;gl;l> murpay; to;f;if
Kiw midj;Jk; murpay; rhu;e;jikahf mike;jjhy; ,e;efu murpy;
tho;e;j kf;fsJ eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa fw;ifahf murpay; (politics)
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
murpay; fw;ifj;JiwahdJ> ePz;lfhy tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J fpNuf;fj;jpd; vnjd;rpy;
murpaiyf; fw;wy;> mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; gapw;rpaspj;jy; vd;gd
tpNrl fw;if epiyaq;fspy; eilngw;wd. gpNsl;Nlh kw;Wk;
mup];Nlhl;by; Nghd;w Gfo;kpf;f jj;JtQhdpfs; murpay; njhlu;ghd
,f;fpNuf;f rk;gpujhaj;jpd; Muk;g fu;j;jhf;fshtu;. ,tu;fs; jkJ
iyrpak;> mflkp Nghd;w jkJ fw;if epiyaq;fspy; ,tw;iw
fw;gpj;jdu;. ,jd; njhluhfNt jw;NghJ ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy; “murwptpay;” vDk; ghlk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

vdNt murwptpayhdJ Njhw;wj;jpy; gioik tha;e;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;

mJ etPd fhyj;jpw;Fupa fw;if newpahf tsu;r;rpaile;J te;Js;sJ.
,jDila je;ij mup];Nlhl;by; Mthu;. ,e;jtifapYk;
,f;fw;ifapDila Njhw;wfhyk; fpNuf;f fhyk; tiuf;Fk; goik
ngw;wJ vdyhk;.

NkYk; murwptpayhdJ xUfw;ifj;Jiwahf jw;fhyj;jpy; ghupa

tsu;r;rp mile;JtUfpd;wJ. vdNt murwptpay; xU fw;ifj;Jiw
vd;wtifapy; “murwptpaiyf; fw;wy;” vd;gjpy; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

murpay; kw;Wk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila Jiwfs; gw;wp fw;wy;> Ma;T

nra;jy;> tpgupj;jy;> ,Uf;fpd;w Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; vz;zff;Uff;is
tpku;rdj;j;pwF; cl;gLj;jy>; Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfs;> vz;zf;fUf;fis
fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> eilKiw murpay; nfhs;iffisAk; KiwfisAk;
tpku;rdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jp Gjpa khw;Wg; Nahridfis Kd;itj;jy;>
murpaypy; <LgLNthUf;F kl;Lkd;wp gpuirfSf;Fk; murpay;
mwptpid Cl;ly; Nghd;wd ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

A. Jareesh Page 2
gpNsl;Nlh kw;Wk; mup];Nlhl;by; jkJ fy;tp epiyaq;fspy;
murwptpaiy fw;gpj;jy;> gapw;Wtpj;jy; Nghd;w nrad;Kiwfs; %yk;
,jid epiwNtw;wpdu;. Guhjd ,e;jpahtpYk; mur Ml;rp njhlu;ghd
epGzu;fs; ,t;thwhd fhupaq;fis epiwNtw;wpdu;. jw;N;ghJ
ghlrhiyfspYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; murwptpay; fw;ifapd;
tsu;r;rpahdJ ,jid NkYk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

nghJthf murwptpaiy gy ngau; nfhz;L gyUk; mioj;J

tUfpd;wdu;. me;jtifapy;>
 mup];Nlhl;by; - murpay; (KJepiy tpQ;Qhdk; - Master of
Science)
 tpy;ypak; nfhl;tpd; - murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;
 R.G. nfw;wy; - mur tpQ;Qhdk;
 Nru; gpulupf; nghyf; - Ml;rpapay; tpQ;Qhdk;

,t;thW murpaYf;fhd ngauPl;ly; KiwapYk; mwpQu;fs; Kuz;gLtJ

Nghy tiutpyf;fzq;fis ntspg;gLj;JtjpYk; jk;Ks;Ns
Kuz;gl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf;
nfs;s KbAk;.

 fpNuf;f fhyk; Kjy; murwptpay; tsu;r;rpaile;J te;j tpjk;.

 fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; mjd; Ma;Tg; gug;ngy;iyapd; khWk; jd;ik.
 cyf murpay; rKjhaj; jsq;fspy; Vw;gl;L tUk; khw;wk;.

vt;twhapDk; rpy mwpQu;fs; mtu;fsJ Ma;Tfspd; gpufhuk;

mtu;fsJ murpaYf;fhd tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk; Kd;itf;f
jtwtpy;iy. me;j tifapy; gpd;tUk; tiutpyf;fzq;fis Nehf;f
KbAk;. ,jid murwptpaypd; ,ay;ghfTk; fUjKbAk;.

 muR gw;wpa Ma;Nt murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l fUj;jpd; gpufhuk; murwptpayhdJ muR> mjd;
gz;Gfs;> murpd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp Nghd;w tplaq;fs; gw;wpa
Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

,f;fUj;jhdJ “muR gw;wpa nghJf; Nfhl;ghL” vdTk;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Garner, Gettal Nghd;w mwpQu;fs; murpid
ikag;gLj;jpa ,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpidNa ngupJk;
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jtu;.

 murhq;fk; gw;wpa Ma;T – murhq;fk; mjd; tiffs;

murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd Jiwfshd rl;lj;Jiw epu;thfj;Jiw
ePjpj;Jiw vd;gd gw;wpa Ma;thf murwptpay;

A. Jareesh Page 3
 fUjg;gLfd;wJ. Seely, Stephen Leacock
,t;tiutpyf;fzj;ij Nghd;Nwhu; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jtu;.

 muR murhq;fk; gw;wpa fw;if – Jenks, Gill Ghrist.

 mjpfhuk; gw;wpa fw;if – Hans. J. Mogenthau, H.D. Lasswell.

 murhq;f eltbf;iffSld; njhlu;GgLk; kdpj elj;ij – Prof

Hanseulau.

vdNt murpaYf;fhd xU g+uz tiutpyf;fzj;ij Kd;itf;f

Kbahj epiy fhzg;gLtij Nkw;Nghd;w tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; ,Ue;J
mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

murwptpay; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; gpujhd rpy

tplaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. murwptpay; Xu; Guhjd fw;ifahFk;. nka;apay>; fzpjk;>

juf;;ftpay;> xOf;ftpay;> mofpay; Nghd;w JiwfSf;F
,izahf murwptpaypd; guty; fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L
mstpy; Guhjd fpNuf;fj;jpy; Muk;gkhdJ.

2. Xu; fw;ifj;Jiwahf murwptpaypd; ,ay;G> ghlg;gug;G>

cs;slf;fk;> tpjpKiwfs>; Nfhl;ghLfSk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; Nghd;w
,it gy;N;tW tpUj;j;pfspdhy; Rkhu; ,Ugj;ije;J
E}w;whz;L;fshf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;L> khw;wkile;J kw;Wk;
mgptpUj;jp mile;J te;jjhFk;.

3. murwptpay; mZFKiwfs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> tpjpKiwfs; vd;gd

njhlu;gpy; xUkpj;j fUj;Jf;fsd;wp xUtpjkhd gd;ikj;JtNk
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mit gy;NtW rpe;jidg; gs;spfs;>
rk;gpujhaq;fSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gd;ikj;JtNk
murwptpaiy fw;gjpy; cs;s xU rpwg;ghFk;.

murwptpay; vd;gJ> Kf;fpakhd ,U fUj;jpay;fs; cs;slq;fpAs;sd.

I. murpay;
II. murwptpay;

A. Jareesh Page 4
 murpay; tpQ;QhdKk; (murwptpaYk;) murpaYk;.
gpuNahf murpaYk; Nfhl;;ghl;L murpaYk;.
murpay;> murwptpay;> murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; Mfpa %d;W nrhw;fSk;
xj;jfUj;J nrhw;fis Nghy xd;Wf;F gpujpaPlhf kw;nwhd;W
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtJ toikahFk;. MapDk; ,k;%d;W nrhw;fSk;
efu muRfisf; Fwpf;Fk; polis vDk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J
gpwe;jJ vd;gij kWf;f KbahJ. cz;ikapy; rhjhuz kf;fs;
,k;%d;W nrhw;gpuNahfq;fisAk; xd;whfNt fUjpg; gad;gLj;jp
tUtJld; mwpQu;fs; $l ,t;thNw gad;gLj;jpte;jdu;. MapDk;
murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> murwptpay; Mfpa ,U nrhw;gjq;fSk; xd;whf
fUjg;gLk; mNjNtis murpay; vd;w nrhw;gpuNahfk; NtWtifapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

murpay; vd;gJ murpay; uPjpahf xOq;fike;j kdpj r%fj;jpy; rfy

kdpju;fSk; gq;Nfw;Fk; xU tpisahl;lhFk;;. Mdhy; murwptpayhdJ
murpay; mwpQu;fshy;> murpay; fw;Fk; khztu;fshy; Ma;T
nra;ag;gLNk jtpu mJ gq;Nfw;W epfo;j;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> murwptpay; Mfpa ,U nrhw;gjq;fSk;

Nfhl;ghl;L kw;Wk; jj;Jt uPjpahd murpaiyf; Fwpf;Fk; mNjNtis
murpay; vd;gJ eilKiw rhu;e;j murpaiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. mjhtJ
kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J mjpfhuq;fisf; ifg;gw;WtJ njhlu;gpy;
kdpjhgpkhd> kw;Wk; xOf;f uPjpahd tpOkpaq;fisf; iff;nfhz;L
kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J mjpfhuq;fis ngw;wpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W murpay;
tpQ;Qhdk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,J ntWkNd Nfhl;ghl;L khj;jpuNk. murpay;
tpQ;Qhdk; $WtJ NghyNtjhd; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ve;j
murpay;tjpfSk; epu;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lJ fpilahJ. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt
“murpay; vd;gJ thf;Fr; rPl;Lfshy; my;yJ Jg;ghf;fp uitfshy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ” (Politics is Determine by Ballots or Bullets) vdf;
$wg;gLk;. Nfhl;ghl;Lfis kPwp ,uhZt gyj;jpd; %yk; Ml;rpia
ifg;gw;Wtij ,d;wa cyf ehLfspy; fhzKbfpd;wJ. cjhuzk;
ghf;fp];jhdpy; gu;Nt\; Krhug; Ml;rpia ifg;gw;wpaik. ,JNt
murpayhFk;.

efu muRfspy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; eltbf;if gw;wpa Ma;thf murpay;

fUjg;gl;lJ. vdNt murpay; fhyj;jhy; goikahdJ. gpw;gl;l
fhyq;fspy; Vw;gl;l cyf khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g gy JiwfSk;
tsu;r;rp fz;ld. ,e;epiyapNyNa murpaYk; murwptpayhf tsu;r;rp
fz;lJ. 20k; E}w;whz;bNyNa ,jd; tsu;r;rp ngUksT ,lk;ngw;wJ.
vdNt murwptpaypd; Njhw;wkhdJ mz;ikf; fhyj;jpw;F cupajhFk;.

NkYk; murpay; vd;gJ ,Utifahf ifahsg;gLfpwJ. KjyhtJ

ru;tNjr murpay;. ,jpy; ru;tNjr ehLfs; jq;fsJ mjpfhug; grpiaj;

A. Jareesh Page 5
jPu;f;f Nghl;b NghLfpd;w nrad;KiwNa ru;tNjr murpayhFk;.
mjhtJ ehLfSf;fpilapyd Nghu; kw;;Wk; ,uh[je;jpu cwTfs;
ru;tNjr murpay; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F ehLfs;> ru;tNjr murpaypy;
jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; FOf;fOk; jdpegu;fSk; mjd; gpujhd
tfpghfq;fshFk;.

,t;thNw Njrpa murpaYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ru;tNjr murpaypy;

ehLfs;;> jdpg;gl;l FOf;fs;> kdpju;fs; tfpghfq;fs; MtijNghy
Njrpa murpaypy; murpaw; fl;rpfs;> cs;ehl;by; jhf;fq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FOf;fs; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;wd. ,q;F
murpaw; fl;rpfs; NtWgl;l mZFKiwapyhd rpy mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
r%f ed;ikrhu; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; %yk; Njrpa murpaypy;
mjpfhuq;fisf; ifg;gw;w Kidfpd;wd. mjpfhuk; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy;
murpay; ,Uf;f KbahJ. vdNt ,tw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ murpay;
vd;gJ ngUk; xU nrad;Kiwrhu; Nfhu;it vdf; $wKbAk;.

Mdhy; murwptpay; vd;gJ murpay; rpe;jid murpaw; Nfhl;ghl;Lfs;>

murpay; jj;Jtk;> murpaw; fUj;jpay; Mfpatw;wpd; Nru;f;iffs;
khj;jpuNk. ,it tplaq;fis $WNk md;wp nrad;KiwfSf;F
gad;gLtjpy;iy. mt;tf;fhy mwpQu;fs; jhd; jhf;fg;gl;l> my;yJ
mt;tf;fhy epiykfSf;F Vw;g Kd;itf;fpd;w tplaq;fisNa
murwptpay; nfhz;Ls;sJ vdyhk;. cjhuzkhf kf;fpaty;ypapd;
muRrhu; ru;t ty;yikf; Nfhl;ghl;L jw;fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ.
,jdhyNa murwptpaiyf; fw;fhj egu;fshy; $l ,d;W jpwk;gl
murpaw; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy;
murwptpayhdJ kf;fspd; nghJ eyd;fis cr;rkhf mile;J
nfhs;tjw;fhd

 kpfr; rpwe;j muR Kiw ahJ?

 murpay; Nghuhl;lj;ij [dehaf Kiwapy; vt;thW
eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk;?
 kf;fs; eyed NkkgLj;j rpwe;j murpay; nghUshjhu
Kiwfs; ahit? vd;gdtw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

murpay;> murwptpay; vd;gij fhzu; gpd;tUkhW NtWgLj;jp

tpsf;Ffpd;whu;. ~~murpay; vd;gJ nghJtptfhuq;fis ,dq;fhz;gJ>
murpaw; nfhs;iffis tpUj;jp nra;tJ> my;yJ nghJ
tptfhuq;fSld; njhlu;Gila cz;ikahd epu;thfj;ij nra;fpd;w
vy;yh nraw;ghLfisAk; Fwpj;J epw;fpdw;J. Mdhy; murpay;
tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ nraw;ghl;L murpaYld; njhlu;Gila mwpTj;
njhFjpahFk;.

A. Jareesh Page 6
RUq;ff; $wpd; murpay; vd;w gjkhdJ Ml;rpf;fiy> ,uh[je;jpuk;
vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;GgLk; mNj Ntis murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; muR
murhq;fk; vd;w mbg;gilj; jj;Jtq;fSld; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ.

murwptpay; vd;gJ murpaYf;F toq;Fk; Gjpa thu;j;ijg;

gpuNahfkhFk;. murpaiy mwptpay; my;yJ tpQ;Qhdf; fz; nfhz;L
Muha;tij Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt murwptpay; vd;gJ ntWk; Nfhl;ghl;L
khj;jpuNk. Mdhy; murpay; vd;gJ eilKiwrhu; mk;rkhFk;. ,J
gw;wp Nguhrpupau; kpy;yu; Fwpg;gpLifapy; ~~murpay; vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpy;
mt;tg;NghJ vOk; gpzf;Ffshy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;iwj;
jPu;f;f muR vd;w mikg;G cUthfpaJ.’’

`Nuhy;l; yh];nty; vd;w mwpQu; murpaiyAk; murwptpaiyAk;

gpd;tUkhW tpgupf;fd;whu;. ~~murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; xU ajhu;j;jg+u;tkhd
xU fw;if newp. mJ mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghfTk; mjpfhuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jgtu; njhlu;ghfTk; Muha;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; murpaw;
nrad;Kiwfs; mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghfTk;
mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghfTk; Muha;fpd;wJ.
mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlu;GgLj;jp murpaiy MuhAk;NghJ gyhj;fhuk;
Njhd;WfpwJ. muRk; murhq;fKk; mjpfhuj;ij vg;NghJk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vdNt vq;nfy;yhk; mjpfhuk; cs;sNjh
mq;nfy;yhk; murpaYk; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.”

murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ nghUspay;> nka;apay;> cstpay; Nghd;w

r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fisnahj;j xU r%f tpQ;QhdkhFk;. vdNt
murwptpay; xU ghlkhFk;. mj;Jld; ,J tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ik nfhz;l
xU cau; r%f tpQ;Qhdkhf ,jid Nehf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; ,J
fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mdhy; murpay; xU ghlky;y> mJ kdpj cstpay; rhu;

elj;ijAld; njhlu;GgLfpwJ. ,jdhNyNa ,d;W Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T>
elj;ijthjk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.
vdNt murpay; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ my;yJ nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
khwhf murwptpay; fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ my;yJ fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

vdNt murpaYk; murwptpaYk; jk;Ks; xd;WNghy; fhzg;gl;lhYk;

mit NtWgl;lJk;> Kuz;gl;lJkhd ,U thu;j;ijg; gpuNahfq;fshFk;.
ngUk;ghyhd murpay; thjpfs; murwptpaw; Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpa
mwptpd;wp murpay; fha; efu;j;jy;fs;> je;jpNuhghaq;fs; vd;gdtw;Wld;
jpwd;gl murpay; Nkw;nfhs;tijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l NtWghLfis ikakhf itj;J gpd;tUk; tifapy;

mjid gpupj;Jf;; $w KbAk;.

A. Jareesh Page 7
1. eilKiw kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;L murpay; vd;wtifapyhd NtWghL:
murpaypy; Mu;tKila gpui[fSk; njhopy;rhu; murpay;thjpfSk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghLfNs eilKiw murpayhFk;. mjidNa
gpuNahf murpay; vd;gu;. ,jpy; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;WtjpYk;
eilKiwg;gLj;JtjpYk; <LgLtJld;> Nju;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLjy;> murpay; fl;rpfspd; nrad;KiwAld; njhlu;GWjy;>
Nghuhl;lq;fspYk; vjpu;g;G ,af;fq;fspYk; <Lgly;> Nghd;wd
eilKiw murpaypy; cs;slq;Fk;. ,JNt murpayhFk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;jthwhd murpay; elj;ijfis muR> murhq;fk;> kdpj

elj;ij Nghdlw nfhs;iffSld; njhlu;GWj;jp tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf
fw;wy;> Ma;T nra;jNy murwptpayhFk;.

2. murpay;thjpf;Fk; murwptpayhsUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL:

eilKiw murpaypy; Mu;tKilatu;fisAk;> murpay;
tptfhuq;fspYk; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfspYk; jd;id
<LgLj;Jfpd;w kdpjid murpay;thjp vd;Nghk;. cjhuzk;: Nku;tpd;
rpy;th> Kd;idaehs; [dhjpgjp Mu; gpNukjhr

murwptpayhsd; murpay;thjpapypUe;J KOikahf

NtWgl;ltdhthd;. xU murpay;thjp murwptpayhsuhf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w mtrpak; fpilahJ. Mdhy; murwptpayhsu;
murpay;thjpahfyhk;. muR> murhq;fk; Nghd;w
xOq;fikg;GfisAk; murpay; mKyhf;ff; nfhs;iffisAk;
fw;gjw;F Mu;tk; cilatUk; murwptpay; ghlj;jpy; ghz;bj;jpak;
ngw;wtUk; murwptpayhsuhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLthu;. cjhuzk;:
Nltpl; <];ld;> nuhgl; lhy;.

3. mjpfhug; gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; gw;wpa fw;if vd;gdtw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l NtWghL:
murpaYk; murwptpaYk; mjpfhuj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlu;Gfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. murpay; vd;gJ mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lNk md;w
Ntwpy;iy vd N`d;]; N[ Nkhfd;njh Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. Njrpa
murpaypy; mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLk; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshf
murpay; thjpfSk;> murpay; fl;rpfSk; MFk;. mt;thNw ru;tNjr
murpaypy; mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLk; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshf
Rje;jpukhdJk; ,iwik nghUe;jpaJkhd muRfis ,dq;fhl;l
KbAk;. vdNt murpay; vd;gJ Njrpaj;jpYk; rup ru;tNjrj;jpYk;
rup mjpfhug; Nghl;bAld; $ba xU nrad;KiwahFk;.

Mdhy; murwptpay; vd;gJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gw;wpa xU fw;if

Kiw khj;jpuNk. ahu; vt;thW vij vg;NgHJ ngWfpd;wdu;?
vd;gjidg; gw;wpf; fw;fpd;wJ. kf;fpaty;ypapdhy; Muk;gpj;J
itf;fg;gl;l ,f;fw;if KiwahdJ> [Pd; Nghbd;> N[hd; x];bd;>

A. Jareesh Page 8
 n`hg;];> n`fy;> nkf;]; ntgu;> Nkfd;njh Kjyhdtu;fshy;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.

4. Nkhjy; kw;Wk; Nkhjy; jPu;tpd; mbg;gilapyhd NtWghL:

eilKiw murpaypy; ,lk;ngWk; gpujhd Njhw;wg;ghL NkhjyhFk;.
mjd; topahf Nkhjy; jPu;T vDk; mk;rKk; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
,k;NkhjyhdJ Fwpg;ghf Njrpa murpaypd; rpwpa kl;lj;jpy;
,Ue;J ru;tNjr murpaypd; ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;
tiuf;Fkhd midj;J kl;lq;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mdhy; murpaypy; NkhjYk; Kuz;ghLk; vDk; mk;rk; gz;ila
fhyq;fspy; ,Ue;nj cUthfp te;jpUe;jNghjpYk; mit R%fkhd
jPu;Tfspdhy; md;wp VNjh xU tpjkhd Nghuhl;l topKiwfisNa
ngupJk; nfhz;bUe;jd. MapDk; gpujhd ,uz;L cyfg;
Nghu;fspd; gpd;dUk; ,j;jifa epiy khwp Ngr;Rthu;j;ij>
kj;jpa];jk;> %d;whk; jug;G kj;jpa];jk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fspd;
Clhf Nkhjy; jPu;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

murwptpaypy; Nkhjy; jPu;T vd;w mk;rkhdJ 20k; E}w;whz;bd;

gpd;d;Nu murwptpaYf;F ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;fhy murwptpaw;
ghlg;gug;Gfspy; NkhjYf;fhd fhuzpfs;> jPu;T Kiwfs; Nghd;w
mk;rq;fs; Ma;Tnra;ag;gl;Lk; fw;fg;gl;Lk; tUfpd;wd.

5. ru;tNjr murpaypy; murpaYf;Fk; murwptpaYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghL.
mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lNk murpayhFk;. ,J ,uz;L topfspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mit Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr murpay;
MFk;. ru;tNjr murpay; ,d;wp murpay; rhj;jpakhfhJ. eilKiw
murpay; gy;NtW tplaq;fis Neubahf murpaypy; mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ. muRfs; jk;kpilNa gu];gu cwTfis Ngzp
tUfpd;wd. mit Nghu; kw;Wk; ,uh[je;jpu cwTfshf ,Uf;f
KbAk;. ,j;jifa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd ru;tNjr murpayhdJ
gz;ila fhyq;fspy; ,Ue;Nj ,lk;ngw;W te;Js;sikaia
vk;khy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

Mdhy; ru;tNjr murwptpayhdJ ehLfSf;fpilapyhd

njhlu;GfisAk; mjd; jd;ikfisAk; tuyhw;W kw;Wk; mDgt
uPjpahd tplaq;fSld; njhlu;GWj;jpf; fw;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; MAjg;
gupfuzk;> ru;tNjr murhq;fk;> CLUty;> ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if>
MAjf; fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w gy;Ntwhd tplaq;fs; Ma;T
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

vdNt Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fspd; gpufhuKk; murpaiyAk;

murwptpaiyAk; ntt;Ntwhdit vd vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;.

A. Jareesh Page 9
 murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; ghlg;gug;G / murpay;;
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; nraw;gug;ngy;iy / murpay;
tpQ;Qhdk;rhu; fw;ifj;Jiwfs;
murpay;; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; ghlg;gug;G xU ,aq;fpaw; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
mJ tiuaiwaw;wJ. murpaw; ghlg;gug;gpy; xU fhyj;jpy
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w tplaq;fs; gpwpnjhU fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,oe;J fhzg;gLtJk; ,d;Dk; rpy Gjpa tplaq;fs; ghlg;gug;gpDs;
cs;thq;fg;gLtJk; ,ay;ghfNt ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wij ehk;
fhzyhk;.
cjhuzkhf ,iwikf; Nfhl;ghL Nghd;wd 15k; Ew;whz;LfSf;F Kd;
mitNa murpayhf ,Ue;jij tuyhw;W uPjpahf ehk; fhz KbAk;.
MapDk; jw;fhyj;jpy; mit ,Ue;j ,lk; njupahky; kiwe;J NghFk;
epiyf;F js;sg;gl;ld.

mNj Ntis 15k; Ew;whz;Lfspy; murpaYf;Fs; mwpag;gl;bUf;fhj

Kuz;ghLfSk; jPu;TfSk;> kdpj elj;ij gw;wpa Ma;T Nghd;w
tplaq;fs; ,d;W murpay; murpaw; ghlg;gug;gpy; ngupjhfg;
Ngrg;gLtJld; mitfspd; Kf;fpaj;JtNk ,d;W czug;gLtijAk;
mwpayhk;.

NkYk; rpy tplaq;fs; gpw Jiwfspy; ,Ue;J mtw;wpd; mtrpak;

fUjp murpaw;ghlg;gug;gpDs;Ns cs;thq;fg;gLtijAk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;
cjhuzkhf capupay; Ma;Tfspd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
Kiwikg;gFg;gha;T mZFKiw.

,t;Tz;ikfis R.H. Saltau “murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; vy;iyfis

tuaWj;Jf; $WtJ ,yFthd fhupaky;y” vd;whu;. 20k; E}w;whz;bd;
Muk;gj;jpy; murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; vj;jifa ghlg;gug;gpidf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ tpthjpf;fg;gl;L> Ad];Nfhtpd;
mDruizAld; ru;tNjr tpQ;Qhdr; rq;fk; ,J njlu;ghd ,Wjpj;
jPu;khdj;ij vLj;jpUe;jJ. ,j;jPu;khdj;jpd; gb murwptpaypd;
ghlg;gug;ghdJ ,U tifg;gLk;.

1. nghJthd ghlg;gug;G
2. Gjpa ghlg;gug;G

01. nghJthd ghlg;gug;G

nghJthd ghlg;gug;G vd;w mk;rkhdJ murwptpay; njhd;wpa
fhyk; njhl;L ,d;W tiuf;Fk; murwptpaypy; ,Ue;J khwhJ
Ma;T nra;agg;l;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lk; tUfpd;w
vz;zf;fUf;fisf; nfhz;litNa nghJthd ghlg;gug;G vd;W

A. Jareesh Page 10
 vk;khy; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. cjhuzkhf muR> murhq;fk;> mjpfhuk;
Nghd;w tplaq;fs;.

nghJthd ghlg;gug;gpDs; gy;Ntwhd tplaq;fs; ,Ug;gij vk;khy;

Rl;bf;fhl;l KbAk;. mit>
 murpay; rpj;jhe;jq;fs;: murpay; uPjpahf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l
Nfhl;ghLfis cs;slf;fpa tplaq;fNs murpay;
rpj;jhe;jq;fs; vdg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: jhuhsthjk;> khf;rprthjk;.

 murpaw; Nfhl;ghLfs;: murpay; uPjpahf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l

jplkhd tplq;fNs murpay; Nfhl;ghL MFk;. cjhuzk;:
,iwikf; Nfhl;ghL> tYNtwhf;fk;.

 murpay; vz;zf;fUf;fs;: murwptpaypy; ,d;wpaikahj gy

vz;zf;fUf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;ntz;zf;fUf;fSs;
murpay; epWtdq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzk;: cupik<
Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rl;lk;> rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw.

 murpaw; fUj;Jf;fs;: murpay; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd

murpayhsu;fsJ jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fshFk;. cjhuzk;: muR
xU tu;f;ff; fUtp vd;w fhu;s; khf;rpd; fUj;J.

vdNt Nkw;$wpa gpupTfspy; cs;thq;fg;gl;l murpaw; fw;iffis

nghJthd ghlg;gug;gpDs; cs;thq;fp gpd;tUkhW ehk;
milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 muR kw;Wk; murhq;fk; gw;wpa fw;if
murwptpaypd; ikaf;fU murhFk;. mjidg; gw;wpf; fw;wy;
murpay; ghlj;jpy; ,d;W gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. murpay;
fw;ifapd; tuyhw;wpy; fpNuf;f fhyk; njhlf;fk; ,d;wtiuf;Fk;
muR kw;Wk; murhq;fk; gw;wpa tplaq;fNs gpujhd
jiyg;Gf;fshfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jiyg;gpd; fPo; murpd;
Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp> epfo;fhy muR Kiwikfs;> muR Kiwikapd;
gy;Ntwhd; nraw;ghlLfs; vd;gd gw;wp Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

 mjpfhuk; gw;wpa fw;if

,J murwptpaNyhLk; murpaNyhLk; njhlu;Gila Kf;fpakhd
vz;zf;fUthFk;. ,q;F jdpg;gl;ltu;fSk;> mtu;fsJ FOf;fSk;
cs;Su;> gpuNjr> Njrpa> ru;tNjr uPjpapyhdJk; jkJ eyd;fSf;F
Vw;wJkhd mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLtu;. mjpfhuj;ijg;
ngWjy;> gq;fPL nra;jy;> mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jy;>
mjpfhuj;ijg; gutyhf;Fjy;> vd;w mk;rq;fs; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

A. Jareesh Page 11
  murpaw; Nfhl;ghLfSk; r%fj; jj;Jtq;fSk;.
,q;F murpaw; jhgdq;fSk;> murpay; Nfhl;ghLfSk; nka;apay;>
r%ftpay;> xOf;ftpay; Nehf;fpy; Muhag;gLfpd;wd. murpay;
jj;JtQhdpfsJ fUj;Jf;fSk; ,q;F Ma;Tf;F
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. me;jtifapy; cupik> Rje;jpuk;>
rkj;Jtk;> [dehafk;> mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;> ,iwik> rl;lthl;rp>
rl;lk; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; murwptpaw; ghlg;gug;gpy;
vLj;jhsg;gLfpd;wd.

 murpaw; fl;rpfs;> mKf;ff; FOf;fs;> nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak;>

Nju;jy; Kiwfs;
,q;F murpaypy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; murpay; fl;rpfs;> mKf;ff;
FOf;fs; murpaypd; cz;ik epiyia tpsf;Fk; tifapy;
mike;j nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak;> kw;Wk; murpay; fl;rpfs;
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Nju;jy; Kiwfs;
Nghd;w tplq;fs; murpaw; ghlg;gug;gpNy ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

 murpay; jhgdq;fs; gw;wpa fw;if.

,q;F Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr murpaypy; eilngWfpd;w
rl;lthf;fk;> epu;thfk;> ePjpKiwr; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wdtw;iw
elhj;jp tUtjw;Fj; Jizahf ,Uf;Fk; rl;lj;Jiw>
epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ikfs;> Njhw;wk;>
tsu;r;rp> gpw ehLfSldhd rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw
fSld; xg;gpLjy;> rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw
vd;gdtw;wpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

 Njrpa murhq;fKk; murpaYk;.

vkJ ehl;bDila Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l murpay;
nrad;Kiwfshd Njrpa ,af;fq;fs;> murpaw; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;>
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd murpaw; jpl;lq;fs;> ehl;bDila rl;l>
epu;thf> ePjpj;JiwapDila twyhw;W uPjpahd tsu;r;rp> murpaw;
nrad;Kiwfs;> ,dg;gpur;rpidfs;> Nju;jy; Kiwfspd; tuyhWfs;>
murpaw; fl;rpfs;> rkfhy murpay; epfo;Tfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs;
,g;gFjpapd; fPo; fw;fg;gLk;.

02. Gjpa ghlg;gug;G mk;rq;fs;

murwptpaypd; ghlg;gug;gpy; 19k;> 20k; E}w;whz;Lfspd; gpd;du;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w mk;rq;fNs murwptpaypd; Gjpa ghlg;gug;G
vDk; gFjpf;Fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf ,j;jifa tplaq;fs;
cs;thq;fg;gl;likf;F ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp> tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;g
Kiwfspd; tsu;r;rp Nghd;wd fhuzkhf tpsq;fpd. Fwpg;ghf 19k;
E}w;whz;by;>

A. Jareesh Page 12
  nghJj;Jiw epu;thfk;: ,jd; fPo; epu;thfk; vd;why; vd;d?
nghJ epu;thfk;> jdpahu; epu;thfk;> murpay; epu;thfk; Nghd;w
gpujhd tplaq;fs; Ma;T nra;ag;gLtJld; xg;gPl;L epu;thfk;
kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp epu;thfk; vdg;gLk; Gjpa mk;rq;Sk;
,g;gFjpapDs; cs;slf;fg;gLk;. gpwehl;L epu;thf Kiw kw;Wk;
epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;> vkJ ehl;bd; nghJj;Jiw
epu;thfj;jpd; twyhW> mjd; jd;ik> jdpahu;kakhf;fy;>
murkakhf;fy;> kf;fs; kag;gLj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs;
,g;gFjpapDs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

 ru;tNjr murpaYk; ru;tNjr cwTfSk;: ru;tNjr murpay;

vd;gJ ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Nghu; my;yJ ,uh[je;jpu
cwTfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;jtifapy; ,g;gFjpapDs; ru;tNjr
murpay; mZFKiwfs;> ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if> gpur;rhuk;>
Nghu;> rkhjhdk;> CLUtYk; jiyapLjYk;> cyf
murhq;fq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; fw;fg;gLfpd;wd.

NkYk; cyf ehLfspd; rl;l epu;thf ePjp Kiwfs; kw;Wk;

fl;rp Kiwfs; xg;gPl;L mbg;gilapy; fw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mj;Jld; ru;tNjr epUtdq;fshd rhu;f;> If;fpa ehLfs; rig>
ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr;rig> Nel;Nlh> nghJeytha mikg;G
Nghd;w epWtdq;fYk; mtw;wpd; gy;NtW tpjkhd
gq;fspg;GfSk; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd

 xg;gPl;L murpay; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

20k; E}w;whz;bNyNa murwptpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; mjpfstpyhd

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lij vk;khy; fhz KbAk;. ,jw;F gpd;tUk;
fhuzq;fis vk;khy; $w KbAk;.
01. 1k;> 2k; cyfg; Nghu;fs;
02. ehLfs; fhydpj;Jtthjj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy mile;jik.
03. nghJey murfspd Njhw;wk;.
04. elj;ijthjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;.
05. If;fpaehLfs; rigapd; Njhw;wKk; mjd; ,iz epWtdq;fshy;
kdpj cupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czu;j;jg;gl;likAk;.

2k; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; murpaw; ghlg;gug;gpy; gy Kf;fpa

khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;Js;sd. kuGrhu; gd;Gfshfpa tuyhW> nka;apay;>
rl;lk; Nghd;w mZFKiwfSf;$lhf murpay; fw;gijj; jtpu;j;J
vy;yh murpay; gz;GfSf;Fkhd eilKiwf; fy;tpiaf; fw;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jid cUthdJ. ,jdhNyNa fpu`k; nthy];
“kdpjDila cstpay; gw;wpa mwptpy;yhky; murpaiyf; fw;gJ

A. Jareesh Page 13
mu;j;jkw;wJ” vdf;$wpdhu;. ,jdhy; Gjpa xU gFjpahf elj;ij
thjk; vd;w xU tplak; murpaw; ghlg;gug;gpy; cs;thq;fg;gl;lJ.

17k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l 1688 ,d; gpupj;jhdpag;

Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhfTk; 18k; E}w;whz;by; (1789) Vw;wgl;l gpuhd;rpag;
Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhfTk; 20k; Ew;whz;bd; Kd; miug;gFjpapy;
tsu;r;rpaile;j jhuhz;ikthjk;> Nrhrypr thjk; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
tsur;rp fhuzkhf; murpay; tpQ;Qhdg; ghlg;gug;gpDs; khw;wj;ij
nfhz;L te;jJld; [dehaf rpe;jidapd; Njhw;wj;jhy;>
 ghuhSkd;w murhq;f Kiw
 [dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiw
 gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwfs;
 murpaw; fl;rpfs;
 nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak;
 Clf [dehafk;
 rl;lj;Jiw
 epu;thfj;Jiw
 ePjpj;Jiw

Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; Kf;fpak; ngw;wd. ,it khj;jpukd;wp r%ftpay;>

elj;ijthjk; Nghd;w Jiwfs; murpaYld; fyf;fj; njhlq;fpaJk;
gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; NkYk; cs;thq;fg;gl;ld.
 murpaw; fyhr;rhuk;  Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
 ngz;zpiythjk;  Nkhjy; jPu;T
 murpay; cau;Fohk;  rkhjhdk;
 ,dg;gpur;rpid  khztu;; Nghuhl;lk;
 td;Kiw  mur gaq;futhjk;

,jd; gpufhuk; Njrpa ru;tNjr murpay; r%f khw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf

NkYk; gy Gjpa tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;glyhk; vd;gij
kWf;fKbahJ.

murwptpaiyf; fw;wy;.
murpaiy fy;tpahf fw;wy;
murpay; fw;ifj;Jiwahf Rkhu; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F
Nkw;gl;l fhykhf mgptpUj;jp mile;jnjhU JiwahFk;. ,J fp.K.
4Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ePz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j gutypD}L murpay;
fyt;papd; ghlg;gug;G> tpjpKiwfs kw;Wk; mZFKiwfSk;
tpuptile;Js;sd. ,jw;;fika epfo;fhyj;jpy; murpaypd; gy;NtW

A. Jareesh Page 14
Nfhzq;fis fw;Fk; Xu; JiwahfNt murwptpaiy
fUjNtz;bAs;sJ.
murpaiy fw;wy; vd;gjpy; ,U mu;j;jq;fs; cs;sd.
1. murpaiy fy;tpj; Jiwahf fw;wy;
2. murpay; eilKiw mwpnthd;whf ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; njspTk;
mwpTQhdKk;

murpaiy fw;ifj; Jiwahf fw;wy;

,J murpay; Njhw;wg;ghL my;yJ Kuz;ghl;il “tpQ;Qhd uPjpapy;”
fw;gjhFk;. “tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd” vd;w gjj;jpy; gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fs;
,Ug;gpDk; mjd; gpujhd mbg;gil tpsf;fkhdJ VNjDk;
Njhw;wg;ghL njhlu;ghf “Kiwahf> Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fika topfhl;Lk;
rupahd Kiwikf;F Vw;g ngw;Wf;nfhz;l juTfs;> jfty;fs;
kw;Wk; rhd;Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fw;Fk; KiwahFk;”.
cjhuzk; :- ngz;fSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lkh vd;w gpurr;pid njhlu;ghf gpwg;Grhu;
Nfhl;ghl;L> xg;gl
P ;L uPjpahd ru;tNjr mDgtq;fs;> kf;fs;
fUj;Jf;fzpg;G Nghd;w Clfq;fis gad;gLj;jp nraa;g;gLk;
Ma;tpd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; juTfs; kw;Wk; rhd;Wfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gLk; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk;
tpgupg;gpd; %yk; KbTfis Kd;itj;jyhFk;.
murpaiy fw;ifj; Jiwahf fw;wy; vDk; ghuk;gupakhdJ Rkhu; 25
E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;ljhFk;. gpNsl;Nlh jdJ mfnlkp vDk;
fy;tp epiyaj;jpYk;> mup];Nlhl;by; jdJ iyrpak; vDk; fy;tp
epiyaj;jpYk; murpaiyg; Nghjpj;jik vd;gNj murpaiyf; fw;wypd;
Muk;gg; gbahFk;. ,q;F murpayhdJ rpy Kiwfisj; jOtp
fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ khj;jpukd;wp mup];Nlhby; kfh myf;rhe;jUf;F
fy;tp fw;gpj;jJld; murpaiyf; fw;gpf;Fk; ghuk;gupak;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; topKiwahfg; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
njhlu;r;rpahf murpayhdJ ,d;Wtiuf;Fk; fw;gpf;fg;gLtjhdJ
murpay; xU fw;ifj;Jiwhaf tsu;r;rpailttij vjpu;T $wpd.

murpay; eilKiw mwpnthd;whf ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

njspTk; mwpTQhdKk;
r%fg; gad;ghL vd;w tifapy; murpay;:
murpayhdJ r%fj;jpw;F kpfTk; gaDila xd;whFk;.
,e;jtifapy; murpaypd; r%fg; gad;ghlhdJ njhd;W njhl;L
kf;fshy; mDgtpf;fg;gl;L te;j xd;whFk;. Guhjd ejpf;fiuNahu

A. Jareesh Page 15
muRfs; $l murpay; nraw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;jpajd;
thapyhfNt gy;Ntwhd gad;ghLfis mDgtpj;J te;jdu;;.
cjhuzkhf nkhrg;gj;Njkpa muRKiwfspy; `Kuhgp kd;ddJ
rl;lk;> ePjp rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs; rpwe;j rpwe;j murpay;
Kiwnahd;wpd; ntspg;ghNl vd;gjhf tuyhw;wha;thsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLk;
mNj Ntis ePNuh kd;ddpd; jtwhd murpay; Kiw
nraw;ghLfshy; Nuhk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ vd;gJk; murpaypd;
gpuNahfg; gad;ghl;il vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
rpw;e;j murpay; vd;gJ kf;fis rpwg;ghf Ml;rpGupjYld;
njhlu;Ggl;l xd;whFk;. mJ xU r%fg; gad;ghl;ilg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fty;yJ. ngyg;gNdrpad; Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhd
vnjd;]; ghjpf;fg;gl;lNghJ gpNsl;Nlh Ml;rpahsu;fis tpku;rpf;f
Muk;gpj;jhu;. kf;fSf;F cupa gad;ghl;bid mf;fhy muRfs;
toq;fhikapid Rl;bf;fhl;b Ml;rpahsu;fisAk;
[dehafthjpfisAk; fbe;J nfhz;lhu;.
murpay; vd;gJ muR> murhq;fk; kw;Wk; mur epUthfk; Nghd;w
JiwfSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jhky; mjw;F ntspapy; r%f
gpuirfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; eilKiw vd;gNj ,jd;
nghUshFk;.
cjhuzk; :-
gpuirfs; Ml;rpahsu;fis epakpf;fpd;wdu;. mtu;fSf;F
murhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij toq;fpAs;sdu;. murpay; fl;rpfspd;
cWg;g;pdu;fshfTk; cs;sdu;. ,it jtpu $l;lq;fs;> Cu;tyq;fs;>
vjpu;g;G eltbf;iffs;> NtiyepWj;jq;fs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs;> RahjPd
rq;fq;fs; %yk; nghJj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wjy; Nghd;w
Clfq;fs; %yk; murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;.

,jd;gb Ml;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyhf murpaiy nra;Ak;

murpay;thjpfs; kl;Lkpd;wp gpuirfSk; murpay; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,J
fpNuf;f Afk;tiu ePz;Ls;sJ. “murpay;” vd;gJ Guhjd efu
muNrhL njhlu;GilaJ vd;w fpNuf;f fUj;jpy; ,U mu;j;jq;fs;
cs;sd. mitahtd>

i. muR kw;Wk; murhl;rpNahL njhlu;Gila tplak;

ii. mur nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; gpuirfspd; flikSk;
nghWg;Gf;fspdJ nraw;ghl;Lj;jd;ik.
cjhuzk; :-
fpNuff;jj;py; mg;N;ghJ fhzg;gl;l Neub [dehaf Ml;rp; Kiwapy;
gpuirfspd; Neub gq;Fgw;wy; fhzg;gl;lJ. rl;lthf;fk;> efu
epUthfk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwfs; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; gpuirfs;
RahjPdkhf <Lgl;ldu;. “nraw;ghl;L gpuir” vDk; vz;zf;fU
mup];Nlhl;bypd; Politics E}ypy; ,t;tu;j;jj;jpNyNa

A. Jareesh Page 16
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wy;
vd;gjw;F “murpay;” vd;w vz;zf;fUtpy; tpNrl ,lk;
fpilj;Js;sJ. gpuirfspd; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy;
,y;yhj murpanyhd;iw vz;zpg; ghu;f;f Kbahj msTf;F
,t;tplak; Nt&d;wpAs;sJ.

murwptpay; fw;fg;gLk; tpjk;.

murwptpayhdJ ,d;W gy;NtW tpjkhff; fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf
mit ,U tpjkhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
01. Kiwrhu; topKiw
02. Kiwrhuh topKiw.

Kiwrhu; topKiw:
,J murpaiy xOq;F uPjpapy; mike;j ghltpjhdj;jpw;F Vw;g
fw;gjhFk;. ,e;j tifapy ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;> njhopEl;g
epiyaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; Kiwrhu; fw;if epfo;fpd;wd.
Kiwrhu; topKiwahdJ ,U tifg;gLk;
1. ghltpjhdj;jpw;F cl;gl;lJ.
2. ghltpjhdj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ.

ghltpjhdj;jpw;F mikthdJ.

gltpjhdj;jpw;F mikthff; fw;wy; vd;gjd; fUj;jhdJ> nghJthf

,q;F murwptpaypd; ghlg;gug;Gf;F cl;gl;l tplaq;fs; xOq;fikg;G
uPjpapy; fw;fg;gLtJld; Fwpj;j xU tplak; njhlu;ghd mk;rq;fs;
eLepiy uPjpahfTk; gue;j tpjj;jpYk; fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf
,dg;gpur;rpid vd;w tplak; gw;wp fw;Fkplj;J mJ ,d> kj
Ngjq;fSf;F mg;ghy; epd;W Ma;T nra;ag;gLtJld; mJ njhlu;ghd
Kw;fhy> jw;fhy Nfhl;ghLfs; tpupthf Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thW fw;fpd;wtu;fs; murpay; mwpQu;fshfTk; ehl;Lf;F gad;gLk;
jiyrpwe;j murpay; ty;YduhfTk; tuf;$ba tha;g;Gf; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

gltpjhdj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ
,J khj;jpukd;wp xOq;fike;j fw;if epWtdq;fspy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;
,izg;ghltpjhd nraw;ghLfs; %yk; NkYk; gy r%fk;rhu; murpay;
vz;zf;fUf;fs; khzhf;fspilNa cl;nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
1. fhiy xd;W$ly;: ghilrhiyfspy; eilngWk; fhiyf;
$l;lq;fs; eilngWk;NghJ tupirahfTk; NeuhfTk; epw;wy;>
Njrpaf; nfhb Vw;Wjy;> Njrpa fPjk; ghlg;gLjy;> Njrpa
fPjj;jpw;Fk; nfhbf;Fk; kupahij nrYj;Jjy;> mikjpahf epw;wy;>

A. Jareesh Page 17
 jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gLjy; Nghd;;w epfo;Tfspd; %ykhf
murpay; uPjpahd mk;rq;fs; fw;fg;gLfpd;wd.

2. tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfspy;: ,jd; Clhf khztu;fs; kj;jpapNy

rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> jiyikj;Jtf; fl;Lg;ghL> ,ize;J KbntLj;jy;>
tpl;Lf; nfhLg;G> Mfpa rpwe;j murpayhsd;> kw;Wk; jiytUf;Fupa
jd;ikfis ngwf;$bajhf mikfpd;wJ.

3. fy;tpr;Rw;Wyh: khztu;fSf;F kpfTk; GJikahdjhfTk;>

re;Njhrkhd tplakhfTk; fhzg;gLtJ fy;tpr;Rw;Wyh MFk;.
Fwpg;ghf fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh %yk;> tuyhw;W ,lq;fisj; juprpj;jy;>
murpay; epfo;TfSld; njhlu;Gila ,lq;fisj; juprpj;jYk;
mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mwpjYk; Nghd;w tplaq;fis
tpsf;ff;$bajhf cs;sjdhy; murpay; fw;wy; vd;w tplak;
eilngWfpd;wJ.

,t;thW murpaiy fw;gjd; %yk;>

 eLepiyahd murpay; mwpT fpilj;jy;.

 Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd rpe;jid tsu;r;rpailjy;.
 xOq;F Kiwg;gbahfTk; gue;j mbg;gilapYk; murpaiy
fw;fKbAk.
 rpwe;j murpay; mupQuhf khWk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;Lfpd;wJ.

,t;thNw>
 fw;gjw;F ePzl
; fhyk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 eilKiwrhu; mwpTfs; Nghjpf;fg;gLtJ FiwT.
 Fwpg;gpl;l taij mile;j khztuhy; khj;jpuNk Kiwrhu;
topKiw %yk; fw;Fk; rhj;jpak; cs;sJ. vd;gd ,jd;
FiwghLfshFk;.

Kiwrhuh topKiw:
,J ehk; Kiwahf ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mwpnthd;wd;W. ,J ehshe;j
tho;f;ifapd; mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd GupjyhFk;. ,jpy; vkJ
r%f> murpay; ek;gpf;ifSk; jPu;khdq;fSk; fhzg;gLk;. r%f kw;Wk;
cyfk; njhlu;gpy; FLk;gj;jpy;> maytu;fsplk;> neUf;fkhdtu;fsplk;
kw;Wk; Clfq;fspy; ngw;Wf;n;fhs;Sk; mwpNt ,jd; mbg;gilahFk;.
vkJ jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ed;ik jPik vd;w
ek;gpf;iffSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
cjhuzk; :- ngz;fSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lkh? vd;w tpdhtpw;Fehk; ngUk;ghYk; gjpy;

A. Jareesh Page 18
toq;FtJ eilKiw mwptpy; cs;s fl;Lg;ghLfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;NlahFk;. “ngz;fSf;F murpay; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd gyk;
,y;iy” vd;w gjpy; eilKiw mwptpd; %yk; J}zlg;gl;l
tplakhFk;.

Kiwrhu; mbg;gilahd fw;if tpla;qfSf;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf;

fhuzkhff; nfhs;sKbAk;.

1. FLk;gk;: xU Foe;ij gpwe;jjpy; ,Ue;J mjd; FLk;gk;> ngw;Nwhu;>

Vida r%f epUtdq;fs;> njhlu;G rhjdq;fspd; jhf;fj;jhy;
mf;Foe;ijf;F fpl;Lfpd;w mwpT Kiwrhuh mwpthFk;. ,J
mf;Foe;ijapd; ngw;Nwhuplk; ,Ue;Nj Kjy; Kjyhf
mf;Foe;ijf;F CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ngw;Nwhu; ve;j murpaw;
fl;rpia Mjupf;fpd;wNjh mf;fl;rpiaNa Foe;ij Mjupg;gijAk;
vf;fl;rpia ntWf;fpd;wdNuh mf;fl;rpiaNa mf;Foe;ij
ntWg;gijAk; ehk; fz;$lhf fhzKbAk;. ,jd; %yk;
mf;Foe;ij VNjh xU tpjkhf murpay; czu;Tfis
cs;thq;Ffpd;wJ.

2. murpaw; fl;rpfs;: nghJf;$l;lq;fs;> murpaw; fUj;juq;Ffs;>

Nkilg;Ngr;R> murpay; thjpfspd; njhlu;Gfs;> Clfq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; kdpju;fSf;F murpay; uPjpahd mwpTfs;
fpilf;fpd;wd. ,jd; %yk; Nju;jy; Kiwfs;> [dehafk;>
muh[fk;> ru;thjpfhuk;> murpay; ahg;Gr;rl;lk;> Njrpa murpay;
tuyhWfs;> ru;tNjr tptfhuq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; nraw;ghl;L
uPjpahf fw;Fk; mNjNtis xU kdpjid rpwe;j murpay;thjpahf
khw;Wfpd;w gzpia ,k;Kiwrhuh topKiw nra;fpd;wJ.

3. mKf;ff; FOf;fs;: Neubah murpaypy; <LglhJ jkJ

,yf;FfisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; milAk; Nehf;fpy;
murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ mOj;jq;fis nrYj;jp jkf;F ntz;batw;iw
mile; J nfhs;s kaw;rpf;Fk; FONt mKf;ff; FOthFk;.
,d;iwa murpay; Kiwikapy; kf;fs; midtUk; VNjh xU
Kiwapy; mKf;ff; FOf;fspy; ,izAk; tha;g;Gf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa mKf;ff; FOf;fs; jkJ
Fwpf;nfhs;fis milAk; Nehf;fpy; kpjthj kw;Wk; jPtputhjg;
Nghf;Ffisf; nfhz;L mur epWtdq;fspd; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLtijf;
fhzyhk;. ,jd;NghJk; murpay; mwpT kdpju;fSf;Ff;
fpilf;fpd;wJ.

4. Clfq;fs;: ,d;iwa murpay; Kiwapy; midj;J

tplaq;fisAk; kf;fsplk; nfhz;L Nru;g;gjpy; Clfq;fspd;

A. Jareesh Page 19
 gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. me;jtifapy; mr;R Clfq;fshd>
gj;jpupiffSk; ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fshd njhiyf;fhl;rp>
thndhyp> ,izak; rhu; Clfq;fSk; gq;nfLf;fpd;wd. ,jd;
%ykhf nra;jp mwpf;iffs;> tpthjq;fs;> tpku;rd epfo;Tfs;
vd;gdtw;wpd; Clhf kf;fSf;F murpaiyg; Nghjpg;gjpy;
Clfq;fspd; gq;F kfj;jhdjhFk;.

5. murhq;f mikg;Gfs;. kdpjd; murhq;f mikg;Gfspy;

gq;Fgw;Wtjd; ClhfTk; mtw;Wld; njhlu;GgLtjd; ClhfTk;
kdpjd; murpaiyg; gapy;fpd;whd;. cjhuzkhf> rl;lkd;w
mikg;Gfs;> epu;thf nraw;gl;likg;Gfs;> kw;Wk; ePjpKiwr;
nrad;Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; kdpjd; murpaiyg;
gapy;fpd;whd;.

,t;thW murpaiy fw;gjd; %yk;>

 mt;tg;NghJ fpilf;fpd;w nghOJNghf;F Neuq;fspy; fw;fg;gLtjhy;

fhy tpuak; FiwT.
 eilKiw rhuy; mwpT> murpay; nrad;Kiw Mfpa tplaq;fs;
fw;fg;gLk;.
 taJ tpj;jpahrkpd;wpf; fw;f KbAk;.
,t;thNw>
 ngUk;ghYk; gf;fr;rhu;ghd murpay; mwpT fpilj;jy;.
 eilKiw uPjpahd rpe;jidfs; khj;jpuNk tsu;r;rpailAk;.
 xOq;F Kiwg;gbahfTk; gue;j mbg;gilapYk; murpaiyf; fw;f
KbahJ. vd;gd ,jd; FiwghLfshFk;.

murwptpaiy fw;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; my;yJ gad;fs;

murwptpayhdJ r%f tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fSs; xd;whFk;. mJ gue;j
ghlg;gug;igf; nfhz;like;Js;sJld; r%ftpay;> nghUspay;>
cstpay;> nka;apay;> khdpaltpay;> tuyhW Nghd;w JiwfSld;
NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; njhlu;GgLtijf; fhzKbAk;. ,jd;
fhuzkhf murwptpaiyf; fw;gjd; %yk; gy;NtW tifahd
ed;ikfisAk; gad;fisAk; mile;J nfhs;s KbAk;. mit
gpd;tUkhW.
1. [dehaf uPjpapy; nraw;gLk; ey;y gpui[fis cUthf;Fjy;.
2. [dehaf Kiwapy; mike;j tho;f;if Kiwia Vw;Fk;
tifapyhd gpui[fis cUthf;Fjy;.
3. rl;lq;fisAk; gpwu; cupikfisAk; kjpj;J jkJ flikfis
epiwNtw;Wk; gpui[fis cUthf;Fjy;.
4. El;gkhf MuhAk; kf;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
5. Njrpa> ru;tNjr murpay; gw;wpa gf;fr; rhu;gw;w Gupe;jzu;Tfis
gutyhf;Fjy;.

A. Jareesh Page 20
6. murpay; mwptpid tpupTgLj;jy;.
7. Kuz;ghLfis jPu;j;J rkhjhdkhfj; njhopw;gLk; gpui[fis
cUthf;Fjy;.
rl;lthf;f Kiwfs;> ePjp Kiwfs;> Nju;jy; Kiwfs; Nghd;wd gw;wpa
Gupe;Jzu;it gutyhf;Fjy;.

murwptpaypd; tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ik

jw;fhy mwptpay; cyfpy; vy;yh tpjkhd JiwfSk; jk;ik
tpQ;Qhdkhf fhl;Ltjpy; ngUik nfhs;fpd;wJ. me;jtifapy;
thdrh];jpuk;> ifNuif rh];jpuk; Nghd;w Jiwfs; $l mit
tpQ;Qhdj;jd;ik ngw;wJ vd;gjw;fhd ep&gzq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wd.
,t;thNwjhd; murwptpaYk; jd;id xU tpQ;Qhdkhff; fhl;bf;nfhs;s
Kw;gLfpd;wJ.

tpQ;QhdKk; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; jd;ikAk;

tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w gjkhdJ Muk;g fhyq;fspy; FWfpa nghUspYk;
jw;fhyq;fspy; tpupe;j nghUspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf;
fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,d;W ,urhadtpay;> ngsjPftpay; Nghd;w
Jiwfs; kl;LNk tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w epiy khwp r%f
tpQ;Qhdq;fisf;$l tpQ;Qhdkhf fUJk; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
r%f tpQ;Qhdkhd murwptpaypd; tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ikapid MuhAk;
Kd; tpQ;Qhdk; gw;wpa mwpKfk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. Kjypy; tpQ;Qhdk;
vdwhy; vd;d vd Nehf;FNghJ>

1. mDgt Nrhjidfs; %yk; ngha;gpf;fg;glf;$ba mwpNt

tpQ;QhdkhFk; (fhu;y; nghg;gu;).

2. tpQ;Qhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngWk; mwpNt

tpQ;QhdkhFk;. (gpud;]p]; Ngf;fd;> fyp;Nah fypyp)

3. epr;raj; jd;ikAs;s my;yJ epfo;jfTj; jk;ikAs;s vjpu;T

$wf;$ba fhuz fhupa njhlu;Gila tpjp my;yJ nfhs;if
(nghJikahf;fk;) tpQ;Qhdk; vdg;gLk; (J.S. kpy;)

cyfpy; cs;s Jiwfs;; mjd; Ma;Tg; nghUis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwfis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;

A. Jareesh Page 21
tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwnahd;W gpd;tUk; jd;ikfisf; fl;lhak; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 mDgt Nrhjidfs; %yk; ngha;ahf;fg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 tpQ;Qhd Kiwfshd mtjhdk;> gupNrhjidfs; nrk;kahf
epfo;j;jg;glf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 fhuz fhupa njhlu;G cWjpahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 tpQ;Qhd csg;ghq;Fld; (eL epiyahd) Ma;T epfo;j;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
 KbTfs; cz;ikahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk.;
 nghJthf midtuhYk; Vw;fj;jf;f tpjp my;yJ nfhs;ifahf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w tifapy; murwptpay;

murwptpayhdJ jd;id tpQ;Qhdk; vdf; fhl;bf; nfhs;tjw;fpilapy;
mJ xU r%f tpQ;QhdkhFk;. MapDk; mjid tpQ;Qhdk; vdf;
$Wtjw;F gy;NtW epahaq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. me;jtifapy;>
 murwptpaypd; je;ij mup];Nlhl;by; murwptpaiy “ KJepiy
tpQ;Qhdk;” (Master of Science)

A. Jareesh Page 22
 NkYk; nghyf;> rPyp Nghd;wtu;fs; murwptpaiy tpQ;Qhdk;
vdf;$Wfpd;wdu;.
 vy;yh r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fisAk; tpl murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;
khj;jpuNk “tpQ;Qhdk;” vd;w milnkhopiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 tpQ;Qhd Kiwfshd mtjhdk;> gupNrhjidfspy; mtjhdj;ij
murwptpay; gad;gLj;JtJld; tpdhf;nfhj;J> Ngl;b Kiw> Nghd;w
tpQ;Qhdj; juT Nrfupg;G KiwfisAk; murwptpay;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 tpQ;Qhd KiwfSs; xd;whd njhFj;jwp Kiwapid (Indeductive
Method) elj;ijthjj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; murwptpay;
gad;gLj;JtJ nfhz;L tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ikapid ngWfpwJ.
 tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwfs; jkJ Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w rpy
mZFKiwfis murwptpaYk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf
Kiwikg; gFg;gha;T mZFKiw.
 tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwfs; Gs;sptpguq;fisr; Nrfupj;J mtw;iw
tifg;gLj;jp gFg;gha;T nra;J nghJ KbTfSf;F tUfpd;wd.
,Nj nrad;Kiw murwptpaYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf Nju;jy; KbTfs; gw;wpa gFg;gha;tpidf; Fwpg;gpl
KbAk;.
 cau; kl;lj;jpy; nfhs;iffis cUthf;fp fPo; kl;lj;jpy;
gupNrhjid %yk; mtw;wpd; nry;YgbahFk; jd;ikapid
epu;zapf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd Kiwapid murwptpayhsu;fSk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
 tpQ;Qhdq;fspd; epiyahd Nfhl;ghLfs; fhzg;gLtJ Nghy
murwptpaypYk; gy epiyahd Nfhl;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 Gs;sptpgu Kiwapd; tsu;r;rpapdhy; mfepiy rhuhJ KbTfis
vLf;ff;$ba epiy murwptpaypYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 xU tpQ;Qhdj; JiwahdJ jdJ Ma;tpy; gpd;tUk; gbKiwfis
epfo;j;Jfpd;wJ.
 gpur;rpid Njhd;Wjy;.
 fUJNfhs; mikj;jy;.
 vjpu;T $wy;.
 fUJNfhis tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jy;
 fUJNfhis Vw;wy; my;yJ epuhfupj;jy;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l gbKiwfspy; Kjy; 03 mk;rq;fs; murwptpaypy; XusT

g+uzj;Jtj;Jj;Jld; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; murwptpaiy
XusTf;fhtJ tpQ;Qhdk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

vdNt tpQ;Qhdk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w xU rpy tpQ;QhdKiwfisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; Kyk; murwptpaypy; tpQ;Qhdr; rhay;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdf;$Wfpd;wNghjpYk; mJ ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdk; Nghy
g+uzkhd tpQ;Qhdk; vd vtuYk; $wptplKbahJ.

A. Jareesh Page 23
 r%f tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w tifapy; murwptpay;;
xU Fwpj;j Jiwnahd;iw tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw rhu;e;jjh vd;gij
,dq;fhz 03 msTNfhy;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
01. ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;
02. ghlj;ijf; fw;gjw;Fk; Ma;T nra;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jk; fw;if
Kiw
03. r%f tpQ;Qhd ghlq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpd; ,ay;G.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L murwptpaiy r%f

tpQ;Qhdk; vd epWtpl KbAk;.

01. ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;

kdpj elj;ij gw;wpa Ma;tpy; <LgLk; Jiwfs; ahTk;
r%ftpQ;Qhdq;fs; vdg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: cstpay;> nka;apay;>
Gtpapay;> murwptpay;. ,it jdpkdpj kw;Wk; r%f elj;ijfisAk;
MuhAk;. ,j;Jiwfs; fhy khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g tpQ;Qhd Ntrk;
jupj;jNghjpYk; mit ajhu;j;jj;jpy; r%ftpQ;Qhdq;fshfNt
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Kd;du; $wg;gl;lJ Nghd;W tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;
gz;Gfis KOikahf ,r;r%ftpQ;Qhdq;fs; nfhz;buhikahy; mit
tpQ;Qhdkhf md;wp r%ftpQ;Qhdq;fshfNt nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fshff; fUjg;gLk;NghJ murwptpaYk; r%f
tpQ;QhdkhfNt fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthf kdpjid xU murpay; gpuhzp vd mup];Nlhl;by;

tu;zpj;jhu;. vdNt kdpjdpd; murpay; elj;ij njhlu;ghd fw;ifNa
murwptpayhFk;. ,jd; ghl cs;slf;fk; kdpjDf;Fk; muR> murhq;fk;>
mjpfhuk;> murpaw; fl;rpfs;> Njrk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
tplaq;fs; gw;wpNa murwptpay; Ma;T nra;fpd;wNjad;wp
tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwfs; Ma;T nra;tJ Nghd;W ,aw;ifapd;
Njhw;wg;ghLfs; gw;wp xU nghJk; murwptpay; Ma;T nra;tjpy;iy.

02. ghlj;ijf; fw;gjw;Fk; Ma;T nra;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jk; fw;if

Kiw
r%ftpQ;Qhdq;fspy; xd;whd murwptpay; $l tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ik
nfhz;L fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; mjid r%ftpQ;Qhdk; vd;Nw
nghJthf ahUk; $Wtu;; ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs; tUkhW>

 mDgt Nrhjidfs; %yk; ngha;g;gpf;fg;glf;$bait tpQ;Qhdk;

MFk;. mDgt Nrhjidfs; %yk; ngha;g;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F njspthd
vz;zf;fU nfhz;ljhf mj;Jiw ,Uej;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Gtpikaf; nfhs;if ngha;g;gpf;fg;gl;L #upa ikaf;

A. Jareesh Page 24
 nfhs;if Vw;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; thdtpaiy xU tpQ;Qhdk; vd
Vw;fyhk;. murwptpay; ngha;g;gpj;jy; epfo;j;j KbahJ. fhuzk;
murpaypy; njspthd vz;zf;fUf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
cjhuzkhf Nrhryprk; vd;w vz;zf;fU gyuhYk; gytpjkhf
czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; khf;rprk; ntw;wpngw;why; muR
mw;Wg;NghFk; vDk; khf;rpd; fUj;J epr;rakw;w xdwhFk; ,jdhy;
murwptpaiy tpQ;Qhdk; vdf;nfhs;s KbahJ vd fhu;s; nghg;gu;
vd;w tpQ;Qhd Kiwapayhsu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

 fUJNfhis nrk;kahf epWt KbahJ. fUJNfhis epWTtjw;F

mtjhdk;> gupNrhjid mtrpakhFk;. MapDk; murwptpay;
mtjhdk;> Ngl;bKiw> tpdhf;nfhj;J Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Mdhy; gupNrhjidia murwptpaypy;
gad;gLj;j KbahJ. murwptpaypy; Nju;Tfspy; fl;Lg;ghLfis
tpjpj;J gupNrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ fbdkhFk;. Ma;Tg;
nghUshf kdpjd; fhzg;gLtjhy; mtdJ rpe;jid khw khw
fl;Lg;ghl;il kPwp elg;ghd;. ,jdhy; fUJNfhis rpwg;ghf
tha;g;Gg;ghu;f;f KbahJ.

 fhuz – fhupak; vjpu;T$wy; rhj;jpakpy;iy. tpQ;Qhdj;ijg;

Nghd;wy;yhJ murwptpaypy; fhuz – fhupatpsf;fk; $wKbahJ.
murwptpaypy; xU Njhw;wg;ghl;bw;Fg; gd;ikf; fhuzq;fSk;>
,lj;jpw;fplk; NtWgl;lJk; epiyaw;w fhuzq;fshfTk; ,Ug;gjhy;
xU nghJf; fhuzj;ijf; fhl;l KbahJ ,jdhy; vjpu;T$wy;
rhj;jpakw;Wg; Nghfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; ,dg;gpur;rpidf;fhd fhuzk;
vd Fwpj;j xU epfo;it khj;jpuk; fhl;btpl KbahJ.

 nghJf; nfhs;ifNah tpjpNah mikg;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy. tpjp

my;yJ nfhs;if vd;gJ vy;NyhuhYk; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
XNutpjkhd mDgtj;ij ngef;$ba ru;;ttpahgfj; jk;ik nfhz;l
nghJikahf;fkhFk;. murwptpay; gd;ikf; fhuzq;fisAk;>
,lj;jpw;F ,lk; khw;wKWk; Ma;T mk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;lit
vd;gjhy; ,q;F nghJthd tpjp vd;gNjh nghJthd nfhs;if
vd;gNjh rhj;jpakpy;iy.

 XNu jsj;jpy; xUikj; jk;ikaw;w gy Nfhl;ghLfs; ,Uj;jy;.

tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; xU tplak; njhlu;ghf xU Nfhl;ghL khj;jpuNk
fhzg;gLk;. thdtpaypy; njhykpapd; Gtp ika;af; Nfhl;ghLk;
nfhg;gzpf;frpd; #upa ikaf; Nfhl;ghLk; ,U ngUk;
Nfhl;ghLfshf ,Ug;gpDk; njhykpapd; Nfhl;ghL epuhfupf;fg;gl;L
nfhg;gzpf;frpd; nfhs;if Vw;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,q;F Fwpj;j
tplak; njhlu;ghf xU Nfhl;ghL khj;jpuNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
MapDk; murwptpaypy; xU tplak; njhlu;ghf gy Nfhl;ghLfs;

A. Jareesh Page 25
 rkfhyj;jpy; eilKiw Ma;Tfspy; cs;sd. cjhuzkhf
murpDila Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghf muRgw;wpa r%f xg;ge;jf;
Nfhl;ghL> jhuhz;ikf; Nfhl;ghL> khf;rprf; Nfhl;ghL Nghd;wd.

 Ma;tpy; tpQ;Qhd csg;gq;F ,y;yhik. tpQ;Qhd csg;ghq;F

vd;gJ Ma;thsd; vg;gf;fKk; rhuhJ eLepiythjpahf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Ma;thsDk; Ma;Tg; nghUSk;
ntt;NtW ,dk; vd;gjhy; eLepiy vd;w gpur;rpid Njhd;w
tha;gpy;iy. MapDk; r%ftpQ;Qhdkhd murwptpaypy;
Ma;thsDk; Ma;Tg;nghUSk; kdpjdhf ,Ug;gjdhy; Ma;thsd;
gf;fk; rhu;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; cs;sd. cjhuzkhf
,dg;gpur;rpid njhlu;ghf Ma;tpy; <LgLk; xUtu; Ma;tpd;NghJ
id ,dk; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfis kiwj;J jdJ ,dj;jpw;Fr;
rhu;ghf mtuJ Ma;T KbTfis ntspapltha;g;Gz;L. ,jdhy;
murwptpaypd; KbTfspy; cz;ikj;jd;ik Fd;Wfpd;wJ.

 msj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;s KbahjpUj;jy;. tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rNk

msj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;. cjhuzkhf ,urhadtpaypy; Fwpj;j
%yfk; xdwpd; epiwia msj;jy;. ,t;thwhd mstPl;L
Kaw;rpfis murwptpaypy; g+uzkhf Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ.
Vnddpy; kdpj elj;ijia msf;f ngWkhdq;fs; fpilahJ.
,jdhy; mstPl;L KbTfis tiuaWj;Jf; $wKbahJs;sJ.
MapDk; jwNghija fzpdp Afj;jpy; SPSS (Special Package for
Social Sciences) Nghd;w nkd;nghUl;fs; %ykhf rpy
ngWkhdq;fis toq;fp msf;f Kw;gl;lNghjpYk; mit ru;t
tpahgfj; jk;ik ngw;wjy;y.

03. r%f tpQ;Qhd ghlq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpd; ,ay;G.

murwptpaYf;Fk; r%ftpQ;Qhdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUq;fpa njhlu;G
fhzg;gLfpd;wik ,jw;F ghupa rhd;whFk;. mjhtJ nghUspay;>
tuyhW> r%ftpay;> cstpay; Nghd;w r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwfs;
murwptpaypd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpGupfpd;w mNj Ntis murwptpaypd;
rpy vz;zf;fUf;fis Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf:
 nka;apay;: murpay; nka;apay; vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; cupik>
rl;lk;> muR vd;gd gw;wp Muha;fpd;wJ.
 nghUspay;: murpd; nghUshjhu Kiw> Kjyhspj;Jtg;
nghUshjhu Kiw> fyg;Gg; nghUshjhu Kiw> fk;a+dprthjk;
Nghd;wd gw;wp Muha;fpd;wJ.
 tuyhW: murpd; Njhw;wk;> murhq;f Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp> cyf>
Njrpa murpaypd; tsu;r;rp vd;gd gw;wp Muha;fpd;wJ.
 r%ftpay;: muRk; r%fKk;> r%fKk; rl;lKk; vd;gd gw;wp
Muha;fpd;wJ.

A. Jareesh Page 26
,it khj;jpukd;wp murwptpay; mwpQu;fs; gy;NtW tpjkhd r%f
tpQ;Qhd ghlq;fis Ma;T nra;jpUf;fpd;wikahy; murwptpaYf;Fk;
Vida r%f tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlu;gpid
typAWj;j KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:
 mup];Nlhl;by;: nka;apay;> rl;ltpay;> cstpay;
 n`hg;];: nka;apay;> nghUspay;.
 nyhf;: nka;apay;> nghUspay;> r%ftpay;
 fhus; khu;f;];: nka;apay;> nghUspay;> r%ftpay;> cstpay;

vdNt Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fspid cw;W Nehf;Fk;NghJ

murwptpaYf;F tpQ;Qhdj; jk;ik cs;sJ vd;gij tpl r%f
tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;fhd gz;GfNs mjpfk; cs;sJ vd;gJld; nghJthf
gyuhYk; murwptpay; r%f tpQ;QhdkhfNt Vw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;
gLfpd;wJ.

murwptpaiy fw;gjw;fhd mZFKiwfs; / Ma;T

Kiwfs;
murwptpayhdJ gue;j tplag;gug;Gfis cs;slf;fpAs;sjhy; mjd;
Ma;T Kiwfs; gytw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpa fw;wy; Jiwahf
cs;sJ. mjd; ghlg;gug;igg; NghyNt mjd; Ma;T KiwfSk;
ePz;lfhy tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;L tsu;e;Js;sJ. ,e;j tsu;r;rpapy;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jp Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;bNyNa murwptpay; RahjPd mwptpay; fw;if xd;whf
jd;id milahsg;gLj;jpaJ. mNjg;Nghd;W murwptpaypy; Ma;T
Kiwfshf ,d;W ehq;fs; fUJfpd;witfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; tsu;r;rp mile;jitfshFk;. ,it
r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khdpltpay; Jiwfspy; Vwgl;l tpUj;j;p kw;Wk;
gupkhw;w cs;slf;fj;jpNyNaahFk;.
murwptpay; mZFKiwfs; rpy

1) jj;Jthu;j;j / nka;apay; mZFKiw

2) xg;gl
P ;L mZFKiw
3) gd;ikj;Jtthj mZFKiw
4) tpQ;Qhd mZFKiw (elj;ijthjk;)
5) murpay; nghUspay; mZFKiw
6) r%ftpay; mZFKiw
7) ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiw

nka;apay; / jj;Jthu;j;j / ,yl;rpathj mZFKiw (Philosophical

/ Normative Approach)

A. Jareesh Page 27
 murpay; Ma;tpy; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJk; ePz;lfhy ,Ug;gpidf;
nfhz;lJkhd mZFKiw ,JthFk;. ,J ed;newpf; Nfhl;ghl;L
mZFKiw vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;;. xU murpw;Fupa ,yl;rzq;fs;>
mwk;> cz;ik> cau;e;j Nfhl;ghLfs;> xOf;fk; vd;gtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; murpidAk; murpd; nraw;ghLfisAk; Muha;r;rp
nra;fpd;w xd;Nw jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiwahFk;.
gpNsl;Nlh kw;Wk; mup];Nlhl;by; ,jd; Kd;Ndhbfshtu;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
INuhg;gpa murpay; rpe;jidapd; gpujhd rf;jpahf ,Ue;j rprNuh>
nrd; xf];bd;> kf;f;paty;y;p> Njhk]; n`hg;];> N[hd; nyhf;>
,k;khDty;fhz;l;> n`fy;> fhu;s; khu;f;]; Nghd;Nwhu; ,e;j
mZFKiwapid Kd;itj;jtu;fspy; gpujhdkhdtu;fs;.
NkYk;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; rpe;jidahsufspy; kfhj;khfhe;j;p>
vdh vNud;b> N[hd; Nuhy;];> rhu;s;]; nla;yu; kw;Wk; Nafd;
`gu;k]; Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;. ,e;j rpe;jidahsu;fspd;
jj;Jtq;fspy; gy;NtW NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lg;NghJk;
,tu;fspilNa nghJthd Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; rpytw;iw
fz;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

1. ,tu;fs; murwptpayhsu;fshftd;wp murpay;

jj;Jttpayhsu;fshf fhzg;gl;lik.
2. ,tu;fs; midtUk; murpaiy ,yl;rp; a (Normative)
Nfhzj;j;pNyNa ghu;;j;jik. mjhtJ eilKiwf;F Vw;g
rpe;jpf;fhJ vt;thW ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gijNa rpe;jpj;jdu;.
3. murpaiy xOf;f murpayhf ,dq;fz;lJld;> mjid xOf;fk;
vDk; jsj;jpy; itj;Nj Muhae;jdu;.
jj;Jttpay; mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; %d;W cs;sd.

i. xU tplak; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilthj (Fundamental) tpdhf;fis

tpdTjYk; mtw;iw jj;Jt tprhuiz nra;jYk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 murpay; vd;gJ ahJ?
 muR vd;gJ ahJ? mJ vd;d Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf cs;sJ?
 murpw;F kf;fs; Vd; mbgzpa Ntz;Lk;?
 muR kw;Wk; Vida r%f epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;
njhlu;G ahJ?
Nghd;w tpdhf;fs; ,d;Wk; fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;w murpay;
jj;Jttpayhsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; mbg;gil tpdhf;fshFk;.

ii. jj;Jttpayhsu;fs;> cyif tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F ehq;fs;

gad;gLj;Jk; vz;zf;fUf;fspd; tpsf;fj;j;pid

A. Jareesh Page 28
 jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk;> cWjpg;gLjj;pf;nfhs;sTk; tpNrl <Lghl;bid
fhl;ly;.
cjhuzk; : ePjp> epahak;> rkj;Jtk;> Rje;jpuk;> cupikfs; Nghd;w
murwptpaypd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fspd; Mokhf NjLjy;.

iii. ,yl;rpathj mZFKiw murpaypd; ,yl;rpa Nehf;fq;fs; kPJ

fhl;L;k; mjpf <LghL. ,jw;fhf ,tu;fs;
 ,yl;rpak; (Normative) vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; “ngWkhdq;fspd;
KbTfis” cs;slf;fpaJ vd;gjhFk;.
 cyfpy; Vw;gLk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J vk;kplk; ey;yit / jPait>
rhjfk; / ghjfk; vd;w tifapy; ngWkhdj; jPu;khdq;fs; cz;L.
mt;thwhditNa ,yl;rpa ngWkhdj; jPu;khdq;fshFk;.
cjhuzk; :- fLq; Fw;wkpioj;j xUtUf;F kuz jz;lidia
fl;lhakhf;f Ntz;Lkh? vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; ed;ik / jPik>
rhjfk; / ghjfk; vDk; tifapy; ngWkhdq;fs; njhlu;ghf
jPu;g;gdTfs; cz;L.

 mNjNghd;W cyf epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghf gz;GuPjpahd kjpg;gPl;L;

mstPl;Lf; fUtpfis vkf;F toq;FtJk; ,yl;rpa
vz;zf;fUtpd; %ykhFk;.
cjhuzk; :- Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> epahaj;jd;ik

 cyfj;ij kpfTk; rpwe;j ,lkhf khw;WtJ vt;thW vd

rpe;jpg;gjw;F vkf;F cjtp toq;FtJ ,yl;rpa Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

cjhuzk; :- (i). r%fk; rkj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

(ii). murpay; [dehaf topKiwf;Fl;gl Ntz;Lk;

 murpay; jj;Jttpaypy; ,yl;rpa vz;zf;fUf;fs; rw;W cau;

kl;lj;jpyhd ,U mu;j;jq;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
I. murpay; rpe;jidfs;> Ma;T kw;Wk; tpgupg;G Nghd;Nw
murpay; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; r%fj;jpd; nghJ
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;> ey;tho;Tf;fhf ghLgl Ntz;Lk;.

II. murpay; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; vd;why; vd;d? vd;gij khj;j;puk;

tpsq;fg;gLj;JtJ my;yhky;> murpay; epWtdqfs; kw;Wk;
eilKiwfs; vt;thW mikaNtz;L;k; vd;gij
Kd;itj;jNy murpay; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fhf mika Ntz;Lk;.

A. Jareesh Page 29
 ,Jtiu vy;yh murpay; jj;;Jttpayhsu;fspdJk; rpe;jidahf
Nkw;Fwpg;g;pl;l ,U Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl
fhzg;gl;ld.

jj;Jttpay; / ,yl;rpathj mZFKiwapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;

1. ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz;zf;fUf;fspd; tpsf;fq;fis
Mokhf Ma;T nra;jy;.
2. murpay; cyF njhlu;ghf fhzg;gLk; gpujhd Kuz;g hLfis
ntspgg;Lj;j;p mtw;wp; id tpthjpj;jy;.
3. murpay; rpe;jid fl;likg;g;pd; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;
eilKiwfis ,yl;rpa gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; jpahfk; njhlu;gpy;
<LghL fhl;ly;.
4. muR vt;thW ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd Muha;tNj ,jd; gpujhdkhd
Nehf;fkhFk;.
5. murpaw; jj;Jtq;fis tpsf;Ftjd; %yk; murwptpaypd;
cs;slf;fj;ij tpsf;f Kw;gLfpd;wJ.
6. ,J kpfTk; goiktha;e;j mZFKiwahFk;.
7. vt;thW ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd Muha;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf vt;thW ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vdgij khj;jpuNk ,t;tZFKiw Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ.
,J cs;Szu;T> xOf;f tpOkpaq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhFk;.
8. ,t;tZFKiwiag; gad;gLj;jpNahu; ngUk;ghYk;
,iwapay;thjpfshfTk;> Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F MNyhrid
$WNthuhfTNk ,Ue;Js;sdu;.
9. ,t;tZFKiwapy; muR khj;jpuNk fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtjhy;
Vida murpay; mk;rq;fs; iftplg;gLfpd;wd.
10. NkYk; ,t;tZFKiwapy; gFj;jwpT gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
ed;ikfs;
1. mfepiy Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; tplaj;ij Muhaf;$bajhf
,Uj;jy;.
2. xU epr;rakhd jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L ngWkjpfis
milaf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
3. xU tplaj;ij ngWkhdk; rhu; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;f
Kbjy;.
4. xOf;f murpaYf;fhd rpwe;j mZFKiwf;F Vw;wjhf ,Uj;jy;.
jPikfs;
1. ,t;tZFKiwapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; KbTfs; eilKiwf;Fg;
nghUe;jhjpUj;jy;.
2. rkfhyg; gpur;rpidf;Fupa jPu;thf mikahjpUj;jy;.
3.

xg;gPl;L mZFKiw

A. Jareesh Page 30
xg;gL
P vd;gjd; fUj;J “njhlu;GgLj;JtJ” vd;gjhFk;.
murwptpaiy Muha;tjw;F kpf ePz;lfhykhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
gokiahd Ma;T KiwNa xg;gl P ;L mZFKiwahFk;. ,jid
Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; mup];Nlhl;by;. ,jdhNyNa
murwptpaypy; xg;gl P ;L Kiwapd; je;ij vd mup];Nlhl;by;
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whu;.
xg;gL
P fps;d %yk; nghJikg;gLj;jiy nkw;nfhs;SjNy ,jd;
Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jd; %yk; murpay; khztu;fs; gy;NtW
murpay; Kiwfs;> murpay; epWtdq;fs;> murpay; fUj;Jf;fs;
vd;gdtw;wpw;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;L rpy
KbTfSf;F tu KbAk;.
tpupthff; $wpd; ,d;W epyTk; my;yJ ,we;j fhyj;jpd; murpay;
epfo;Tfis xg;gl P ;L Muha;e;J mjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; xU rpwe;j murhq;fj;ij
cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd %yf; nfhs;iffis KbT
nra;jNy xg;glP ;L mZFKiwapd; gpujhd mk;rKk; gad;ghLk;
MFk;.
cjhuzk;

 ehnlhd;wpd; murpay; ,];jpuj;jd;ikf;F ifnfhLf;Fk;

kpfr;rpwe;;j murpayikgG; vJ? vd;gJ gw;wpa gpur;rpid
Ma;Tf;fhf cyfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w
murpayikg;Gfs; rpytw;iw xg;gl
P ;L uPjpapy; fw;f KbAk;.

 Kuz;ghL cr;r epiyiag; ngw;w ehl;bYk; rhkhjdk;

cWjpg;Lj;jg;gl;L;s;s ehl;bYk; murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ikf;F kpfTk;
nghUj;jkhd murpayikg;G vJntd Ma;T nra;tjw;F
,k;Kiwapid gad;gLj;jy;.
Fwpg;gpl;l ,U tplaq;fisNah my;yJ ,uz;bw;F nkw;gl;l
tplaq;fisNah xd;whf vLj;J tpQ;Qhdf; nfhs;iffisg;
gad;gLj;jp xg;gLP nra;tNj ,jpy; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ,q;F
guprPyidf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; tplaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> jw;fhy
tsu;r;rp> jw;fhy epiy> vjpu;fhyg; Nghf;Ffs; Mfpa midj;ijAk;
EZfpg; gFg;gha;T nra;J KbntLf;fg;gLk;.
xg;gl
P ;L KiwahdJ mJ Ma;T nra;Ak; Kiwfisg; nghWj;J 03
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1. rhjhuz xg;gl P ;lha;T
2. tpNrl xg;gl
P ;lha;T
3. tpQ;Qhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpa xg;gl
P ;lha;T
1. rhjhuz xg;gl
P ;lha;T:

A. Jareesh Page 31
 ,U Ntwgl;l epiyfis vLj;J mtw;wpd; xw;Wik
Ntw;Wikfisf; fz;lwpjNy ,k;Kiwapd; %yk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. tpgupg;G Kiwapid khj;jpuNk ,j
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf ,yq;if [dhjpgjp Kiwapid
mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp KiwAld; rhjhuz Kiwapy; xg;gpLtijf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
2. tpNrl xg;glP ;lha;T:
xU gjtpf;Fj; jFjpahdtiuj; njupT nra;tjw;F
elhj;jg;gLtNj tpnrl xg;gl
P ;lha;T MFk;. cjhuzkhf
Neu;Kfg; guPl;irapy; egu;fisj; njupT nra;jy;> moF uhzpg;
Nghl;bapy; Ml;fisj; njupT nra;jy;.

3. tpQ;Qhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpa xg;gl P ;lha;T:

Fwpg;gpl;l ,U tplaq;fisNah my;yJ ,uz;bw;F nkw;gl;l
tplaq;fisNah xd;whf vLj;J tpQ;Qhdf; nfhs;iffisg;
gad;gLj;jp xg;gLP nra;tNj ,jpy; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ,q;F
guprPyidf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; tplaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> jw;fhy
tsu;r;rp> jw;fhy epiy> vjpu;fhyg; Nghf;Ffs; Mfpa
midj;ijAk; EZfpg; gFg;gha;T nra;j ,Wjp KbT
vLf;fg;gLk;.
tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jfty;fis xg;gl P ;L
Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp rpwg;ghf rpwg;ghfg; gFg;gha;T nra;a KbAk;.
,jdhy; xg;gl
P ;L KiwahdJ tuyhw;W mZFKiwAld; xU
Jiz Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
xg;glP ;L KiwahdJ ngUk;ghYk; murpay; epWtdq;fspd; rl;l
uPjpahd mikg;Gfis khj;jpuNk Ma;T nra;ag; gad;gLfpd;wJ. me;
epWtdq;fspd; nra;wghl;bidg; ghjpf;Fk; kdpj elj;ijfs;> r%fg;
nghushjhu epyikfs;> fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs;> murpaw; fyhrhuj;jpd;
jd;ik vd;gdtw;iw Muha;tjw;fhd tha;g;G kpff; FiwthFk;.
vdpDk; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; xg;gl
P ;L Kiw jdp xU
Ma;T Kiwahf tsu;r;rp fz;L tUfpd;wJ.

mup];Nlhl;by; jdJ “murpay;” vDk; E}iy rkfhy fpNuf;fj;jpy;

eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j murpay; Kiwfis xg;gpl;L ma;T nra;J
ntspapl;lJlNdNa xg;gl
P ;L mZFKiwapd; rfhg;jk; Muk;gpj;jJ
vdyhk;.
gz;ila mwpQu;fs; khj;jpukd;wp> xg;gl P ;L Kiwia nfdd;
epAl;ld;> N[hd; nkd;l];> gpiu]; gpuG> myf;]; nuhf;tPy; Nghd;w
jw;fhy mwpQu;fs; gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdu;.

“xg;gl
P ;lha;T Kiw mjpfk; tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ik nghUe;jpajhFk;” vd
gpiu]; gpuG Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

A. Jareesh Page 32
murpaiy Vd; Xg;gl P ;L uPjpahf fw;f Ntz;Lk;? vd;gjw;F nfdd;
epAl;ld; kw;Wk; N[hd; nkd;l]; MfpNahu; “xg;glP ;L murpaYf;fhd
mbg;gil” (Foundation of Comparative Politics) vDk; gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
1. jkJ ehl;bd; murpaiy rpwg;ghf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F NtW
ehLfspd; murpay; gw;wpa mwpit ngwy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

2. xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; murpay; tuyhW> murpay; gpd;Gyk;>

murpay; epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa xg;glP ;L uPjpapyhd mwptpy;yhky;
me;ehLfspd; murpay; gw;wpa rpwg;ghd njsptpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.

xg;gl
P ;L mZFKiwapd; jd;ikfisAk; fhyj;ijAk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mJ gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1. gioik xg;gl P ;L murpay; mZFKiw
2. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; xg;glP ;L murpay; mZFKiw
3. rkfhy xg;gl
P ;L mZFKiw.

1. gioik xg;gl
P ;L murpay; mZFKiw
,t;tZFKiw Guhjd fpNuf;fk;> cNuhk;> kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa
murpay; rpe;jidfs; Clhf gazpf;fpd;wJ. mup];Nlhl;by; jdJ
murpay; (The Politics) vd;w E}ypy; mf;fhy fpNuf;f FbauRfspy;
fhzg;gl;l murpayikg;G tifg;gLj;jYf;F xg;gl
P ;L
mZFKiwapid gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. murhq;fq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis
tifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,tu; ,Utifahd mstPl;L fUtpfis
gad;gLj;jpdhu;. mit xd;W Ml;rpahsu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
kw;iwaJ murhq;fk; Coy; kpf;fjh? vd;gjhFk;. murpayikg;G
njhlu;ghd xg;gl
P ;L Ma;tpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
mup];Nlhl;by; fpNuf;fj;jpy; epytpa murpay; mikg;Gfis
Kbahl;rp> cau;Fbahl;rp> nfhLq;Nfhz;ikahl;rp> rpy;Nyhuhl;rp
kw;Wk; [dehaf Ml;rp vd tifg;gLj;jpdhu;.
2. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; xg;gl
P ;L murpay; mZFKiw
,J 1960 jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd;du; mnkupf;f gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy;
tpUj;jp mile;j xd;whFk;. ,J murpay; Ma;tpid tpQ;Qhd
uPjpahd gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,Ue;J MuhAk; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. murwptpay;
Nfhl;ghLfSk;> tpjpKiwfSk; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhd tpjpKiwfSf;F
Vw;wjhd tpQ;Qhdkhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Nj tpQ;Qhd
uPjpahd murwptpay; ghlg;gug;gpd; gpujhd juf;;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,q;F
murpay; ahg;Ngh my;yJ murpay; tuyhw;iwNah xg;gpLtjy;yhky;
vNjr;irahf mtjhdpf;ff;$ba rkfhy murpay; fUj;jpay;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; khWg;gl;l murpay; Kiwfis (Political System)

A. Jareesh Page 33
xg;gl
P ;L fw;gNj xg;gl
P ;L murpay; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhf mika
Ntz;Lk;. murpay; etPdkakhjy;> murpay; mgptpUj;jp> murpay;
fyhrhuk;> murpay; r%fkakhjy; kw;Wk; murpay; elj;ij
vd;gdNt mt;thwhd fUj;jpay;fshFk;.
3. rkfhy xg;gl
P ;L mZFKiw
rkfhy xg;gl
P ;L; murwptpaypd; tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ fPo;tUk;
mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhzyhk;.

(i) ,jd;NghJ Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jf;$ba ghlg;gug;G ngUk;ghYk;

nefpo;Tj;jd;ik kpf;fjhFk;. murpay; epWtdq;fs;> murpay;
eltbf;iffs;> murpay; epiykhw;wq;fs;> r%f murpay;
Kuz;ghLfs;> rkhjhd eltbf;iffs;> muRfspd; ,ay;Gk;
epiykhw;wKk;> [dehaf epiykhw;wj;jpd; Nghf;Ffs;>
gpuirfspd; nraw;ghLfs;> ,dthj murpay;> rptpy; r%f
murpay; nraw;ghLfs;> kdpj cupikfs;> ngz;fspd;
murpay; <LghL Nghd;w fUj;jpay;fs; cjhuzq;fshFk;.

(ii) murpay; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; [dehafk; njhlu;ghd

Kd;khjpupfspd; Clhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mstPl;L
fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jhJ ,Ug;gNjhL mt;thwhd
Kd;khjpupfs; mtrpakw;wit vd;gijNa xg;gl P ;L murpay;
tpgupf;f NtzLk;.

(iii) xt;n;thU ehl;bdJk; murpay; eilKiwfspy; ,Ue;J

xg;gl
P ;Lf; fy;t;pia ngau;j;njLj;J murpay; tpgupg;ig
gyg;gLj;JtNj xg;gl P ;L uPjpahd tpgupg;gpd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

ed;ikfs;
1. rpwe;j ehLfSld; xg;gLP fis Nkw;nfhs;Stjd; %yk; rpwe;j
murhq;f Kiwfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
2. murwptpaYf;F tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ikapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
“xg;glP ;lha;T Kiw mjpfk; tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ik nghUe;jpajhFk; ”
vd gpiu]; gpuG Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
3. fle;jfhyj;ijAk; rkfhyj;ijAk; xg;gpLtjd; %yk; rpwe;j xU
vjpu;fhyj;ij cUthf;f KbAk;.
jPikfs;
1. xg;gL
P fs; r%f fyhrhu tplaq;fis jtpu;j;J xU tpj ,ae;jpuPf
xg;gL
P fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;Nghj mJ gadw;W tpLfpd;wJ.

A. Jareesh Page 34
2. ,J ntWkNd Ngupd murpay; (Micro Politics) tplaq;fis
khj;jpuNk xg;gl
P ;L ma;T nra;ANk md;wp Ngupd murpay; (Macro
Politics) tplaq;fis Ma;T nra;Ak; jd;ik kpff;
FiwthdjhFk;.
3. xg;gL
P fis nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Ma;thsd; tpQ;Qhd
csg;ghq;F mw;wtdhf ,Ug;gpd; jtwhd KbTfisNa ngwf;
$ba epiy Vw;gLk;. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt kpfTk; mDgtk; ngw;w
Ma;thsu;fs; Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wdu;.

gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiw
murwptpaYf;F mg;ghy; cs;s Jiwfspd; Nfhl;ghL>
vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfis murwptpay; tpgupg; ;Gf;F
gad;gLj;jNt gd;ikj;Jt mZFkiw gad;gLfpd;wJ.
murwptpayhdJ gd;ndLq;fhykhf tsu;r;rp fz;l xU fw;ifj;
JiwahFk;. ,t;tsu;r;rpf; fhy fl;lj;jpy; gy;Ntwhd JiwfSld;
,ize;jk; njhlu;G nfhz;Lk; te;Js;sij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf fpNuf;f fhyj;jpd; murpay; jj;Jt Qhdpfs; (gpNsl;Nlh>
Nrhf;uB];> mup];Nlhl;by;) nka;apyhsu;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;.
mt;thNw cNuhk fhy mwpQu;fs; (rprNuh) ngUk;ghYk; rl;ltpay;>
tuyhW> ,iwapay; vd;gdtw;Wld; njhlu;Ggl;bUe;jdu;. kj;jpafhy
mwpQu;fs; (mf;fpa+dh];> md;ryk;) ,iwapy; rhu; murpay;
mwpQu;fshf fhzg;gl;ldu;. 19 njhlf;fk; 20k; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
tho;e;j ngUk;ghyhd murpay; mwpQu;fs; (nyhf;> n`hg;];>
khu;f;];> nydpd;) nghUspay;> nka;apay;> khdpltpay;> tuyhW>
cstpay; nghd;w JiwfSld; njhlu;Ggl;bUe;jdu;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fis vLj;j Nehf;Ffpd;wNghJ murwptpayhdJ
ntWk; murpay; mwpQu;fshy; khj;jpuk; Muhag;gl;l xd;W my;y.
mJ gy;NtW Jiwrhu; mwpQu;fshy; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;likahy;
gy;jiw rhu; njhlu;Gfisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt
murwptpay; gd;ikj;Jtk; rhu;e;j nfhs;iffisf; nfhz;Lk;
cs;sijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> muR gw;wpa khf;rpr
nfhs;if> muR gw;wpa jhuhsthjf; nfhs;if. ,it murpay;>
nghUspay; Mfpa ,U tpjkhd jsq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
nfhs;iffshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk; rkfhyj;jpy; r%ftpay;>
cstpay; Nghd;w JiwfSlDk; Neubahf rk;ke;jg;gLtijf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ.
vdNt Nkw;$wg;gl;ljd; gpufhuk; gd;ikthjk; vd;w
vz;zf;fUthdJ gpd;tUk; 03 mk;rq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

i. murpayhdJ> Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;Jiwahf

milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jhYk; r%fj;jpd; Vida gpupTfSld;
murpayhdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT ngupjhfNth> rpwpjhfNth

A. Jareesh Page 35
 njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. cjhuzk;:
nghUspay;> cstpay;> r%ftpay;> khdpltpay;.

ii. murwptpaypy; jdf;Nf cupj;jhd Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;

vz;zf;fUf;fs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; Vida ghlg;gug;Gfspd;
Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; vz;zf;fUf;fNshL ,J jq;fpapUg;gJ
kw;Wk; mjd; %yk; Nghrpf;fg;gLtJk;. cjhuzk;;: jhuhz;ik
thjk;> nrhj;Jlikthjk;> ngz;zpay; thjk;

iii. Vida r%f tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;JiwfSf;F cupa

tpjpKiwfSld; murwptpay; njhlu;GglYk; mjd; %yk;
Nghrpf;fg;gLtJk;.
gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiw murwptpaYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjw;F
gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

 murpay; vd;gJ r%fj;jpy; Vida mk;rq;fspy; tpLgl;L

,Ug;gjy;yhky; mJ r%fj;Jld; ,ize;Js;sJkhd
Njhw;wg;ghnlhd;whf ,Uj;jy;.
cjhuzk; :- [dehafk; kw;Wk; rhjp KiwfSf;Fkpilapyhd
njhlu;Gfs.; ,J ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;j;pa murpay; fyhrhuj;jpYk;
cs;s Kf;fpa fUj;j;payhtNjhL> rpf;fyhd epiy xd;iwAk;
cUthf;Fk;. ,jid rupahf mwpe;J nfhs;tjhapd; r%ftpay;
kw;Wk; khDltpay; mZFKiwfs; murwptpay; Ma;Tf;F
mtrpakhFk;.

 murwptpayhdJ xU r%f tpQ;Qhdkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; mJ

Vida r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;L jkJ Ma;Tfis
Kd;itf;fj; jiyg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzk;:
 Nju;Kiw njhlu;ghd Ma;Tf;F Gs;sptpgutpaiyg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 rl;lk; gw;wpa Ma;Tf;F nka;apiyg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

tpQ;Qhd (elj;ijthj) mZFKiw

elj;ijthj mZFKiw (Behavioural Approach)
murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; elj;ijthjk; kpf Kf;fpakhd
mZFKiwahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;g fhyq;fspy; ,Ue;jJ
Nghd;W murpay; epWtdq;fisNah mjd; tuyhw;W
mgptpUj;jpfisNah gw;wpf; fw;fhJ murpaypy; gq;J nfhs;fpd;w kdpj
elj;ij gw;wpa Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J 20k; Ehw;whz;bd;
Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; tYg;ngw;wJ.

A. Jareesh Page 36
1908 Mz;L fpufk; nthy]pdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l “murpaypy;
kdpjDila ,aw;ifahw;wy; (Human Nature in Politics)” vd;w EhypYk;
Mju; F nghd;ypDila “murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghq;F (The Process of
Govemment)” vd;w EhypYk; kdpj elj;ij gw;wpa fUj;J murpaypy;
ca;thq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; yh];nty;
vd;gtUk; elj;ijthjk; gw;wp Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jpf; $wpdhu;.

“murwptpay;” vd;gjw;F ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; tpsf;fNk “tpQ;Qhd

tpjp Kiwfs;” (Scientific Method) vd;gij gad;gLj;jp murpaiy
Ma;T nra;jy; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j Gjpa tpsf;fk;> murwptpay;
cz;ikahd J}a tpQ;Qhdkhf khw Ntz;Lkhapd; mJ ,aw;if
tpQ;Qhdq;fs;> nghUspay; kw;Wk; cstpay; Nghd;wtw;wp; y;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpQ;Qhd tpjpKiwfis jkJ tpjpKiwfshf
gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

tpQ;Qhd mZFKiwapd gz;Gfs; murwptpaypy;

,lk;ngWk; tpjk;.
 “nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;Tfs;” %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;
tplaq;fs;> rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk; juTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
mwptpid cUthf;FtNj r%f> murpay; fw;ifapd; ,yf;fhFk;.

 tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; r%f – murwptpay; tpgupg;G

Nehf;fk; rhu;ej;jhf (Objective) ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ>
tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; “mwpT” vkJ jdpg;gl;l
tpUg;G ntWg;GfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL>
tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd murpay; mwpT Ma;thsupd; jdpg;gl;l
KbTfspy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

 mj;NjhL r%f – murpay; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; ehk;

fl;bnaOg;gpAs;s mwpT kw;Wk; KbTfs;> ngWkhdq;fspd;
KbTfs; ,d;wp (Value Free) ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

 VNjDk; Njhw;wg;ghL njhlu;ghf MuhAk;NghJ mjd; rup gpio>

ed;ik jPik vd;w jPu;khdq;fis Kd;itf;fhJ Gwepiy rhu;e;j
juTfisAk; rhd;WfisAk; kl;LNk Mjhukhff; nfhz;L
mtjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; gFg;gha;TfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; KbTfis tpQ;Qhd csg;ghq;Fld;
ntspapLjYk; Ntz;Lk;.

,q;F ,aw;if tpQQ;hd tpjpKiwfspy; ,Ue;J r%f

tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jNy “ngWkhdq;fs; tpLtpf;fg;gl;l
mwpT” (Value free knowledge) vd;gNj ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l

A. Jareesh Page 37
%yf;nfhs;ifahFk;. ,J J}a tpQ;Qhd Kiwapy; ,Ue;J r%f
tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l %yf;nfhs;ifahFk;.

tpQ;Qhd mZFKiwAk; elj;ijthjKk;

murwptpaypy; elj;ijthjk; (Behaviorism / Behaviounalism) vd;gJ
kdpjdpd; murpay; elj;ijia Muha;tij gpujhdkhff; nfhz;l
xd;whFk;.

1920 ,y; Muk;gkhfp 1930 – 40 jrhg;jq;fspy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w

tifapy; murwptpay; ghug;gpYk; Ma;TfspYk; ghupa jhf;fk;
nrYj;jpaJ. ,e;epiyahdJ> “elj;ijrhu; tpLjiy” vd 20Mk;
E}w;whz;by; murwptpaypd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhff; $wg;gl;lJ.
nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jf;$ba murpay; elj;ij>
mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> mjd; ntspg;ghLfs; vd;gdtw;iwNa
elj;ijthjk; eLepiy epd;W ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
jdpegu;fs; murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. murpaypy;
jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. jkJ murpay; elj;ijfspy; jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jk; murpay; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fs; mtu;fSf;F
cz;L. ,itNa murpay; elj;ijfshFk;. ,e;j elj;ijia
nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;j KbAk;. ,k;n;ka;g;g;pf;ff;$ba
Matpd; %yk; NghJkhd juTfis ngwKbAk.;
cjhuzk; :- Nju;jy;fspy; thf;fhsu;fs; thf;fspj;jy; njhlu;ghf
nka;g;gpf;ff;$baJk; msT uPjpahd juTfis ,yFthfg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j juTfis Mz; / ngz;> fy;tp kll;k>;
njhopy>; fpuhk / efu> taJ vDk; kl;ljj;py; tifgg;Lj; KbAk.;
,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;J
elj;ij Nfhyq;fs;> Nghf;Ffs;> Fztpay;Gfs;> vzz;pf;ifapyhd
juTfs; %yk; (ml;ltiz> tiuGfs>; tPjq;fsspd; JizAld);
ngWNgWfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

elj;ijthjj;jpd; mz;ikf;fhy Nghf;Ffs;

gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wy; (Political Participation) njhlu;gpy;
Ma;T nra;tNj elj;ijthj Ma;Tfspd; mz;ikf;fhy Nghf;fhf
mikfpd;wJ. ,J nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;Tfspd; %yk; gFg;gha;T
nra;af;$ba nraw;ghlhFk;. mnkupf;f elj;ijthjpfs;
mz;ikf;fhykhf ,J njhlu;gpy; ngupJk; mf;fiw fhl;bAs;sdu;.

A. Jareesh Page 38
elj;ijthjk; 1920 jrhg;jq;fspy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L 1950 – 1960
jrhg;jq;fspy; mJ midj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gpupthf khwpdhYk;
1970 fspy; gpd;du; gpd;dilT mile;jJ. ,jw;F kpfg; gpujhd
fhuzpahf Nltpl; <];ld; fhzg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; “murpay;
tpQ;Qhdpfs; nghUj;jkw;w tplaj;jpd; kPJ jkJ fhyj;ij
nrytpl;Ls;sdu;” vd;;W $wpa tpku;rdf; fUj;J Gjpa murpay;
tpQ;Qhdpfis elj;ij thjj;ij tpl;Lk; J}ug;gLj;jpaJ.

,jd; kPJ fhzg;gl;l tpku;rdk; vd;dntdpy;> murpay; elj;ijapid

kl;Lk; Ma;T nra;jypy; mtjhdk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; murwptpay;
tpgupg;gpd; tplag;gug;G RUq;Ftjw;F ngupJk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ
vd;gjhFk;. murpay; elj;ij> murpaypd; xU gpupT kl;LNk
vd;gjhy; Vida gpupTfis fUj;jpw; nfhs;shik mtw;wpd; murpay;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ,y;yhJ nra;JtpLk;.
,jd;gb 1970 jrhg;jq;fspy; elj;ijthj mZFKiwapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwtile;J> jj;Jthu;j;j> tuyhw;W kw;Wk;
r%ftpay; mZFKiwfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kPz;Lk; Nknyoj;
njhlq;fpaJ.
,e;j khw;wq;fNshL elj;ijthjkhdJ 1970> 80 jrhg;jq;fspy; gpd;
elj;ijthj (Post Baheviaral) fhyfl;lj;j;pw;Fs; te;jJ.
nkag;gp; ff;f$;ba kwW;k ;mDgtkr;hu; murpay; rpe;jidg; gs;spfspd;
Mjpf;fk; tPo;r;rp mile;jik ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; kw;WnkhU
Nghf;fhFk;. ,kk;hww;j;jpw;F khf;];thjk;> et khf;];thjk;>
ypguy;thjk;> jj;Jthu;j;j - ngz;zpay;thjk;; kw;Wk; gpd;
etPdj;Jtthjk; Nghd;w ghlj;Jiwfspdhy; Vw;gl;l rthy;fs;
fhuzkhfpd.

elj;ijthjj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
1. Ma;tpw;Fupa nghUs;: elj;ijthjk; Ez;ghf (rpw;wpd – Micro)
tplaq;fisNa ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wJ. XU murpaw; r%fj;jpy;
,lk;ngWk; khztg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;> tFg;Gthjg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;>
Nju;jy; elj;ij> murpay; td;nray; Nghd;w rpw;wpd tplaq;fNs
Ma;Tg; nghUshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

2. Ma;tpy; tpQ;Qhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;: elj;ijthjk;

jj;Jtj;j mZFKiwf;Fg; gjpyhf tpQ;Qhdk; rhu;e;j my;yJ
nrad;Kiw rhu;e;j mZFKiwfF ,lk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
elj;ijthjpfs; nghJtpjpfis mikg;gJld; epd;WtplhJ mjid
nka;gpf;fTk; Kw;gLfpd;wdu;. ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; kdpj elj;ijNahL
rk;ke;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F Jy;ypakhd
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. elj;ijthjpfs; jkJ Ma;tpy;

A. Jareesh Page 39
 tpdhf;nfhj;J Kiw> Nghl;b Kiw> jdpahy; Ma;T Nghd;w
Ma;TKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,JNt murwptpaypd;
tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

3. Jiwapilrhu; mZFKiw: elj;ijthjk; murwptpaYf;Fk; gpw

r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUq;fpa njhlu;ig
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kdpjdpd; murpay; elj;ijia MuhAk;NghJ
mtw;iw ghjpf;Fk; r%f nghUshjhu cstpaw; fhuzpfisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J murwptpaYf;Fk; r%ftpay; nghUspay;
khdpltpay; Nghd;w JiwfSf;Fk; ,ilNa neUq;fpa njhlu;ig
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

4. njhFj;jwp Kiwia gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJ.

5. ek;gfj;;jd;ik nfhz;l vjpu;T $wiyj;juf;$bajhf
mike;Js;sJ.
6. murhq;f jhgdq;fSld; njhlu;Gila kdpj elj;ijia Ma;T
nra;jy;.

elj;ijthjj;jhy; murwptpaYf;F Vw;gl;l

ed;ikfs;
 murwptpay; tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ikAs;sjhf khwpaik.
 murwptpay; ghlg;gug;G tsu;r;rpaile;jik.
 murwptpay; tuyhW fw;fpd;w ghlk; vd;w epiy khwp kdpjdJ
md;whl tho;tpy; gad;gLk; ghlkhf khwpAs;sJ.
 gpur;rpidia jPu;f;Fk; fw;ifahf khwpaik.

elj;ijthjj;jhy; murwptpaYf;F Vw;gl;l

jPikfs;
 elj;ij thjk; vd;gJ kdpj elj;ijfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;ljhapDk;> kdpjd; gw;wpa nghJj;jd;ikapid Kd;itf;f
KbahJs;sJ. mj;Jld; elj;ijthjk; vd;gJ mnkupf;f murpay;
kdpjidAk; me;ehl;L murpay; KiwikapidAk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;likahy; mjd; KbTfis Vid
ehLfSf;Fk; r%fq;fSf;Fk; Kd;itf;f KbahJ.
 kdpj elj;ijfs; khwf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjdhy; rupahd Kbit
vk;khy; Kd;itf;f KbahJ.
 elj;ijthjpfs; tpQ;Qhd El;g KiwfSf;F Njitaw;w
Kf;fpahj;Jtj;ij toq;FtJld; me;El;g Kiwfis gad;gLj;j
Kbahj Jiwfis Ntz;Lnkd;Nw iftpLfpd;wdu;.
 elj;ij thjpfs; msTf;fjpfkhf Vida tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwfspy;
jq;fpapUg;gjhy; murwptpaypd; RahjPdj; jd;ikapid ,of;fr;
nra;Jtpl;ldu;.

A. Jareesh Page 40
 elj;ijthjkhdj murpay;thjpfis> elj;ijthjpfs;>
kuGrhu;thjpfs; vd ,uz;lhf tFj;jik.
 elj;ijthjk; vd;gJ murwptpaypd; xu gFjp khj;jpuNk. ,jid
g+uzkhf elj;ijthjpfs; Ma;T nra;aj; njhlq;fpaJnk
murwptpaypd; Vida gFjpfs; midj;ijAk; elj;ijthjpfs;
iftptpLk; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lik.

murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiw

murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiw (Political Economy Approach)
jw;N;ghJ Kw;WKOjhf khf;];thj Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
mZFKiwapNyNa milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 19Mk;
E}ww;hz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w rpe;jidahd
khf;];thjj;jpd; jj;Jtk;> nghUspay;> murpaypy; kw;Wk; r%f
tpQ;Qhd gpupTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
murpay; nghUspay; vd;w vz;zf;fU 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
INuhg;gpa rpe;jidahsu;fshNyNa Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nghUs; cw;gj;jp> re;ijg;gLj;jy; / tu;j;jfk;> Njrpa tUkhdk;

Nghd;w nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwfs; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifNahL
njhlu;GgLfpd;w Kiw> nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwf;F murhq;fj;jpd;
nfhs;iffspd; ntspg;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw Ma;T nra;tNj ,jd;
Muk;gfhy nraw;ghlhf mike;jJ. ,jd; gpujhd
rpe;jidahsu;fshf

 mlk; ];kpj;
 Nltpl; upf;fhNlh
 N[hd; ];thl; kpy;
 Njhk]; ky;J}]; MfpNahu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
fhu;s; khf;]; murpay; nghUspay; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gl;l ,e;j
kuGrhu; vz;zq;fis khw;wpaikj;jhu;. nghUshjhu Jiwgw;wp
tpupthf Ma;Tnra;jNjhL 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; murpay;
nghUspayhsu;fs; nra;ahj tifapy; Nfhl;ghl;L; Kiwik (A
Theoritical System) xd;iw fl;bnaOg;gpaik fhu;s;khf;]pd;
fUj;Jf;fspy; fhzg;gl;l etPd kw;Wk; tpNrl gz;nghd;whf
,Ue;jJ. ,t;tZFKiw “tuyhw;W nghUs;Kjy;thjk;” (Historical
Materialism) vd milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,J kdpj

 tuyhW
 r%f fl;likg;G

A. Jareesh Page 41
  nghUshjhuk;
 murpay;
 fiy
 fyhrhuk;
 murpay;
 rpe;jidfs;
Nghd;w midj;ijak; KOikahf vLj;J mtw;wpw;fpilNaAk;
mtw;wpd; gFjpfSf;F ,ilNaAk; cs;s njhlu;gpidf; fw;gjw;fhf
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l KiwhaFk;.

,e;j tuyhw;W nghUs;Kjy;thj mZFKiwapd; gpujhd

Nfhl;ghl;bd; mq;fq;fs; rpythFk;. mitahtd>

i. KO r%fj;jpdJk; xl;Lnkhj;jj;ij (Totality) fUjpf;nfhz;Nl

kdpj r%fj;ij Ma;Tnra;Ak;NghJ ehq;fs; mjw;fhf
cs;Eisa Ntz;Lk;. “r%f xOq;fikg;G” vd;gJ (Social
Formation) ,e;j r%f xl;L;nkhj;;jj;ij
milahsgg;LjJ;tjw;fhf cUthf;fpf;nfhz;l Nfhl;ghl;L
vz;zf;fUthFk;.

ii. r%f xOq;fikg;G gpujhdkhf ,U jsq;fspyhdJ.

mitahtd>
1. nghUshjhu mbg;gil (Economic Base)
2. r%f> murpay;> fyhrhu vz;zq;fis cs;slf;fpa cau;
fl;likg;G (Super Structure)

iii. r%f cau; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; guptu;j;jidfSk;

khw;wq;fSk; xd;wpypUe;j kw;waJ RahjPdkhf epfo;tjpy;iy.
mtw;wpw;F RahjPd ,Ug;Gf; fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,Wjpapy;
mk;khw;wq;fs; nghUshjhug; gug;gpy; vw;gLk; khw;wq;fshfNt
,Uf;Fk;.

iv. “tu;f;f Nghuhl;lkhNk” (Class Struggle) nghUshjhu> r%f

kw;Wk; murpay; gupkhww;j;jpd; mbg;gil
epiyiknahd;whFk;. ,J r%fj;jpd; xd;Wf;nfhd;W vjpuhd
mgpyhirfis cila tu;f;fq;fshf tifg;gLj;jypd;
tpisNtahFk.; nghUshjhu fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L ,g;gpuptpidfs; eilngWfpd;wJ. tu;f;fg; gpupTfspd;
mbg;gilNyNa r%fj;jpd; nghUshjhu tsq;fSf;F
cupj;Jila my;yJ cupj;jpy;yhj tFg;Gfs; NtWgLfpd;wd.
tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lkhdJ nghUshjhu gykpf;f kw;Wk; gykw;w
tu;f;fq;fSf;fpilapy; eilngWfpd;wJ.

A. Jareesh Page 42
ngupJk; nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba / ju;f;fpf;ff;$ba elj;ijthj murpay;
mZFKiwfSf;F khw;WKiwahfNt ,e;j mbg;gil khf;]pa
Nfhl;ghl;bd; fUj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L murpay;
nghUshjhu mZFKiw murpay; ghlj;Jiwapy; gpuNtrpjj;J.
murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiwapy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jpa
murwptpayhsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpQ;Qhd /
elj;ijthj;jpw;F vjpuhf gy tpku;rdq;fis Kd;itj;jdu;. mit
gpd;tUkhW>
1. murpaypy; fhzg;gLk; rupahd> Mokhd fUj;jpay;fis
my;yhky; mjd; Nkyhl;lkhd ntspg;ghLfisNa
elj;ijthj murwptpay; cz;ikahf Muha;fpd;wJ.
2. elj;ijthj murwptpay; murpay; uPjpahf njhd;Wnjhl;L
tUtjhFk;. (khw;wq;fSf;Fl;glhJ)
3. r%fj;jpd; murpay; fl;likg;Gfis khw;Wjy; my;yJ
kWrPuikg;G nra;tjy;yhky; mtw;iw mt;thNw nfhz;L
nry;tNj eilngWfpd;wJ. ,J eilKiwapy; cs;s
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Ffpd;wJ.
khf;];thj <u;g;gpid ngw;w murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiwapd;
Kf;fpakhd rpe;jidahsu;fs; Kd;itj;j khw;W murpay;
mZFKiwapd; gz;GfSk; gpupTfSk; gy gpd;tUkhW>
1) murpay; cyfj;jpid tpgupf;Fk;NghJ mjpy; fhzg;gLk;
nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; tu;f;fq;fisAk; milahsk;
fz;L mit njhlu;ghfnt ma;T nra;jy;.
2) murpayhdJ> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f tu;f;f
rhjdq;fspdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij
vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wik.
3) murpaypd; mjpKf;fpa (Fundamental) fUj;jpayhf mjpfhuk;>
,iwik> tFg;G ghFghLfs;> tu;ff; Kuz;ghLfs;> muR>
mjpfhu vjpu;g;G r%f ntspg;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
fUJfpdw;ik.
4) murpay; fw;ifahdJ> r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhuk; Nghd;w
Jiwfspy; fhzg;gl;l Mjpf;fj; jd;ikfis jPtpu
tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w ,yf;NfhL
,Uj;jy;.
5) r%f> murpay; gupkhw;wj;jpwF; tpku;rd murpay; Ma;T
cjt Ntz;Lk; vd ek;Gjy;.

r%ftpay; mZFKiw
murpayhdJ r%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; Kiwia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s
vkf;F r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khdpltpay; mZFKiwfs; ngupJk;

A. Jareesh Page 43
gaDiladthFk;. murpaypy; gpuirfs; Vd; gq;Fg;gw;Wfpd;wdu;?
fpuhkpa kw;Wk; r%f kl;lj;jpy; murpay; mjpfhuk; ahuplk; cs;sJ?
nrhj;J> rhjp> FLk;g gpd;dzp> ghy;epiy (Mz; ngz; jd;ik)
Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; gpuirfspd; murpay; fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghl;by;
vt;thW jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd? murpay; kw;Wk; murpay;
fl;rpfsplk; r%f uPjpahf fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfis tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;F ,JNghd;w tpdhf;fSf;F ehk; tpil fhz;gJ
mtrpakhFk;. vdpDk; mjw;fhd mZFKiw kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs;
Njit. murwptpay; ,jw;fhf r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khdpltpay;
mZFKiw vd;gtw;iw ,jw;F tpisjpwd; nfhz;ljhf gad;gLj;j
KbAk;.
murpay; epfo;rr
; pfis r%ftpaw; fhuzpfSld; ,ize;J mtw;iw
mwpa Kaw;rpf;Fk; xU KiwNa r%ftpay; mZFKiwahFk;.
r%ftpay; mZFKiwahdJ jdJ ma;tpid murpaypy;
Muk;gpj;J gpd;du; mjidj; jhz;br; nrd;W murpay; epfo;rr; pfis
mtw;wpd; r%fg; nghUshjhuf;’ Nfhzq;fspy; ,ue;j Ma;T
nra;fpd;wJ. murpaypy; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLtij tpl
gpd;dzpapy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; r%ff; fhuzps; kpf kf;fpakhdit vd
typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ghuk;gupa mZFKiwfs; murpd; vy;iyf;F
cl;gl;ltw;iwNa Muha r%ftpay; mZFKiwahdJ r%fj;jpd;
gy;Ntwhd gupkhzq;fisAk; Ma;T nra;J Kbtpw;F tUfpd;wJ.

murwptpaYf;Fk; r%ftpaYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

r%ftpay; (Socialogy) murwptpaNyhL kpf neUq;fpa njhlu;Gila

tplag;gug;ghFk;. ,t;tplaq;fspuz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhf 19Mk;
E}w;whz;by; mnkupf;f gy;fiyf;fofj;jhy; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. 20Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,t;NtWgLj;jy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk;
me;j tplaq;fs; ,uz;Lf;Fkpilapy; ,iltpidj;njhlu;Gfs; ,d;Wk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. “murpay; r%ftpay;” (Political Sociology) murpay;
kw;Wk; r%ftpay; mZFKiwfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; neUq;fpa
cwtpy;; fl;bnaOg;gl;l murwptpaYk;; r%ftpaypdJk; xU cg
gpupthFk;.
murwptpay; fw;if kw;Wk; tpgupg;G> r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;>
mZFKiw kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfspy; ngUk;ghYk; gyid
ngw;Ws;sd. mj;NjhL 19> 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspd; Kjw;gFjpapy;
,t;tplag;gug;Gfs; ,uz;Lk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Ggl;Nl
fhzg;gl;lJ.

 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;j;py; Mf];l; nfhk;N;l> fhs;khf;];

kw;Wk; nkf;];n;tgu; Nghd;w rpe;jidahsu;fs; etPd
murwptpaypdJk; r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfspdJk; Kd;Ndhbfshtu;.

A. Jareesh Page 44
 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; jpwikahd
Ma;thsu; FOnthd;Wld; ngd;f;Ngu;l; rpe;jid thjpfs;
Ma;Tnra;j Jiwfs; murwptpay;> r%ftpay; Mfpa
,uz;NlhLk; njhlu;Gilajhf fhzg;gl;lJ.

 murwptpaypy;> r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khdpltpay; Jiwapd;

nry;thf;fpid murwptpaypd; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
Mfpa ,U mk;rq;fspYk; fhzyhk.;

 murpay; fUj;jpay; uPjpahf r%ftpay; Ma;T vg;nghOJk; r%f

fl;likg;G> r%f mikg;Gfs;> r%f myFfs; kdpjd; kw;Wk;
r%fj;jpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;G> r%f tu;f;fk;> r%f gupkhw;wk;
kw;Wk; ,itaidj;NjhLk; njhlu;Gw;W eilngWk; kdpj
nraw;ghLfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpNyNa
eilngWfpd;wd.

 murpaw; r%ftpay; vd;w xU gFjp murwptpaypy;

fhzg;gLtjhdJ ,t;tpU Jiwfspd; neUf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

 ypg;nrw; vd;gtu; “murpay; xOq;FKiwapidg; gFg;gha;tpw;fhd

ngUk;gFjpahf mq;fPfupf;fhky; r%fk; gw;wpa fy;tpia
r%ftpayhsu;fs; ahUk; fw;ftpy;iy. mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; mNef
murpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs; r%ftpay;> cstpay; cwTfs; ,y;yhky;
murpay; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jw; fy;tp rhj;jpakpy;iy” vd;whu;.

 &Nrh> nyhf;> n`hg;];> khf;]; Nghd;w murpay; mwpQu;fs;

r%ftpaYf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sdu;.

 ngz;zpay;thjk;;> murpay; cau;Fohk;> Nghd;wd r%ftpay;

vz;zf;fUf;fs; murwptpaYld; Ma;T nra;ag;gLtJ ,t;tpU
JiwfspdJk; xd;wpg;Gf;Fr; rpwe;j rhd;whFk;.

 murwptpay; Ma;T nra;fpd;w rpy gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk;

fUj;jpay;fs; njhlu;ghf r%fj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa gue;j kw;Wk;
Mokhd njspnthd;wpidg; ngw;Wfn;fhs;s Nkw;Fwpgg;pl;l
r%ftpay; kw;Wk; cstpay; mZFKiwAk; kpfTk;
gaDilajhFk.;
cjhuzk;: murpay; fl;rpfs; vd;git murwptpay; Ma;tpy;
Kf;fpakhdnjhU fUj;jpayhFk;. murwptpayhsu;fs; fl;rpfs;
njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; rk;gpujha tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; Ma;T
nra;jdu;.

 fl;rpfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;
 Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdk;
 fl;rpfspd; tuyhW

A. Jareesh Page 45
  fl;rpj; jiytu;fspd; ciufs;
 gj;jpupif nra;jpfspy; ntspaplg;gLk; jfty;fs;
 fl;rpj; jiytu;fspd; fye;Jiuahly;fs;
,it r%fj;jpDs; nraw;gLk; Kiwapd; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd
gf;fq;fshFk;. vdpDk; ,J murpay; fl;rpfs; njhlu;gpy;
KOikahd tpgupg;gpid nra;atpy;iy.

ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiw
Feminism vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy; Femina vDk; ,yj;jPd;
nkhopapypUe;J cUthdJ. ,jd; nghUs; ngz;ikf;Fupa
,ay;Gfis cilats; vd;gjhFk;. ,r;nrhy; jkpopy; ngz;zpak;>
ngz;zpiythjk;> ngz; epiy Vw;G> kfspupay;> ngz;
eyf;nfhs;if Mfpa nrhw;fshy; miof;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
ngz;zpay;thjk;vd;gJ ngz;fspd; vy;yhr; rpf;fy;fisAk;
Gupe;Jnfhz;L mtw;iwf; fisa Kw;gLk; ,af;fkhFk;. mjd;%yk;
cyfstpy; murpay;> gz;ghL>nghUshjhuk;> Md;kPfk; Mfpatw;wpy;
ey;y khw;wj;ij cUthf;fpl KbAk;. rhHyl; gd;r; vd;gtH>
“ngz;zpay;thjk;vd;gJ ngz;fSf;fhd cupikfisg; ngw;Wj;
jUtJ kl;Lky;y> r%fj;ijNa khw;wpaikf;f Kay;tjhFk; " vd;W
vLj;Jiug;ghH.
njw;fhrpa ehLfs;> ngz;fs; r%fk;> mYtyfk;> FLk;gk;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; xLf;fg;gLtJ gw;wpa tpopg;GzHr;rpiaAk; mj;jifa
,opTgLj;Jk; Nghf;fpid khw;wpaikf;f Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk;
xUtiunahUtH Gupe;Jnfhz;L nray;gLk; jd;ikiag;
ngz;zpay;thjk;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ngz;zpay;thjk; vd;gJ ngz;fis jho;TgLj;Jk; r%f> murpay;>
nghUshjhu eilKiwfs;> fl;likg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;
rkj;Jtkpd;ikiaf; vjpHf;Fk; ftdg;gLj;Jk; r%f> fyhrhu>
murpay; ,af;fq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs;> Nfhl;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; Nfhl;ghlhfTk; ,J
tiuaWf;fg;gLtJz;L. ngz;zpaj;ij tiuaWg;gnjd;gJ $l
rpf;fyhdjhf ,Ug;gJz;L.
rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; %yq;fs;> rkj;Jtj;ij miltjw;fhd
topKiwfs;> ghy; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy milahsq;fis tpkHrpg;gJ>
Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jtjw;fhd vy;iyfs; Nghd;wd njhlHgpy;
ngz;zpaiythjpfspilNa fUj;J NtWghLfs; cz;L. ghy;
milahsq;fshd Mz; - ngz; Nghd;wit ntWkNd r%fj;jhy;
fl;likf;fg;gl;litNa vd;w thjq;fSk; cs;sd.
jw;fhyg; ngz;zpay;thjpfs; ngz;zpaj;ij ,d> r%f> fyhrhu>
kj vy;iyfisf; flf;Fk; mbg;gil ,af;fkhff; fUJfpd;wdH. xU

A. Jareesh Page 46
tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f ngz;zpa ,af;fkhdJ td;GzHr;rp> jfhg;GzHr;rp>
ghypaw; njhopy; Nghd;w nghJg;gpur;rpidfisAk; Fwpj;j
r%fq;fSf;Fupa rpwg;Gg; gpur;rpidfisAk; ftdj;jpnyLf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,tHfs; thjpLfpd;wdH.
murpay; kw;Wk; r%f Ma;Tfspy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
ngz;zpay;thjk;; fw;if newpahf 1970 fspy; khw;wkile;jJ. ,J
ngzz;pay;thj fw;ifj; Jiwapd; gpujhd gpupthFk.;
ngzz;pay;thj mZFKiw murpay; njhlu;gpy; mjpKf;fpa
tpdhf;fis vOg;gpaJ kl;Lkpd;wp “murpay;” vd;w vz;zf;fUtpd;
tpsf;fj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;jJ.
murpay; tpgupg;gpd;NghJ ngz;zpay;thjk;; njhlu;gpy; vOg;gg;gl;l
tpdhf;fs; ghuk;gupa murwptpaypd; gy;NtW gpurr;pidfspy; ,Ue;J
ngupJk; khWg;gl;lJ.
cjhuzkhf>
1. murpay; vd;w Jiwapy; Vd; ngz;fs; Gwe;js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;?
2. murpay; Jiwia Mz;fspd; Jiwahf njhlu;e;Jk; Ngz
Ntz;Lkh?
3. r%f tuyhw;wpd; Clhf ngz;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyf;F>
js;sg;gl;likf;Fk; Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;fg;gl;likf;Fk; ghugl;rk;
fhl;lYf;F Mshf;fg;gl;bUj;jYf;Fk; fhuzk; ahJ?; mtt;hW
nra;tij njhlu;e;Jk; itjj;pUg;gjh?
4. ngz;fis Jd;gj;j;pw;F cs;shf;Fk; r%f> murpay>; fyhrhu
fUjj;pay; fl;likg;Gfs; ahit?
5. r%f kw;Wk; kdpj tpLjiy njhlug;py; ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk;
rkTilikthjq;fspd; mDgtq;fs; NghJkhdjh?
,t;thwhd tpdhf;fis Muha;tjd; %yk; ngz;zpay;thjj;jpd;
murpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpgupg;Gf;F Gjpa Nfhl;ghL /
vz;zf;fUf;fspd; tiffs; gy Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

 ghy;epiy (Gender)
 Mz; ngz; njhopy; NtWghLfs; (Male-Female Division of
Labour)
 Mz; jiyikj;Jtk; (Patriarchy)
 ngz; Jd;GWj;jy; (Women’s Oppressions)
 Mz; ikathjk; (Androcentrism)
 Mzhjpf;fk; (Male Domination)
 ngz; tpLjiy (Women’s Liberation)
Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fs; ,jpy; Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

A. Jareesh Page 47
murwptpay; Ma;T tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; ngz;zpay;thj
mZFKiwapdhy; khw;wkile;j Kiwia gpd;tUkhW RUf;fpf;
$wyhk;.
1. muR> murpay; mjpfhuk;> [dehafthjk;>
nghJTilikthjk;> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> ePjp>
epahaj;jd;ik> cupikfs;> ghugl;rk; fhl;Ljy;> Ruz;ly;>
mOj;jk;> vjpu;g;G> mur nfhs;if> gpurhTupik Nghd;w
murwptpaypy; fhzg;gLk; mjpKf;fpa vz;zf;fUf;fs;;
midj;ijAk; ghy;epiy vDk; vz;zf;fU Clhf Nru;j;jy;.

2. tFg;G ,dk;> r%fk;> gpuir Nghd;wd murwptpaypd;

mjpKf;fpa milahs vz;zff;Uff;spy; Mz; ngz;
ghy;epiyia ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

3. murpay; vd;gJ nghJkf;fs; mikg;gpd;%yk; (Public Sphere)

eilngWk; nraw;ghlhFk; vd fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fspdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpid
khw;wp jdpahs; gq;Fgw;wypy; (Private Sphena) murpay;
eilngWk; Jiwahf Vw;Wf; n;fhs;sy;.

4. kdpjd; kw;Wk; r%f tpLjiyAk; (Emancipation) njhlu;gpy;

ghuk;gupa jj;Jtj;jpw;F ngz;fs; tpLjiy (Emancipation of
Women) vd;gijAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

ngz;zpay;thjj;jpd; tifg;ghLfs;
ngz;zpay;thjk; rhHe;J ,aq;Fk; rf;jpfspd; r%f> murpay;>
Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rhHG epiyfisf;nfhz;L ngz;zpay;thjk; gy
tifg;ghLfSs; mlf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpkHrdk;> Ma;T Kaw;rpfis
,yFgLj;jTk;> NtW gy NjitfSf;Fkhfr; nra;ag;gLk; ,j;jifa
tifg;gLj;jy; KOikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtrpak;
,y;iy.
1. Kjy; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;
2. ,uz;lhk; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;
3. %d;whk; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;
Kjy; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;
Kjy; miy ngz;zpay;thjk; (First-wave feminism) vd;gJ
ngz;zpa ,af;fj;jpd; Kjw;fl;l fhyfl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. 19 k;; 20
k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk;> If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk;
ngz;fspd; murpay; cupikfis> Fwpg;ghf ngz;fspd; thf;Fupik>
nrhj;Jupik Nghd;wtw;iw typAWj;jp Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l
Nghuhl;lq;fs; Kjy; miy ngz;zpakhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

A. Jareesh Page 48
,uz;lhk; miyg; ngz;zpay;thjk;
,uz;lhk; miyg; ngz;zpay;thjk; (Second-wave feminism) vd;gJ
kiwthf ,Uf;Fk; ngz; xLf;FKiwfis> Fwpg;ghf ghypay;>
FLk;gk;> Ntiy Nghd;w jsq;fspy; ngz;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk;
jilfisj; jfHg;gjw;fhf 1960fs; njhlf;fk; 1970fspd; ,Wjptiu
If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Nghuhl;lq;fisr; Rl;LfpwJ.
,J gpd;dH cyfshtpa mstpy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; kw;Wk; JUf;fp
,];Nuy; Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fk; gutpaJ.
ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f cupikfs; ,jpy; xU Kf;fpa $W MFk;.
,e;jf; fhy fl;lk; ghypay;> Mghrk; njhlHghd ngz;zpa
cl;fUj;J NtWghLfSld; KbTf;F te;jjhfg; gy
ngz;zpay;thjpfs; fUJfpwhHfs;.
%d;whk; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;
%d;whk; miy ngz;zpay;thjk; (Third-wave feminism) vd;gJ 1980
fSf;Fg; gpd;duhd gy tifg;gl;l ngz;zpa nraw;ghLisf;
Rl;LfpwJ. ,e;j ,af;fk;> ,uz;lhk; miy ngz;zpaj;jpd;
Njhy;tpfshf fUjg;gl;ltw;wpy; ,Ue;J vOe;jJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy;
ngz;fs; "gy epwj;jtHfs;> ,dj;jtHfs;> ehl;ltH> rkaj;jtH>
gz;ghl;L gpd;Gyj;ijf; nfhz;ltHfs;' vd;w czHj;jiy
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

A. Jareesh Page 49