Previous Screen

Welcome: cr461cc
Product: NO EQUIPMENT SELECTED
Model: NO EQUIPMENT SELECTED
Configuration: NO EQUIPMENT SELECTED

Systems Operation
14G & 16G MOTOR GRADERS HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AND STEERING
Media Number -REG01469-03 Publication Date -01/09/1991 Date Updated -10/10/2001

Systems Operation

Introduction
NOTE: For Specifications with illustrations, make reference to the HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AND STEERING
SPECIFICATIONS for 16G MOTOR GRADER, Form No. REG01470 or, to the HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AND
STEERING SPECIFICATIONS for 14G MOTOR GRADER, Form No. REG01486. If the Specifications in Form No.
REG01470 or REG01486 are not the same as in the Systems Operation and the Testing and Adjusting, look at the printing
date on the back cover of each book. Use the Specifications given in the book with the latest date.

TANK, PUMP AND OIL COOLER SYSTEM (SCHEMATIC)

1. Tank for hydraulic oil. 2. Filter. 3. Unloading valve (part of the combination valve). 4. Line from the variable displacement pump. 5. Cooler for
hydraulic oil. 6. Bypass valve for oil cooler. 7. Filter. 8. Return line from unloading valve. 9. Passage to the other section of the combination valve. 10.
Strainer. 11. Line from the metering pump and valve for steering. 12. Passage from pressure reduction valve and relief valve. 13. Line from the swivel.
14. Line from the drive motor for the circle. 15. Line from the control valves. 16. Variable displacement pump. 17. Pump for oil to the oil cooler.

The hydraulic system is a closed center system. In a closed center system, the oil from the variable displacement pump (16),
has pressure at each valve in the hydraulic system when the vehicle engine is running.
/
The drive shaft for pump (16) goes through the pump to the drive shaft for pump (11). When the vehicle engine is running,
both pumps are operating. Pump (16) gets oil through a line from tank (1). Lines (8, 13, 14 and 15) are for oil leakage from
the valves in the hydraulic system. The oil leakage is from high pressure oil and is a source of heat. The oil from lines (8),
(13), (14) and (15) and a line from the tank goes through a manifold and to pump (17). Pump (17) moves this oil through oil
cooler (5) and to filter (2) in tank (1). The oil from filter (2) goes through a manifold and through strainer (10) and then into
tank (1). The oil from the hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motor goes through filter (7), strainer (10) and into the tank.

HYDRAULIC PUMPS
4. Line from pump to combination valve. 16. Variable displacement pump. 17. Pump for oil to the cooler.

MANIFOLD FOR TANK

2. Filter (element). 7. Filter (element). 10. Strainer.

Each filter (2) and (7) has a bypass valve. If the filter element is full of dirt and oil can not go through the element, the
pressure of the oil gets an increase which opens the bypass valve. The oil through the bypass valve goes through strainer
(10) and into tank (1). Each filter has an indicator that shows when the filter element is dirty.

Bypass valve (6) is for cooler (5). The bypass valve opens when the pressure of the oil from pump (17) is more than the
pressure setting of the bypass valve. Dirt in oil passages in cooler (5) will cause an increase in the pressure of the oil from
pump (17). The oil in the hydraulic system can get too much heat if the oil from pump (17) goes through the open bypass
valve (6) and not through cooler (5).

Pump (16) gets oil through a large line from tank (1). The oil from pump (16) goes through line (4) to unloading valve (3).
The unloading valve is part of the combination valve. Line (4) goes to the combination valve on machines that do not have
an unloading valve. The pump oil in the combination valve goes to all of the control valves in the hydraulic system.

Variable Displacement Pump

The variable displacement pump is an axial piston pump. The change in the output (displacement) is automatic. The length
of the stroke for the pistons is the control for the output (displacement) of the pump. With a decrease in the length of the
stroke for the pistons, the output of the pump is less. The movement of a swashplate in the pump is the control for the length
of the stroke for the pistons. A spring on a valve in the pump keeps the swashplate at the maximum angle (maximum length
of the stroke for the pistons) when the engine is stopped. When the engine is running, oil at the outlet pressure of the pump
is in the valve against the spring. When there is an increase in the pressure of the oil from the pump outlet, the force of the
/
oil pressure in the valve against the spring is more and the spring gets compression (shorter length). As the spring length
gets shorter, the swashplate moves toward minimum angle and the output (displacement) of the pump is less.

The pump has two pressure settings. The load on the hydraulic components causes the pressure setting of the pump to
change. An oil line from the oil circuits to the components connects to a valve in the pump. The pump operates at the low
setting until more oil pressure is needed for the component to move the load. When the pressure of the oil to the component
and in the line to the valve in the pump gets an increase, the valve in the pump moves and the spring, which controls the
angle of the swashplate, gets more force. When the spring has more force, the length of the stroke for the pistons gets an
increase and the pump operates at the high setting. The pump goes to the low setting when the pressure of the oil to the
component gets a decrease.

VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP

1. Impeller. 2. Head Assembly. 3. Piston (nine). 4. Thrust plate. 5. Pump body. 6. Barrel assembly. 7. Swashplate. 8. Drive shaft.

The pump is driven by the engine crankshaft and the pump turns at the same speed as the engine. Barrel assembly (6) and
the nine pistons (3) turn when drive shaft (8) turns. The impeller (1), in head assembly (2), also turns when the drive shaft
turns. When the pump shaft is turning, the impeller makes an increase in the pressure of the oil from the tank. The oil from
the impeller goes through a long inlet opening in the port plate and into barrel assembly (6) when pistons (3), are at the
bottom of their strokes.

PORT PLATE

As the shaft, barrel assembly and pistons turn, thrust plate (4) moves the pistons to the top of their strokes and the pistons
push the oil through the outlet holes in the port plate and into the hydraulic system. The ball sockets on the ends of pistons
(3) slide on thrust plate (4). The thrust plate is on swashplate (7).

/
TYPICAL BARREL AND PISTONS
3. Piston (nine). 4. Thrust plate. 6. Barrel assembly.

The angle of swashplate (7) changes the displacement of pistons (3) (changes the stroke of the pistons). The longest stroke
of the pistons is when the angle of the swashplate is approximately 14°. The shortest stroke of the pistons is when the angle
of the swashplate is near 0°.

The angle of swashplate (7) can be adjusted. Loosen the locknut and turn screw (10) out to increase the maximum angle for
swashplate (7). On some pumps shims must be added to the shims under a bolt head to increase the angle of the swashplate.
Shims under the head of bolt (14) are used to keep the angle of the swashplate from going to 0°. If the swashplate is at 0°
there is no stroke for pistons (3). If the pistons do not have some stroke there is no oil to lubricate and cool the pump.
Remove shims, under the head of bolt (14), to get more angle to the swashplate.

VALVES IN VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP

2. Head assembly. 5. Pump body. 7. Swashplate. 8. Drive shaft. 9. Servo valve. 10. Screw and locknut. 11. Shuttle valve. 12. Oil line from control valve
for the implements. 13. Pressure reduction valve. 14. Bolt.

/
SWASHPLATE
3. Piston (nine). 6. Barrel assembly. 7. Swashplate.

The actions of servo valve (9) and pressure reduction valve (13) control the stroke of pistons (3) by moving swashplate (7)
when either more or less pump oil is needed by the components in the hydraulic system.

The low pressure setting of the pump is approximately 2150 psi (151.1 kg/cm2). The pump operates with this pressure at all
of the control valves in the hydraulic system when the engine is running and when the control valves are not being used.
When a control valve is used, the pressure of the oil in the circuit to the component is also in line (12) to shuttle valve (11).
When there is an increase in the load on the component, the pressure of the oil in this circuit gets an increase. When the
pressure of the oil in the circuit gets to 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2) the pressure of the oil in line (12) moves shuttle valve (11).
When the shuttle valve is moved, the pressure of the oil from the pump into the hydraulic circuit can go as high as 3500 psi
(246.1 kg/cm2).

Servo Valve, Pressure Reduction Valve and Shuttle Valve

The actions of the servo valve and the pressure reduction valve change the angle of swashplate (15). The change in the angle
of the swashplate changes the stroke of the pistons. When the stroke of the pistons change, the gpm (lit/min) output of oil
from the pump changes.

When the engine is not running, the swashplate is at the maximum angle. The swashplate can be at the maximum angle
when the engine is running and two components in the hydraulic system are being operated together. The pistons, in the
barrel assembly of the pump, have their longest stroke when the swashplate is at its maximum angle.

Oil at the output pressure of the pump goes into cartridge (11) through passage (9), around valve spool (1) and goes through
passages in sleeve (2) and cartridge (11) into chamber (3). The oil in chamber (3) keeps piston assembly (4) at its extension.
Piston assembly (4) and link (12) keep swashplate (15) at its maximum angle.

Oil at the outlet pressure of the pump also goes into the pressure reduction valve through passage (21) and goes through
orifice (20). The orifice makes a reduction in the pressure of the oil that goes through passage (6) in cartridge for servo valve
(11). The force of the oil through passage (6) and on the larger surface of valve spool (1) is the same as the force spring (14)
has on the valve spool.

When there is an increase in the pressure of the output oil from the pump, there is also an increase in the pressure of the oil
through passage (9) and passage (6).

The increase of the pressure of the oil through passage (6) and on valve spool (1) is now more than the force of spring (14)
and valve spool (1) moves. The oil in passage (9) is now stopped by the valve spool. The position of valve spool (1) can now
let the oil in chamber (3) go through passages in cartridge (11), sleeve (2) and through grooves (8) to the hole and passage
(7) to the case.

The oil at pump output pressure is also through passage (21) into pressure reduction valve (19). When the oil in chamber (3)
can go to the case, there is no force on piston assembly (4) and the pressure of the oil through passage (21) moves piston
(22). The piston moves link (23) and swashplate (15).

/
SERVO VALVE CROSS SECTION (Pistons in pump at longest stroke)
1. Valve spool. 2. Sleeve. 3. Chamber. 4. Piston assembly. 5. Passage to case. 6. Passage for oil from the pressure reduction valve. 7. Hole and passage to
the case. 8. Groove (three) in valve spool. 9. Passage for oil at pump output pressure. 10. Passage for oil from the case. 11. Cartridge for servo valve.

SERVO VALVE (Before a reduction in the stroke of the pistons)

1. Valve spool. 2. Sleeve. 3. Chamber. 4. Piston assembly. 5. Passage to case. 6. Passage for the oil from the pressure reduction valve. 7. Hole and
passage to the case. 8. Groove (three) in valve spool. 9. Passage for oil at pump output pressure. 10. Passage for oil from the case. 11. Cartridge for servo
valve.

/
VALVES IN THE PUMP
1. Valve spool. 2. Sleeve. 4. Piston assembly. 6. Passage for the oil from the pressure reduction valve. 9. Passage for oil at pump output pressure. 10.
Passage for oil from the case. 11. Cartridge for servo valve. 12. Link. 13. Piston. 14. Spring. 15. Swashplate. 16. Shuttle valve. 18. Oil line. 19. Pressure
reduction valve. 20. Orifice in piston. 21. Passage for oil at pump outlet pressure. 22. Piston. 23. Link.

Swashplate (15) moves link (12) and piston assembly (4). Piston assembly (4) pushes the oil from chamber (3) through hole
and passage (7) in valve spool (1). The swashplate stops moving piston assembly (4) when the piston assembly moves
sleeve (2) to a position where the pump output pressure oil in passage (9) can go around valve spool (1), through the
passages in sleeve (2) and cartridge (11) into chamber (3). When the oil at pump output pressure is in chamber (3) on piston
assembly (4) and is in pressure reduction valve (19) on piston (22), the swashplate cannot move. The angle of swashplate
(15) is now less than when the pistons, in the barrel of the pump, were at the longest stroke.

When there is a decrease in the output pressure from the pump because the load on the component in the hydraulic system
which is being used is less, the pressure of the oil in passage (9) and in passage (6) is less. The force of the pressure oil from
passage (6), on valve spool (1), is now less than the force of spring (14). Spring (14) now moves valve spool (1), piston
assembly (4), link (12) and swashplate (15). There is now an increase in the angle of the swashplate and the pistons in the
barrel of the pump get longer strokes.

When the load on the component in the hydraulic system being used gets to 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2), the pressure in line
(17) is also at 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2) and the pressure of the oil moves shuttle valve (16). When the shuttle valve is moved,
the oil from pressure reduction valve (19) goes through line (18), around the end of shuttle valve (16) and into the chamber
for piston (13). The force of the oil on piston (13) adds to the force spring (14) has on valve spool (1). With the increase of
force on valve spool (1), the output pressure of the oil from the pump can go to 3500 psi (246.1 kg/cm2). The actions of the
servo valve and the pressure reduction valve are the same as when the output pressure of the oil from the pump was below
2150 psi (151.1 kg/cm2). When the pressure of the oil in line (17) is less than 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2), or there is no oil
pressure in line (17) when the components in the hydraulic system are not being used, the output pressure of the oil from the
pump is at approximately 2150 psi (131.1 kg/cm2).

Add to the shims on spring (14) if the output pressure of the oil from the pump is below 2150 psi (151.1 kg/cm2). Add to the
shims on the spring in shuttle valve (16) if the shuttle valve moves when the pressure of the oil in the hydraulic system to a
component is below 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2).

/
SERVO VALVE (Pistons now have less than full stroke)
1. Valve spool. 2. Sleeve. 3. Chamber. 4. Piston assembly. 5. Passage to case. 6. Passage for the oil from the pressure reduction valve. 7. Hole and
passage to the case. 8. Groove (three) in valve spool. 9. Passage for oil at pump output pressure. 10. Passage for oil from the case. 11. Cartridge for servo
valve.

Combination Valve
The oil from the variable displacement pump goes through the combination valve when the engine is running. The pump oil
from the combination valve goes to the two control valves for the implements and to the metering valve for the steering. A
relief valve for the oil circuits to the control valves for the implements and a valve that makes a reduction in the pressure of
the oil from the pump to the steering system are parts of the combination valve. Some machines also have an unloading
valve as part of the combination valve.

Unloading Valve
The oil from the pump goes through line (2), around valve spool (4) and through opening (3) to the other part of the
combination valve and to the hydraulic system.

UNLOADING VALVE (Part of combination valve)

1. Control lever UNLOAD position. 2. Line from pump. 3. Opening to other part of combination valve. 4. Valve spool. 5. Line to tank. 6. Opening from
other part of combination valve.

The pistons, in the variable displacement pump, are at their longest stroke as the engine is started. Because of the closed
hydraulic system and the pump at high output gpm (lit/min), there is an added load on the starter being used to start the
engine. When the outside temperature is low the movement of the oil in the hydraulic system is slow and the pump would
put more load on the starter when it is starting the engine. The unloading valve can remove most of the hydraulic load when
the engine is being started. When the control lever is held in UNLOAD position (1), valve spool (4) is moved to let the
pump oil through line (2) go along the groove on valve spool (4) and go through line (5) to the tank.
/
Relief Valve and Pressure Reduction Valve
The relief valve and the valve for the reduction of oil pressure for the steering system are in the same valve housing. The
relief valve is in the circuit from the pump. The pressure reduction valve is in the same circuit as the relief valve except that
the oil through this valve goes to the steering system. The pump oil through the valve to the controls for the implements can
be as high as the setting of the relief valve. The setting of the relief valve is approximately 3900 psi (274.2 kg/cm2). The oil,
through pressure reduction valve to the steering system has a setting of approximately 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2).

RELIEF VALVE AND VALVE FOR PRESSURE REDUCTION

1. Passage for oil from pump. 2. Line to control for implements. 3. Line to control for implements. 4. Piston. 5. Check valve. 6. Passage to tank. 7.
Passage in piston. 8. Line to steering system. 9. Dump valve. 10. Shims. 11. Spring for dump valve. 12. Pilot valve. 13. Spring. 14. Shims. 15. Springs
(two, inner and outer).

The pump oil in passage (1) goes through the orifice in dump valve (9) and into the chamber for spring (11). The pressure of
the oil and spring (11) keeps dump valve (9) closed. The oil in the spring chamber is against pilot valve (12) which is held
closed by spring (13). If the pressure of the oil gets to approximately 3900 psi (274.2 kg/cm2) the oil in the chamber for
spring (11) opens pilot valve (12) and this oil goes into passage (6). With only the force of spring (11) on dump valve (9) the
pump oil in passage (1) opens dump valve (9) and goes into passage (6) to the tank. The relief valve prevents the pressure of
the oil, between the pump and the implements, from going higher than the setting of the relief valve.

The pump oil in passage (1) goes around piston (4), through check valve (5) and through line (8) to the metering valve for
the steering system. Piston (4) is held in an open position by springs (15). The oil to check valve (5) also goes through
passage (7) into a chamber in piston (4). When the pressure of the oil in line (8) and in piston (4) is approximately 1800 psi
(126.5 kg/cm2), the force of the oil is more than the force of springs (15) and the piston moves to a position that stops the oil
from passage (1) to line (8). When the pressure of the oil in line (8) and the piston is less than 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2),
spring (15) moves the piston to let more oil go to line (8). When the pressure of the pump oil in passage (1) is more than
1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2), the action of springs (15) and the pressure of the oil in piston (4) keeps the pressure of the oil to the
steering system at 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2).

The pressure setting of the relief valve can be changed. Add to shims (14) for an increase or remove shims for a decrease.
Add to shims (10) for an increase in the regulation of the oil pressure to the steering system. Remove shims (10) if the
pressure of the oil to the steering system is more than 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2).

/
COMBINATION VALVE
16. Plug for valve for pressure reduction. 17. Line from pump. 18. Plug for relief valve.

Steering System

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR STEERING

1. Line to tank. 2. Metering valve for steering. 3. Line to rod end of right cylinder and to head end of left cylinder. 4. Line to head end of right cylinder
and rod end of left cylinder. 5. Passage for pump oil. 6. Combination valve relief and pressure reduction valves. 7. Line for oil to the metering valve. 8
and 9. Relief valves (both in the same housing) for the steering cylinders. 10. Passage for oil to tank. 11. Line to control valve for implements. 12. Line to
control valve for implements. 13. Steering cylinder on right side. 14. Steering cylinder on left side.

When the engine is running the oil from the pump goes through relief and pressure reduction valve (6), through line (7) to
metering valve (2) for the steering. The pressure of the oil in line (7) is approximately 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2). The
movement of the steering wheel operates the metering valve. When the steering wheel is being turned in the direction of a
right turn (clockwise), the oil from line (7) goes through metering valve (2) and through line (3). The oil in line (3) goes to
the rod end of cylinder (13) and to the head end of cylinder (14) and the rods in the cylinders move. The cylinder rods move
the front wheels to positions that will let the machine make a right turn. The pistons on the cylinder rods move the oil from
the head end of cylinder (13) and from the rod end of cylinder (14) through line (4), through metering valve (2) and through
line (1) to the tank.

When the steering wheel is not being turned the oil in lines (3) and (4) and in cylinders (13) and (14) can not move and the
front wheels stay in position. If the side of one of the front wheels hits a restriction (material that will not move), the
positions of the front wheels will move. The force on the side of the wheel causes an increase in the pressure of the oil in the
cylinders and in one of the lines to the cylinders. When the pressure of the oil in the line gets to 2500 psi (175.7 kg/cm/2)
relief valve (8) or (9) opens. The high pressure oil in the line goes through the open relief valve and into the other line to the
cylinders. This lets the positions of the front wheels change.

FRONT OF MOTOR GRADER

8 and 9. Plugs for relief valve. 13. Steering cylinder on right side.

The pressure setting of relief valves (8) and (9) can be changed. For an increase in the pressure setting add shims in the plug
over the spring in the valve. Remove shims for a decrease in the pressure setting.

Metering Valve for Steering

METERING VALVE FOR STEERING

1. Shaft. 2. Spool. 3. Sleeve. 4. Outlet (to tank). 5. Inlet (for pump oil). 6. Pump gear. 7. Pump gear (internal). 8. Flat springs. 9. Pin. 10. Opening to
steering cylinders (left). 11. Opening to steering cylinders (right). 12. Body. 13. Drive.

When the engine is running, the pump keeps pressure oil of approximately 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2) in inlet (5) of the
metering valve. The pump oil does not go through the metering valve until the steering wheel is turned.

The steering wheel is installed on shaft (1). Turn the steering wheel in the direction (clockwise) to make a right turn and
shaft (1) turns spool (2). After the spool turns a few degrees, flat springs (8), in the spool, turn sleeve (3) and then the spool
and the sleeve turn but, they turn a few degrees from being together. The pin (9) in spool (2) turns drive (13) which turns
pump gear (6) in pump gear (7). Pump gear (7) does not turn.

/
When spool (2) moves before sleeve (3) is moved, the holes in the sleeve get in line with grooves in the spool. The pump oil
in inlet (5) goes through the holes in the sleeve into the grooves in the spool. The oil in the grooves goes through other holes
in the sleeve and through a passage in body (12). The oil from the passage in the body goes into pump gears (6) and (7).

PUMP GEARS IN METERING VALVE

6. Pump gear. 7. Pump gear (internal). 9. Pin. 13. Drive.

As pump gear (6) is turned by drive (13), the oil is moved to another passage in body (12), through more holes in the sleeve
and other grooves in the spool and through opening (11) to the steering cylinders. The oil from the cylinders goes through
opening (10) passages in body (12), holes in sleeve (3), grooves in spool (2) and through passages to outlet (4). The oil from
outlet (4) goes to the tank.

When turning the steering wheel is stopped, most of the parts connected to shaft (1) also stop. Flat springs (8) now move the
sleeve a few degrees in the same direction that it was being turned. Now the holes in the sleeve do not line up with the
grooves in the spool and the flow of oil stops in inlet (5) of the metering valve. When the steering wheel is not being turned,
the oil cannot get in or get out of the steering cylinders which keeps the wheels positioned for a right turn.

When the steering wheel is turned counterclockwise for a left turn, the method of the flow of oil through the metering valve
is like the description for the flow of oil for a right turn. For a left turn, the parts in the metering valve and the flow of oil
through the valve and though openings (10) and (11) are opposite to when a right turn is made.

There is a relation between the rpm the steering wheel is turned and the time for the wheels to move to the position to make
the turn. To make a fast turn it is necessary to turn the steering wheel fast (more rpm).

Steering the machine with the engine stopped can be done when the machine is moving. Much force is needed to turn the
steering wheel and the result is a slow turn.

Implement System
When the engine is running, the oil from the pump goes through relief and pressure reduction valve (1) through lines (12)
and (13) to the control valves for the implements. The pressure of the oil in lines (12) and (13) can get as high as the
pressure setting of the relief valve. When the control valves for the implements are not being used the pressure of the oil in
lines (12) and (13) is 2150 psi (151.1 kg/cm2).

When the engine is running and the implements are not being used, the pressure of the pump oil in lines (12 and 13) to the
implement valves is approximately 2150 psi (151.1 kg/cm2). The oil in lines (11), (10) and (8) and in passage (7) is open to
the tank and the pressure of the oil in these lines is the same as the oil in the tank. Lock check valve (3) stops the oil in the
lines between valve (3) and cylinder (4) and the rod in the cylinder can not move. The pressure of the oil in line (14) is the
same as the oil in lines (11), (10) and (8) and in the tank. /
IMPLEMENT CONTROLS
2. Implement valve to raise or lower the blade (right side). 10. Line from implement valve to rod end of cylinder. 15. Blade lift lever.

When the blade lift lever (15), for the cylinder on the right side is held, in the LOWER position, the pump oil in line (12)
goes through implement valve (2), through line (10) and lock check valve (3) into the head end of cylinder (4). The oil in the
head end of cylinder (4) pushes the piston and rod out of the cylinder which moves the blade down. The pump oil through
implement valve (2) to line (10) also goes into line (14) and the pressure of the oil in line (14) is the same as the pressure of
the oil in line (10). When more force is needed to lower the blade, there is an increase in the pressure of the pump oil to the
head end of cylinder (4). When the pressure of the pump oil goes to 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2), the oil in line (14) moves the
shuttle valve in the pump and the oil pressure from the pump can go to approximately 3500 psi (246.1 kg/cm2).

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR LIFT CYLINDER (Right side cylinder)

1. Relief and pressure reduction valve. 2. Implement valve to raise or lower the blade. 3. Lock check valve. 4. Lift cylinder. 5. Passage for pump oil. 6.
Line for oil to steering system. 7. Passage to unloading valve and then to tank. 8. Line for oil from the implement valves. 9. Line for the oil from the
other implement valves. 10. Line from implement valve to head end of cylinder. 11. Line from implement valve to rod end of cylinder. 12. Line with
pump oil to the implement valves. 13. Line with pump oil to other implement valves. 14. Line to shuttle valve in variable displacement pump.

Control Valve For Implements

Each of the control valves for the implements, on each side of the console for the control levers and steering wheel, has four
to six implement valves. The implement valves (1) are side by side and each valve is approximately 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) /thick.
The passages for the pump oil in each implement valve are together and the passages for the return oil from the implement
are together. With the passages in the valves together, only one line for the pump oil (2) and one line for the return oil (3) is
needed for all of the implement valves in a control valve.

CONTROL VALVE (RIGHT SIDE)

1. Implement valves (four). 2. Line for pump oil. 3. Line for return oil. 4. Oil line to shuttle valve in variable displacement pump.

Implement Valve
The operation of each implement valve is the same. There is a difference in each implement valve. The rate of oil flow
(gpm, lit/min) from the outlets of each valve to the implement is not the same. The rate of oil flow from each opening in an
implement valve for a hydraulic cylinder is not the same. There are implement valves that have approximately the same rate
of oil flow from each opening. The size of the orifices from valve spool (2) to openings (4) and (5) is one of the controls for
the rate of flow. The other control is the force of spring (14) against valve (9). The spring force is not the same in each
implement valve.

Resolver valve (7) lets the oil with the higher pressure in either the passage to opening (4) or the passage to opening (5) go
through the valve into passage (8). The higher pressure of the oil on the ball in valve (7) closes the valve passage with oil
that has low pressure.

IMPLEMENT VALVE FOR A CYLINDER

1. Lever. 2. Valve spool. 3. Passage to tank. 4. Opening for rod end of a cylinder. 5. Opening for head end of a cylinder. 6. Passage to tank. 7. Resolver
valve. 8. Passage. 9. Valve for control of oil flow. 10. Passage from pump. 11. Passage. 12. Check valve. 13. Passage for oil to shuttle valve in pump. 14.
Spring.
/
Implement Valve in HOLD Position
The implement valve in HOLD position has pump oil at a pressure of approximately 2150 psi (151.1 kg/cm2) in the valve
when the engine is running.

When the engine is started, the pump oil in passage (10) goes into passage (11) and then through the holes in valve (9) to the
chamber, for the valve, that has no spring. The pump oil in passage (11) is stopped by valve spool (2) and there is an
increase in the pressure of the oil from the pump. As the pressure of the oil gets higher, the oil pushes valve (9) against the
force of spring (14) until valve (9) is moved to a position where not much pump oil can go around valve (9) into passage
(11). There is a small amount of oil leakage around valve spool (2) in HOLD position because of the high pressure of the oil
in passage (11).

The location of the implement valve puts the valve lower than the oil in the tank. Oil at tank pressure through passages (3)
and (6) is in all passages in the valve that does not have pump oil. Air cannot get into the implement valve because of the oil
in all of the passages in the valve.

IMPLEMENT VALVE IN HOLD POSITION

1. Lever.

2. Valve spool.

3. Passage to tank.

4. Opening for rod end of a cylinder.

5. Opening for head end of a cylinder.

6. Passage to tank.

7. Resolver valve.

8. Passage.
/
9. Valve for control of oil flow.

10. Passage from pump.

11. Passage.

12. Check valve.

13. Passage for oil to shuttle valve in pump.

14. Spring.

Implement Valve in RAISE Position

When the implement control valve is in HOLD position, the pressure of the oil in passage (10) is approximately 2150 psi
(151.1 kg/cm2). Moving the control lever for the blade to the RAISE position moves lever (1), which moves valve spool (2)
to the RAISE position. When valve spool (2) is moved to the RAISE position, pressure oil through passage (11) from
passage (10) goes out through passage (4) through the lock check valve to the rod end of the blade lift cylinders. The
pressure of the oil in the rod end of the cylinders is the same as the pressure in passage (10). At the same time, pressure oil
goes through resolver valve (7), passage (8) and into the chamber for spring (14). This pressure and the force of spring (14)
moves valve (9). As valve (9) moves it allows more oil to flow from passage (10) through outlet (4) to the rod end of the
cylinders. The oil flow from the pump to the rod end of the lift cylinders is 10 U.S. gpm (37.8 liter/min).

When the spool in the implement valve is moved to the LOWER position, oil from passage (11) goes through outlet (5),
through a lock check valve into the head end of the lift cylinders. Since the orifice between valve spool (2) and outlet (5) is
larger than the orifice to outlet (4), the flow from the pump to the head end of the cylinders is 15 U.S. gpm (56.8 liter/min).
When the blade gets to the ground more oil pressure is needed to move the blade down. When the increase in pump pressure
gets to 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2) there is a change in the output of the pump and the oil to the lift cylinder becomes less than
10 U.S. gpm (37.8 liter/min).

When the pressure of the oil from outlet (5) to the lift cylinders gets to approximately 1800 psi (126.5 kg/cm2), the oil in the
chamber for spring (14) opens check valve (12). The oil that goes through the check valve and passage (13) goes to the
shuttle valve in the pump and the shuttle valve moves. Now the pressure of the pump oil to the head end of the lift cylinders
can go as high as 3500 psi (246 kg/cm2). When a cylinder rod is fully extended, the flow to the cylinder stops but the
pressure of the pump oil in the cylinder goes to 3500 psi (246 kg/cm2).

The control lever, lever (1) and valve spool (2) are the other way to control oil flow from the pump to the implement. The
shorter the distance the valve spool is moved from the HOLD position, the smaller the amount of oil that goes through
outlets (4) or (5) to the implement.

/
IMPLEMENT VALVE FOR BLADE LIFT IN RAISE POSITION

1. Lever in RAISE position.

2. Valve spool in RAISE position.

3. Passage to tank.

4. Opening for rod end of lift cylinder.

5. Opening for head end of lift cylinder.

6. Passage to tank.

7. Resolver valve.

8. Passage.

9. Valve for control of oil flow.

10. Passage from pump.

11. Passage.

12. Check valve.

13. Passage for oil to shuttle valve in pump.

14. Spring.

Lock Check Valve

There is a lock check valve between the implement valve and the hydraulic cylinders in each of the implement circuits. The
operation of each lock check valve is the same but, there are three types of lock check valves. One of the types of lock check
valves is in the circuits for the cylinders for the blade tip, the cylinder for the leaning wheel, the cylinder for the side shift
and, on some machines, the cylinder for the ripper.

Lock check valves with outlet chokes are in the circuits for the cylinders for articulation, the cylinder for centershift and for
the lift cylinder on the right side. The lift cylinder on the left side has the only lock check valve with a relief valve. The/
relief valve is in the passage in the valve for the line to the rod end of the cylinder.

LOCK CHECK VALVE (With outlet chokes)

1. Line to implement valve. 2. Piston. 3. Line to implement valve. 4. Choke in outlet. 5. Choke in outlet. 6. Ball. 7. Ball. 8. Line to rod end of cylinder. 9.
Seats. 10. Line to head end of cylinder.

When the implement valve is in HOLD position, the oil in lines (8) and (10) is stopped and the rod in the cylinder cannot
move. The springs against balls (6) and (7) and the oil in lines (8) and (10) keep the balls on seats (9). The oil in lines (1)
and (3) is at tank pressure.

LOCK CHECK VALVE FOR CYLINDER ON RIGHT SIDE

1. Line to implement valve. 3. Line to implement valve. 8. Line to rod end of cylinder. 10. Line to head end of cylinder.

Moving the control lever for the blade lift on the right side to the LOWER position lets the pump oil from the implement
valve goes through line (3). The pump oil holds choke (5) away from the orifice in the passage and the oil goes into the
chamber in the seat. The pump oil in the seat moves piston (2) against ball (6). Then the pressure of the pump oil in the seat
moves the piston and ball (6) and ball (7) off seats (9). The pump oil through line (3) now goes through the lock check valve
and through line (10) and into the head end of the lift cylinder. The oil in the cylinder moves the piston and rod (connected
to the blade) down. When the piston moves down it pushes the oil from the rod end of the cylinder, through line (8), past
ball (6) that is held off the seat, and moves choke (4) over the orifice in the passage to line (1). The restriction to oil flow
through choke (4) prevents gravity from moving the blade down faster than the pump oil can push the blade down.

The lock check valves for the cylinders of the blade tip, the leaning wheel, the side shift and the ripper do not have chokes
(4) and (5). The operation of the balls and piston in these valves is the same as the valves with the chokes.

/
The lock check valve for the lift cylinder on the left side has chokes and also a relief valve. The relief valve (11) is in the
passage to the oil line for the rod end of the cylinder. There is an increase in the pressure of the oil in the rod end of the
cylinder when a force pulls the rod. When the force pulling the rod makes the oil pressure in the rod end of the cylinder go
to approximately 4000 psi (281.2 kg/cm2), the relief valve (11) opens. The rod is moved out of the cylinder until the force
pulling on the rod is not enough to keep relief valve (11) open. The operation of the balls and piston in this valve is the same
as the other lock check valves.

LOCK CHECK AND RELIEF VALVE FOR CYLINDER ON LEFT SIDE

1. Line to implement valve. 3. Line to implement valve. 8. Line to rod end of cylinder. 10. Line to head end of cylinder. 11. Relief valve (for rod end).

Blade Cushion Arrangement

The cushion arrangement for the blade is not on all machines. The use of the cushion arrangement is controlled by an
electric switch for a pilot valve. When the electric switch is ON, the nitrogen charge in accumulators (3) makes a cushion for
shocks from the blade when the blade goes against small pieces in the ground that will not move.

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR BLADE CUSHION

1. Lock check and relief valve. 2. Lift cylinder (left side). 3. Accumulators. 4. Oil lines from control valve for the lift cylinder. 5. Line for return oil. 6.
Check valve for accumulators. 7. Pump oil from combination valve. 8. Oil lines to head ends of lift cylinders. 9. Oil lines to rod ends of lift cylinders. 10.
Pilot valve with solenoids. 11. Oil line. 12. Oil lines from control valve for the lift cylinder. 13. Lock check valve. 14. Lift cylinder (right side).

The pump oil in line (7) is to pilot valve (10). Turn the electric switch for the blade cushion ON and the oil from line (7)
goes through the valve and through line (11) into check valve (6). The oil from the pump in check valve (6) keeps the valves
open and the pressure in accumulators (3) is in lines (8) to the head ends of the lift cylinders.
/
ACCUMULATORS
3. Accumulators. 6. Check valve. 11. Line (from pilot valve).

Turn the electric switch OFF and the pump oil in line (7) stops at pilot valve (10). Now the pilot valve lets the oil in check
valve (6) go through lines (11) and (5) to the tank. With the oil in check valve (6) at tank pressure, the check valves close
and the pressure in the accumulators is not in lines (8). The lock check valves now keep the rods from moving in the lift
cylinders.

Pilot Valve with Solenoids

The pilot valve is electric and an OFF or ON switch, moved by the machine operator, puts the cushion arrangement for the
blade in operation.

PILOT VALVE
1. Passage for return oil. 2. Passage for pump oil. 3. Passage for the check valve for the accumulators. 4. Solenoid (NC). 5. Solenoid (NO).

The pump oil, at approximately 2150 psi (151.1 kg/cm2), is in passage (2). Solenoid (4) is a nolmally closed switch (NC)
that holds the valve closed and the pump oil is stopped in the pilot valve. Solenoid (5) is a normally open switch (NO) that
holds the valve open and lets the oil go from passage (3) through passage (1) to the tank.

PILOT VALVE
4. Solenoid (NC). 5. Solenoid (NO). 6. Control for implements (left side).

/
Turn the switch for the cushion arrangement ON and solenoid (4) valve opens. At the same time solenoid (5) valve closes.
Now the pump oil in passage (2) goes out passage (3) to the check valve for the accumulators. When solenoid (5) is closed,
the oil in the pilot valve can not go out through passage (1) to the tank.

Check Valve for the Accumulators

The check valve can either have the oil in the lines to the head ends of the lift cylinders stopped so the rods in the cylinders
can not move or, it can let the oil in the lines go to the accumulators which make a cushion for the rods when they are forced
into the cylinders.

CHECK VALVE (OPEN Position)

1. Pump oil inlet. 2. Passage to an accumulator. 3. Passage to an accumulator. 4. Piston. 5. Piston. 6. Ball. 7. Ball. 8. Passage for line to head end of a lift
cylinder. 9. Passage to a line to head end of a lift cylinder.

When the switch for the blade cushion arrangement is ON, pump oil through inlet (1) moves pistons (4) and (5) which move
balls (6) and (7) off their seats. With the balls off their seats, the oil in the lines to the head ends of the cylinders is through
the check valve and the oil is against the pistons in the accumulators. A cushion of nitrogen gas with a pressure of 300 psi
(21.1 kg/cm2) is on the other sides of the pistons. An increase of the pressure of the oil in either one of the lines from the
head ends of the lift cylinders can move the piston in an accumulator. There is an accumulator for the oil in the head end of
the lift cylinder on the right side and an accumulator for the lift cylinder on the left side.

Turn the switch OFF and the pump oil does not go to inlet (1). The oil from inlet (1) goes to the tank. With oil at tank
pressure on pistons (4) and (5), springs and the oil in passages (8) and (9) move balls (6) and (7) to their seats. The balls also
move pistons (4) and (5). When balls (6) and (7) are on their seats, there is no cushion for the rods in the lift cylinders.

Copyright 1993 - 2020 Caterpillar Inc. Fri Aug 21 2020 11:27:27 GMT-0500 (hora estándar de Colombia)
All Rights Reserved.
cr461cc
Private Network For SIS Licensees.