Chapter 1 Essential of Geometry

1.1 Identify Points,Lines,and Planes

1.2 Use Segments and Congruence
1.3 Use Midpoint and Distance Formula
1.4 Measure and Classify Angles
1.5 Describe Angle Pair Relationships
1.6 Classify Polygons
1.7 Find Perimeter,Circumference,and Area

1.1 Identify Points, Lines, and Planes

In geometry, the words point, line, and plane are undefined terms
These words do not have formula definitions, but there is an agreement about what
they mean.

Collinear points 共线点 are points that lie on the same line
Coplanar points 共面点 are points that lie in the same plane

In geometry, terms that can be described using known words such as point or line are
called defines terms

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 Line Segment "AB" The line segment between A and B
线段

Line "AB" The infinite line that includes A and B

Ray "AB" 射线 The line that starts at A, goes

through B and continues on

Intersection
Two or more geometric figures intersect if they have one or more points in common.
The intersection of the figures id the set of pints the figures have in common.

1.2 Use Segment and Congruence

In geometry, a rule that is accepted without proof is called a postulate or axiom.

postulate /ˈpɒstʃəleɪt/ vt. 假定；n. 基本条件；假定
axiom /ˈæksiəm/ n. [数] 公理；格言
A rule that can be proved is called a theorem

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Adding segment lengths
If B is between A and C, then AB+BC=AC
Congruent segments 全等线段
Line segments that have the same length are called congruent segments

Geometric Symbol Interpretation Example

Angle

Triangle

↔ Line

Line Segment

→ or ← Ray

|| Parallel

⊥ Perpendicular

Congruent

Similar

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 1.3 Use Midpoint and Distance Formula

Midpoints 中点 and Bisectors 二等分线

The midpoint of a segment is the point that divides the segment into two congruent
segments.
A segment bisector is a point, ray, line segment, or plane that intersects the segment
at the midpoint.

Midpoint formula
midpoint simulation

=coordinates of the midpoint

=coordinates of the first point
=coordinates of the second point

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The Distance Formula
The distance formula is based on the Pythagorean theorem 勾股定理
Pythagorean /paɪˌˈθæɡəriən/ adj. 毕达哥拉斯的 n. 毕达哥拉斯哲学

=distance
=coordinates of the first point
=coordinates of the second point

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≈ approximately equal to /almost equal to

1.4 Measure and Classify Angles

An angle consisted of two different rays with the same endpoint.
The rays are the sides of the angle. The endpoints are the vertex of the angle.

Measuring Angles
A protractor 量角器 can be used to approximate the measure of an angle.
An angle is measured in units called degrees.

m∠HCN=96°

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Classifying Angles
Angles can be classified as acute, right, obtuse, and straight

Interior 内部
Congruent Angles
Two angles are congruent angles if they have the same measure.
Angle A is congruent to angle B

Matching arcs are used to show that angles are congruent.

If more than one pair of angles are congruent, double arcs used.
An angles bisector 角平分线 is a ray that divides an angle into two angles that are
congruent

A
D
B C Ray BD bisects ∠ABC. so ∠ABD ≌∠DBC and m∠ABD≌
m∠DBC

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Use Compass to Copy and Bisect Segments and Angles
Construction 尺规作图

"Construction" in Geometry means to draw shapes, angles, or lines accurately. These

constructions use only a compass, straightedge (i.e. ruler without scales), and a pencil.
This is the "pure" form of geometric construction: no numbers involved!

Copy a segment

Bisect a segment

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Copy an angle

Bisect an angle

1.5 Describe Angle Pair Relationship

Two angles are complementary angles 余角 it the sum of their measure is 90°
Each angle is the complement of the other.
Two angles are supplementary angles 补角 if the sum of their measures is 180°.
Each angle is the supplement of the other.
Complementary angles and supplementary angles can be adjacent angles or
nonadjacent angles

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Angle pairs
Two adjacent angles are a linear pair 线性对 if their uncommon sides are opposite
rays. The angles in a linear pair are supplementary angles.
Two angles are vertical angles 对顶角 if their sides from two pairs of opposite rays.

1.6 Classify Polygons

Identifying polygons
In geometry, a figure that lies in a plane is called a plane figure 平面图形
A plane figure is two dimensional.

A polygon is a closed plane figure with the following properties

1. It is formed by three or more line segments called sides.

2. Each side intersects exactly two sides, one at each endpoint, so that no two sides
with a common endpoint are collinear.

Convex polygon and concave polygon 凸多边形，凹多边形

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Classifying polygons

The terms n-gon, where n is the number of a polygon’s sides,can also be used to name
a polygon.
For example, a polygon with 14 sides is a 14-gon

In an equilateral polygon 等边多边形, all sides are congruent.

In an equiangular polygon 等角多边形, All angles in the interior of the polygon are
congruent.
A regular polygon 正多边形 is a convex polygon that is both equilateral and
equiangular.

If the polygon is both equilateral and equiangular, so it is a regular polygon.

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 1.7 Find Perimeter, Circumference, and Area

Investigate Perimeter and Area

perimeter= P area= A
Rectangle with length l and width w
P= 2l+2w
A= lw

Recall that perimeter is the distance around a figure, the circumference is the
distance around a circle, and the area is the amount of surface covered by a figure

Perimeter and circumference are measured in units of length,

such as meters(m) and feet(ft)
Area is measured in square units,
such as square meters(m^2)and square feet(ft^2)

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Approximate π
The approximations 3.14 and 7/22 are commonly used as approximations for the
irrational number π

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Summary

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