Guide to Basic

Administrative Skills
For Youth Shadow Local Councils
 Table of Contents

04 Introduction
06 Management of Meetings and Sessions
12 Participatory Needs Assessment
18 Activity Planning and Management
25 Decision Making and Problem Solving
36 Leadership in Youth Shadow Local Councils
40 Building Effective Teams
50 Report Preparation and Writing
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Introduction
Running informal bodies, such as the Youth Shadow Local Councils,
requires from the involved individuals mastery of a few basic skills in
teamwork and collective action. This guide highlights a number of those
basic skills that are considered necessary for the organization of activities
of these councils, their relationships to each other and to the surrounding
environment.

Practical skills have the advantage of enhancing young people’s ability to

deliver results from their voluntary action within the highest standards of
efficiency, especially in terms of quality, timing, team spirit and concreted
efforts, to turn an idea into a realizable project. For these reasons, the
guide prioritizes seven basic skills:

• The first skill is the management of Youth Council’s meetings and

session as these provide for the main space for collective action, the
coordination of efforts, and the distribution of tasks, and resource
management among the members of the Youth Shadow Local
Council.
• Participatory needs assessment is also one of the most important
practical skills because it is used as an essential means to identify
the needs and interests of the different groups and incorporate their
views in Youth Shadow Local Council’s decisions and in the design of
its activities.
• The third and fourth skills of planning and decision-making are
closely linked because any successful action relies primarily on the
completion of all planning elements. Plans are often based on specific
life-simulating models prior to their execution on the ground aided
by taking appropriate decisions. Therefore, this guide pays special
attention to unlocking the most important criteria and steps of
decision-making.
• Furthermore, the guide elaborates on other skills necessary for the
proper functioning of Youth Shadow Local Councils, most importantly
leadership skills, so it explains the elements, conditions and tasks
necessary for the successful leadership to undertake, all within the
framework of achieving balance between leadership responsibilities
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and spirit of collective action. Building of successful teams is also

another important focus area in this guide which presents the basic
requirements for successful teams including: conditions for creation
and stages of team development, as well as the fair distribution tasks
and responsibilities among team members, so as to ensure consistency
and integration action among all members of the team.

• Finally, and to ensure progress, accountability and integrity, the

guide also focus on the technical report writing skills because report
preparation is an important methods for self-monitoring, evaluation
and documentation of work. The guide addresses this issue in some
detail and explains the most important rules and steps in reporting.
Moreover, some examples of reports, such as activity report, are also
provided so as to facilitate the process of reporting.
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Management of Meetings and Sessions

Youth Shadow Local Councils hold regular meetings on two levels: at
the Elected Council level and at the General Assembly and/or various
committees.

The meeting can serve as an effective way for exchange of information,

decision-making, planning, and monitoring, evaluation and problem
solving among other functions.

1. What is a meeting?

A meeting is a coming together of two or more persons for the purpose of

achieving a common goal through verbal interaction such as the exchange
of information or reaching an agreement.

It is possible to hold meetings face to face or through modern telecommunication

methods such as over the phone or through video conference.

2. The Importance of Meetings

Meetings are among the most important means of communication

used in Youth Shadow Local Council, which aim to achieve the
following objectives:

• Transfer and exchange information between the Youth Council

members and other parties.
• Answer the various questions members or other parties may have on
the Youth Council and its work.
• Resolve an issue facing the Youth Council, the youth or the community.
• Contribute to the collective decision-making with regard to issues
pertaining to the Youth Council or community.
• Promote a certain idea or project serving the community, the youth
group, etc.
• Plan, monitor and evaluate the implementation of activities and the
achievement of objectives.
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3. Stages of Holding a Meeting:

To achieve its purposes, it is important for the meeting to be prepared

well in advance and managed properly in addition to the follow it with the
implementation its results.

3.1 Good Planning and Preparation

The key to the success of any meeting is mostly found in the proper
planning and preparation, therefore the following questions must be
answered:

You have to answer these questions before the meeting

• Why shall I ask for a meeting to be held?
• What is it that I want to achieve from this meeting?
• What is the information that is going to be exchanged?
• What are the decisions that shall be taken in this meeting?
• Who will attend this meeting that I will be in need for their support?

1. Meeting Agenda:
One of the most important steps to holding a successful meeting is the
preparation and distribution of the meeting agenda three days prior to the
proposed date in order to:

• clarify the reasons for holding this meeting;
• share its agenda with participants and help them think about, and
plan their contributions and ensure their active participation in the
meeting; and
• provide them with the chance to propose amendments to the agenda.

To achieve these purposes, the meeting agenda must contain the following
information:
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Contents of the Meeting Agenda

• Title: e.g. evaluation meeting, planning meeting, etc.
• Purpose: e.g. evaluation of voluntary activities carried out by
members of the Youth Local Council.
• Expected date
• Time
• Place
• Names of participants and invitees: e.g. Youth Council members,
representative of the municipality, etc.
• Major topics for discussion: e.g.
• Acceptance of new members to Youth Council
• Evaluation of “our cleaner, more beautiful village” campaign”

Within this framework, we must take into consideration a number of

standards:

1. Define the objective: the objective must be clear and specific (e.g.
arrive at an agreement on, for example, how Youth Council members
should allocate their time and distribute the tasks amongst them,
etc.?).

2. Specify individual participants: who would be invited to participate

in the meeting (for example Youth Council members, young
volunteers, volunteers’ supervisors, donors, etc.)

3. Means for holding the meeting: How would the Council members
organize the meeting? What are the means to be used in order
to assist in the success of the meeting and arrival at the specified
objectives (such as video conferencing, group discussion, hosting
guest speakers, etc.)

4. Select appropriate time and place: The selected place must be

familiar and easily accessible to the Council Members where they feel
comfortable. The selected place must be of area sufficient to hold the
expected number of participants, and must be equipped with the
essential needs (such as microphones, LDCs, etc.). It is also important
to select a time for the meeting that is appropriate to all participants.
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5. Confirmation of attendance: In case the planned meeting is a regular

meeting or a new one, the organizers must contact every participant in
person about 3-7 days before the meeting date. This communication
to confirm attendance can be done by a phone call or by sending an
email to the invitees’ personal accounts or through sending an SMS to
every CM invited to the meeting.

6. Ensure availability of all needs: It is important to determine all

needs in advance (such as stationary, hospitality, audiovisuals, etc.
for example, organizer should ask themselves if lunch is necessary
to provide in case the meeting tool a long time than expected. Who
should bring the food? What is the appropriate time to do so?

2. Managing Meetings
Meeting management is a necessary process for successful meetings in
order to allow for the discussion of the items listed on the meeting agenda.
To achieve the meeting’s goals and arrive at the expected outcomes, it is
necessary to distribute the roles and responsibility in advance.
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Assigning Key Meeting Roles

Facilitator: Each meeting must have a facilitator whose role is to assist

the other organizers in the preparation for the meeting and to ensure
discussion of the prepared meeting agenda in coordination with
the other Youth Council Members (usually the Council’s Head or the
Treasurer).

Organizers: Prior to holding the meeting, many tasks and preparations

are usually made to help increase the effectiveness of the meeting. It is
therefore necessary to choose a member or a group of members who
will be tasked with ensuring all preparation and requirements of the
meeting are taken care of (in case the meeting is a general one).

Minute-taker: Usually a Council member or the Secretary is chosen as

the minute-taker in regular or periodic meetings who is responsible for
documenting in writing the proceedings and decisions taken during the
meeting because it is necessary to follow-up with the implementation
of these decisions and their outcomes. This means that minute taking
is a good method for documenting the process and provides a good
reference for the outcome of the meeting, when needed.

Presenters: One or more Council members may submit more than one
report or topic, as determined in the major themes and topics suggested
for discussion. For example, if a committee is assigned to carry out a
need assessment of youth in a specific area, the committee members
will present the findings and results arrived at in this assessment before
the participants in the meeting.

Time-Keeper: This individual is required to control the time of the

meeting and remind participants when discussion should end on a
certain topic or theme, in accordance with the prepared agenda.

3. Follow-up with meeting outcomes implementation: It is important

that a person is assigned to follow the outcomes of the meeting. Most
effective meetings produce decisions and outcomes that should be
followed up through the distribution of tasks and responsibilities between
 11

the participants in the meeting in order to allow for the implementation

and realization in real life. Therefore, meetings are considered useless if
their outcomes are not followed up properly to ensure implementation
and success.

Sample Meeting Minutes

Day: ....................................................... Date: ................................................
Venue: ............................................... Time: ...............................................

Participants:
1.
2.
3.
Etc.

Absentees:
1.
2.
3.
Etc.

Meeting Agenda:
1.
2.
3.
Etc.

Themes:
1.
2.
3.
Etc.

Outcomes:
1.
2.
3.
Etc.

Recommendations:
1.
2.
3.
Etc.
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Participatory Needs Assessment

In their work, Youth Shadow Local councils maintain a double focus: on the
youth sector and on the community both of which are considered the basis
for the processes conducted by the councils including: needs analysis and
identification, priority setting, and selection of intervention mechanism
that can contribute effectively to responding to the aspirations of both
parties.

To this end, the Youth Councils develop their action plans in a participatory
manner which allows stakeholders the opportunity to study their needs
and translate them into various intervention that leads to the achievement
of the set objectives (including but not limited to projects, initiatives,
empowerment programs, and lobbying and advocacy campaigns)

Bygone is the era when official or unofficial parties alone used to identify
the needs of a sector, or the entire community or society, without allowing
the later any active engagement in the process.

1. What is needs assessment?

Needs assessment is a process of gathering information on a community’s

main problems and priority needs that must be addressed in the future
and with participation of entities relevant to these issues.

The process of need Assessment is based on:

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Problem Need

Condition undesirable Unfulfilled needs of

by beneficiaries or individuals or groups
communities

Example: School Dropout Example: Youth Capacity

Priority: Building needs

The most urgent /

important of needs

XXXX

2. Importance of participatory needs assessment

Participatory needs assessment can contribute to the achievement of the

following:

• Determine and identify the real problems.

• Identify needs from the viewpoint of the participating group.
• Identify and develop from the perspective of the participating group.
• Develop realistic plans since they are developed with the participation
of concerned individuals
• Carry out realistic, successful activities and initiatives that reflect the
needs of beneficiaries.
• Ensure that the participating individuals do not oppose the plans or
activities under implementation.

3. Methods and Tools of Needs Assessment

Youth Shadow Local Council members can use the following instruments
for the collection of information on needs:

1. Rely on direct observation.

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2. Refer to previous studies and published information

3. Conduct a field survey (using a questionnaire or an opinion poll)
4. Hold focus groups (6-12 people/group)
5. Hold interviews
6. Organize a public or a town hall meeting
7. Organize a workshop
8. Conduct a case study.

On this basis, the template below explains the process for holding a need
assessment workshop.

Phase 1: Identification of Problems and Priorities

• Hold a meeting for the members of Youth Council members,
and emphasize the meeting’s agenda and its importance in the
development of the Council’s future plan of action.
• Ask each participant to write 5 problems or community needs (each
one separately on A4 page) which s/he thinks are representing real
problems requiring intervention from the Youth Shadow Local
Council
• Emphasize brainstorming/the freedom of thought (because it is
important to write down the ideas first without considering if they
could be implemented or not).
• Collect and mix the papers together.
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Phase 2:classification of needs and problems

• Divide participants into small groups and supply each group with
an equal number of papers.
• Ask each group to re-classify the problems and needs after their
discussion.
• Each group selects the most important three problems of needs.
• Each group presents their selection of problems and needs. If there
is 4 groups, each with 3 needs, the result will be (12) problems/
needs.
• The participants present and discuss all problems and make sure
that they don’t include repetitive ideas.
• The participants vote of these ideas and select four problems/
needs to be addressed in the future.
• In case the problems/needs were general and/or unclear to us and
we are not sure of their importance to the target group, we start
with devising a plan for needs assessment with the participation of
the target group we desire to work with.

4. Criteria for selecting needs assessment tools

The process of selecting need assessment tools by members of Youth

Shadow Local Councils is dependent on a variety of criteria that inevitably
limit our ability to choose, based on the following:

• The nature of the subject to be studied or to determine its needs.

• Type of information required.
• Time available to council members.
• Cost of applying the method or tools
• Resources available at the Youth Shadow Local Councils (material and
human)
• Ability to apply or implement the tools
• Expertise of those who will work on the needs assessment and identify
the needs.
16

Select the tool after study and consideration……..

It is necessary to emphasize that, if needed; more than one method or
tool can be used to identify the needs at the same time. For example,
in case the members of youth council decided to study the needs of
their volunteers, the council can use previous studies on the issue
and hold focus groups with volunteers. It is also possible to conduct
individual interviews with persons or officials in the voluntary work
sector in order to collect the needed information and incorporate all
needs in one needs assessment report.

I have an idea!!! Let’s vote on the needs

In case many needs emerged during the needs assessment meetings,
you can ask the participants to vote on these needs through ranking
these needs and voting for the top three. In this manner, the group can
identify the priority or urgent needs among many competing needs

5. Sample Agenda for a Needs Assessment Workshop

Place:
Time:
Participants:
Target Group:
Themes for discussion:
1. Brainstorming on the most important need in the target area and
for the target group.
2. Linking outcomes of brainstorming to the Council’s objectives and
priorities.
3. Discussing the main needs and the Council’s ability to respond to
the problem and implement the identified solutions.
4. Summarizing the most important needs
5. Reaching agreement or consensus on the main need that can be
addressed.
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Logistical requirement for the Needs Assessment Workshop:

1. A Flip Chart
2. Pens & markers
3. A meeting hall and a comfortable seating plan.

Invitees to the needs assessment workshop:

1. A number of members of the target group(s).
2. Individuals knowledgeable in the area and its needs.
3. Representatives from civil society institutions.
4. Representatives from the municipality/local council.

Management /facilitation:
The facilitator must have the following skills:
1. The ability to manage discussion and dialogue.
2. The ability to raise questions that invoke group thinking and
discussion.
3. Familiar with the needs of the target group in general.
4. Non-partisan and respectful of all opinions.
5. The ability to work with the youth.

6. Expected Outcomes of Needs Assessment

1. Define the need(s) of the target groups.
2. Convert the need(s) to objectives.
3. Devise a project to contribute to the realization of these objectives.
4. Develop an operational plan for implementing this project.
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Activity Planning and Management

Youth Councils function in accordance with objectives that direct the
scope of their activities. To undertake their work effectively and efficiently,
participatory planning emerges as an important issue that should allow
for the development of community initiatives led by the council within the
framework of their quarterly or annual plans. The sections below answer
important questions such as: What is planning? How do we plan? Who
is responsible for planning process? What are the expected outcomes of
planning?

Think…. How many times are buildings constructed?

Do you know that buildings are constructed three times at least? The
first time a building is constructed is made in the minds of its planners.
The second time it is built on paper (drawings) while the third time the
building is constructed on the ground. For example, before building
a housing project, it remains an idea and a mental image, then the
architects draw the constructions plans and engineering drawings
that clarify the process of construction, its phases and details of
implementation, taking into account the type of soil and rocks in the
project lot. Afterwards, the engineers and contractors start the actual
construction.

1. The Concept of Planning

Planning is an organized process that aims at predicting the future and

selecting the best alternatives for the realization of specific objectives.

2. The importance of planning prior to implementation of

activities

The dependence of Youth Shadow Local Councils on the rigorous and prior
planning for their various activities and initiatives before implementation
can have the following impacts:
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• Contributes to the implementation of distinctive and selective

activities and initiatives.
• Assists in the determination of the implementation process, steps and
procedures.
• Facilitates the implementation process and clarifies the required tasks
and responsibilities for the council members.
• Helps in the achievement of objectives in an already clarified and
specified manner.
• Guarantees the participation of all youth council members in the
planning and decision-making processes.
• Helps in the prevention of errors, mistakes, and many other problems
during implementation.

3. Few Important questions on planning

Three main questions on the planning process

Where are we Where do we want How to arrive

now? to go? there?

1. Where are we now?

This question denotes the process of conducting a contextual analysis of
the current situation, and the identification of the needs and the required
resources. This is a descriptive and a diagnostic process through which we
can identify and understand our reality, simply by answering a number of
questions:

• Where are we from the local community? What is our role as young
people?
• What do we want from this Council to achieve?
• What are our capacities and our strengths and weaknesses?

2. Where do we want to go?

This represents the future or the image of ourselves that we would like to
see in the next phase through:
 20

• Defining our long and short-term objectives.

• Defining our overall directions
• Defining the principles and values that we seek to consolidate or
change.

3. How do we get there?

We reach out our objectives through developing an implementation plan
that contains programs and projects that respond to the needs of the
community in general, and the target group in particular.

4. How do we go about the planning process?

In many cases, the planning process for Youth Councils’ activities and
programs require many preparations necessary to ensure the successful
completion of planning sessions and the preparation of clear and
implementable. The most important steps are:

• It is very important to plan collectively and with the participation

of all members of the Youth Shadow Local Council.
• It is also preferable to invite the active members of the Youth
Council who actually do the work.
Formation of • It is also a good idea to invite members familiar with Council’s
the Planning affairs since the invitation of a volunteer for the first time,
Team without briefing him/her on the details of planning session prior
to its actual meeting may bring the discussion back square one.
• It is also important not to invite more than 20 members to each
Planning session because the participation of a large number of
people may hinder the planning process and allows things to
get out of hand.

• It is important to inform the participating members in a

reasonable amount of time before the start of the planning
session in addition to attaching its planned agenda.
Invitation to • Try to use more than one method to invite participants and
the planning confirm a permanent date for the meeting already agreed upon
meeting(s) by participants.
• Confirm attendance one day prior to the set date and ensure
that all participating members have received the invitation and
meeting agenda.
 21

• Agree in advance on who among the participants will manage

the meeting (i.e. the Facilitator) who should possess meeting
management skills1.
Undertaking • Prepare a quiet and relaxing atmosphere at the meeting place
all preparation in order to encourage member attendees to participate in the
required for planning session.
holding the • It is useful to bring a flip chart or drawing board and place it at
meeting. the front of the room so all participants can see the plan while it
is being developed and written.
• Prepare all requirements for a successful meeting such as
previous reports, provisional plans, pens, markers, stationary,
hospitality, etc.

• The facilitator must come to the meeting place before all other
participants and earlier than the set time.
• The facilitator must ensure the readiness of the planning venue
and the availability of all the needs.
• Open the planning session on time.
• Remind participants that the discussion should not go beyond
the discussion themes set in the meeting agenda
• Ask one of the participants to help in writing down the
members’ ideas on the board in front of everyone and avoid
repetition of the same ideas during the discussions.
Opening of • Ask another participant to take the minutes of the meeting and
the planning its proceedings in order to make necessary information available
session when needed.
• Encourage members to participate in the discussion and express
their ideas because ideas are of utmost importance to planning.
• There are different ways for leading a planning session and
encourage participations form attendees such as:
• Brainstorming
• Stimulating questions
• Working groups and discussion of groups’ presentations.
• The facilitator summarizes the discussion at the end of the meeting,
affirms the developed ideas and the final form of the plan.
• Finally, participants can set a date for another planning meeting
in the future.

• Prepare a report on the previous planning session deliver it to

participating members during the next session.
Following • And through sending the report to their emails
up with the • Reformulate the plan and provide the participating members
post-planning with copies in order to approve and adopt it in its final version
sessions • Commence the implementation of what has been agreed upon
through the operationalization of the prepared plan, in addition
to following up closely with the implementation.
1

1 See Guide for the Management of Meetings and Sessions

 22

• The collectively designed plan should be displayed in an

appropriate place for all members of the youth council to see.
This can dissiminate the plan to all members and other parties
to ensure their knowledge of the current events and their
commitment to the implementation of the repsonisbilities
assigned to them during the operationalization of the plan.
• Design a notice board where each member writes his /
Innovative her activities during the week so everyone knows what is
ideas in happening, the types of activities to be implemented and who
support of are responsible for their implementation.
planning • Devise and agree on a system that guarantees the commitment
process and of all members to attending, and continue to attend, the
disseminating planning sessions because their absence means that the
the planning discussion goes back to square one.(for example, some members
outcomes of the group can agree on rules for penalties and discipline to
guarantee the commitment of all. For instance, a member who
is absent from more than two planning sessions should be
dismissed)
• Design a box of ideas and suggestion and place that in the
Youth Local Council office in order to encourage members to
submit innovative and creative ideas that could be discussed
and benefited from during the next planning sessions.

5. Planning Templates and Forms

1. Annual plan
The annual plan is the general framework for the programs and initiatives
that are developed in response to two main questions (where are we now?
And where do we want to go? The annual operational plan is the bridge to
move from the current reality to another one within the framework of the
defined objectives and a time schedule).
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Youth Shadow Local Council in: …………………………..

Objective: …………………………………………………………..
Duration: 12 months
Target group: Youth aged 14-24 years
Outcomes and results
Schedule (month)
Phase
Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Phase 1: … Activity No 1: …

Activity No 2: …

Activity No 3: …

Phase 2: … Activity 1: …

2. Preparation of an action plan

The action plan is a detailed implementation plan that defines the main
steps and tasks that will be taken in order to identify the objectives of the
initiative/activity and the desired outcomes. The following form can be
used in the preparation of this detailed plan.

Activity Implementation Plan Form

Youth Shadow Local Council in …………………….
Number of attendees

evaluation methods
Activity Duration

Expected date
Responsibility
Tasks & needs

Monitoring &
Target group
Activity

budget

Place
Time
No.

There are noticeable differences between the first and second plan
especially in terms of the amount of details provided. The annual plan
presents general information on the proposed activities while the action
plan or the activity implementation plan is limited to a shorter time frame
 24

or activity. For example the activity plan may be limited to three months
and contains more specific and elaborate details.

Expected Outcomes of Planning:

1. Clearly identify objectives and goals.
2. Ability to measure outcome and facilitate evaluation.
3. Ability to continuously update or modify the plan.
4. Facilitate the process of realization of objectives and goals.
5. Save time and efforts on part of the team.
6. Benefit from and build upon of all available resources.
 25

Decision Making and Problem Solving

In the course of their work, Youth Shadow Local Councils face many issues
that require taking decisions, as well as various challenge, problems and
constraints that demand to be dealt with and resolved before the moving
forward. Such circumstances require the application of participatory
approached both in problem solving and/or in the process of making
and taking decisions, which provide an opportunity to develop collective
rather than individual decisions and orientation.

1. What is a decision or resolution?

A decision is a course of action chosen by the one who makes the decision
because it is considered the most appropriate available means to achieve
the objective(s) desired for resolving the issue that pre-occupies him/her

Exercise:
Today you have become a responsible member of the Youth Shadow Local
Council in your area. You are asked to make several important decisions, so
discuss with your partner and fellow youth council member the concept of
decision-making and write down this concept?
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. Styles of Decision-Making

1. No response: in this case the group decides not to make a decision. In

itself this is considered a decision taken by the group.

For example: When an enthusiastic member of the group makes a

certain proposal, but the group meets this suggestion with indifference
and lack of attention or discussion, the proposal dies as if it was not
mentioned at all. Frustrated, the member who has his proposal ignored
may withdraw or hinder other decisions could be made later.
 26

2. Authority decision or decision by one person: in this case, one

member of the group takes the decision, but if this person needs
the support or cooperation of other members, s/he often finds him/
herself alone in the implementation of this decision.

3. Immediate approval: In this case a member makes a proposal and

other people instantly support the suggestion (for example by “great
idea”, “WOW”, “beautiful”, etc.) so that the issue is resolved and the
groups adopt the decision without further discussion or challenging
it in fear of dissent among the group. If this scenario is repeated often,
this pattern of decision-making becomes the dominant method hardly
noticeable at the time of making the decision but causes annoyance
later for the other members.

4. An influential group decision: in this case, a particular group takes

the decision because they have already agreed among themselves on
the decision in advance. The group often succeeds in passing their
resolutions but fails in promoting cooperation and true partnership
between the group members.

5. A minority decision: In this case, members with strong and influential

personalities inadvertently impose themselves on the other members.

For example: the Council Head may suggest a proposal which is then
supported by individual members who have influence on the other
members in terms of attendance, performance and voting. After the
decision is made, others start asking why the group failed to interact
with the other members.

6. A majority decision by voting: this method is used with large groups

and is considered one of the most effective methods in decision
making. But it has some shortcoming especially in terms of minority’s
commitment and loyalty who are not satisfied with the decision
made. The unsatisfied Minority group often feels that its views were
not treated as legitimate or not taken into account.

7. All- silent decision: this case occurs in groups that do not feel safe
and free to put forward their views on the decision. However, it is
possible to use this mechanism positively in case that freedom and
full confidence are present between all members of the group.
 27

8. Decisions by consensus and agreement: in this case, the group listens

to the views, reservations and concerns of all members in a positive
environment that guarantees respect, dialogue and cooperation
among all members of the group. It is possible to combine several
proposals that reflect the concerns of all members although decision-
making in this way takes a longer time, but implementation is faster and
produces more successful results. It is expected that Youth Shadow
Local Councils adopt this method in taking their decisions by consensus
and agreement between their members who work as a team.

Exercise:
As a member of the Youth Shadow Local Council, which styles of decision-
making do you prefer? Why? In groups of four, participants discuss and
write down the styles youth believe are appropriate to the work of your
Youth Shadow Local Council. Participants should also explain the reasons
for this selection?
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Importance and risks of Decision making:

Decisions usually vary in difficulty (hard vs. easy decisions), importance

and scope (large vs. small decisions), and appropriateness (right vs.
wrong decisions). All are decisions even with the variety in their level
and complexity. They constitute a pattern of relationships between
council members where each member has some influence. It is amazing
sometimes to see how people react to proposal to work on an issue or
vote on a particular decision (such as loud opposition, approval, rejection,
admiration, cynicism, lack of respect for the proposal but pretending
otherwise) especially when the decision-making is imminent between the
group members. This shows that decision making can be difficult in a group
and it can also freeze or hinder the group’s work and prevent reaching an
agreement at the very moment that the issue must be resolved. In such
cases, the group resorts to voting in order to settle the issue or end the
dialogue by taking a decision. Alternatively, the group agrees to appoint a
committee to pursue the matter and make a decision, which often results
in decisions that are not convincing to all members.
 28

The difficulties in group decision-making revolve around the following

factors:

Suggestions and mechanism for address

Area of difficulty
the difficulty

Unclear objective: We have to define our goals and

Lack of clarity in the objectives or goals objectives clearly and explicitly before
from taking a certain decision impedes taking the decision. Setting specific
the arrival at any decision amongst the objectives facilitates the process of
members of the same team. decision making

Fear from results: Explicit admission of concern of outcomes

Potential results form an impending or results may help the team to address
group decision can lead to divisions these issues and positively influences the
and disagreements among some group decision to be made.
members. (an example of fear could be:
“would my father be upset with me if he
knew I work with you on a campaign to
end adolescents marriages because he is
the one who married off my sisters at 16
years old”)

Competing or conflicting loyalties: The members who fit this case should
Belonging to more than one group or clarify their positions in order to avoid
team at the same time often leads the creating conflict amongst the team, or
team members to divide their loyalties at a feeling of non-commitment, and help
the time of decision making. them reach a solution together. (for
example a member can say: “ I would like
to help in working on these issues but
I don’t have enough time since I am a
Tawjihi student this year”)

Conflict between members: It is important to build trust between the

It is normal for personal differences to members of the group and to address and
emerge between group members, which resolve each conflict to ensure the positive
in turn invoke feelings of discontent and environment for the entire team.
lack of affection that materialize most
often as a hindrance during important
times such as decision making.

Unannounced intentions: Honesty in group interaction is the basis

Such as when a team member seeks for successful decision taking. On the
to convince the other members with a contrary, hiding intentions will negatively
certain issue and push them towards affect the individuals even when the
taking a decision in which s/he has an decision is taken in their favor.
interest without informing the other team
members.
 29

Shortage of information: We have to build our decisions on clear

Insufficient information hinders the and specific information. For this reason
process of making the required decisions we have to search professionally and
and creates a state of confusion among scientifically for information relevant to
the members. the content of the decision and assign the
For example: the Council Head calls for appropriate person to do so.
a meeting and taking a certain decision
without providing all the information that
helps the members take the right decision
which eventually prevents or impedes the
arrival at the an agreement or consensus
on this decision.

Leadership problems: It is important that no one monopolizes

It is possible for a team leader (Council the decision making. Dialogue and
Head) to impede decision making if s/ discussion between the group members,
he does not encourage the members to and the assignment of the responsibilities
freely express their ideas and opinions. In to the qualified person, will contribute
case the leader does not know the most greatly to the success of the decision.
important methods used in decision
making, it will definitely complicate or
hinder the process of decision making.

Here are some factors that help us in decision-making:

• A clear objective
• Clear understanding between the team on identifying of whom
among the members will bear the responsibilities for the decisions.
• Using various aids and methods to help put forward new ideas.
• Effective and stimulating leadership that provides the Youth Shadow
Local Council members to contribute and innovate.
• Commitment of the Council Head to continuously involve all council
members in the decisions and resolutions intended to be taken.
• Prior agreement between all council members on the most
appropriate mechanism to adopt in decision-making for all members
(e.g. consensus, voting, secret ballot ... etc).

4. The methods that contribute significantly to increase

creativity and effectiveness in decision- making and
problem-solving within the team, which the team leader
must take into account:
 30

1. The teams’ commitment to attend the meetings and sessions: All team
members should show interest in attending all meetings, especially
the important ones in which decisions will be taken. All team members
have to adhere to these meetings and decisions in terms of follow up
responsibilities and tasks assigned to the team members.
2. Maintain the number of team members: Youth Shadow Local Council
does not exceed 15 members. This number will help us make decisions
effectively, in full participation, and at specific, convenient time for all.
3. Advance announcement of the meeting: you should select the subject
for discussion in advance of the meeting. It is also possible to e-mail a
summary of the ideas or issues you wish to discuss with the team prior
to the meeting and ask them to think about the topics and prepare
ideas and possible solutions for discussion in the upcoming meeting.
4. Collect the opinions of all Members: It is very important to listen to
the views and ideas of all members without evaluation and judgment.
5. Encourage the team members to discuss the idea collectively within
the group and not solely with the person who proposed the idea: it is
essential to address and consider the merits of the proposed idea by
the team as a whole yet without the insisting to direct their questions,
or even praise to the person making the suggestion.
6. Provide constructive and positive criticism: they will be many negative
comments expressed during decision-making and problem-solving
meetings. Try to reformulate such criticism in a positive way. For
example, “We have tried this before, but did not work” can be put as
“and the new thing in this idea is………….. because it was missing in
the idea in the past and this is why it did not work. This encourages us
now to try once again. What do you think?”
7. Request positive feedback from all members: When negative
comments increase, draw a table of two columns, and label the first
“for” and the second “against”. Then ask each member has offered
negative comments to record his objection under the column
“against”, and another comment under the column “for”. This method
limits the use of stimulation methods, expands the thinking horizons,
and encourages members to seek solutions, not problems.
8. As a team leader of the Youth Shadow Local Council, you should act
as an example for all members by not insisting on or defending your
ideas: When your idea is criticized, you may become defensive out
of instinct for self-protection, so let others carry the burden of this
defense. Remind the team that the idea is a theme for discussion by the
 31

team. If they do not understand your intention from your proposition,

clarify your destination without getting defensive. Undoubtedly the
team will understand your idea and mirror your behavior which means
that you have actually become a role model for them.

5. The Importance of Making Decisions by Consensus

Decisions made by consensus are always superior to individual decisions

taken by the most prominent members of the team alone, although the
team needs more time and patience to arrive at such a decision.

Why?
Because the team, by virtue of this mechanism, can generate a greater
number of choices and evaluate them realistically. Usually, there is a
sincere and deeper commitment on the part of team members towards
the implementation of consensus decisions for as long as there opinions
were heard, discussed and studied. Even after they leave the meeting they
are still convinced that the decisions they made are the best that can be
reached, and they are now part of it.

In addition to allow sufficient time for making a good and appropriate

decision, it is important to be patient. There are four steps that contribute
significantly to reaching a unanimous decision that the team leader shall
follow:

1. Encourage all team members to have a full opportunity to express

their opinion: It is very important to create an atmosphere of trust
and mutual respect among all members to express their concerns
without the silencing them and imposing your opinions on them as
the team leader because you do not agree on what is being proposed.
Only in a positive environment that members freely express their
views and guarantee the likelihood of reaching the agreement.
Such encouragement leads the team and creates the feeling of its
importance in taking initiative and responsibility to influence the lives
of its members, their communities and environment in order to attain a
happier and respectful life that guarantees their right to a decent living.
2. Emphasize the positive attributes in the team: always reinforce the
strengths of the team, motivate them to continue working effectively,
 32

and remind them of the successes you achieved earlier in working as

a team.
3. Discuss the negative aspects raised by some: it is important to discuss
members’ concerns and obstacles they consider possible to face
during the implementation of a certain decision and do not overlook
them and make them feel that such concerns are unreasonable. Many
team members appreciate the opportunity to express their concerns
and reservations, thus they starts thinking positively which leads them
to offer suggestions on how to resolve problems.
4. Continue to summarize the points of agreement: focus on the
team’s interaction towards the unanimity of opinion by constantly
summarizing the points agreed upon by all members, until you reach
a point where it seems that that all problems and differences have
dissipated. Then the team starts to see the results of their cooperation
that led them to consensus.
5. Hold effective meetings: the team achieves much of its work during
meetings, so it is important for the meeting to be held with as much
effectiveness and efficiency. As possible. A date should be set for
the meeting which all members adhere to, and meeting must begin
with a clear introduction on problem, topic, or goal. Do not start the
discussion unless the meeting subject and what is required to be
achieved are clear to all participants.
6. It is important for the team leader to distribute information, if any, or
present it orally to team members participating in the meeting. The
team leader should involve team members in the leadership since s/he
is the first among equal members, taking into account the importance
of making use of available human resources.
7. During the meetings, it is important to give all team members the
opportunity to express their opinion in a manner agreed upon by
the team (an agreed upon contract), where the contract emphasizes
respect for all (see the four steps for reaching a unanimous decision).
8. Decisions are taken unanimously after the team studies the possible
consequences that the decision may have on all team members
who may be affected by it as well as on its potential impact on the
Youth Council’s functions and objectives. Consultations that take
place between the team must be dealt with as a group topic without
attacking the person who suggested the idea. Team members should
be tolerant and allow the expression of all feelings of anger or joy,
as long as no offence is intended. Team members also have to deal
 33

with conflicts, if any, by allowing the angry ones to express their views
and help them resolve the problem. Everyone agrees on the agreed –
upon solution when they feel part of it.

However, in case the meeting’s time ends and the team does not want
to stay late or follow the discussion until they achieve the goal about
which it is agreed to take a decision, the team members set a new date
to continue the discussions actively and effectively. In the event that
agreement is reached on a particular decision without the presence of all
team members, the decision is considered temporary until the decision
is presented to the team in its entirety and ensure the agreement of all
members that guarantees the full commitment of all to all.

6. Factors Leading to Taking Wrong Decisions:

1. Lack of or incomplete information.

2. Lack of clarity or specification of objectives.
3. Shortage of time available to identify other alternatives.

If the Team encounters a problem in taking the decision, the team

leader must follow the following steps:
• Identify and express the problem in clear statements with specific
concepts to make sure that all team members understand the problem.
• Analyze the problem through the identification of its manifestations
and causes. This is useful for the team members in identifying the
point of view of each member of the scope of the problem.
• Present resolution alternatives including the consideration of various
possible solutions.
• Measure the pros and cons of each solution and discuss implementation
procedures that must be taken in detail with the team members.
• Distribute work related to the implementation of the adopted
resolution between the team members and appoint a rapporteur to
follow up implementation and execution dates as well.
• Agree on an evaluation mechanism, taking into account that
evaluation is an ongoing process that occurs in tandem with the
various stages of problem solving and accompanies implementation
during and after the completion of this process.
 34

In community work, our stepping stone has always been based on of a

learning philosophy based on the common quest for finding solutions to
problems. We aim at give “a voice to the voiceless”. Therefore it is important
that people participate positively in the identification of problems and
together search for solutions to adopt. In the case of Youth Shadow Local
Councils, it is important to pay address all aspects of the problem during
our direct interaction between council members and the community for
the purpose of solving a common problem in the community. The many
facets a problem can have stem from:

• Prevalent social values and beliefs pertaining to the problem.

• The basic needs (economic situation) of the problem.
• Decision-making and control with regard to the problem.

For example, the Youth Local Council can classify the information on all
topics under study by using the analysis grid below.

Grid of Main Topic

Social beliefs and
Economic reasons Decision taking
Topic values relevant to
for the Problem and control
the problem

Youth Unemployment

Hygiene and Sanitation

Adolescents’ Marriage

Etc.

What is the benefit of this method in information classification?

It is important to use this method because it promotes the awareness
and understanding of team members themselves (members of the Youth
Shadow Local Council), so they can discover that problems are interrelated,
and that the economic status affects the values of individuals or the fact
that politics affects the economy and so on so forth...

This method of analysis helps the team see problems and deal with
them not as isolated and separate phenomena, but rather see the
interdependence and overlap between them. This analysis is driven by
the same logic underlying basing plans and activities of the Youth Council
 35

on free and real development, rather than being based on the desire to
dominate and control the people through what is being delivered by
these activities and projects.

It is important for the Youth Council members to be aware of projects

provided to them because it is also important to analyze these projects
in abovementioned way to make sure of their benefits. This entails that it
is very important for the Youth Council to undertake ongoing evaluation
of the team’s work and decisions in order to identify and benefit from the
lessons learned through the process.
 36

Leadership in Youth Shadow Local

Councils
Youth Shadow Local Councils can plan a leading role in the youth sector and
the local communities, along with other organizations in the community,
in order to represent and express youth aspirations and translate them
into programs and projects able to contribute to community development
and even change.

That the importance of the leadership role of Youth Shadow Local Council
rests in mobilizing the male and female youth towards achieving the goals
that we aspire to.

But when can you be a leader in a group?

1. If I own leadership potential.

Or

2. If I sharpen my leadership skills and dedicated enough

time during my work with the group in order to master the
following:

• Notice what is happening inside the team.

• Fully realize its major needs and how to address them in accordance
with the needs of each case in a variety of situations.
• Respect and understand the feelings of the group I participate in its work.
• Adhere to the values of love and humility with the team.
• Listen to the team’s opinion and evaluation of my actions as a leader
within the team.
• Allow the team to evaluate my behavior and adjust the negative ones
in order to strengthen positive interaction with the group.
• Enlist the help of those who possess the information and skills required
to build on whatever skills I have in order to strengthen my skills in
leading the group.
 37

3. Participatory Leadership

Leadership in Youth Shadow Local Councils is based on the concept of

participation rather than individual action; a concept that constitute a
principle and a value governing relations between members. However,
this would not preclude the emergence of a male or female leader capable
of leading and guiding others towards the achievement of the vision and
objectives of the Youth Council, on the basis of what can they may have of
characteristic enjoy and the roles they take.

What the Leader of the Youth Shadow

Tasks of Successful Leader of
Local Council do to ensure cooperation
Youth Shadow Local Councils
and positive spirits at the Council member

Incentive and initiative: encourage the Encouragement: I appreciate the team

Council members to take initiatives and work (Local Council members), I build
propose suggestions for topics and issues on their suggestions and I respect all
they see as important for their local opinions. I believe in the skills and
communities experience they own. “The value of every
person is what he does best”

Knowledge: it is important to check the Finding spaces for change: the work of
information that you, as a leader, have and youth council members is not limited
you must also check their sources. You to those who are always active. It is
must also check for the availability of the important to involve everyone in the
resources of the group (Youth Council), discussions, even the quite members.
and whether or not they are sufficient or
you need additional resources.

Maintain effective communication and Define challenges: it is important to share

dialogue between the team members. with the group the challenges that it may
face or impedes the implementation of
the reached decisions.

Ability to direct the youth council members Contract or agreement: it is important for
towards the objective and focus the work the group to agree on a mechanism for
on the achievement of required tasks. dialogue and discussion among themselves
such as avoiding side conversations and
interrupting others’ speech.

Trust in the team and their abilities to Understanding and addressing individuals
cooperate in the achievement of tasks. need: what makes them happy? What
makes them bored? What could create
harmony between the team members?
What could create a conflict inside the
team?
 38

Ability to summarize what was agreed Evaluation: which means two important
upon: one of the basic tasks of the leader things:
of the Youth Council is the formulation of • Evaluating the work progress of
issues, projects and draft plans to present council members in a certain task.
to the team for the purpose of their • Evaluating the relationships between
discussion and approval in a participatory Council members as a group.
manner.

Ability to organize work: it is important Ongoing dialogue, discussion,

that the leader be a role model for the cooperation and interaction to ensure the
group, through his/her attending to achievement of desired objectives.
organizational matters in person, such as
respect of appointment.

It should be noted that the above is required of all male and female
team members, on the basis that each and every one of them is a
leader.

How can the elected youth group lead the youth in their community
towards positive change?

Before attempting to target any group and change their social conditions,
we, as Youth Council members, should make sure of:

• Our convection and faith in the community issues on which we work.

• Our work stems from the people needs and interests first because
they are our partners in the process of change that we aspire to.
• To achieve change, we must work with young people rather than on
their behalf.
• Possess critical awareness.

What are the issues that can lead to real changes?

• Issues of interest to young people in our community: It is important to
identify issues and topics of interest to people that they talk about in a
manner that raises hope and anxiety and even fear and anger.
• Pressing topics and issues of interest to youth in their community that
can be worked upon in order to mobilize the potentials of the target
group in the community.
• Issues that may help people develop their critical awareness: Of the
most important issues that Youth Council members may work upon
is respecting other people’s ideas and encourage them to openly
 39

criticize and object to what they have taken for granted in their lives
so that they can help create a better situation.
• Engage all youth interested in making a difference in their community
rather than limit our work to a specific social group.
• Issues that enhance coordination and create linkages with other
groups at the national level in order to ensure sustainability and
continuity of what we do.
 40

Building Effective Teams

Youth Shadow Local Council members should work within a team and as
one unit. However, this is not easy to achieve given the nature of tasks
and responsibilities youth council members are expected to undertake
during the council’s official term and within the framework of its functions.
Working as one team requires not only consensus and harmony between
all council members but also giving their best efforts in order to realize the
common results agreed upon by all.

1. Who is the Youth Shadow Local Council Team?

This team consists of a small group of individuals who possess

complementary skills and collaborate together in a sense of unity,
solidarity and collective responsibility to achieve a common goal or carry
out a common action.

The formation process of youth shadow local councils is aimed at improving

the performance effectiveness of the team members through joint work,
solid relationships with each other, and strong role and responsibilities of
the team leader towards the team.

2. Causes Demanding Teamwork Spirit:

• Achieving goals and objectives effectively and with integration.

• Taking advantage of the capabilities and talents of each team member.
• Enriching the team’s life since it enables exchange of experience
among the members.
• Solving problems more effectively.
• Addressing challenges and obstacles during the implementation of tasks.
• Ensuring mutual moral support between team members.
• Improving effective communication between team members.
• Developing a collective sense of responsibility towards the intended
objectives.
• Achieving a sense of mutual pride and accomplishment which
strengthens the cohesion of the Youth Council.
 41

3. Importance of Teamwork Approach

The importance of teamwork lies in the benefits it creates for each

member. Moreover, it impacts the entire Youth Local Council as a body or
framework within which young people come together for the following
reasons.

• Cooperation and mutual support between team members because

they identify with the team to ensure that it remains successful and
brilliant.
• Distribution of work among the team limits the individual competition
and action.
• Sense of collective responsibility when problems may occur without
blaming one another or the evade responsibility.
• Participation of the team in defining solutions and taking consensus
decisions. In turn, this invokes among the team members the feeling
of belonging and commitment to define solutions and implement
decisions successfully.
• Working as a team enhances a strong sense of commitment towards
the team and desire not to let it down.
• The team’s attention to quality and accuracy, because the members
are part the whole, so that the team appears in the best image possible.
• Strengthening of human relations between members of the team.

4. How do team members effectively achieve the objectives

of the Youth Shadow Local Council?

• Team members trust the potentials of each member of the Council.

• Group members offer sincere support and assistance to each member
in the team’s progress towards its objectives.
• The team assigns a real role for all team members and gives them the
right to voice and meaningful participation.
• Team members come together in addressing the challenges and
obstacles facing the team.
• All members of the Youth Council tasks are committed to the
responsibilities and functions entrusted to them.
 42

5. Characteristics of Work between Team Members

• A common goal which achievement is the highest priority for the

team member.
• Existence of a unified vision.
• Codependency, reliability and reciprocity between team members.
• Simplicity and flexibility of structure.
• Presence of clear relationships for the purpose of realizing common
goals.
• Participation of team members in decision-making process.
• Definition of roles assigned to the Council head and members.
• Sense of belonging and commitment.
• Open information available and accessible to all members.
• Complementarity of individual objectives and group objectives.
• Partnership based on shared values and principles in order to regulate
the team’s conduct and actions during the execution of the task.
• Acceptance of and respect for the team.
• Belief in the potential of each team member.
• The team’s conviction of team work and collective action are the basis
for success and innovation.

6. Advantages of Teamwork for Individual Members

Some of the advantages that individual members learn while working in

team:

• Organizational advantages: structural coherence, effort coordination,

and clear understanding of the Youth Council’s objectives.
• Professional advantages: a common identity, exchange of experiences,
information, ideas and innovations.
• Practical advantages: the acquisition of new knowledge and skills,
growth, progress and success.
• Psychological advantages: Feeling of belonging, loyalty, appreciation,
accomplishment and self-realization.
• Social advantages: deep relationships between individuals, mutual
respect, and enjoyment of shared social and recreational activities.
 43

7. Conditions for the Formation of Teams

• Conviction, consent and willingness of team members.

• A strong reason for forming the team.
• The relationship between the team members is mutual co-
dependence.
• Equal worth and importance for all members in the team.
• Members’ understanding of their own roles and those of others.
• Sincere desire on part of the team leader and members for the success
of team’s tasks.
• Existence of trust, respect and connection between team members.
• Desire of all team members for cooperation.
• The ability to tolerate others and accept different points of view.

8. How to Form a Team?

Now, after a group of individuals won the Youth Shadow Local Council
elections, the group will start thinking about work and will adopt the
mechanism of teamwork a corner stone in its approach to planning and
implementation. So the group will first start thinking about the following:

• Determine the assignment or task that the team member should

undertake, through reference to the objectives and functions of the
Youth Shadow Local Council.
• Prepare a list of team members based on capacities and tasks.
• Distribute the work between the team members in an integrated,
complementary and well-coordinated manner.
• Define the time frame for the assignment, including implementation
phases and the latest date for its completion.
• Specify the human and material resources need for the team, and
develop a work plan.
• Hold regular meeting for following up with, monitor and evaluate
work progress.
44

9. Characteristics of Effective and Ineffective Teams

Information
Effective Team Ineffective Team

Flows freely from top to bottom and vice Primarily flows from top down and with
versa with great levels of transparency horizontal lines free of team participation
between the members of the same team.

All team members contribute to it Information is blocked or banned from the

team members.

Clear and explicit Incomplete, blurred and unclear messages

Members Relationships
Effective Team Ineffective Team

Trust Suspicion and division

Respect Interests on the basis of need and desire

Cooperation Competition

Support Lack of support

Disagreement
Effective Team Ineffective Team

Considered natural and beneficial Undesired

Revolves around topics not members Destructive, revolves around personal

characteristics and motives.

Work Environment (Execution of Tasks)

Effective Team Ineffective Team

Clear Fragmented

Not based on threat Based on fear and threats

Non-competition Prevailed by Caution

Already based on participation Divided into closed groups

 45

Decision-Making
Effective Team Ineffective Team

By consensus By Imposition or force

Makes good use of information and its

Emphasis on influence
sources

All team members adhere to the Clinging to views; confusion and discord
implementation of the decisions among team members

Innovation
Effective Team Ineffective Team

Multiple choices Controlled by power centers only

Oriented towards finding solutions Freezing of solutions

Leadership
Effective Team Ineffective Team

Participation by all team members Hidden

Depends on competency Given to specified individuals

Depends on contributions of the team as Controlled by mutual benefits laws

a whole

Incentives
Effective Team Ineffective Team

Adherence to the team-defined objectives Work in accordance to forced objectives

Satisfying the needs for belonging Neglect of objectives

Provides greater opportunities for Acknowledgement of individual

achievement through the team achievement without taking the team
considerations into account.

Rewards
Effective Team Ineffective Team

Based on the acknowledgement and Based on subjective evaluations and

appreciation of all team members unclear foundations, often lacks objectivity.
 46

10. Phases of Building Real Teams

During the process of team building, the members will go through four
phases in order to have the chance for the formation of a real team that
aims at realizing the main objective they agreed upon.

1. Formation Phase: (my identity as an individual in the team / my role

as an individual in the team)
The first step in the conversation from individualism to collective
action; from an individual to a member; from working solely to
Phase Description becoming interactive with others; from being independent to a
participant. This is a testing phase where the individual discovers
the appropriate relationships with team members as well as the
psycho-social environment of the team.

Mixed feeling dominates this phase. The member feels a sense

of joy from his/her membership in the group, optimism, belief
Members’ feelings in one’s ability to succeed, expectation of possible results, pride
during the phase of own choice, anxiety and fear of failure, uncertainty towards
the task and the rest of the team, and longing to become actual
member of the team.

In this phase, the members’ behavior shows a mixture of civility,

courtesy and formality with others, in addition to trying to
understand the required task and identify ways for implementation
Members’ Behavior and achievement. The member also attempts to identify the
during the phase accepted vs. rejected behavior, search for sources of information,
identify potential problems and ways to address them, and express
complaints of anticipated difficulties, whether real or fictitious, in
addition to some distress, dissatisfaction, hesitancy and reluctance.

To support individuals in this phase, orientation and smooth

Mechanism for introduction can be adopted in addition to provision of
assisting the team information to clarify the team’s mission and objectives, the
through the phase tasks required from team members, the criteria for success and
acceptable vs. non-acceptable behavior, train members on task
performance with focus on the skills they lack and need.

2. Conflict Phase
This is the most difficult phase in team building, because each
member searches for his/her own place and status. Objectives
Phase Description seem difficult or unattainable- members run out of patience
so they argue, rebel, oppose and resist- conflict arises between
member so some may leave the team- the team may get stuck at
this stage and does realize any achievement
 47

In this phase, the members may feel conflicting views and

Members’ feelings opinions, resistance, rejection, confusion, and inability to think
during the phase properly but the team members may feel comfortable when
there is a slight hope of success.

In this phase, the members show a behavior characterized

by argument, debating, challenging, competition, conflict,
Members’ Behaviors use of psychological defense mechanisms such as projection,
during the phase justification, withdrawal, attack and daydreaming. Members may
start questioning the goals and tasks, and some may tend to lose
their temper and self-control and strongly defend their personal
point of view.

The team can be helped at this stage by clarification and provision

Mechanism for of information and incentives and affirmation of their abilities to
assisting the team perform the tasks. In addition, examples can be offered to clarify
through the phase similar tasks and functions and how they were accomplished,
as well as using conflict resolution tools such as reconciliation,
compromise, avoidance, adaptation, cooperation and participation.

3. Laying the Foundations Phase

At this stage, the members start to accept one another and the
roles each will undertake and that of the team as a whole. This
phase is characterized by an easing of the conflict and the start
Phase Description of cooperation which grows gradually. It is an intermediate
stage leading up to the next stage. Also at this stage, rules are
developed for relationships and interaction between the team
members, so that the goal becomes the connection or the
unwritten contract that unites them.

The individual feelings at this stage are geared towards the

Members’ feelings acceptance of one’s membership in the team and the common
during the phase goal, in addition to feelings of psychological comfort that
allows for conflict resolution, commitment and strong well for
cooperation and participation.

The members’ behavior at this stage is geared towards working

Members’ Behaviors to settle disputes and exchange information in addition to
during the phase increased openness and expression of feelings. Social and
personal relations and relaxed and fun.

The team can be helped through encourage the members for

Mechanism for participation, development of self-commitment and sense
assisting the team of responsibility. Also the team can benefit from provision of
through the phase necessary information and ensuring the clarity of goals and
objective in addition to the starting on the preparation of work
plans and schedules and provision of necessary training.
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4. Performance Phase
In this phase, the team becomes more cohesive, supportive of
its members and understanding of the differences between
them. Here the members begin to assume their roles and
engage in relations of cooperation and interdependence. The
Phase Description members also identify with their role and recognize others’
roles and expectations, and understand both the strengths and
weaknesses in his/herself and the others. The team members
think of in delivery methods to increase effectiveness, and the
leader assumes his/her role as a guide, coach and mentor, and
help members to evaluate their performance.

There is a sense of satisfaction across the team because the

progress and results start to show. Trust in others prevails in the
Members’ feelings team since the issues have settled and members have known
during the phase one another. Self-confidence increases and the desire to fulfill
the required role in order to feel the sense of accomplishment
and self-realization.

The behavior of the team members is distinguished by

Members’ Behaviors collaboration, ability to anticipate problems and desire to avoid
during the phase and/or resolve them, and taking risks in order to realize the
objective and immersion in the team.
Mechanism for The team can be helped through guidance, training,
assisting the team encouragement and support.
through the phase

11. Elements Affecting Team-Building and Level of

Effectiveness

• Technical element: This means the type of tasks to be performed,

their level of difficulty, available information, the different methods
to achieve them, and the potential human and material resources for
accomplishing these tasks.

• Human element: This is represented in the Youth Shaodw Local

Council’s team leader and members.

• Environmental element: This is in represented by the regulatory and

social environment.
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It is very important for the members of the Youth Shadow Local Council
to identify and analyze the three elements while working on the plan for
and implementation of their programs and activities in their communities
to make sure of the available resources, both physical and human, and the
effectiveness of their actions.

12. Roles of the Team Leader (leader of the Youth Shadow

Local Council) and the members of the Youth Shadow
Local Council team:

Roles of the members

Role of Team Leader
of Youth Shadow Local
(Leader of the Youth Shadow Local Council)
Council Member

Ensures coordination, integration and interaction between

the members of the team

Facilitates the team work through ensuring the availability

of necessary requirements

Continuously maintains the effective communication

between the team members

Mobilizes and activates the team Cooperation and

effective participation
Cooperates with the team members in the implementation in planning,
of achievement requirements of a certain action implementation, follow-
up, monitoring and
Constantly motivates the team to work in positive spirits evaluation
Comes up with creative ideas and implementation methods
that respond to the needs of the local community in which
the Local Youth Council intend to work in

Involves the team in decision making

Constantly evaluates his/her and the team’s performance

with the team members

Here, it is worth emphasizing that the team leader is not necessarily to

be the Head of the Youth Local Council. Any of the Council members can
assume a leading role regardless of their titles or positions in the Council.
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Report Preparation and Writing

Youth Shadow Local Councils prepare reports to document their
meetings, events and activities they implement. Moreover, reports are
used a reference to consult in the future whenever necessary, whether for
preparation of annual reports, or for the follow up with the implementation
of decisions, or for information exchange and dissemination to the General
Assembly members and other institutions.

1. Definition of Reports

A report is a written presentation of data, information and facts on a

particular topic or problem made in an analytical, structured and simplified
manner, in addition to the inclusion of findings, results, suggestions and
recommendations.

2. Types of Reports

• Needs assessment report: A report type that identifies the problems

and special needs of the social groups that the Youth Shadow Local
Council may wish to work with/for.

• Activity implementation report: A report prepared specifically on

a certain activity that has been carried out, such as training courses,
campaigns, voluntary activities, workshops or any activities that have
been implemented by the Youth Council.

• Performance evaluation report: Such reports assess the level of

performance and efficiency during the evaluation period. For example,
some reports document the evaluation and the performance of the
Youth Shadow Local Council as a whole in terms of competency and
efficiency in implementation. This type of reports normally identifies
problems encountered during implementation, lessons learned, and
recommendations on the basis of which the Council will benefit from
past mistakes and to improve the implementation process.
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3. Importance of Reports

• Present the results of research or study a particular topic or a solution

of a specific problem for the benefit or its readers.
• Used as a communication tool between Council members that will
facilitate their work.
• Assist in decision-making through provision of information.
• Used as a tool for monitoring and evaluating the performance of
Council members
• Assist in the development of objective and implementable
plans through consulting previous reports on the Council’s past
accomplishments and recommendations.
• Follow-up with activities and performance of team members.
• Help in identifying the extent of achievement of the set objective
and the nature of problems encountered during implementation
(inclusive of the analysis of their causes and ways to avoid recurrence
in the future).
• Considered as a means for recording and documentation of the
Council’s activity during a specific time period (inclusive of an analysis
of results and achievements made)
• Provides an evaluation of the actual level of performance and
constraints encountered by the Youth Local Councils.

4. Principles and rules that must be observed in report

writing

• Identify the aim of this report (Progress Report – Report of achievements

- a report on the problem and suggestions for solutions ... etc.)
• Identify the report’s audience (i.e. readers): How they think? What do
they want from the report? What are their vocational and professional
levels? How well they are familiar or knowledgeable of the subject
matter? This helps in the use of appropriate language and presentation
in the report.
• The report should include clear indicators and significance confirming
with the report subject matter (for example if the report was on the
implementation of Youth Council activities, the narrative can be
supported by success rates and percentages as well as by previous
outcomes).
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• Use direct and necessary vocabulary as well as simple and easy to

understand statements and sentences. Stay away from using a rhetoric
writing style and emotional statements. Also pay special attention
to the reports language on terms of spell check and using correct
grammar and punctuation (particularity the dots and commas)
• In terms of presentation, it is preferable to directly address the topic
without unnecessary introductions, highlight the main ideas, and
avoid repetition of statements.
• Finally, edit the draft report and pay special attention to formatting,
organization and sequencing so that the presentable report reflects
on the level of the Youth Council and its members. Also remember to
include in the report other supportive methods such as photos, copies
of media coverage, etc.(always Keep in mind that reports are rarely
read but browsed very quickly!).

5. Phases and Steps of Report Writing

• Collection and organization of information.

• Specification of the main ideas.
• Writing the first draft of the report
• Re-writing the first draft.
• Formatting of the report.
• Editing and revision.

6. Tens Tips for Effective Reports

The report should:

• Be complete, precise and honest report.

• Be simple and brief as possible.
• Be objective, not controlled by your personal judgments, desires and
opinions.
• Have a beginning, middle and ending.
• Have logical order and sequence and with clear division and
numbering of sections
• Be written in clear and direct language.
• Be submitted in the (appropriate) time it is required to be submitted.
• Use charts and diagrams whenever possible.
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• Have an executive summery representative of the report data.

• Free from errors, typos, and misspelling.

7. Standard Report Structure

Standard Report Structure

• Cover Page
Beginning • Page of Contents
• Executive Summary of the Report
• Introduction

• Presentation of Information, Data and Facts

Body • Tables
• Charts and Diagrams
• Study and Analysis

• Findings and Results

Ending • Recommendations
• Annexes

8. Implemented Activities Report Form

Activity Coordinator:

Activity title:

Place:

Time:

Beneficiaries:
Number of beneficiaries Male: Female:
Beneficiaries’ background
(Ages, where they come from, etc.)
Partner Institutions in this activity
(if any, and specify the type of services
provided)

Summary of the activity (a brief explanation in no more than 10 lines)

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Details of Implementation:
Activity Objective:

Activity Phases:

Details:

Outcomes / Results

Photo Documentation

Links to news reports

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