No. Form : FORM.Pudir I.

04
Tgl. Terbit : 15 Sept. 2011
RESUME MATERI PERKULIAHAN Revisi : 00

PRODI D-IV (SARJANA TERAPAN) KEBIDANAN SAMARINDA

POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN KEMENKES KALIMANTAN TIMUR

MATA KULIAH : English In Midwifery HARI/TANGGAL : Sabtu, 30 Januari 2021

Practice
SKS/SEMESTER : 2/2 WAKTU : 10.30 – 12.10
TINGKAT/KELA : 1 / Str. Kebidanan (Reguler) DOSEN PENGAJAR : Famala Eka Sanhadi
S Rahayu, M.Pd

Resume Materi Presentasi Perkuliahan

GROUP 1
 Definition of dengue fever
DHF or dengue hemorrhagic fever is a disease caused by one of the four dengue
viruses. Dengue fever is a contagious disease. The means for dengue fever transmission
itself comes from the bites of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albocpictus.
 Dengue fever risk factor
Dengue fever can be triggered by certain risk factors. Some of the risk factors for
dengue fever are:
• Have had a previous dengue virus infection
• Live or travel to tropical areas; and
• Infants, children, the elderly, and people with compromised immunity.
 Causes of dengue fever
Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus which is transmitted by the Aedes
aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Both mosquitoes can bite in the morning to
late afternoon late afternoon. Transmission occurs when a mosquito bites and sucks the
blood of a person who is already infected with the dengue virus, when the mosquito bites
another person, the virus will spread. This happens because mosquitoes act as carriers for
the dengue virus.
 Sign and symptoms
• High fever reaches 40 degrees Celsius
• Severe headache
• Pain in joints, muscles, and bones
• Pain in the back of the eye
• Decreased appetite
 Prevention of dengue fever
• Children aged 9-16 years should be vaccinated against dengue, 3 times with a
distance of 6 months
• Eradicate mosquito breeding in two time for insecticide fumigation or fogging at a
distance of 1 week
• Draining water reservoirs, such as bathtubs, at least every week
• Closing the water reservoirs tightly
 Treatment for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
• Drink lots of fluids to avoid dehydration
• Get enough rest
• Take fever-reducing drugs that are relatively safe and recommended by doctors
• Avoid consuming pain relievers.
• Monitor urination frequency and urine output.

GROUP 2
 Definition of anemia
Anemia for pregnant women condition in which red blood cells declining or
hemaglobin, the capacity so capacity oxygen vital organs in the maternal and fetal being
reduced during pregnancy. Anemia in pregnancy is a condition mother with haemoglobin
 levels under 11 gr % on trimester the first and or standar it; 10,5 gr % on second
trimester.
 Causes of anemia
• The first less intake of iron.
• The second bleeding.
• The third kidney disease.
• The fourth one disorder of the immune system of the body can also causes the body
red blood cell shortage.
 Signs and symptoms of anemia for pregnant women
• The first quickly tired.
• The second weary.
• The third eyes blurred.
• The fourth dizzy.
• The fifth easy swoon.
• The sixth the skin surface and a pale face.
• The seven nausea vomiting more great pregnant young.
• The eight heart palpitations
• The ninth shortness of breath during exertion or strenuous exercise
 What to do to avoid anemia for pregnant women ???
• The first consume intake iron sufficient to meet the body needs. Example:
Vegetables green color, Of nuts, Especially the hearts of animal protein.
• The second Consume foods rich in vitamin C. For example: oranges, tomatoes,
mangoes and others that can increase iron absorption.
 Treatment of anemia in pregnant women
• Take vitamins to make sure pregnant women have enough iron and folic acid.
• Get more vitamin C
• Increase the intake of iron-rich foods such as fish, red meat, chicken, dark green
vegetables, nuts, seeds, cereals, eggs, tofu and others

GROUP 3
 What is Coronavirus and COVID-19?
Coronavirus is a large family of viruses that cause diseases in humans and
animals. In humans it usually causes respiratory infections, ranging from common colds
to serious diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). A new type of coronavirus discovered in humans since
an extraordinary event appeared in Wuhan China, in December 2019, later named Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2), and caused Coronavirus
Disease-2019 (COVID-19).
 Causes of Coronavirus Infection
Corona virus infection is caused by the coronavirus itself. Most corona viruses spread
like other viruses in general, such as:
• Splashes of saliva of the sufferer (cough and sneeze). Touching the hands or faces of
an infected person. Touching the eyes, nose, or mouth after holding the goods
affected by the splash of saliva of corona virus sufferers. Accidentally inhaled a
splash of saliva (droplet) that came out when COVID-19 sufferers coughed or
sneezed. Close contact with COVID-19 sufferers specifically for COVID-19, the
incubation period is not yet known for certain.
 Sign and symptoms
There are several other symptoms that can also appear in Corona virus infection although
less frequent, namely:
• Diarrhea
• Conjunctivitis
• Headache
• Loss of ability to taste Loss of ability to smell (anosmia)
• Rashes on the skin
 These symptoms of COVID-19 generally appear within 2 days to 2 weeks after the
sufferer is exposed to corona virus. Some patients infected with Corona virus may
experience a decrease in oxygen without any symptoms.
 Prevention of coronavirus disease
The best way to avoid coronavirus infectious diseases is to take active precautions. The
doctor advises everyone to take actions such as:
• Regularly wash your hands using soap and running water for at least 20 seconds
• Apply physical distancing, i.e. keep a distance of at least 1 meter from others, and do
not go outside the house first unless there is an urgent need.
• Use a mask when doing activities in public places or crowds If there is no water and
soap available, clean your hands using alcohol hand sanitizer
 COVID-19 Treatment
If you are diagnosed with COVID-19 but have no symptoms or only mild symptoms, you
can do self-care at home, namely:
• Do self-isolation for 2 weeks by not going out of the house and keeping distance
from people in one house.
• Measure body temperature 2 times a day, morning and night.
• Wash your hands with soap, running water, or hand sanitizer.
• Drink plenty of water to maintain body fluid levels.
• Rest enough to speed up the healing process.

GROUP 4
 What is tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis is a respiratory disease caused by mycobacterium, which multiply in
parts of the body where there is a lot of blood and oxygen flow. This bacterial infection
usually spreads through the blood vessels and lymph nodes, but mainly affects the lungs.
TB bacteria kill tissue from infected organs and make it a life-threatening condition if
therapy is not applied. There are two types or levels of TB:
1. Latent TB
This is the inactive form of this disease because the body's immune system can fight
the TB bacteria. People with Latent TB will have no complaints as long as the
disease is not active. Latent TB is not contagious.
2. Active TB
Active TB occurs when bacteria begin to win the fight against the body's defense
system and start causing symptoms. When bacteria infect the lungs, active TB can
easily spread to other people.

TB can also be classified based on the location of the infection site :

1. Pulmonary TB
This is the time when bacteria are found in the lungs. This means that there is a
danger of passing the disease on to other people every time the infected person
exhales, coughs, and laughs.
2. Extra Pulmonary TB
If the bacteria grow only in other parts of the body and not in the lungs, the disease
will not spread as easily as in the case of the lungs.
 Causes of Tuberculosis
TB (tuberculosis) is caused by infection with the germ of the same name, namely
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These germs or bacteria are spread in the air through the
droplets of sufferers, for example when speaking, coughing, or sneezing. However,
transmission of TB requires close enough and long enough contact with sufferers, it is not
as easy as the spread of flu. The longer a person interacts with someone with TB, the
higher the risk of contracting it. For example, a family member who lives in the same
house as someone with TB.
However, there are several groups of people who are more susceptible to
contracting this disease, namely:
1. People who live in dense and slum settlements.
 2. Medical personnel who often come into contact with TB sufferers.
3. Elderly and children.
4. Drug users
5. People who are addicted to alcohol.
6. Smoker
 Sign and Symptoms
The symptoms of TB depend on the location of the bacteria, such as if the bacteria
are in the lungs or in other parts of the body. The symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis
are similar to those of patients suffering from pneumonia and lung cancer. Symptoms of
extrapulmonary tuberculosis, on the other hand, vary in each case depending on the
specific area of the body that is affected by the bacteria. In general, pain or swelling will
occur in the surrounding area of the affected body part. For example, if bacteria grow
somewhere close to the spine, a person will experience back pain. The symptoms of TB
(tuberculosis) that appear can include:
1. Long-lasting cough (3 weeks or more), usually with phlegm
2. Coughing up blood.
3. Sweating at night
4. Weight loss.
5. Fever and chills.
6. Limp.
7. Chest pain when breathing in or coughing.
 Prevention
There are several tips to minimize the risk of TB transmission with TB prevention
measures, such as:
1. Avoid direct contact
Avoiding direct contact with TB sufferers is one of the most important things in
preventing TB . If you can't avoid contact with them, wear a mask and gloves.
Remember, change your mask regularly and throw it in the trash. If you have TB,
avoid crowded places so you don't spread the disease to others.
2. Consumption of nutritious foods
One of the other preventive measures for tuberculosis is to adopt a healthy life by
eating healthy foods and getting adequate rest. Eat foods that contain vitamin C to
increase immunity. Try to eat at least 4-5 servings of vegetables and fruit every day
3. Applying healthy habits
Implementing the habit of washing hands using soap and running water is a form of
prevention of TB. Also, when coughing or sneezing, it's best to cover your mouth
and nose with a tissue.
4. Diligent exercise
Try to do exercise every day. No need for strenuous exercise, you just need to jog
for 45 minutes. By doing exercise, blood circulation becomes smooth.
5. Have adequate ventilation
TB-causing bacteria can spread more easily in small, closed rooms because there is
no air circulation.
 Treatment
This disease can be cured and rarely fatal if the patient follows the advice of a
doctor. The main principle of TB (tuberculosis) treatment is adherence to taking
medication for the period recommended by the doctor (at least 6 months). If you stop
taking the drug before the recommended time, the TB disease that is suffering has the
potential to become resistant to the drugs that are usually given. If this happens, TB
becomes more dangerous and difficult to treat. The drug taken is a combination of
isoniazid (Isoniazid is an antibiotic drug to treat tuberculosis (TB). In the treatment of
tuberculosis, isoniazid can be combined with other antibiotics, ethambutol, pyrazinamide,
or rifampicin.
1. isoniazid is also used in the treatment of latent TB infection (not yet developed).
This condition can be experienced by someone with a history of close contact with
people with active tuberculosis, people with positive tuberculin skin test results,
 people with HIV / AIDS, or people with pulmonary fibrosis. Isoniazid works by
stopping the growth of the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes
tuberculosis.)
2. rifampicin,
3. pyrazinamide
This drug works by killing and stopping the development of the bacteria that
cause tuberculosis. In the treatment of tuberculosis, pyrazinamide will be combined
with other TB drugs. Overall, TB treatment with drug combination can take 6
months or more.
4. Ethambuto
This drug cannot be used to treat diseases caused by viral infections, such as flu.
Ethambutal works by stopping the growth of bacteria that cause tuberculosis. In the
treatment of tuberculosis, this drug is combined with other drugs, such as isoniazid,
pyrazinamide, or tifampicin.

GROUP 5
 Definition of hypertension
High blood pressure (hypertension) is an increase in blood pressure in the arteries.
In general, hypertension is a condition without symptoms, where the abnormally high
pressure in the arteries increases the risk of stroke, aneurysm, heart failure, heart attack
and kidney damage.
In the following, we will present readings of normal blood pressure, pre-
hypertension, high blood pressure stages 1 and 2, high blood pressure in people over the
age of 60 as seen from the highest (systolic) and the lowest (diastolic) numbers.
• Normal: less than 120/80 mmHg.
• Pre-hypertension: between 120/80 and 139/89 mmHg.
• Stage 1 high blood pressure: between 140/90 and 159/99 mmHg
• Stage 2 high blood pressure: above 160/100 mmHg.
• High blood pressure in people over 60 years of age: over 150/90
 Causes of Hypertension
Hypertension is divided into primary and secondary hypertension. Primary
hypertension develops over many years and the cause is not known with certainty.
Primary hypertension is the most common type of hypertension.
In contrast to primary hypertension, secondary hypertension can be caused by a
number of conditions, namely:
• Kidney disease
• Thyroid gland disease
• Adrenal gland tumors
• Congenital abnormalities in blood vessels
• Alcohol addiction
 Symptoms of Hypertension
• In the majority r sufferers, hypertension does not cause symptoms.
• Symptoms are: Headache, bleeding from the nose, dizziness, flushing of the face and
fatigue; which can occur both in people with hypertension, and in someone with
normal blood pressure.
• If the hypertension is severe or chronic and is not treated, the following symptoms
may develop : Headache, Fatigue, Nausea, Vomiting
Sometimes people with severe hypertension experience a decrease in consciousness
and even coma because of swelling of the brain. This condition is called hypertensive
encephalopathy, which requires immediate treatment.
 Prevention
How to prevent hypertension is :
- maintain ideal body weight.
- Consumption of foods low in fat and rich in fiber,
- Reduce consumption of salf
- Avoid alcoholic drinks and soda
 - Limit caffeinated drinks.
- Stop smoking.
- Exercise regularly.
 Treatment
1. Diuretic
- Thiazide diuretics are usually the first drugs given to treat hypertension.
- Diuretics help the kidneys get rid of salt and water
- Diuretics also cause dilation of blood vessels.
- Diuretics cause loss of potassium through urine
2. Adrenergic inhibitors
The most commonly used are beta-blockers, which are effective for:
- peole with age young
- people who have had a heart attack
- patients with a fast heart rate
- Angina pectoris (chest pain)
- migraine headaches.
3. Angiotensin-II-blockers
causes a drop in blood pressure by a mechanism similar to that of ACE-inhibitors.
Very effective given to:
- black people
- The Elderly
- sufferers of angina pectoris (chest pain)
- fast heart rate
- migraine headaches.
4. Direct vasodilator
Vasodilators directly dilate blood vessels. drugs of this class are almost always used
in addition to other antihypertensive drugs. In addition to the consumption of drugs,
hypertension treatment can also be done through relaxation therapy, such as
meditation therapy or yoga therapy.
5. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-inhibitor)
causes a decrease in blood pressure by dilating the arteries. This drug is effectively
given to:
- white people
- people young age
- people with heart failure
- men who suffer from impotence as a side effect of other drugs.

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