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    RNA, DNA Transcription and RNA Translation

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    Hassan Aljaberi
    This document discusses DNA transcription and RNA translation. It begins by describing the key differences between DNA and RNA, such as RNA being single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded. It then explains the three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their roles in protein synthesis. The document goes on to describe the steps of DNA transcription and RNA translation, including initiation, elongation, and termination. It concludes with an overview of the central dogma of molecular biology.

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    RNA, DNA Transcription and RNA Translation

    Uploaded by

    Hassan Aljaberi
    33 views5 pages
    This document discusses DNA transcription and RNA translation. It begins by describing the key differences between DNA and RNA, such as RNA being single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded. It then explains the three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their roles in protein synthesis. The document goes on to describe the steps of DNA transcription and RNA translation, including initiation, elongation, and termination. It concludes with an overview of the central dogma of molecular biology.

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    Lec 8

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    This document discusses DNA transcription and RNA translation. It begins by describing the key differences between DNA and RNA, such as RNA being single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded. It then explains the three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their roles in protein synthesis. The document goes on to describe the steps of DNA transcription and RNA translation, including initiation, elongation, and termination. It concludes with an overview of the central dogma of molecular biology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views5 pages

    RNA, DNA Transcription and RNA Translation

    Uploaded by

    Hassan Aljaberi
    This document discusses DNA transcription and RNA translation. It begins by describing the key differences between DNA and RNA, such as RNA being single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded. It then explains the three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their roles in protein synthesis. The document goes on to describe the steps of DNA transcription and RNA translation, including initiation, elongation, and termination. It concludes with an overview of the central dogma of molecular biology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Biology Lec 8 D ‫اول بصريات‬ ‫حسن عبد الهادي الجابري‬

    RNA, DNA Transcription and RNA Translation

    RNA (RiboNucleic Acid): are long single-strand macromolecules that transfer the
    genetic code need for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome, it involve
    in protein synthesis.

    DNA RNA
    Double- stranded molecule Single-stranded molecule
    Found in nucleus Found in Nucleolus, cytoplasm and
    ribosome
    Sugar is deoxyribose which has -H Sugar is ribose which has -OH
    attached to the second (2') carbon in attached to the second (2') carbon in
    the ring the ring
    Bases are A,T,C,G Bases are A,U,C,G
    A-T (Adenine-Thymine) A-U (Adenine-Uracil)
    G-C (Guanine-Cytosine) G-C (Guanine-Cytosine)
    Genetic information Protein synthesis
    Longer Shorter

    1
    Biology Lec 8 D ‫اول بصريات‬ ‫حسن عبد الهادي الجابري‬
    Q/ There are three main types of RNA:
     Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes genetic information from the DNA found in
    nucleus, and then carries this information to the cytoplasm and ribosome.
     Transfer RNA (tRNA) is found in cytoplasm and is closely related to mRNA as
    helper. tRNA transfers amino acids, the building block of proteins, to the mRNA in a
    ribosome.
     Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is take mRNA and tRNA to translate the information that
    provide to synthesize, a polypeptide or protein.

    DNA Transcription: is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is copied (transcribed)
    to make an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase, which is the main transcription enzyme.
    RNA polymerase: is the main transcription enzyme.

    DNA Transcription steps:


    1. Initiation: The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex.
    RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene of the
    template strand.

    2. Elongation: RNA polymerase moves along one of the DNA strands (template strand) as
    a template to make a new, complementary RNA molecule.

    2
    Biology Lec 8 D ‫اول بصريات‬ ‫حسن عبد الهادي الجابري‬

    3. Termination: It is the process of transcription ends that results in the release of the newly
    synthesized mRNA.
    Rho-dependent termination: is protein factor that responsible for disrupting the complex
    involving the template strand, RNA polymerase and RNA molecule.

    Rho-independent termination: is loop forms at the end of the RNA molecule, causing it
    to detach itself.

    4. Processing: After transcription the RNA molecule is processed in a number of ways:


    introns are removed and the exons are spliced together to form a mature mRNA molecule
    consisting of a single protein-coding sequence. RNA synthesis involves the normal base
    pairing rules, but the base thymine is replaced with the base uracil.

    3
    Biology Lec 8 D ‫اول بصريات‬ ‫حسن عبد الهادي الجابري‬
    RNA Translation: During translation, a cell “reads” the information in a messenger RNA
    (mRNA) and uses it to build a protein.

    RNA Translation steps:

    1. Initiation: The small subunit of the ribosome binds at the 5' end of the mRNA molecule
    and moves in a 3' direction until it meets a start codon (AUG). It then forms a complex with
    the large unit of the ribosome and tRNA molecule.

    2. Elongation: tRNAs move through the A, P, and E sites of the ribosome. This process
    repeats many times as new codons on the mRNA are read and new amino acids are added
    to the chain, producing a chain of amino acids.

    P site (peptidyl site): is bind to the tRNA holding the growing polypeptide chain of amino
    acids.

    A site (acceptor site): is bind to the next tRNA, which holds the new amino acid to be added
    to the polypeptide chain.

    E site (exit site): is the final transitory step before a tRNA now bereft of its amino acid is
    let go by the ribosome.

    4
    Biology Lec 8 D ‫اول بصريات‬ ‫حسن عبد الهادي الجابري‬
    3. Termination: Translation in terminated when the ribosomal complex reached one of stop
    codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) and the ribosome releases the polypeptide.

    4. Post-translation processing of the protein

    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    5' – ACGACTTGC – 3' Coding strand


    DNA
    3' – TGCTGAACG – 5' Non-coding strand(template)

    5' – ACGACTTGC – 3' First strand

    3' – TGCTGAACG – 5'


    DNA Replication

    5' – ACGACTTGC – 3'


    3' – TGCTGAACG – 5' Second strand

    3' – TGCTGAACG – 5' DNA


    DNA Transcription
    5' – ACGACUUGC – 3' mRNA

    5' – ACGACUUGC – 3' mRNA RNA Translation

    protein

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