PORTFOLIO

I IN

E AR T H

A N D

L I F C E
E S I N C E
SUBMITTED BY : GRADE 11 -

SUBMITTED TO : MS .
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MODULE 1

DO YOU WANT

WHAT IS
UNIVERSE?
The universe is all of space and time
and their contents, including planets,
stars, galaxies, and all other forms of
matter and energy.

HOW DID THE

UNIVERSE BEGUN ?
According to the standard Big
Bang model, the universe was
born during a period of inflation
that began about 13.8 billion
years ago. Like a rapidly
expanding balloon, it swelled
from a size smaller than an
electron to nearly its current size
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WHAT IS
PLANET?
A planet is a celestial body that is in orbit
around the Sun, has sufficient mass for its
self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so
that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium
(nearly round) shape, and has cleared the
neighbourhood around its orbit.

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WHAT IS WHAT IS
STAR ? GALAXY?
Stars are the most A galaxy is a huge
widely recognized collection of gas,
astronomical dust, and billions of
objects, and
stars and their
represent the most
solar systems, all
fundamental
building blocks of held together by
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TRI

The earth is not the center of

the Universe. It’s not even the
center of the galaxy. And no
again, our galaxy is not the
entire universe, neither is it the
center. Don’t hold your breath
but the Universe has no center.
Every galaxy is expanding away

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WHAT IS BIG BANG

THEORY ?
The Big Bang Theory is the leading
explanation about how the universe
began. At its simplest, it says the
universe as we know it started with
a small singularity, then inflated
over the next 13.8 billion years to
the cosmos that we know today.
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MODULE 2

Can you identify common rock-

forming minerals using their
physical and chemical ? properties.
LET’S
TRY !!
These rocks have
small, shiny or
sparkly crystals.
Some of these rocks
are not rough nut
smooth and shiny like
glass
In these rocks you may see
individual stone pebbles or
sand grains
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WHAT ARE THE THREE

TYPES OF ROCK ?
SEDIMENTARY

METAMORPHIC

IGNEOUS

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Sedimentary Rock - This type of rock is made out

of sand, shells, pebbles, and other materials.
Together, these particles are “sediment”. Slowly
the sediment gathers up in layers. Over time it
turns into rock. Fossils are usually found in this
Metamorphic Rock - This type of rock is made
beneath the surface of the earth. It has layers
caused by heat. Some of these rocks have shiny
crystals on them.
Igneous Rock - This type of rock is made
from the lava of a volcano. Deep inside the
earth, rocks are melted and become magma.
 CLASSIFY THE
IT’S
YOUR
CHARACTERISTICS
TURN !!! CHOOSE YOUR ANSWER

SEDIMENTA
RY ROCK

METAMOR
PHIC
ROCK

IGNEOUS
ROCK
Granite Formed by molten Shiny and
rock that has cooled glossy
and solidified
Formed deep sandstone May contain
within the fossils
Earth
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ANSWERS:
SEDIMENTAR METAMORPH IGNEOUS
Y ROCK IC ROCK
ROCK
May Formed GRAN
deep within
contain
the Earth Formed by
fossils
molten rock
Shiny that has
sandsto cooled and
and
ne solidified
glossy

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WHAT IS

Rocks are substances consisting

aggregate minerals clumped
together with other earth materials
through natural processes. Rocks,
like some materials, are products
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MODULE 3

WHAT IS ENDOGENOUS
PROCESSES OF THE EARTH ?
WHERE THE EARTH’S INTERNAL
HEAT COME FROM ?
How are rocks
The endogenous processes on Earth take
place within or in the interior of Earth. The
driving force is the thermal energy of the
mantle. Most of the thermal energy
originates from the decay and
disintegration of radioactive elements in
Earth’s core.
The endogenous processes on Earth are
responsible for earthquakes, development
of continents, mountain building, volcanic
activities, and other movements related to
Earth’s crust. Here are some endogenic
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Earth was hot when it formed. A lot of

Earth’s heat is leftover from when our
planet formed. Earth is thought to have
arisen from a cloud of gas and a dust in
space. Solid particles, called
planetisimals condensed out of the
cloud. They thought to have stuck
together and created the early Earth.
Bombarding planetisimals heated earth

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There are three main types of rocks:

sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.
Each of these rocks are formed by
physical changes—such as melting,
cooling, eroding, compacting, or
deforming—that are part of the rock
cycle. Sedimentary rocks are formed
KNOWING A
VOLCANO !!
 IMPORTANT
TERMS
Ash clouds occur Crater a large, bowl- hot molten or
where a violent shaped cavity in the semifluid rock
explosive eruption ground or on the erupted from a
ejects volcanic ash surface of a planet . volcano or fissure, or
 Magma is a molten Lava is a molten rock
rock material within that issues from a
the earth which volcano.
igneous rock results

Magmatism is the Metamorphism is the

emplacement of magma alteration of the
within and at the surface of composition or structure
the outer layers of a of a rock by heat,
terrestrial planet. pressure, or other natural

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MODULE 4
 WHAT IS
WHAT IS
Geologic faulting is another type of Earth
movement that forms cracks or fractures in rocks.
These cracks are called fault lines. Similar to the
case of folding, faulting is caused by internal forces
from Earth that displace blocks of rocks.

Geologic folding is a type of Earth movement

resulting from the compression of rock strata (or
rock layers). Bending, curving, crumpling, or
buckling of rocks into folds is usually visible on
rock strata. An example of a landform created as a
result of folding is the Himalayan mountains.
Folding can also happen in oceans and seas. The
compressional forces are strong enough to move
ocean sediments to higher or lower elevation of
folds. The area of higher elevations may eventually
form land when solid particles build up on seabeds.
The area on lower elevations may be filled with
water from rivers and streams, thus forming a new

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULT

NORMAL Normal faults occur when tensional
FAULT forces act in opposite directions and
 cause one slab of the rock to be
displaced up and the other slab down.
REVERSE Reverse faults develop when
FAULT compressional forces exist.
Compression causes one block to be
pushed up and over the other block.
GRABEN A graben fault is produced when tensional
FAULT stresses result in the subsidence of a block of
rock. On a large scale these features are
known as Rift Valleys
HORST A horst fault is the development of two
FAULT reverse faults causing a block of rock to
be pushed up
TRANSFORM These faults are vertical in nature and are
FAULT produced where the stresses are exerted
parallel to each other

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOLDS

OVERTUR
MONOCL ANTICL SYNCLIN RECUMB NED
INE INE E ENT
This fold anticline A recumbent happens
involves a is a syncline fold when one-
slight convex develops if
is a fold the center of fold is
bend in up fold in where pushed over
the fold
otherwise rock that the other
the rock moves from
parallel resembles limb due to
layers of an arch layers being once increasing
rock. like are vertical to a pressure.
structure warped horizontal
position.
downwar
d

FOLD FAULT

YOUR FOLD OR
MY FAULT ?
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WHAT IS STRATIFICATION ?
Stratification, the layering that occurs in
most sedimentary rocks and in those
igneous rocks formed at the Earth's
surface, as from lava flows and volcanic
fragmental deposits. The layers range
from several millimetres to many metres
in thickness and vary greatly in shape.

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WHAT IS STRATIFICATION
PLANE ?
a division between two layers of
 Geologists use two types of
dating methods:
is a method used to determine the
relative order of geologic events.
This is done through stratigraphy
(succession of rocks) where the
order of rock formation correlates
to geologic time. The topmost
RELATIVE layer suggests the most recent. In
DATING like manner, the oldest rocks are
understood to be at the bottom.
This method does not provide
actual numerical dates for the
rocks, but all are just estimates
based on the profile of the strata
which includes chemical

Absolute dating method can tell

which sediments were deposited
first and also the approximate age
of the specimen. The most used
and accepted form of absolute
ABSOLUTE dating is radioactive decay dating.
DATING Most absolute dating makes use of
radiometric method, wherein
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MODULE 5
THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
WHAT IS GEOLOGIC
TIMEisSCALE
(GTS) a system?of chronological
measurement that relates stratigraphy to
time, and is used by geologists,
paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to
describe the timing and relationships
between events that have occurred
 IMPORTANT
TERMS
Eons
Eons are the largest intervals of geologic time and are
hundreds of millions of years in duration. In the time scale above you
can see the Phanerozoic Eon is the most recent eon and began more
than 500 million years ago.

Eras
Eons are divided into smaller time intervals known as eras. In the
time scale above you can see that the Phanerozoic is divided into
three eras: Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic. Very significant events
in Earth's history are used to determine the boundaries of the eras.

Periods
Eras are subdivided into periods. The events that bound the
periods are widespread in their extent but are not as significant as
those which bound the eras. In the time scale above you can see that
the Paleozoic is subdivided into the Permian, Pennsylvanian,
Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician and Cambrian

Epochs
Finer subdivisions of time are possible, and the periods of the
Cenozoic are frequently subdivided into epochs. Subdivision of
periods into epochs can be done only for the most recent portion of
MODULE 6

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WHAT IS GEOLOGIC
HAZARD ?

A geologic hazard is an extreme natural events

in the crust of the earth that pose a threat to life
and property, for example, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, tsunamis (tidal waves) and
landslides.

COMMON
GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Earthquakes Volcanic Landslide
eruptions  s
The plate
tectonics theory happen when occur in
explains that lava and gas sloping terrain.
interaction of are Usually, if the
plates occurs on soil is not
discharged
the edges or compact and
boundaries. The from
devoid of
Philippines is a volcanic ven
vegetation,
geographically t. gravity can
located near the drive soil and
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Common Hydrometeorological
Phenomena
Tropical Cyclones
Tropical cyclones (also known typhoons
for those occurring in the Northwest
Pacific and hurricanes for those
developing in the Atlantic and Northeast
Pacific) are storm systems characterized
by rapidly spiraling storms, low-pressure
center, and intensely strong winds.
Typically, they begin over warm tropical

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Monsoons
Monsoons are seasonal winds. The
Philippines experiences two monsoons every
year: the amihan and the habagat
Tornadoes
A tornado or locally known as ipo-ipo is a
rapidly swirling condensation funnel whose