Networks (M 418)

Networks (M 418)
Lecture-1 (Network , Data link and

Physical layers )
Dr. Rashad A. A. Ragb
McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Layer
Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)
Purpose:
Provides
services to
exchange data
over the network
between end
devices.
4 Processes:
• Addressing
• Encapsulation
• Routing
• Decapsulation
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Network Layer protocols
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) –most widely used
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) – future use…soon!
Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
AppleTalk
Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
Features:
Designed with
low overhead
Provides only
functions
necessary to
deliver packets
over the
network
basic
characteristics
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Unreliable? Simply means that IP does not have the
capability to manage & recover from missing or corrupt
packets.
Depends on
TCP to
manage the
reliability
factor. It just
gets data
from point A
to point B

Media doesn’t matter. IP only is concerned with the
maximum size of PDU that each type can transport.
MTU – Maximum
Transmission Unit
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Source/Destination IP addresses get added at the
network layer (layer 3).
Grouping Devices into Networks

Divide networks by:
Geographic location
Purpose
Ownership
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Why separate hosts in a network?
Common issues with large networks: performance
degradation, security issues, and address management
(identifying hosts).
Discuss
Broadcast
domains..
Be able to
identify
how many
there are!
Hierarchical Addressing
Routers use the network portion…switches use the
host portion.
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Device parameters
If a host needs to communicate ANYWHERE that isn’t
on the local LAN, you must use an intermediary device
(router).
Default Gateway
Necessary if you are going to communicate with the outside world.
You have to key this in on the host device
If not configured, can only communicate locally on your LAN
The host and the default gateway MUST be on the same network.
Use ipconfig to view ip address, subnet mask, and default
gateway information.
May also use netstat –r, or route print to view routing details on
your PC (stop and do this now…look at your default gateway.
For any given host, it is the NEAR-SIDE Router interface.
What is the first router interface a packet would encounter if it
left your PC? The IP address of that interface on the router
becomes your default gate in the PC.
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Data Link Layer – Accessing the Media
The Data Link Layer provides as it prepares
communication for transmission on specific media

Describe why Data Link layer protocols are required to
control media access
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Describe the role of framing in preparing a packet for
transmission on a given media

Describe the role the Data Link layer plays in linking the
software and hardware layers
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Identify several sources for the protocols and standards
used by the Data Link layer
Media Access Control Techniques

Define Full Duplex and Half Duplex as it relates to
Media Access Control for non-shared media
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Contrast logical and physical topologies

Identify the characteristics of ring topology and describe
the implications for media access when using this
topology
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Media access control addressing and framing
data
Describe the role of the frame header in the Data Link
layer and identify the fields commonly found in
protocols specifying the header structure
Media access control addressing and framing

data
Describe the importance of the trailer in the Data Link
layer and its implications for use on Ethernet, a "non-
reliable" media
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Physical Layer Protocols & Services
Purpose: create the electrical, optical, or microwave
signal that represents the bits in each frame and get
them on to the media.
This includes binary transmission, cable specifications,
and the physical aspects of network communication.

Frames are taken from the Data link layer and converted into
bits and then into the necessary signals depending on the
actual physical networking media. These are retrieved and
converted back at the receiving device.
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3 basic forms of network media: copper cable, fiber, wireless.
Copper – electrical pulses
Fiber – patterns of light
Wireless – patterns of radio transmissions

Physical layer standards are appropriately set by
bodies who govern the hardware (relevant electrical
and communications engineering organizations)
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Physical Layer standards
4 areas of physical layer standards
• Physical and electrical properties of the media
• Mechanical properties of the connectors (pinouts, materials,
dimensions)
• Bit representation by the signals (encoding)
• Definition of control information signals
• NICs, interfaces, connectors, cable materials and

cable designs are all specified in these standards.
Fundamental Principles
Encoding – converting streams of data into bit patterns
Signaling – generating the signals (electricity, light,
waves) that represent the “1” and “0” on the media.
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Basic encoding techniques
Non Return Zero – NRZ – low voltage=0, high voltage=1
Good for slow speed data links,Very susceptible to interference
Manchester encoding – voltage transitions (low > high=1,

high<low=0) - Good for 10BaseT Ethernet
NRZ
Manchester
Encoding
Coding groups – A code group is a consecutive
sequence of code bits that are interpreted and mapped
as data bit patterns. Allows detection of errors more
efficiently. Can Tx at faster speeds.
Must have start/stop frame bits for this to work
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Measuring data carrying capacity
Bandwidth – amt of info that can flow from one
place to another in a given amt of time
Throughput – measure of transfer of bits across the
media over a given period of time. Usually <
bandwidth. Affected by amt of traffic, type of traffic,
# networking devices encountered. Cannot be
faster than the slowest link of the path from source
to destination.
Goodput – measure of usable data transferred over
a given period of time. Throughput – overhead
(session establishment, acknowledgements,
encapsulation, etc.)
Goodput and Throughput
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Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
Examples of Physical Media
Copper Media ( cables could Straight Through,

Crossover and Rollover)
Fiber (It is the Most expensive but it has NO EMI or RFI
and used primarily for BACKBONE cabling)
Wireless Media (it gets Interference from cordless
phones and other wireless devices but gives mobility
not bandwidth and security is a big issue!)
See the following slides for more details
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Types of wireless networks
Standard IEEE 802.11 - Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi, is a
Wireless LAN (WLAN) technology that uses a contention or non-
deterministic system with a Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA) media access process.
Standard IEEE 802.15 - Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
standard, commonly known as "Bluetooth", uses a device pairing
process to communicate over distances from 1 to 100 meters.
Standard IEEE 802.16 - Commonly known as Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), uses a point-to-
multipoint topology to provide wireless broadband access.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) - Includes
Physical layer specifications that enable the implementation of the
Layer 2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) protocol to provide
data transfer over mobile cellular telephony networks.
Copper Media – most commonly used
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Copper Media - interference
Shielding and twisting of wire pairs are designed to minimize
signal degradation due to noise.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Crosstalk – interference caused by the magnetic field
around adjacent pairs of wire within the cable.
Cancellation – maintaining twists cancels out the effects
of the crosstalk between the 2 twisted wires and
between wire pairs.
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3 Basic types of cables
Straight Through
Crossover
Rollover
Straight-through cabling
Used to Connect a network host (PC or Printer)
to a network device such as a switch or hub.
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Cross-over cables
Connecting two network hosts (PC to PC)
Connecting two network intermediary devices

(switch to switch, or router to router, like devices).
Rollover cable
Connect a workstation serial port to a router or

switch console port, possibly using an adapter.
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Coaxial – copper surrounded by flexible insulation.
Woven copper braid or metallic foil acts as a second
wire and as a shield for the inner conductor. Used in
cable and wireless technologies. Can carry RF energy.
Cable companies who provide internet are now using a
combined fiber/coax known as hybrid fiber coax (HFC)
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cable

Uses 4 wire-pairs wrapped in a metallic braid or foil
Shields all the wires as a bundle and each
independently.
Better noise protection than UTP, but more expensive.
Used in Token-ring networks, demand is not there
anymore.
10GB Ethernet has a

provision for STP which
may provide for renewed
interest in STP
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Lots of ways for electricity to cause damage to devices
or persons (lightening, devices with varying ground
potential, etc.)
Fiber
Main advantage – NO EMI or RFI. Use primarily for BACKBONE
cabling.
Disadvantage – Most expensive
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Wireless equipment
Wireless Media
Uses radio waves to carry
signals. Gives you
mobility (convenience) not
bandwidth!
Interference from cordless
phones, some fluorescent
lights, microwaves, other
wireless devices.
Network security is a big
issue!
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Types of wireless networks
Standard IEEE 802.11 - Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi, is a
Wireless LAN (WLAN) technology that uses a contention or non-
deterministic system with a Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA) media access process.
Standard IEEE 802.15 - Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
standard, commonly known as "Bluetooth", uses a device pairing
process to communicate over distances from 1 to 100 meters.
Standard IEEE 802.16 - Commonly known as Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), uses a point-to-
multipoint topology to provide wireless broadband access.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) - Includes
Physical layer specifications that enable the implementation of the
Layer 2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) protocol to provide
data transfer over mobile cellular telephony networks.
Media connectors
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Correctly terminated RJ-45 connector
Improperly terminated cables

can cause a signal loss and
therefore data loss.
See online curriculum 8.3.8
Proper vs. improper connection
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Fiber connectors
Straight-Tip (ST) (trademarked by AT&T) - a very
common bayonet style connector widely used with
multimode fiber.
Subscriber Connector (SC) - a connector that uses a
push-pull mechanism to ensure positive insertion. This
connector type is widely used with single-mode fiber.
Lucent Connector (LC) - A small connector becoming
popular for use with single-mode fiber and also
supports multi-mode fiber.
Fiber connectors
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Networks (M 418)

Lecture-1 (Network , Data link and

Dr. Rashad A. A. Ragb

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3

Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4

Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol (IP)

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7

Grouping Devices into Networks

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13

Data Link Layer – Accessing the Media

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15

Data Link Layer – Accessing the Media

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17

Media Access Control Techniques

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19

Media Access Control Techniques

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21

Media access control addressing and framing

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23

Physical Layer Protocols & Services

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25

Physical Layer Protocols & Services

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26

• NICs, interfaces, connectors, cable materials and

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28

Manchester encoding – voltage transitions (low > high=1,

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30

Goodput and Throughput

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33

Examples of Physical Media

Copper Media ( cables could Straight Through,

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35

Copper Media – most commonly used

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40

Connecting two network intermediary devices

© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41