The research acts as a valuable tool for academicians, institutions and other individuals who would

want to learn more about the impact of benchmarking on organizational performance.

ii. The findings of the research can assist other restaurants to know which benchmarking types can
influence better organizational performance.
iii. The study can improve the researcher’s scope of understanding of benchmarking on the
hospitality industry.
iv. The research can also enable the researcher be awarded a bachelor’s degree in leisure and
hospitality management.

In this research proposal, we will analyse the issues faced by the international student when they
arrive to New Zealand. When people travels from their own home country to any new country
there are many issues which they face in their everyday life. Some of them are culture shock,
according to Chiang (2014) culture shock is an interim feeling of anxiety, awkwardness, and
discomfort that individuals usually experience when they live in a foreign society. Followed by
the fear of discrimination in the college, language barrier and many more. In this research
proposal, we will mainly focus on the language barrier or communication difficulties which are
faced by international students. Followed by the literature review, there will be a timeline has
been proposed to review the completion of areas of the study and research. Therefore, for further
study, with the help of questionnaire survey a researcher will analyse what kind of language
barriers or communication difficulties international student experience in Whitireia Polytechnic
Institute, Auckland.

Introduction

“The limits of our language” means the limits of our world.”

Language plays a very major role when an individual travel out of their home country as an
international student. Language does not mean only talking, there are many broader perspectives
of language such as reading, listening, hearing, communicating and many other. when
international students travel to New Zealand, they feel that they fall under the category of
language minority and the educational system is new and difficult. Therefore, they feel very
frustrated, as they undergo various language issues. Although, their medium of study in their
native country would be same but when they travel outside their country, it limits the indulgence
in the foreign community (International Education Journal, 2004).

Get Help With Your Essay

If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to
help!

In the entire study, researcher emphases on numerous studies which are executed on the
following topic and expands the new research. The earlier studies will benefit the researcher to
introduce the questionnaire and also deliver the theoretical outline for the further study. Followed
by the methodology which is used in the future research. Further part of the proposal there will
be timeline for the task done. The questionnaire survey will be conducted in Whitireia institute,
Auckland. Followed by the analysing of the data obtained from the responses with supporting
conclusion and recommendation.

LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Campbell and Li (2007) above 85% of the students in New Zealand are from Asia.
It is said that the international students do not have any issues with educational system of New
Zealand. In other words, the international students are satisfied with the educational values,
programs offered and educational learning support. Therefore, the only challenge for them is
narration and voice which is the part of the language barrier. Language barrier and cultural
difference builds the communication difficulties for most of the international student and it is
challenging and creates difficulties in making domestic friends, interaction in classroom with the
tutors and subordinates and many other (Campbell and Li, 2007). Due to Globalisation, English
language become the important part of every international studies across the world, whether it is
listening, speaking or writing. As per the researcher it is said that numerous international
students from Asian countries, European or any western country deals with the serious learning
and speaking difficulties due to language understanding. Therefore, it builds the lack of
confidence and decrease their involvement in the classroom (Sawir, Erlenawati, 2005)

Methodology

After this research proposal, with the help of the quantitative method the collection and
analysation of data will be proceeded. According to Creswell (2013) quantitative method is a
process of analysing the data and delivering the result of the specific study. With the help of this
we will analyse the language difficulties faced by international students in Whitireia Polytechnic
Institute. Firstly, to proceed with this study, researcher need to provide self-done questionnaire
survey, and get it approved by the tutor for conducting it the institute. In the questionnaire
survey, there will be set of questions to gather specific information from the respondents (Punch,
2013). After the approval from the tutor, circulation of the questionnaire will be done to the
students of the Whitireia polytechnic institute. Further, researcher will evaluate the information
gathered by minimum 30 responses from the international student. The questionnaire survey will
include following types of questions: demographic, rate the language difficulties, administration
and many other. at the end, researcher will analyse the data gathered and build the
recommendations.

Timeline:
The timeline has been built in which contain tasks related with this research proposal and
represent the structure of the further study. Taking time in consideration to sum up the study, an
outline was prepared which gives the brief about how the management of precise step in the
project was done.

Report on Importance of Communication in Tourism Industry

Category Communication, Tourism, Tourism Industry

Essay type Report

Words 3116 (12 pages)

Views 623

TOURISM AS COMMUNICATION: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN TOURISM

Tourism is one of the most remarkable success stories of modern times. The industry, which only
began on a massive scale in the 1960’s, has grown rapidly and steadily for the past 30 years in
terms of the income it generates and the number of people who travel abroad. Tourism is the
largest service - sector in India.

Tourism contributes 6. 23% to the national GDP Tourism generates 8. 8% of the total
employment in India . India is to be a Tourism hotspot from 2009 to 2011. (This data is available
on Indian Tourism Website). It has proved to be resilient in times of economic crisis and will
continue to grow at a rapid pace of almost 4% a year in the 21st century.

Haven’t found the relevant content? Hire a subject expert to help you with Report on Importance
of Communication in Tourism Industry

$35.80 for a 2-page paper

Hire verified expert

According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization) forecasts, more than 700 million people
will be travelling internationally by the year 2000, generating more than US $620 billion earning.
But what is Tourism? It is important to understand Tourism as a concept as well as a
phenomenon.

It is not enough to treat Tourism as an industry and keep conducting research to increase profits.
This industry is marketing aspects of a country or a region for profit. This implies that one
invites visitors to access a part of one’s home or neighbourhood. This cannot be dismissed as
mere business. Tourism, therefore, is an extremely complex endeavor. Not only are huge amount
of money at stake, it is in addition providing economic incentives for protecting the natural
environment, restoring cultural monuments, and preserving nature.

In a small but important way, Tourism is contributing to the understanding among peoples of
very different backgrounds. But above all, it performs the business of providing a break from
stress of routine and fulfilling dreams of leisure travelling. Concept Of Tourism The dictionary
defines tourism as’travelling for pleasure’; and a tourist as ‘one who travels for pleasure. ’ Some
definitions attempt to define Tourism in conceptual terms. These provide a theoretical
framework in order to indentify the essential characteristics of tourism and what distinguishes it
from similar, sometimes related, but different activities.

Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of
work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in these destinations and the
facilities created to cater to their needs. Thus Tourism cannot be treated like any other industry.
The Twentieth century changed the world forever. Technological advances translated into rapid
strides in development in all fields—economic, political, social, arts and culture. Travelling, for
profit or pleasure, came out of its exclusivity and became more routine.

In the feudal world only the Aristocracy would embark on a ‘Grand Tour’ of the ‘Continent’ or a
‘Voyage’ around the world. A more equal and prosperous population led the world towards this
complex phenomenon we call Tourism. In its simplest form it is travel to new lands; the
experience of the exotic in the unfamiliar; an attempt to educate ones’ self or simply immerse
ones’ self in the joys of travel. The space of a hundred years between the twentieth century and
the twenty-first has changed tourism from travel to a form of social activity.

Rapid strides in knowledge about different, and little known parts of the world and their cultures
has revolutionized the concept of tourism. The conceptual framework of human ‘Thought’ has
undergone several transformations and the new world is an amalgam of a considerable number of
worlds formed out of disparate ‘thoughts’. Right from the onset of the last century the world has
been searched and researched as a set of separate but related structures.

The smug and complacent divisions of nation, religion and God; of the earth and its resources; of
the space surrounding humans broke down in an acknowledgment that all these are a common
heritage of all. Intellectual movements that developed in France in the 1950s and 1960s analysed
human culture semiotically. They are concerned with the analysis of language, culture, and
society. The structuralist mode of reasoning has been applied in a diverse range of fields,
including anthropology, sociology, psychology, literary-criticism and architecture.

Post-structuralism emphasizes the ways in which different aspects of cultural order, from its
most banal material details to its most abstract theoretical exponents, determine one another.
These philosophies include many, widely varying disciplines into a synthetic view of knowledge
and its relationship to experience, the body, society and economy - a synthesis in which these are
a part. Social theorists such as anthropologist and ethnographer Claude Levi-Strauss, Marshall
Sahlins, James Boon and Pierre Bourdieu have analysed human culture and society as a system
of structures that need to be studied and analysed.

The Postmodern philosophy and other related philosophies such as a structural and scientific
approach to all human activities like marriage, cultural values, religious beliefs, social
conventions, art and traditions of peoples of the world is a movement away from the viewpoint
of modernism. More specifically it is a tendency in contemporary culture characterized by the
problem of objective truth and inherent suspicion towards global cultural narrative or meta-
narrative.

It involves the belief that many, if not all, apparent realities are only social constructs, as they are
subject to change inherent to time and place. It emphasizes the role of language, power relations,
and motivations; in particular it attacks the use of sharp classifications that are absolute and rigid,
rather, it holds realities to be plural and relative, and dependent on who the interested parties are
and what their interests consist in. With so much thought being generated in a cross-cultural,
globalised scene, the concept of tourism has become a many-layered complex of meanings.

Tourism has become the subject of much research. In Global Tourism, Davidson contends that
tourism is not an industry at all. Tourism should not be viewed as a product activity or product
but as a social phenomenon, an experience or a process. Recent research on tourism postulates
that there are three approaches in defining Tourism—technical, economical and holistic. The first
attempts to collect data by identifying tourists; the second treats Tourism as a business and
industry. Holistic approach or definition attempts to include the entire essence of the subject.

GMS Dann treats Tourism as a sociological process, an art of promotion, with a discourse of its
own. The language of Tourism has its own essence. Tourism as Communication The social
aspect of tourism enhances its value as a communicative process because Tourism is an industry
with a difference. There is an undeniable exchange between places and people. This exchange is
what is meant by communication. Communication happens at many levels (even for one single
action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines.

Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication widely, some
recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some
are more narrow, only including human beings within the different parameters of human
symbolic interaction. Communication is the activity of conveying information. Communication
requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present
or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus
communication can occur across vast distances in time and space.

Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative

commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the
sender. Thus, communication is a two- way process. The interaction of the tourist with the places
he visits and the people he meets is therefore, a form of communication in which both the visitor
and the visited form a communication cycle. A considerable amount of weightage is given to the
power of impressions on the mind of a person living in the twenty-first century.

One of the most important aspects of Tourism is the communication of the impressions created
in the minds of tourists. These include non-verbal aspects -- sights and sounds communicate a
general impression-- and the verbal aspect of communication-- language plays an important role
in creating impressions. In the field of Tourism, communication, both non-verbal and verbal, can
play a vital role in the promotion and profitability of this socio-economic process.

THE LANGUAGE OF TOURISM

The third part of the paper deals with the language of tourism and its relevance to tourism in
India.

The International standard for Travel and Tourism, as recommended by the Ottawa Conference
and adopted by UN Statistical Committee , proposed leisure, recreation and holidays; visiting
friends and relatives; business and professional; health treatment; religion/ pilgrimage; historical;
other (transit etc. ),as tourist activities. The Global Tourist in India seeks novelty, history,
knowledge, retreat, shopping, medical expertise, and the endless variety of Indian culture
Every field has its language—the language of music, of art…so does Tourism.

The language of Tourism, however, comprises of the non- verbal and verbal aspects of Tourism.
Non- Verbal Communication And Tourism Nonverbal communication describes the process of
conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages such as gesture, body language or
posture; facial expression and eye contact; object communication such as clothing, hairstyles,
architecture, symbols and infographics, as well as through an aggregate of the above. Non-verbal
communication is also called silent language and plays a key role in human day to day life from
habits to etiquettes to civic sense and moral attitude.

Visual communication is the conveyance of ideas and information through creation of visual
representations. Primarily associated with two dimensional images, it includes: signs,
typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, colours, and electronic resources, video and
TV. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media
to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape
and durability of society.
His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves
out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space
Binding'. It made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables
the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and
'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids that can sustain their
authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication
in their society.

This is an instance of Historical Tourism as well as visual and non-verbal communication. There
are several examples of non-verbal and visual signs in the context of Tourism. These include
historical monuments, places of interest, scenery, national parks, rivers, forests etc. Indian
Tourism offers an endless variety in all these. But our historical edifices silently communicate
our inability to treasure our controversial history, and our indifference towards the proud
preservation of our cultural heritage, through the defacement of our historical structures by both,
the public and the government.

Keeping these points in mind one only has to look around oneself to see what kind of non-verbal
language we are using to woo our Tourist—filth on roads, dirty toilets, rape of foreign tourists,
over-pricing of souvenirs, cheating, shabby treatment of women and the elderly, throwing water
over balconies, or garbage in the handiest corner,… the list of the non-verbal images India
communicates to the world through the tourists is not always what one wishes to project or
convey. First we have to improve our non- verbal and visual signals; then our verbal skills.

The sensitive advertisements made by` Incredible India’ are a very good step in this direction.
The ‘DevoAtithiBhavo’ campaign is trying to sensitise the Indian public to view their actions
and understand how they can appear to the outsiders or to Tourists. Verbal communication is
related to words and does not synonym for verbal or spoken message. Therefore, vocal voices
that are not words, such as a mumble, or singing a wordless note, are nonverbal. Sign languages
and writing are normally known as verbal communication.

Nonverbal communication can be done by any sensory channel like with the help of sight, hear,
smell, feel or taste. The forms of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and
language. Verbal aspects of language are Visible or Written and Audible or Spoken, Speech also
contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage. These include voice quality, emotion and
speaking style as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise,
written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words
and the use of emoticons to convey emotional expressions in pictorial form.

Oral communication, while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, typically relies
on words, visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of the meaning. Oral
communication includes discussion, speeches, presentations, interpersonal communication and
many other varieties. In face to face communication the body language and voice tonality plays a
significant role and may have a greater impact on the listener than the intended content of the
spoken words. Spoken Language contains elements like audibility and comprehensibility.

Comprehensibility lies in the correct modulation, accent, intonation, vocabulary, grammar.

Visible verbal Language refers to bill boards, sign boards, pamphlets/leaflets, menus in
restaurants, magazines, books—tourist guide-books, literary books…Here also bad printing,
wrong spelling and shoddily translated works convey to Tourists the impression of a badly
educated and unaware India. Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and
conveyed in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process enables collaboration and
cooperation.

Language is the most natural link between humans today. The variety of languages in the world
makes verbal communication a challenge. The development of English, Spanish and Chinese as
the language of a major segment of the global population is a healthy development. A common,
communicative language is required to enhance tourism Verbal Language and Indian Culture.
There are many Indias within India. Linguistic identity is an integral part of Indian-ness and
culture. Indian history, literature, science, medicine, religion and spiritual knowledge is a
priceless heritage preserved in hundreds of languages.

Language in India is a many-splendoured thing – there are several classes of Indian languages--
classical, regional, dialect, official,national. Since communication requires adeptness in
language—both, national and international, Indian Tourism must pay attention to the socio-
cultural-lingual aspect of India. Just as one pays attention to the non- verbal communication that
Indians may convey to Tourists, it is important to ensure that the verbal communication of India
and its public is impressive and Tourist-friendly.

The language of any country or region is an indicator of the nature and complexity of its culture.
The official languages of the country as well as of the states must be communicated to the
Tourist in a befitting manner. This means that English and Hindi, and regional languages must be
promoted and encouraged. This sounds simple but is a very tricky issue. With the emphasis on
science and professional subjects, language studies has been neglected—students and
universities, both have let the standard of language slide.

Consequently, English, while preferred by the majority of young Indians, remains a difficult
language to master, and native languages suffer due to indifference and the contempt of the
familiar. Moreover, these languages do not seem to offer any avenues of advancement, as there
are not many profitable careers in regional or rural languages. The Tourism sector can benefit
enormously, at the same time it can revive interest in learning languages among the youth. It
can, and should work towards raising the standard of language in the Tourism sector.

It can do this in two major ways. First, it must engage persons with good language ability— in
English, Hindi along with one or more regional languages. Second, it must invest time and
money in Training. Language Training in India is multi faceted—and involves the consideration
of two vital issues--Indian Languages and Indian Heritage. The language Users—employees at
information desks, reception centers, booking centres should have a high level of communication
skills.

The personnel working in the Tourist areas must be well-versed in the historical, geographical.
cultural and socio-economic significance of the area they operate from. Tourist Guides are a very
visible face of tourism. A great presenter must capture the attention of the audience and connect
with them. The audience or tourists should have a positive impact with his/her body language
and tone of voice. Visual aid can help to facilitate effective communication and is almost always
used in presentations for an audience.

Here, the use of English, Hindi and of the local language is an important factor in making the
experience a good means of communication between India and the Tourist. A widely cited and
widely misinterpreted figure used to emphasize the importance of delivery states that
"communication comprise 55% body language, 38% tone of voice, 7% content of words", the so-
called "7%-38%-55% rule". This is not, however, what the cited research shows – rather, when
conveying emotion, if body language, tone of voice, and words disagree, then body language and
tone of voice will be believed more than words.

A Guide who does not know the history and significance of the tourist item he is presenting
would spoil the pleasure of the experience for the Tourist. If he knows and cannot communicate
either due to poor communication skills or incomprehensible accent the whole exercise is
rendered futile. Since the Guide represents, both, the tourism sector and the country and society
of the visited, the poor performance of the Guide communicates a certain impression detrimental
to the image of the country or state.

At this point, an illustration of the use of Urdu in the Tourism of Jammu and Kashmir may add
weight to the argument. If the personnel of the Tourist Department have proficiency in English,
Hindi, and Dogri, Urdu or Ladakhi, the temples of Jammu, the monuments of the Mughals and
the eternal mountains of Ladakh would come alive for any Tourist and remind him forever of the
richness, big-heartedness and timelessness of India. On the other hand, ignorant, and bad
speakers may create the impression that a once great people have become an apology of a nation.

Recommendations for making tourism more successful:

Make non-verbal signs of communication strong, correct and positive in their impact. People
associated with the tourism industry must understand the vital role of language. Language is one
of the most important tools in their work -kit

The attitude of the industry towards the language-ability of their policy-makers, executives
and field-level workers should not be indifferent

Training in Languages must be stringent

Special hubs must be created for teaching language skill

Conclusion

Language is a vital indicator of the level of any civilization. The level of the proficiency in
language highlights culture of the people. Skill in the local, regional, national and an
international language is the Brahamastra that will provide the cutting edge to successful
Tourism

Free Essays
 Writing Help

Login

> Free Essays > Tourism > Effects of Tourism > Tourism and language

Updated: August 22, 2019

Cite this

Tourism and language Research Paper

1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars (No Ratings Yet)

Introduction

Tourism is beneficial to any country’s economy. It brings people from different cultural
backgrounds together. In addition, it connects people who speak different languages. Tourists
visit sceneries for various reasons. In this regard, they find themselves in unfamiliar environs.

We will write a custom Research Paper on Tourism and language specifically for you

for only $16.05 $11/page

465 certified writers online

Learn More

Sometimes tourists face obstacles in their line of activities. These include language barrier,
different cultures, remote areas, hostile natives, poor infrastructure, and meager facilities, among
others. These are essential elements for successful tourism excursion. However, of great concern
to tourist industry is language barrier. Language is very important as it ensures effective
interaction and communication with the locals.
Language is therefore very important in tourism as it acts as the gateway to local environment. In
essence, effective tourism cannot be achieved without proper communication channels. Various
countries have initiated language-training centers for minimizing language barrier. This paper
will explore various articles on tourism and language. It will also seek to establish its
significance in tourism (Jayaprabha and Saredha 267-282).

Tourism and language

Tourists visit different sites all over the world annually. Most people in Europe and America take
time off visiting various sceneries throughout the world. Countries like Egypt, Kenya, Dubai, the
United States, and Brazil, among others receive millions of tourists each year.

Moreover, due to their varying origins, they speak different languages that require translation for
better understanding. In most cases, tourists take time to learn the language of their hosts. This
enables them to interact best with the hosts. In some instances, they use tourist guides as
interpreters. However, this does not offer better cultural bonding than the former. Tourism
language is therefore essential for all prospective tourists.

Tourists who wish to visit the United States usually take English tests to allow for good
interaction with the hosts. Moreover, those that go to countries in Asia and Africa also take the
opportunity to learn local languages like Swahili, mandarin, and Arabic, among others (Cheng,
Li, Petrick, and O’Leary 53-61).

Scholarly article

Remodeling a changing language of tourism: from monologue to dialogue and trialogue

This article, by Graham, gives a description of the remodeling of tourism language. Graham
gives an account of the top-down approach utilized in the earlier decades of tourism. During
these periods, instructions were taken from above, that is from the industry without negotiation
by the tourists or the toured.

Get your 100% original paper on any topic done

in as little as 3 hours
Learn More

In fact, tourists would incur avoidable expenditure in this structure of management. Tourism
industry was therefore framed in accordance with the social control that existed during these
periods. The author goes on to state that tourism language was articulated in a monological
discourse as well as in unilateral with little chance of diversion.

However, this has since changed with the advent of technological advances. Digitalization of
communication has proved significant in changing the modernist project witnessed in the
nineties. This has allowed for a shift from top down approach to an interactive setup (Dann 59-
70).

Technological advances such as the advent of the internet, among others, has brought about these
changes since customers are able to channel their complaints through the digitized forum for
better handing of their grievances. Present evidences show complete transformation of tourism
language due to the digitalized communication system.

This has brought about egalitarianism as well as ethos of dialogue, which was once none
existent. Moreover, even trialogue can be done successfully in the current situation. In essence,
the author gives an account of the changes that have occurred in tourism language over the past
century. He therefore concludes that a better democratization has been achieved with the shifting
paradigm of media in tourism language.

The article is well researched with sources from credible journals among other references.
Graham has written numerous publications on tourism and existing trends. He has a deep
understanding of the industry and he has done well to relate its complexities with regard to social
control. Tourism language has therefore undergone numerous changes over the past century
(Dann 59-70).

Web article

Central America’s language tourism

The article emphasizes on the importance of English to groups like Spanish, Italians, and French
who attend English classes in Britain. In the process, they see great sceneries and they are
referred to as language tourists. This is similar in other cities such as Antigua, Granada, and
Leon, among others.

These cities have beautiful sceneries that attract large groups of language tourists. For instance,
the article gives a description of the happenings in London during summer, when language
tourists flock London. During their visits, some of the tourists catch a glimpse of Big Ben and
the queen, among others.

We will write a custom Research Paper on Tourism and language specifically for you!

Get your first paper with 15% OFF

Learn More

They also get an opportunity to interact with locals, which provide them with a combination of
learning, culture, and fun. Those who go for Spanish language schools have several tantalizing
locations to visit. These include old towns, Mayan lakes, volcanoes, and hammocks among other
popular routes for tourists (Mulcair 1).

The article also talks of the splendid locations for studying Spanish language at affordable prices.
Moreover, it gives tourists an opportunity to interact with the locals in those areas. Hospitality in
such areas is essential for it has increased the number of language tourists in those towns.

The author goes on to describe possible tourist attraction centers that thrive in Central America.
In addition, Mulcair provides listeners with tantalizing elaboration on language tourism in
Central America (Lewis 1). The article is well researched by a BBC correspondent who has
experience in writing tourism articles.

Moreover, the article is balanced with exquisite description of events in intriguing manner. The
article also gives fact on old colonial towns in Central America that drives tourism. In addition, it
gives details on tourism routes that pass through Mexico. The article; therefore, emphasizes on
the importance of language in tourism. It gives evidence of language tourism as a show of this
fact (Mulcair 1).
Opinions

Translating your tourism website in other languages – is it worth it?

This article talks about translation of tourism website into different languages to enable access
from various people. This is important in tourism since its essence is to invite as many different
people as possible. Wintle goes on to describe the various options utilized by website owners to
access people from different cultures and languages.

In this regard, the author gives a vivid description of the differences that exist between simple
translation and multilingual websites. The author does this by exploring the advantages and
disadvantages of all the methods provided. Firstly, Wintle explores a simple translate which is
also known as Google translate.

This method involves on the fly translation of website information by Google translate. Wintle
gives its advantages as quick and easy to use. However, the article also mentions its disadvantage
as inaccurate. Moreover, search engines cannot pick it. Its presence in other countries is also
limited (Wintle 1).

The next option that the author describes is known as the multilingual site. In this case, one or
more pages of a website are translated into other languages. It has the advantage of allowing for
indexing by search engines. This helps in attracting more traffic and hence tourists. This option
incurs a high cost and may be complex to materialize given that each page may require
translation.

Not sure if you can write a paper on Tourism and language by yourself? We can help you

for only $16.05 $11/page

Learn More

The third option, as Wintle says, is the dedicated websites for each target market. In this case,
websites are translated in accordance with the required target language. Wintle believes that this
is the best option although it has its associated costs that are quite high.
Nonetheless, Wintle agrees that tourism websites require translation into various languages to
attract more tourists. The paper is based on Wintle’s opinion, which is derived from research.
This viewpoint is quite understandable given the level of explanation and depth involved.
Language is therefore quite essential in tourism (Wintle 1).

Popular information source

English for tourism

This article, by Hardwick, emphasizes on the importance of English as an international language.

In fact, she states that the language is essential for anybody who deals with tourists from any part
of the world. She therefore goes on to elaborate on a course that introduces various aspects of the
language for tourism purposes.

In this regard, the article tackles the main points in English. Likewise, it emphasizes on essential
vocabulary to enhance service delivery in tourism industry. In addition, the article gives
description of English for tourism on various areas. These include hotel English, airlines, ethical
tourism, destinations, responsible tourism, and business travel, among others. It encourages both
tourists and the industry to invest in English as it improves understanding.

The website also contains articles written by other professionals like Richard Sidaway, among
others. The article contains important information on hotel amenities that are common in various
hotels around the world. In this respect, it tries to educate tourists and tourist guides to have such
information at hand for better service delivery in the tourism industry (Hardwick 1).

The British council website is a popular information source where various people who range
from tourists to students research information that are related to travel requirements and English
tests, among others. Information provided in this website must therefore be credible to ensure
that only correct information relating to travel and tourism is taken.

This source is therefore credible despite not having references as may be given in other scholarly
articles. Moreover, information received in the article is meant for a wide range of people. This
requires use of understandable language. In this regard, the article has used simple language for
universal use and understanding. In addition, the article uses facts based on observations made
throughout the recent past. For instance, English language is well known to be utilized in almost
every part of the world (Hardwick 1).
Conclusion

Tourism and language are inseparable. Language complements tourism and the converse is true.
Tourism has developed over the years to allow for interactive liaison between the stakeholders
involved. Moreover, it has abandoned the top-down approach previously observed.

The articles are quite essential in giving an in-depth description of the relationship between
tourism and language. Moreover, they attribute these changes to technological advances that
have brought about globalization. In essence, understanding of various languages is essential for
success in tourism industry (Hemingway 1).

Works Cited

Cheng, Chia-Kuen, Li, Xiang, Petrick, James, and O’Leary, Joseph. “An examination of Tourism
Journal development.” Tourism management. 32.1 (2011): 53-61. Web.

Dann, Graham. “Remodeling a changing language of tourism: from monologue to dialogue and
trialogue.” Pasos. 10.4 (2012): 59-70. Web.

Hardwick, Carolyn. English for tourism. 2012. Web.

Hemingway, Alexandra. Using your language skills: Hospitality and tourism. 2012. Web.

Jayaprabha, Palanisamy and Saredha, Arumugam. “Automatic conversion of web content into
ontology-based resource description language for tourism domain.” International Journal of
innovation and learning. 12.3 (2012): 267-282. Web.

Lewis, Benny. Where are all the language tourists? 2012. Web.
Mulcair, Amy. “Central America’s language tourism.” BBC. 28 February 201: 1. Travel. Web.

Wintle, Fabienne. Translating your tourism website in other languages – is it worth it? 2012.
Web.

This research paper on Tourism and language was written and submitted by your fellow student.
You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper;
however, you must cite it accordingly.

Removal Request

If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on
IvyPanda.

Request the removal

Post navigation

Tourism and Moral Conduct

Tourism and Cultural Change

Need a custom Research Paper sample written from scratch by

professional specifically for you?

473 certified writers online

GET WRITING HELP

Cite This paper

Reference
IvyPanda. (2019, August 22). Tourism and language. Retrieved from
https://ivypanda.com/essays/tourism-and-language/

More related papers

Exploration: “Camelot” by Morgan O'Sullivan, Graham King, and Michael Hirst

Casino Resort Hotels versus Traditional Full Service Hotels

ABC Company Analysis

Social Impacts of Tourism

Tourism and Environment in Conflict

Tourism & Cultural Change: A Critical Analysis

Tourism: Benefits and Costs

Tourism and Leisure for Youth Target Market

We use cookies to improve your experience on our site and to show you relevant advertising. To
find out more, read our updated Privacy Policy

News

East Africa

Rest of Africa

World

Latest News

Somalia threatens to leave Igad over Kenya dispute

S. Sudan authorities arrest two people with $1.8m counterfeit cash

UK records over 100,000 Covid deaths: official data

Tanzania wants smuggled chameleons returned from Austria

Business

Latest Business

Kenya shrugs off inflation fears to retain benchmark loans rate

Choppies to pay $12m as it exits East African market

Covid-19, political noise dampen NSE recovery

Digital health screening speeds up passenger clearance at Kenya airport

Opinion

Latest Opinion

Despite the hullaballoo about US elections, little has changed

Exit riveting poll season, enter oil diplomacy and its big money

EDITORIAL: Without an accent on peoples’ rights, EAC federation is on a perilous path

New battles will have to be fought in America over ancestral lands

Science & Health

Latest Science & Health

Kenya records two cases of new South Africa coronavirus variant

Countries push for IP waivers on Covid-19 vaccine access

South Africa's Covid-19 strain more contagious, experts confirm

African countries to start Covid-19 vaccine pre-orders

Magazine

Latest Magazine

Kenyan series to stream on Showmax

 Will Burundi’s tourism turn the tide?

DISCOVERY: Afternoon well spent at Naivasha basin

Nakisanze merges high fashion with traditional art

Sports

Latest Sports

Tanzanian football club flies East African flag to CAF

Zimbabwe soccer national team hit by Covid-19 outbreak

Why masked and muted Olympics will still dominate crowded 2021 in sports

Football great Diego Maradona dies at 60

Rest of Africa

Latest Rest of Africa

Ethiopia sets pre-condition for dialogue with Sudan

Cyclone Eloise leaves hundreds homeless in Mozambique

Covid-19: Sierra Leone capital goes into 2 weeks lockdown

S. African Minister dies of Covid-related complications

KUSI IDEAS

Latest KUSI IDEAS

Low infection and death rates perplex scientists

Transforming strategies to facilitate a post-Covid-19 era that’s full of hope

Africa can turn the negative impacts of illness into a chance to build and strengthen itself

Strong leadership fought Covid: next step is research

Advertisement
 The East African

Rwanda Today

Language barrier for staff stifles hospitality industry

Friday January 04 2013

milles

The Milles Collines Hotel in Nyarugenge, Kigali. A study shows that many employees in the
Rwandan hospitality business are not fluent in foreign languages. Photo/FILE

Summary

Most Rwandans working in the hospitality industry are unable to effectively communicate in
requisite foreign languages.

The most affected sector is tourism, a leading foreign exchange earner for the country.

The growth of the country’s hospitality has been hampered by lack of language proficiency.

A study released late last year revealed that most Rwandans working in the hospitality industry
are unable to effectively communicate in requisite foreign languages.

It says most of the employees in the industry face difficulties in communicating in English,
French and Kiswahili, which are commonly used in the region.
The most affected sector is tourism, a leading foreign exchange earner for the country.

Some 33,305 respondents were interviewed in the survey conducted by OWN & Associates
Limited last April that targeted hotels, tours and travel companies and event management.

The study, commissioned by Rwanda Development Board (RDB), indicates that 85,730 of the
workers in the sector are not fluent in foreign languages for effective customer service. It
identified language deficiency as a major problem hindering the growth of the sector.

Advertisement

Despite the sterling performance by this sector which has outpaced traditional foreign exchange
earners like tea and coffee, both the government and the private sector are concerned the
problem, if not addressed, may hinder its progress.

Language barrier

Most industry players identified language barrier as a critical challenge in hospitality business
and all surveyed hotels called for proper training of employees to enable them become fluent in
English, French and Kiswahili among others.

“The situation is not good. At the time of the survey, many industry workers conceded they were
not fluent in Kiswahili, English and French,” an official at RDB who participated in the survey
told Rwanda Today.

According to the report, 11.7 per cent indicated said they were not proficient in English, while
11.3 per cent could not communicate in Kiswahili.

This, the surveyed employees said, has hampered their capacity to communicate to clients.
The survey said 9, 651 workers cannot adequately communicate in English while 10, 035 fair
poorly in Kiswahili.

ALSO READ: Why Rwanda finds it hard to learn English

This language barrier was blamed for poor customer service delivery in the sector.

The survey also found out that aviation sub sector was relying on the services of foreigners to
plug the gap.

The study said 451 of individuals interviewed in the sub sector lacked proficiency in the major
foreign languages, while 157 are expatriates.

The survey found that the subsector needed about 608 personnel fluent in foreign languages.

Out of 81 air traffic controllers employed in the sub sector, 65 are expatriates while 12 employed
in air safety department, five are expatriates.

Glaring non-proficiency

Out of existing 13,818 labour units in hotel industry non-proficiency in languages was glaring;
52.6 per cent of services managers, 37.6 per cent of housekeeping supervisors, 36.3 per cent
waiters, 29.2 per cent cooks, 26.2 per cent in bakery activities and housekeepers at 17.3 per cent
lack requisite skills.

“This reliance on expatriates on jobs that do not require high profile skills is one among other
things that make cost of doing business high. Expatriates are remunerated in US dollars and this
is not good for us,” a senior official at the Ministry of Labour, who preferred not to be named
because he is not authorised to speak to the media.

Tourism industry is also hit by what the report terms ‘hard to fill vacancies’.

123 vacancies were not filled even after companies had advertised the posts for a period ranging
between 60 to 90 days.

The companies said applicants lacked cross-cutting skills like languages, general IT skills and
core job specific skills.

In the report, only 7.3 per cent of hotels surveyed allocated resources to staff training, while 22
per cent cited high employee turnover as the reason for not training.

21 per cent of hotels said their staff are adequately trained, while 16 per cent did not find
rationale for on job training of staff and 35 per cent cited lack of resources to commit to staff
training.

Education Ministry figures show that labour supply to the sector is also inadequate.

Between 2009 and 2011, for example, only 424 were pursuing tourism related courses with
marginal 60 enrolled for programmes leading to award of certificates and diploma courses in
tourism.

Rwanda Tourism College, the first tourism college in Rwanda opened shop in 2006 and is
currently offering only three courses.
After four years of training, the college released 427 graduates into the job market in December
which is a paltry 8.4 per cent of 5 068 skills gap.

French and English languages have been mandatory on Rwanda’s national curriculum for the last
18 years.

ALSO READ: Institut Francais moves with the times, teaches English

A recent survey by Transparency International indicated though Rwanda has showed zero
tolerance to corruption, education sector is marred by sex scandals, which could adversely affect
quality of graduates released into job market.

“ The majority of staff cannot effectively communicate in French or English. In tourism sector
you cannot impress or satisfy without communicating well. During low season our company
sends staff to neighbouring countries for training,” David Semugisha of Wild Life Tours Rwanda
told Rwanda Today.

“We project revenues from tourism to be $258 million as we cap this year (2012), which brings
us closer to achieving the year’s targets,” Rica Rwigamba, Head of Tourism Department, told
Rwanda Today in an interview.

She however hastened to add that poor skills are not good for the sector.

by Taboola

Promoted Links

You May Like

Everyone In Uganda Should Get This $47 Monocular Telescope Starscope

How Nakuru lecturer met her death

This Cheap Drone Might Be The Best Selling Gift In UgandaDrone X Pro
DP Ruto should take Uhuru’s warning seriously

Apply For A Job To Live And Work In The United Kingdom!UK Immigration Consultants

‘Beauty queen’ prison warder stabbed to death - VIDEO

In the headlines

Somalia threatens to leave Igad over Kenya dispute

Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed

Igad's fact-finding mission says there is no evidence that Kenya violated Somalia's sovereignty.

Magufuli warns Tanzanians against Covid-19 jabs

John Magufuli.

He warns against embracing some foreign vaccines.

Kenya shrugs off inflation fears to retain key loans rate

Rwanda to vaccinate pigs amid bacterial disease outbreak

Uganda withdraws troops from Bobi Wine's house

Rwanda to upgrade Covid-19 testing to detect variants - minister

Ethiopia sets pre-condition for dialogue with Sudan

for Teachers for Schools for Working Scholars® for College Credit
Study.com

Log in

VCE Geography: Exam Prep & Study Guide / Science Courses

Next Lesson

Communication's Impact on Tourism

Chapter 9 / Lesson 8 Transcript | Additional Activities

Video

Quiz

Course

Save

Timeline Autoplay

Speed Normal

19K views

Catherine S.

Student

Jefferson, Missouri

There are so many options on Study.com! I can research almost any subject, delve into it more
deeply if I wish, and begin studying at a deeper level right away.

Bryce S.
 Student

United States

A textbook can only get you so far. The video aid provided by Study.com really helps connect
the dots for a much deeper understanding.

Recommended Lessons and Courses for You

Related Lessons

Related Courses

CSET Science Subtest II Earth and Space Sciences (219): Test Prep & Study Guide

CSET Science Subtest II Earth and Space Sciences (219): Test Prep & Study Guide

AP Environmental Science: Help and Review

AP Environmental Science: Help and Review

AP Environmental Science: Homework Help Resource

AP Environmental Science: Homework Help Resource

TASC Science: Prep and Practice

TASC Science: Prep and Practice

Lesson Transcript

Instructor

Lori Jones

View bio

Expert Contributor
Lesley Chapel

View bio

The travel and tourism industry is one of the largest in the world. In this lesson, we'll learn about
the impact communication has on the industry, as well as how it helps develop responsible and
sustainable tourism.

The Growth of Tourism

If you talk to the average person, most of them would say they love to travel. The excitement that
comes from visiting a new location, exploring another country, experiencing a new culture, or
hearing an unfamiliar language, makes for not only an unforgettable vacation but also a valuable
learning experience.

Tourism has become the most profitable industry worldwide and continues to grow every year.
But why is this growth occurring?

The Marketing of Tourism

Today, more and more people have unlimited access to information on travel destinations
worldwide. The majority of travel decisions are made by people who have never seen or been to
the place they're traveling to, which makes marketing and media coverage crucial to the strength
of the travel industry.

This marketing is through the following forms of communication:

Social media sites allow users to share their travel experiences through pictures, videos, and
posts.

Travel guidebooks offer detailed information about a particular destination.

Television travel programs highlight various locations and give viewers tips and tricks on how
to have the best travel experience.
 Advertising campaigns via brochures in the mail, TV ads, and website pop-up ads, continue to
remind us of the benefits of traveling.

Travel review sites, such as TripAdvisor, allow users to review hotels, restaurants, and
attractions in every country in the world.

Communication Impact on Tourism

This unlimited access to information has led to tens of thousands of people traveling to a
destination every day, and this increase in tourism can have economic, social, cultural, and
environmental impacts on both local communities and entire nations. Let's take a detailed look at
some of these impacts.

Economic Impacts

In terms of positive economic impacts, tourism creates jobs in various industries, such as retail,
restaurant, transportation, as well as the tourism industry. Small businesses benefit greatly from a
strong tourist economy, and even schools, housing, and hospitals are aided by taxes on
transportation and hotels. It's estimated that each year, the tourism industry contributes
approximately $7 trillion to the global economy and supports about 10% of all jobs worldwide.

Now, in terms of negative economic impacts, increased tourism can carry with it the need to
improve infrastructure, such as roads and hotels. Governments usually have to pay for this by
increasing taxes, which can be a burden on residents and small businesses.

In addition, negative coverage through the news media can have a devastating impact on local
businesses and even entire nations that depend on tourism for their livelihood. Tourists often
change their minds about traveling when they see constant news media coverage of a crisis or
disaster in a particular location.

Social, Cultural, and Sociocultural Impacts

Now, let's look at social, cultural, and socio-cultural impacts on tourism. And yes, those are all
different. In addition to economic impacts, tourism has social and cultural impacts that many
often don't realize.

Social impacts on tourism refer to changes in the values and behaviors that affect the lifestyles
of people living in a community or region.

Cultural impacts on tourism refer to the customs, arts, artifacts, architecture, and heritage of a
community or region.

Socio-cultural impacts on tourism refer to a combination of both social and cultural impacts,
which can affect both tourists and locals, and can be both positive and negative.

Let's start with the positive. Positive social-cultural impacts of tourism often include the
preservation of customs, festivals, artifacts, and architecture. Travelers are exposed to the
heritage and history of a region, as well as the national pride of its people. Museums and old
structures are maintained and repaired, cultural festivals and events occur regularly, value
systems change for the better, and communication and understanding of other cultures increases.

Now, let's look at some of the negative social, cultural, and socio-cultural impacts. The same
socio-cultural benefits that tourism brings for some can be detrimental to others. Value systems
can worsen, intolerance of citizens visiting from a particular country can develop, and the need
to maintain festivals and events to entertain tourists can be a burden to a community. In addition,
tourists from developed countries can be a threat to the indigenous identity of third-world
nations.

To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account

Additional Activities

Prompts About the Impact of Communication on Tourism:

Graphic Organizer Prompt:

Create a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that lists and briefly describes the
forms of communication through which tourism is marketed.

Example: Travel review websites.

Presentation Prompt:

Make a PowerPoint presentation that details the social, cultural, and sociocultural impacts of
tourism. Make sure that you have slides that define what the social, cultural, and sociocultural
impacts of tourism are, and that your presentation addresses positive and negative effects of
tourism on these elements.

Example: One positive aspect is that there can be greater cross-cultural understanding between
tourists and natives of the tourist destination.

Essay Prompt 1:

In at least two to three paragraphs, write an essay that discusses the positive and negative
economic impacts of tourism.

Example: If a small business depends on tourism to survive, but then a natural disaster shuts off
tourism, the small business can suffer economically.

Essay Prompt 2:

Write an essay of at least three to four paragraphs that explains the positive and negative effects
of tourism on the environment. Your essay should also explain the concept of sustainable
tourism and how it can be implemented.
Example: One positive environmental impact is that places like natural parks receive financial
benefits.

Register to view this lesson

Are you a student or a teacher?

You are viewing lesson 8 in chapter 9 of the course:

VCE Geography: Exam Prep & Study Guide

18 chapters | 187 lessons | 15 flashcard sets

Ch 1. Key Geographical Concepts

Ch 2. Using Maps

Ch 3. Developing Fieldwork Reports

Ch 4. Mapping Regions & Trends

Ch 5. Understanding Natural Hazards

Ch 6. Hydro-Meteorological Hazards

Ch 7. Biological Hazards

Ch 8. Technological Hazards

Ch 9. Characteristics & Impacts of Tourism

The Relationship Between Tourism & Geography

5:29

A Historical View of Tourism

5:59

Tourism: Characteristics & Types

5:28
 Relationship Between Tourism & Hospitality

4:25

Macro-Environment Trends in Hospitality & Tourism

7:49

International Travel & Tourism: Impact on Growth in the Hospitality Industry

4:44

Transportation's Impact on Tourism

5:07

Communication's Impact on Tourism

8:01

4:41

Next Lesson

Economic Impact of Tourism

Economic Impact of Tourism

Social, Cultural & Ecological Effects of Tourism

Sustainable Tourism: Definition, Characteristics & Examples

4:34

Go to

Characteristics & Impacts of Tourism

Ch 10. Understanding Land Cover

 Geologic Features: Overview

4:31

Mountain: Definition, Formation, Characteristics & Examples

5:05

Valley: Definition & Examples

5:11

What is a Plateau? - Definition & Explanation

6:04

Rivers: Definition & Explanation

What Are Glaciers? - Definition, Types & Processes

5:56

Vegetation Regions: Distinctions, Wildlife & Weather Patterns

8:31

What Is a Biome? - Definition & Types

6:13

Primary Productivity of Biomes

8:07

Ecological Succession: From Pioneer to Climax Communities

10:38

Go to

Understanding Land Cover

Ch 11. Terrestrial Biomes

Ch 12. Aquatic Biomes

Ch 13. Land Cover Changes

Ch 14. Land Use Changes

Ch 15. Population Dynamics

Ch 16. Understanding Demographics

Ch 17. Population Issues & Challenges

Ch 18. VCE Geography Flashcards

Communication's Impact on Tourism Related Study Materials

Related

Recently Updated

Popular

Explore Subjects

Browse by Courses

Science Courses

Study Courses

High School Courses

College Chemistry: Help and Review

Middle School Life Science: Help and Review

Middle School Life Science: Homework Help Resource

Middle School Life Science: Tutoring Solution

NY Regents Exam - Chemistry: Help and Review

Biology 101: Intro to Biology

Chemistry 101: General Chemistry

Science 101: Intro to Natural Sciences

Biology 103: Microbiology

FTCE Middle Grades General Science 5-9 (004): Test Practice & Study Guide

Earth Science: Homework Help Resource

CLEP Natural Sciences: Study Guide & Test Prep

FTCE Earth & Space Science 6-12 (008): Test Practice & Study Guide

Browse by Lessons

Overview of California's Natural Hazards

Monitoring Natural Hazards & Mitigating Their Impact

Preventing Catastrophe from Natural Disasters in California

California Population Growth

The Limiting Factors of Population Growth

Quiz & Worksheet - Liquefaction

Quiz & Worksheet - Calculating Parts Per Million (ppm)

Quiz & Worksheet - Bottleneck Effect

Quiz & Worksheet - Class Osteichthyes Traits

Quiz & Worksheet - What is Negative Population Growth?

Overview of Earth's Systems

Tectonic Plates, Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Understanding Water's Role on Earth

 Understanding Earth's Atmosphere, Climate & Weather

Understanding Human Impact on Earth & Global Climate Change

Create an account to start this course today

Used by over 30 million students worldwide

Explore our library of over 83,000 lessons

Search

Browse

Browse by subject

Plans

REFERENCES

Punch, K. F. (2013). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches.

London: Sage.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods

approaches. Sage publication. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.nz/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=EbogAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=qualitative+method+define&ots=cah
OvWRCC3&sig=_c1n4DPyJU9HhhDd67q-xBlBUGg#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological

Review, 84, 191–215.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Bong, M. & Skaalvik, E. (2004). Academic self-concept and self-efficacy: How different are
they really? Educational psychology review, 15(1), 1–40.

Eccles, J., Wigfield, A., & Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation to succeed. In W. Damon & N.
Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Volume 3: Social, emotional, and personality
development, 5th edition (pp. 1017–1095). New York: Wiley.

Erikson, E. (1968/1994). Identity, youth, and crisis. New York: Norton.

Goddard, R., Hoy, W., & Hoy, A. (2004). Collective efficacy beliefs: Theoretical developments,
empirical evidence, and future directions. Educational Researcher, 33(3), 3–13.

Pajares, F. & Schunk, D. (2001). Self-beliefs and school success: Self-efficacy, self-concept, and
school achievement. In . Riding & S. Rayner (Eds.), Perception (pp. 239–266). London: Ablex
Publishing.

Pajares, F. & Schunk, D. (2002). Self-beliefs in psychology and education: An historical

perspective. In J. Aronson (Ed.), Improving academic achievement (pp. 3–21). New York:
Academic Press.

Schunk, D. & Zimmerman, B. (1997). Social origins of self-regulatory competence. Educational

psychologist, 34(4), 195–208.

International Education Journal. (2004). Shannon Research Press.

Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/takka/Downloads/6800-14971-1-PB.pdf

Sawir, E. (2005, December). Language Difficulties of International Students in Australia: The

Effects of Prior Learning Experience.

Burkart, AJ and Medlik, S. Tourism: Past, Present and Future. London: Heinemann, 1974.

Conrady, Roland and Buck, Martin, ed. Trends and Issues in Global Tourism . Berlin:
Springer, c2008.

Dann, Graham M. S. Global Tourism. New York: CABI Pub. , 2008.

Dann, Graham M. S. The Language of Tourist: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Wallingford,

Oxon, UK : CABI Pub. , 1996

Dann, Graham M. S. Tourist as a Metaphor of the Social World. New York: CABI Pub. , 2002

Leed, J. Eric. The Mind of the Traveler: From Gilgamesh to Global Tourism. NY: Basic
Books, 1991.
 Meethan, Kevin. Tourism in Global Society: Place, Culture, Consumption. New York:
Palgrave, 2001

Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Philosophy in Turbulent Times: Canguilhem, Sartre, Foucault,

Althusser, Deleuze, Derrida. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008