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Momentum
Linear Momentum (p) refers to the tendency of a moving object to continue moving and to the difficulty encountered in
reducing that motion. It is the amount of motion possessed by a body. It is defined as the product of mass m and velocity
v, and is a vector quantity. It is usually called as the momentum p. The direction of the momentum is the same as the
direction of the velocity. The magnitude is given by
p = mv
The units for measuring momentum are kg-m/s (MKS), gm-cm/s (CGS) and slug-ft/s (FPS).
Example:
Compare the momentum of boat of mass 10 6 kg moving at 0.10 m/s with that of a 2 x 10 3
kg truck moving at 30
m/s.
Using Newton’s second law of motion, we ca relate linear momentum of a particle to the resultant force acting on the
particle. Starting from
In Newton’s second law, the mass m is assumed to be constant. Thus, we can bring m inside the derivative notation to
give us
This shows that the time rate of change of the linear momentum of a particle is equal to the net force acting on the
particle.
Linear Impulse (I) is the product of force (F) and the time (t) during which this force acts. F may be the average force if
the value of the force is not constant, as in the collisions and explosions.
I = Ft
If F is known as a function of time, the impulse can be calculated by the equation
I = F Δt
In many physical situations, we shall use what is called the impulse approximation, in which we assume that one of the
forces exerted on a particle acts for a short time but which is much greater than any other force present.
Relationship between Impulse and Momentum

The momentum of a particle changes if a net force acts on the particle. Knowing the change in momentum caused by
a force is useful in solving some types of problems. If a single force F acts on a particle and that this force may vary with
dp
time. According to Newton’s second law. F= , or
dt
d p=F dt
We can integrate this expression to find the change in momentum of a particle when the force acts over some time
interval. If the momentum of the particle changes from p i at time ti to pf at time tf, after integrating,
To evaluate the integral, we need to know how the force varies with time. The quantity on the right side of this equation is
called the impulse of the force F acting on the particle over the time interval Δt = t f - ti. Impulse is a vector defined by
The change in linear momentum of an object is equal to the linear impulse exerted on an object. Impulse is equal to
the change of momentum.
I = p 2 - p1
F (t2 - t1) = mv2 - mv1

where: p2 = final momentum
p1 = initial momentum
This is also known as the impulse-momentum theorem.
Impulsive forces are often very strong compared with other forces on the system and usually act for a very short time, as
in the case of collision.
Examples:
1. A 100-gram mass moving with a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a wall and is brought to a stop in 0.15 seconds. a)
Find the impulse due to the force exerted on the body by the wall. b) Calculate the average stopping force on
the body.
2. A particle of mass 2 kg moves along the x-axis with an initial velocity of 3 m/s. a force F = -6 N (i.e., in the
negative x-direction) for a period of 3 s. find the final velocity.
Law of Conservation of Momentum

The idea or concept of momentum is important in collisions and explosions (where the force of interaction is not
constant and the time involved is very small) because it is a quantity that is conserved.
The Law of conservation of momentum may be stated as:

“If there are no external forces acting on an object or a system of objects, then the linear momentum before a collision
or explosion is equal to the total linear momentum after the collision or explosion. The total linear momentum does not
change; it remains constant.”
Σ pbefore = Σ pafter
Examples:
1. Figure 1 shows two gliders moving toward each other on a linear air track. The resultant vertical force on each
body is zero; the resultant force on each glider is the force exerted on it by the other glider, and the total
momentum of the system is constant in magnitude and direction. Suppose that, after the gliders collide, B moves
away with a final velocity of +2m/s. What is the final velocity of A?
VA1 = 2 m/s vB1 = - 2 m/s
Figure 1
A B
2. Figure 2 shows two chunks of ice sliding on a frictionless frozen pond. Chunk A, having a mass m A = 5 kg, moves
with initial velocity vA1 = 2 m/s parallel to the x-axis. It collides with chunk B, which has a mass m B = 3 kg and is
initially at rest. After the collision, the velocity of A is found to be v A2 = 1 m/s in a direction making an angle θ = 30 o
with the initial direction. What is the final velocity of B?
vA1 θ
Figure 2
A A Ф
B
Collisions
Types of Collision:
1. Inelastic collision – a collision in which the total kinetic energy after the collision is less than before collision. The
colliding bodies stick together and move as a unit after the collision.
vA2 = vB2 = v2
Conservation of momentum:
mAvA1 + mBvB1 = (mA + mB) v2
Conservation of kinetic energy:

½ mAvA12 + ½ mBvB12 = ½ (mA + mB) v22
Example Problem:
Suppose that in the collision in Figure 1 the two bodies stick together after the collision; the masses and initial
velocities are as shown. Find the final velocity of the gliders.
2. Elastic collision – the total kinetic energy of the system is the same after the collision as before. The colliding
bodies separate after the collision.
Conservation of momentum:
mAvA1 + mBvB1 =mAvA2 + mB vB2
Conservation of kinetic energy:

½ mAvA12 + ½ mBvB12 = ½ mAvA22 + ½ mBvB22
Relative velocity equation:

vB2 – vA2 = - (vB1 – vA1)
Example Problem:
Suppose the collision shown in Figure 1 is completely elastic. What are the velocities of A and B after the
collision?
Coefficient of Restitution (e) measures how elastic a collision is. It is the negative ratio of the relative velocity after
collision vB2 – vA2 to the relative velocity before collision v B1 – vA1. For perfectly elastic collision, the value of e = 1. For
perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0. Generally, however, the value of e is between 1 and 0.
e = - (vB2 – vA2) / (vB1 – vA1)
Problems:
1. Compute the momentum of a golf ball, which has a mass of 60 gm and is moving with a velocity of 70 m/s.
2. A 0.142-kg baseball that moves with a speed of 45 m/s is struck by a swinging bat so as to exactly reverse its
direction (there is no change in magnitude). If the duration of impact is 0.005 sec, what is the average force
exerted?
3. A 1-kg ball moving at 5 m/s collides with a 2-kg ball moving in the opposite direction at 4 m/s. if the coefficient of
restitution is 0.7, find the velocities of the two balls after the impact.
4. A ball is thrown vertically downward with a speed of 3 m/s and strikes the floor 1.6 m below. The coefficient of
restitution between the floor and the ball is 0.70. Find a) the velocity of the ball as it hits the floor, b) the velocity of
the ball after impact with the floor, and c) the maximum height attained by the ball after the second bounce.
5. A 2-kg body moving with a velocity of 4 m/s along the positive x-axis collides in a perfectly elastic collision with a
1-kg body lies initially at rest. After the collision, the 2-kg body is observed to be traveling at 30 o with its original
direction. Find a) the direction and magnitude of the velocity of the 1-kg body, and b) the magnitude of the velocity
of the 2-kg body.
6. A 100-gm block is sliding on a smooth, level surface with a velocity of 10 cm/s. it makes a perfectly elastic
collision with another block of mass m, initially at rest. After the collision, the velocity of the 100-gm block is 2 cm/s
in the same direction as its initial velocity. What is a) the mass m, and b) the velocity of the other block after the
collision?

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Momentum

If F is known as a function of time, the impulse can be calculated by the equation

Relationship between Impulse and Momentum

F (t2 - t1) = mv2 - mv1

This is also known as the impulse-momentum theorem.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

The Law of conservation of momentum may be stated as:

Conservation of kinetic energy:

Conservation of kinetic energy:

Relative velocity equation:

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