Drug Prescribing Pattern and Prescription Error in Elderly: A Retrospective Study of Inpatient Record
Drug Prescribing Pattern and Prescription Error in Elderly: A Retrospective Study of Inpatient Record
Drug Prescribing Pattern and Prescription Error in Elderly: A Retrospective Study of Inpatient Record
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SUJATA SAPKOTA*, NAWIN PUDASAINI, CHANDAN SINGH, SAGAR GC
Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Nepal
Email: sapkota_sujata@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: Older people are potentially at greater risk of medication error. Gaining insight into the physicians prescribing pattern in order to
identify prescribing problem is the fundamental step in improving the quality of prescription and patient care.
Objectives: To analyze drug use pattern and study elderly inpatient file for prevalence and frequency of occurrence of some predetermined
prescribing errors.
Method: A retrospective study of elderly (65 years and older) inpatient record was conducted from April to June, 2010. WHO core drug prescribing
indicator was used to evaluate prescription pattern. Prescription errors were categorized as errors in prescription writing and errors of
commission (ignoring drug interactions, use of potentially inappropriate medication).
Results: A total of 305 medical files were studied. 211 were male and 204 were younger elderly (65‐ 74 years). 2985 drugs were prescribed
(average exposure/ patient: 9.8). 84% of drugs were prescribed by generic name. Percentages of drugs prescribed from National essential drug list
and WHO list were 75% and 55 % respectively. 1233 errors in prescription writing were identified. Route, ending date of therapy, and signature of
prescribing doctor were most missed items (missing in 10.2%, 7%, and 12% of drug prescribed respectively). 5% of drugs names were written with
unacceptable abbreviations while use of error prone abbreviations, symbols and dose designations was 0.27% per prescribed items. 145 patients
were prescribed at least one potential inappropriate medication as determined by Beer’s criteria. Medication prescribed to 88 elderly patients had
at least one potential chance for drug‐drug interaction.
Conclusion: Frequency of occurrence of prescription errors found during the study can be rated high. The prescription pattern and the
prescription errors have indicated the need to establish proper system of recording and analyzing therapy before writing a prescription in order to
promote rational drug therapy in elderly. Further comprehensive studies on medication error are necessary to anticipate the scale of problem and
their economic impact.
Keywords: Elderly, Prescribing pattern, Prescription error, Beer’s criteria.
INTRODUCTION teaching hospitals of Nepal with an aim to determine the nature and
types of medication prescribing errors in Nepalese setting together
Medication errors are an unfortunate reality at hospitals. with the pattern of drug use in elderly.
Approximately, 30% of problems occurring during hospitalization
are related to medication errors 1. Errors are possible at any step of METHODS
the care process, from medication selection to drug administration.
Numerous studies have shown that patients admitted to hospitals A retrospective study was conducted in medical ward of Dhulikhel
are harmed as a result of medication errors, majority of which are Hospital (DH)‐Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital (KUTH). A
errors in prescribing 1‐4. total of 305 medical record files of elderly inpatients aged 65 years
and older was studied.
Medications are central to managing the health of older patients.
Older people are potentially at greater risk of medication error than Data collection and data elements
most other groups. Elderly people consume more medicines than Data collection occurred once for each patient. Patient parameters
the general population. The use of drugs in elderly patients is almost (name, age, gender, diagnosis, co‐morbid condition/s, medication
higher by a factor of three compared to non‐elderly population 5.
history and duration of hospitalization) and drug parameters (name
The higher incidence of chronic diseases and degenerative of drug, strength, frequency, duration together with starting and
pathologies increases demand for prescription medicines to treat ending dates, dosage form, and route of administration.) were
these conditions, and to provide quality of life and well‐being, which extracted from medical record files using data collection sheet.
renders older susceptible to the risk of polypharmacy and drug‐
General prescription pattern
related illnesses. Aging related pathophysiologic changes also make
them more prone to medication error. The resulting altered The following age categories were used as in study by Straand et al
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics due to these changes, [8]; the younger elderly: 65‐74 years and older elderly: 75+ years.
makes them more susceptible to the adverse effects of drugs 6. Disease diagnosed and drugs prescribed to each patient were
Despite the awareness that geriatric population are at increased risk studied. Prescription of a single drug was counted as one, even if the
for medication errors, little is known about the epidemiology of such same drug was prescribed in more than one instance during hospital
errors in these groups. Moreover, the proportion of elderly stay. Following WHO prescribing indicators were assessed to
population in Nepal, though low, is steadily increasing. The evaluate the drug prescribing pattern:
proportion of elderly persons aged 65 years and older was stated as • Average number of drugs per prescription.
4.2% in the 2001 census 7. • Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name.
Gaining insight into physicians prescribing pattern in order to • Percentage of prescriptions with antimicrobial(s)
identify prescribing problem is the fundamental step in improving prescribed.
the quality of prescription and patient care. This study gives an • Percentage of prescriptions with injection(s) prescribed.
insight into the prevalence of prescribing error in one of the • Percentage of drugs prescribed from essential drug list.
Sapkota et al.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 4, Issue 3, 2011, 129132
Prescription error Table 1: Pattern of WHO core drug use indicator
Definition of prescription errors
Prescribing indicators Findings
The following definition for ‘prescription error’ was used during the
study: “A clinically meaningful prescription error occurs when, as a Average number of drugs per encounter 9.8
result of a prescribing decision or prescription writing process,
there is an unintentional significant reduction in the probability of
treatment being timely and effective or increase in the risk of harm Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name 84%
when compared with generally accepted practice” 9.
Classification of prescription errors 9‐13 Percentage of encounters with an antibiotic
18%
prescribed
The errors were categorized as errors in prescription writing and
errors of commission. Errors in prescription writing were further Percentage of encounters with an injection
30%
categorized as: prescribed
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Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 4, Issue 3, 2011, 129132
Table 2: Error in prescription writing (PI* : prescribed items)
Inappropriate medication use Appropriate medication use Odds 95% confidence P Statistical
(N=145) (N=160) ratio interval value significance
Age (
years)
65‐74 96 108 1
0.811
75+ 49 52 0.943 0.59‐1.52 No
3
Gender
Male 103 108 1
Female 42 52 1.18 0.72‐1.92 0.504 No
Number of medications prescribed
≤ 5 7 36 1
<0.00
> 5 138 124 5.72 2.5‐13.0 Extremely
01
DISCUSSION Multivitamins, Amlodipine, Ipratropium and DNS were the most
commonly prescribed drugs 18.
Polypharmacy, defined as the use of five or more medications,
occurs in 20‐40% of older people 15. The prevalence of In a study by Ghosh et al, percentage of drugs from essential drug
polypharmacy in 76 % of patients in our study is very high. In a lists of WHO and Nepal were 41.76% & 38.20% respectively, lower
study carried out by Joshi et al 16 in one of the other teaching than in our study. Use of drugs from the essential drug list should be
hospitals in Nepal the incidences of polypharmacy in elderly promoted for optimal use of limited financial resources, to have
inpatients were found to be similar (73%). It is, however, essential acceptable safety and to satisfy the health needs of the majority of
to determine the potential benefits of polypharmacy in particular the population 17.
settings before dismissing it as entirely inappropriate. Though
deprescribing is difficult, prescriber’s feedback, pharmacist‐led Rational drug prescribing is defined as the use of the least number of
medication reviews, encouraging general practitioner to withdraw drugs to obtain the best possible effect in the shortest period and at
medication in older patients have been tried to reduce a reasonable cost 19. Since, WHO has recommended that average
polypharmacy 15. number of drug per prescription should be 2.0, 20 result of our study
reflects polypharmacy. The recommendation by WHO is not
Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic names in our study is applicable to inpatient. Since majority of elderly patient in our study
higher than that reported in study done in College of Medical have undergone surgery, and average length of stay was also higher
Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal by Ghosh et al 17 where it was about 23% (about 6) which mean more medication prescribed and
and just over half (53.6%) of drugs were prescribed by generic administered. In such cases polypharmacy can be justifiable.
names in the study by Joshi et al 16 . It is important that drugs should
be prescribed in their generic names to avoid confusion. Although The study has shown a high tendency to omit necessary information
there are both advantages and disadvantages of generic prescribing, (viz. date of starting a drug, signature of prescribing doctor, date of
there is more to gain than to lose by this practice, especially in a stoppage of drug) in the medical wards. Though such incidences
teaching hospital which has a dual responsibility of providing were recorded, such variables were less frequent in our study than
patient service as well as medical education. those reported in study by Joshi et al. Ideally, no information should
be missed. A medication order is valid only if the medical officer
In retrospective study by Shanker et al in Manipal hospital in enters all the required items. Any information that might be missed
western Nepal among hospitalised elderly, Ranitidine (30%), may result into occurrence of more serious error.
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Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 4, Issue 3, 2011, 129132
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