A.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
The Flame Emision Photometry
B. OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT
The objective of experiment are to :
1. Determined basic principle and work principle of flame photometer apparatus
2. Measure content of Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) in some drinks with use flame
photometer apparatus.
C. LITERATURE REVIEW
Flame AA is the oldest of the three techniques and has been widely used for
many years. The instruments are relatively inexpensive and methods have been well
tested and are well understood. When solutions of metal ions are introduced into a
flame, several processes occur in extremely rapid succession. Refer to Figure 9.4
throughout the following discussion. First, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind
formula units of the formerly dissolved salt. Next, dissociation of the formula units of
salt into atoms occurs—the metal ions atomize, or are transformed into atoms. Then,
if the atoms are easily raised to excited states by the thermal energy of the flame, a
resonance process occurs in which the atoms resonate back and forth between the
ground state and the excited states. Actually, only a small percentage of the atoms
(less than 0.1%, depending on the temperature of the flame) are found in the excited
state at any particular moment. As these atoms drop back to the ground state (a
natural process), the emission spectrum is emitted (Kenkel, 2003: 248).
Various approaches to measuring flame temperature are well described in
Gaydon's book on flames (see Appendix C). The best methods are spectroscopic
rather than those which use thermocouples. The sodium line reversal method is
perhaps the easiest. Sodium is added to the flame and the sodium D lines viewed
against a bright continuum source (e.g. a hot carbon tube). When the flame is cooler
than the source the lines appear dark because of absorption. When the flame is hotter
than the tube, the bright lines stand out in emission. The current to the tube, which
will have been precalibrated for temperature (Ebdon et al, 1998: 25).
 A flame is a low-energy source, and so the emission spectrum is simple and
there are fewe mission lines. Inpractice, the technique is inexpensive and attractive
for only a few elements. As a direct result of the work of Kirchoff and Bunsen in the
early 1860, the analytical utility of measuring the characteristic radiation emitted by
specific elements excited in flames was realized. The earliest such instrument was
used for the measurement of sodium in plant ash using a Bunsen flame. The difficult
part in such an instrument was how best to introduce the sample into the flame. It
wasn’t until 1929, when Lundegardh utilized a nebulizer to introduce a significant
fraction of the sample reproducibly into the flame, that a breakthrough was made.
Characteristic atomic emission lines were dispersed by a quartz prism spectrograph
and recorded photographically. Use of optical filters and electrical photodetectors
improved convenience and precision in later years, and such instruments became
widely useful for measuring Na, K, Li, and Ca (Christian et al, 2014: 553).
Flame atomic absorption is a widely used technique that offers many
advantages. However, there are analytical situations in which flame methodology is
limited in sensitivity or sampling flexibility. To address such requirements, there are
several accessories available that are briefly described below. A more detailed
description of these accessories, including comparisons of detection limit
performance, is provided in The Guide to Techniques and Applications of Atomic
Spectroscopy, which is available as reprint number L-655 from the Perkin-Elmer
Corporation (Huber, 1996: 39).
The figures for the burning velocity and temperature show that different
burners need to be used with different flames. The air-propane flame is rarely used
nowadays, as it is cool and offers insufficient atomization energy. It is, however, easy
to handle. The air-hydrogen flame finds special use in atomic fluorescence because of
the low fluorescence-quenching cross-section of hydrogen, often further improved by
diluting (and cooling) the flame with argon. The flame has also found use for atomic
absorption spectrometry for analytes that have their most sensitive line at a low
wavelength. This is because this flame has a lower background signal arising from
molecular species. The air-acetylene flame is the most widely used flame. It is stable,
simple to operate and produces sufficient atomization to enable good sensitivity and
freedom from interferences for many elements. It is not only necessary for the flame
to atomize the analyte, but also to break down any refractory compounds which may
react with or physically entrap the analyte (Ebdon et al, 1998: 28).
The reason that we are interested in low-flame velocities is that once atoms
are formed, they stay around in the observation zone longer than at high-flame
velocities a longer time to observe the signal improves the signal-to-noise ratio. One
way to prolong the residence time of the atoms with an oxygen–acetylene flame is to
use a slotted quartz tube atop the flame. Such a tube is readily put in, but the gain in
S/N is modest (only 2–3 times). Before GFAA became widely used, the use of a
tantalum/nickel boat/cup with a handle was popular; this was often used in
conjunction with the quartz tube shown above. A desired volume of the sample (e.g.,
blood, to measure lead in blood) was put in the boat and the sample was then
evaporated to dryness. The boat with the sample residue was then put in the flame,
and the atoms formed travel into the quartz tube placed above and were measured.
Obviously, the boat/cup cannot reach a temperature any greater than that of the flame;
the technique was useful only for the relatively easily atomized elements, but many of
these elements are of particular (Christian et al, 2014: 561).
The range of concentration for making the calibration curve is adjusted so that
the concentration of metal content can be read in this range so that a correlation
coefficient can be obtained with a minimum limit of 0.9950 and a maximum of
0.9999 in order to obtain accuracy in standard measurements. The standard solution is
used to obtain the results of the calibration curve for sodium and potassium which is
obtained by measuring the absorbance of the standard solution at a wavelength of
589.0 nm for sodium and 766.5 nm for potassium. Before measuring the absorbance
of the sample solution, first measure the absorbance of the standard series sodium and
potassium standard solutions. After knowing the absorbance of the standard standard
series solution, then a calibration curve is made. According explaining that in the
Lamber-Beer Law it is stated that if the concentration of a substance increases, the
absorbance value will increase and vice versa if the transmission value will decrease.
In this study, the greatest absorbance results were obtained at a concentration of
120% for standard standard solutions of sodium and potassium. Thus, the
concentration is made as small as possible to facilitate its use as a comparison in the
sample (Sugiharta & Jubaedah, 2019).
mages of ANG-stained cells were acquired on Leica TCS SP5 confocal
microscope. Cells were placed on a cover-slip in a plexiglass holder and excited at
488 nm through a 40x Plano oil immersion objective; fluorescence emission was
collected at 500 – 654 nm. Laser power, rather than PMT voltage, was varied to
avoid image saturation for the observation of control and treated cells. Fluorescence
of hydrolyzed ANG in water solution was measured using Terasaki multiwell plate,
using a 30x water-immersion objective and a microscope equipped with epi
fluorescent attachment. Fluorescence was excited by LED (5 W, 460 nm, TDS
Lighting Co) and passed through dichroic filter (480-700 nm). A charged form of
ANG was obtained by hydrolysis according to the recommended protocol. The effect
of Gram, Na+, and K+ on hydrolyzed ANG fluorescence was tested by adding 1.5 µL
122 water solution of Gram (final 8 µM) with DMSO (final 0.08%), or DMSO
(0.08%), or of H2O 123 to 16.5 µL of solution in the plate well contained ANG 55
µM, KCl 125 mM, NaCl 40 mM, pH 124 7.0 (Yurinskaya et al, 2019).
Instrument flame emission photometer is based on principle of atomization of
a sample solution, when aspirated into a flame. This is followed by isolation of their
characteristic emission spectral of a particular metal ion and detection and
measurement of the intensity of this emission. Energy for excitation of atoms or
molecules can be applied by heating or by electricity. Flame is used for low
temperature excitation, manufacturing temperatures from a thousand to three
thousand degree Celsius. Main reason behind this is that the low temperature of the
flame excites only the group one elements like sodium, potassium ,Lithium etc., the
lower states of the group 2 elements (Jagasia & Barhate, 2019).