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CoEd GE 5 Purposive Communication

MODULE I

Lesson 1: Definition of communication, The different

communication models, Most common
Body Language Mistakes

Prepared by: Jaydelle Delos Santos, LPT

CoEd Instructor, English
Samar Colleges, Inc.

I. Introduction:
This module covers+ the overview of the definition of communication and understanding
its importance. This entails the etymology of communication and the process of oral
conversing by understanding the broader meaning of it. This learning would allow us to
scrutinize the origin and concepts of communication models. The lesson tackles the affective
aspect of communication as well, and in understanding the other means of communicating
named as the body language.

II. Learning Objectives:

At the end of this module, the students will be able to:
 Define and explain communication and its importance;
 Distinguish the different models of communication;
 Discuss the mishandled body language and how to prevent it;
 Relate the lesson to their personal lives;

III. Discussion:

Definition of Communication

Communication: An Overview

Nature of the Communication Process

As we all know, human communication is vital for survival and it is one thing in life that
we cannot avoid to do.

Communication:
- comes from the Latin word ‘communis’, which means ‘commons’. To be common means “to
come together” or “to commune”- “to share something in common”.
- is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions from one person to another
with the use of symbols which may be verbal and/or non-verbal and aims for understanding.

Why study Communication?

- to understand ourselves as social being; to understand ourselves as a person; to gain professional

competence and; to preserve cultural values.

Elements of Human Communication:

1. Sender/Encoder - is the one who initiates the communication.

2. Receiver/Decoder - provides the sender with feedback which may prompt the
Sender. To clarify the message or signal to carry on as planned.
3. Message – Is made up of the ideas and feelings that a sender-receiver wants
to share with others.

Message

Sender Receiver

 Verbal symbols – express through words.

 Non-Verbal symbols – express through gestures, inflection, tone, etc.

4. Channel - are means through which we transmit the message in either vocal or
non-vocal messages.
 Vocal messages – are verbal and spoken.
 Non-vocal messages – may be expressed in words or non-verbal
symbols.
5. Feedback - the behavioral response of the sender-receiver to each other. It is
the information that comes back to the sender of the message
and informs how well the message is getting through.
6. Noise - an interference that bars the message from being understood or
interpreted.
 External noise – comes from the physical environment
 Internal Noise – confined within the psychological and sociological
nature of individuals when thoughts and feelings are
engrossed on something other than the communication
at hand.

7. Context - refers to the surrounding/environment that helps shape the

interaction between and/or among individuals.

 Physical context – the physical environment where the communication

takes place.
 Social context – refers to the relationship the participants hold for each
other.
  Psychological context – which has to do with the mood and emotions
of the communicators at the moment of
communication.

Process of Oral Communication:

1. Encoding - is everything that goes inside the brain of an individual.

- involves the sender who, grounded by communicative intentions
and goals, decides on assigning codes.
- is a systematic arrangement of symbols used by individuals to
create meaning.

2. Transmission - is the process by which the sender, having assigned codes to come up with
thought symbols (message) that are also comprehensible by the participant/s of the
communication, transmits or sends message to its recipient.

3. Receiving - Having been submitted through sound waves and light waves, that comes from the
sender then reaches the receiver. It is assumed that the receiver’s attention is focused on the
communication at hand to facilitate better understanding of the message transported by the
sender.

4. Decoding - is the process by which the receiver interprets or assigns meanings to the codes
transported by the source. The receiver tries to give meanings to these symbols which may be
literal or may give associations depending on knowledge and/or experience.

5. Responding - response is anticipated by the sender from the receiver.

Types of Communication:

1. Intrapersonal Communication - operates within the communicator. (what to wear for the
day, what activities to engage in, reflecting different situations, talking to oneself)

- Because intra-personal communication is centered in the self, you are the only sender-
receiver. The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain,
which processes what you are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that you
talk to yourself, or discard certain ideas and replace them with others.

- Even though you are not directly communicating with others in intra-personal
communication, the people and the experiences you have had determine how you “talk” to
yourself. For example, if you had a good day, you are likely to look at yourself in a positive
way. If a teacher was disappointed with your work, or if you had a fight with a fellow student,
you are likely to focus more on your depression or anger. You can never look at yourself
without being influenced by the relationships you have with others.

2. Interpersonal Communication - occurs between two or more people. (private

conversations with friends, interview with prospective employer, simple group meeting).

Types of Interpersonal Communication:

 a. Dyadic or face-to-face Interaction - is a conversation between two persons which usually
occurs in an informal interaction. This interaction provides a great deal of feedback as compared
to other types of communication.

b. Small Group Communication - occurs when each member or participant speaks out or is
actively participating in the process to come up with a consensus. Degree of formality may range
from intimate to formal.

c. Public Communication - an enlarged form of group communication that involves a resource

person addressing a specific audience. The speaker or the resource person has a message about a
certain topic which he/she has prepared beforehand and delivers it before an audience. Feedback
is limited.

d. Mass Communication - has highly structured messages and able to reach a larger number of
audiences at the same time through the use of electronic devices or print media like newspapers
and magazines.

e. Technology-Mediated Communication - from electronic emails, texting, instant

messaging, social networking, tweeting, blogs and video conferencing-they all share one thing in
common.

The Different Communication Models

Communication models are systematic representations of the process which helps in understanding how
communication works can be done. Models show the process metaphorically and in symbols. They form
general perspectives on communication by breaking communication from complex to simple and keeps
the components in order. Communication models can sometimes encourage traditional thinking and
stereotyping but can also omit some major aspects of human communication.

Methods and channels of communication to be used and the purpose of communication, must be
considered before choosing a specific communication model. Models are used by business companies and
other firms to foster their communication, explore their options and to evaluate their own situations. It is
also used to understand how the receivers will interpret the message.

There are three general types of communication models in which all other communication models are
mostly categorized;

Types of Communication Model

1. Linear Model of Communication

 Linear model of communication is a simple one-way communication model. The message flows in a
straight line from sender to the receiver. There is no concept of feedback. The only task that a receiver
does here is to receive the message. Different models that follow linear model of communication are:
 Lasswell’s Model
 Aristotle’s Model
 Shannon Weaver Model
 Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model

Lasswell’s Model

Lasswell’s communication model was developed

by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell (1902-
1978) in 1948. Lasswell’s model of communication (also
known as action model or linear model or one way model
of communication) is regarded as one the most
influential communication models.

Lasswell’s communication model has 5

components which is used as an analysis tool for evaluating
the communication process and components. The
components are the questions to be asked to get the
answers and keep communication going.

Components Meaning

Who the communicator or sender or source of message

Says What the content of the message

In Which Channel the medium or media

To Whom the receiver of the message or an audience

With What Effect the feedback of the receiver to the sender

Aristotle’s Model
 Aristotle(384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He
was also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc. While exploring
the human nature scientifically, Aristotle developed a linear model of communication for oral
communication known as Aristotle’s Model of Communication. This is considered as the first model of
communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the is most widely accepted among all
communication models.

Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into 5 primary
elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect.

The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important
role in it and is the only one active. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience. The role of
the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the communication process one way, from
speaker to receiver.

The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience and situation
(occasion). The speech must be prepared so that the audience be persuaded or influenced from the speech.

Shannon Weaver Model

Shannon was an American mathematician whereas Weaver was a scientist. The Mathematical theory later
came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of communication or “mother of all models.” This model
is more technological than other linear models.
Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model

Sender (Information source) – Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses the channel and
sends the message.
Encoder (Transmitter) – Encoder is the sender who uses machine, which converts message into signals
or binary data. It might also directly refer to the machine.
Channel – Channel is the medium used to send message.
Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into message or the
receiver who translates the message from signals.
Receiver (Destination) – Receiver is the person who gets the message or the place where the message
must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the message.
Noise – Noise is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the message
get to the receiver as what is sent.
Explanation of Shannon Weaver Model

The sender encodes the message and sends it to the receiver through a technological channel like
telephone and telegraph. The sender converts the message into codes understandable to the machine. The
message is sent in codes through a medium.

The receiver has to decode the message before understanding it and interpreting it. The receptor machine
can also act as a decoder in some cases. The channel can have noise and the receiver might not have the
capacity to decode which might cause problems in communication process.

Here, for instance, brain might be the sender, mouth might be the encoder which encodes to a particular
language, air might be the channel, another person’s ear might be the receptor and his brain might be
the decoder and receiver.

Similarly, air is the channel here, the noise present in his environment that disturbs them is
the noise whereas his response is the feedback. There were only 5 components when the model was made.
Noise was added later.

As Shannon was an engineer, this model was first made to improve technical communication, mainly for
telephonic communication. It was made to maximize telephone capacity with minimum noise. Later,
Weaver applied it for all kind of communications to develop effective communication and the model
became famous as Shannon Weaver model. In engineering, Shannon’s model is also called information
theory and is used academically to calculate transmission through machines and also has a formula.

Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model

In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of

communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of Communication (1949). He described factors affecting
the individual components in the communication making the communication more efficient.
The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the
message and before receiver receives the message respectively.
Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process. They
are sender, message, channel and receiver. Each of the component is affected by many factors.
Components of Berlo’s Model of Communication

S -Sender
Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or source
sends the message to the receiver.

M-Message
A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the form of
voice, audio, text, video or other media.

C-Channel
Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other forms of
communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone, internet, etc.

R- Receiver
Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process. This model believes that the thinking
pattern and all other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the sender for the
communication to be effective. The message might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver
and sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very good listening skill.
2. Transactional Model of Communication

Transactional model, senders and receivers both are known as communicators and both play equally
important role in communication. Transactional model relates communication with social reality, cultural
up-bringing and relational context (relationships). Non-verbal feedback like gestures, body language, is
also considered as feedback in this model. Different models that follow transactional model of
communication are:

 Barnlund’s Transactional Model

 Helical Model

Barnlund’s Transactional Model

Dean Barnlund proposed a transactional model of communication in 1970

for basic interpersonal communication which articulates that sending and receiving of messages happens
simultaneously between people which is popularly known as Barlund’s Transactional Model of
Communication.
The model has been further adapted and reformed by other theorists as General Transactional Model.
The model shifted from the trend of linear model to dynamic and two way communication model.

Barnlund’s Transactional Model is a multi-layered

feedback system. This is a continuous process where sender and
receiver interchange their places and both are equally important.
The message passing takes place with a constant feedback being
provided from both parties. A feedback for one is the message for
the other.

Helical Model

Frank Dance proposed a communication model inspired by a helix in 1967, known as Helical Model of
Communication. A helix is a three-dimensional spring like curve in the shape of a cylinder or a cone.

Helix is compared with evolution of communication of a human since birth to existence or existing
moment. Helical model gives geometrical testimony of communication. The model is linear as well as
circular combined and disagrees the concept of linearity and circularity individually.

Concept of Helical Model of Communication

Helical model of communication introduces the concept of time where continuousness of the
communication process and relational interactions are very important. Communication is taken as a
dynamic process in helical model of communication and it progresses with age as our experience and
vocabulary increases.

At first, helical spring is small at the bottom and grows bigger as the communication progresses. The
same effect can be seen with communication of humans, where you know nothing about a person at first
and the knowledge grows steadily as you know the person better. It considers all the activities of the
person, from the past and present.

3. Interactive Model of Communication

Interactive model or convergence model is similar to

transactional model as they are both two-way communication
model. But interactive model is mostly used for new media like
internet. Here, people can respond to any mass communications
like videos, news, etc. People can exchange their views and
ideas. Here is one example of a model that follows
. interactive model of communication:
 Schramm’s Communication Model

Encoder Signal Decoder

E-S-D

Wilbur Schram (1940) made more complicated model. E-S-D, which stands for Encoder-Signal-
Decoder. In this model he particularly made noteworthy the notion about field of experience.

The Encoder is the source of the message. He sends the message to the Decoder for the latter to
evaluate. In the course of the transfer of the message, a signal is produced. The Signal refers to the
outcome of the transfer of the message. If the message is clear and well-sent and the decoder receives the
message clearly, the outcome is active and lively. But if either point encounters problems in the process,
the result will not be that significant.

Schramm wanted his model to be well-shared and participated in both parties, so he included the field
of experience in the pattern. He thought that communication would become richer if human experiences
are considered. This is the field of experience for both encoder and decoder.

Most Common Body Language Mistake

Body language is an aspect of nonverbal communication where physical behavior is used (as opposed to or in
addition to words) to convey information.

Body language includes:

∙facial expressions ∙touch

∙posture ∙the use of space
∙gestures ∙eye movement
It’s also known as “kinesics.” Interpretations of body language vary from country to country, and from culture
to culture.

It’s important to practice awareness of how your local culture interprets nonverbal cues so that you can prevent
miscommunications from occurring.

Many nonverbal gestures are made up of different parts.

Barbara and Allan Pease, authors of “The Definitive Book of Body Language”, for example, explain:

“The shoulder shrug is a universal gesture that expresses confusion. It has three main parts. Exposed palms
show nothing is concealed in the hands, hunched shoulders protect the throat from attack, and raised brows
serve as a universal, submissive greeting.”

The expression you make when delivering bad news, the posture you take while leading a meeting–these are all
manifestations of body language.

We express and interpret these “bodily signs” without even thinking. Here are the following;

#1 Rubbing your hands together during an important meeting.

This could mean, “Wow, it’s really chilly outside,” but in a business setting, it usually conveys, “I’m not buying
it,” or “I’m not impressed.”
It’s great for intimidating someone you don’t like, but if you’re listening to an employee presentation or
meeting with colleagues, it establishes distance between you and your audience.
The fix: When you want to connect with your audience, keep an open stance. Leave your arms out on either
side of you–resting on the handles of your chair, for example. This conveys trust and warmth and helps make
your audience feel closer to you.
#2 Leaning back while meeting with a friend or close colleague.
When an employee walks into their boss’s office and sees her lounging back on their chair, feet spread out, the
message they get is that their boss doesn’t care very much.
A nonchalant position like this would be great if you’re close friends with your audience, and are simply going
over their house to hang out or play video games. But in a business setting, it’s highly unprofessional.
The fix: Stand up straight. Keep your legs relaxed, but not totally straight (keep them bent at an angle,
basically). Lean in if your audience says something interesting.
#3 Crossing your arms during an interesting conversation.
If you want to end a meeting quickly, then crossing your arms is the way to go. This creates a physical barrier
between you and your audience, and signals, “I’m done.”
The fix: If you’re not ready to end a conversation, don’t cross your arms. It conveys aloofness and disinterest,
and, at worst, hostility.
If you’re holding a meeting and see some participants leaning back and crossing their arms, though, it’s a great
idea to wrap it up.
To take control of your time and properly schedule meetings, try using Toggl, a handy time tracking app that
can help you figure out when it’s time to end a conversation.
#4 Not making eye contact.
There’s a reason why, during really tense moments in romcom movies, the heroine usually says, “Look into my
eyes and say that you don’t love me.”
It’s hard to lie while making eye contact with your audience, because it’s such an open way of interacting with
a person.
Avoiding eye contact reads as dishonest, or as if you have something to hide–and when you’re trying to gain the
trust of a boss or potential business partner, this can be fatal.
The fix: Practice looking at people with a friendly, open gaze. Feel free to smile a little–they’re not going to
shoot daggers out of their eyes! If you find it intimidating, try looking at the bridge of their nose (this works
especially well when you’re speaking to audiences).
#5 Making too much eye contact.
Trained liars often practice eye contact, so don’t immediately assume that lots of eye contact is a good thing.
Being heavy handed with the eye-contact seems aggressive, and you might even get a reputation as the office
creep.
The fix: Don’t stare at someone in the eyes. Instead, make eye contact for a second or two, but do it often.
#6 “Shrinking”.
Shrinking happens often with women, who are more likely to be praised outside of business situations for being
submissive and demure.
Unfortunately, lowered heads, hunched shoulders, and a “cocooned” stance tells your audience that you are
submissive or upset. “Shrinking” conveys ineptitude and insecurity and causes your team and subordinates to
lose trust in your abilities.
The fix: Amy Cuddy, a psychologist, held a study showing that people who practiced expansive body language
felt more confident as a result. Don’t be afraid to take up space. If you want to break into a managerial position,
or you recently earned one, then claim your space boldly. Keep your head and chin up.
#7 Fidgeting.
No matter who you’re speaking to, fidgeting tells them, “I’m feeling pretty nervous.” It undermines your
message.
Think of your legs as your foundation–if they’re shaky, how can your audience be sure that the building is
steady?
Re-adjusting your standing position, shaking your leg, or tapping it restlessly gives your audience the feeling
that you’re uneasy, and they’ll feel suspicious of the information you’re telling them.
The fix: Practice speaking in front of an audience. Set up a mirror, or rope in one of your friends or siblings as
guinea pigs to practice your presentation. Calculated, controlled movements are the key–by taking deliberate
steps, you will look more capable and seasoned.
#8 Making exaggerated gestures with your hands.
Have you ever gotten really riled up about a topic?
Often, when people get excited or enthusiastic, their hands match their mood.
People are more likely to make chopping motions with their hands, point at members of the
audience, and make other grandiose gestures.
Other movements such as playing with or twirling your hair, biting your nails and lips, and cracking your
knuckles can create an air of insecurity (especially when taken to the extreme).
It’s okay to do these things once in a while but letting your hands reflect your inner turmoil signals a lack of
control and confidence.
The fix: It’s okay to move your hands. But it’s important to know how to control them. If
you’re making an important point, simply point to one side with an open hand, palms facing the audience.
Lifehacker has a handy (hehe) list of gestures you can use while speaking in public to convey authority.
#9 Failing to mirror others.
Our lizard brains feel happy when we see other people mirroring our body language. It helps establish rapport
and capture attention.
Plus, mirroring helps establish trust, which in turn leads the way for deeper conversations. Mirroring
is especially important in the dating scene–research shows that women are highly influenced by mirroring, and
find men who do so more attractive.
Failing to mirror others can cause us to seem distant, aloof, and standoffish. When your body fails to react, it
can make the other party wonder, “Are they really listening to me?”
The fix: Acting like a robot and copying your audience’s every move is actually pretty scary–don’t do that.
Instead, “copy” them in simple ways. If they smile and nod, feel free to smile and nod. Mirroring says, “I am
like you, and I feel the same,” and establishes a feeling of security.
#10 Being “closed off”.
When we hear news that we don’t like, we often create barriers with our body that separate us from the
messenger.
In some cases, if we can’t place an object (such as a desk calendar) between the person speaking, we turn away
from them. Though our head might still be tilted towards them, our body often betrays us.
The fix: Unless the person you’re speaking to is someone you really dislike, it’s best to maintain your
relationship. Keep an open, friendly stance and an upright posture. Try not to cross your arms or hide behind a
fence of office supplies.
#11 Touching your face too often.
Quick trivia fact: bringing our fingers to our cheeks, necks, and the rest of our faces is a universal self-soothing
strategy.
Other manifestations of self-soothing include rubbing our eyes, touching our ears, biting our fingers, playing
with the skin of our lips and playing with a small object.
All of these techniques convey discomfort. If you’re trying to close a business deal but aren’t sure about it, your
partner might pick up on these cues and push ahead before you’re ready.
The fix: There are plenty of hand-to-face gestures, and they all convey slightly different feelings. It’s best to
brush up on these before an important meeting or negotiation.
There are plenty of interesting, informative books that guide you through the complex science of body
language, and alert you to possible mistakes you’re making.
I personally recommend What Every BODY is Saying by Joe Navarro, a former FBI counterintelligence
officer. The Definitive Book of Body Language by Barbara and Allan Pease is another great resource.
As you grow more familiar with nonverbal communication, you’ll soon recognize the body language mistakes
you make.
Understanding body language is a pretty intuitive process–you don’t technically need to take a class to master it.
But reading up on different ways body language can be interpreted is a great way to boost your understanding
and improve your relationships.

IV. Conclusion:
 The definition of communication comes to the realization of the importance of
understanding ourselves as social being; in understanding ourselves as a person;
in gaining professional competence and; to preserve cultural values.
 The deferent communication model lets us understand the origin of
communication and how it begun. It allows us to break down its meaning
deductively and inductively for simpler understanding. From complex to simple.
It also enables us to reshape how we perceive our common understanding of
communication into broader perspective making us see the other angles of
communication and to use it purposefully.
 Most common body language mistake enables our realization of unconscious
mishandled verbal cues and help us amend it. So as to apply it in action at the
latter for individual betterment.

V. Activities:

Activity 1: ESSAY
Answer the following questions comprehensively on a short bond paper. This can be
submitted written, encoded/printed, or online.
1. In your own words, define and explain communication. (5 points)
2. How important is communication and why? (5 points)
3. In your own word, define the process of communication. (5 points)
4. Under the types of interpersonal communication, which 3 types of interpersonal
communication best apply in your life and why? (10 points)
5. Choose 3 communication models that you think is best for you and why? These models
could be under Linear, Transactional, and Interactive Model of Communication. (15
points)
6. What’s importance of correcting our common body language mistakes? Explain your
answer. (5points)
7. Site a scenario in your life that you made one or more body language mistake, and how
did you overcome it? -- If you haven’t experienced any yet, choose 2 bodily signs from
the given 11 body language mistakes and how will you overcome it from your
perspective? (10 points)

Activity 2: QUIZ; IDENTIFICATION and COMPARE AND CONTRAST

1. It comes from the Latin word ‘communis’, which means ‘commons’. To be common
means “to come together” or “to commune”- “to share something in common”.
2. It is an element of human communication that transmits the message in either vocal or
non-vocal messages.
3. It is a type of communication wherein you aren't directly communicating with others and
you are the only sender and receiver of the message.
4. It is an element of human communication that deals with behavioral response and the
information that comes back to the sender of the message.
5. It is an element of human communication where it's made up of information or the ideas
and feelings that a sender-receiver.
6. It is a type of communication that occurs not only to one person but more.
7. It is an element of human communication that interferes an information and bars the
message.
8. It is a type of interpersonal communication where an enlarged form of group
communication that involves a resource person addressing a specific audience.
9. It is an element of human communication confined within the psychological and
sociological nature of individuals when thoughts and feelings are engrossed on something
other than the communication at hand.
10. It is a type of interpersonal communication that deals with electronic or digital platforms
of communication.
11. It is an element of human communication wherein he/she is responsible for the response
about the given information.
12. It is a type of interpersonal communication is a conversation between two persons which
usually occurs in an informal interaction.
13. It is a type of interpersonal communication has highly structured messages and able to
reach a larger number of audiences with the use of digital and printed platforms as well.
14. It is an element of human communication wherein he/she initiates delivering the
information.
15. It is a type of interpersonal communication occurs when each member or participant
speaks out or is actively participating in the process to come up with a consensus.
16. It is a simple one-way communication model. The message flows in a straight line from
sender to the receiver. There is no concept of feedback.
 17. It is a model of communication that is also known as action model or linear model or
one-way model of communication and is regarded as one the most influential
communication models.
18. It is a model of communication is a multi-layered feedback system. This is a continuous
process where sender and receiver interchange their places and both are equally
important.
19. It is a model of communication that describes factors affecting the individual components
in the communication making the communication more efficient. It mainly has four
components to describe the communication process. They are sender, message, channel
and receiver.
20. It is a model of communication that is broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker,
Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect. model is a speaker centered model as the speaker
has the most important role in it and is the only one active. Making the communication
process one way, from speaker to receiver.
21. It is a model of communication that focuses to the encoder, signal, and decoder. The
encoder is the source of the message. He sends the message to the Decoder for the latter
to evaluate. In the course of the transfer of the message, a signal is produced. The Signal
refers to the outcome of the transfer of the message.
22. It is a model of communication that introduces the concept of time where continuousness
of the communication process and relational interactions are very important.
Communication is taken as a dynamic process and it progresses with age as our
experience and vocabulary increases.
23-25.
Compare and contrast transactional model of communication and interactive model of
communication.

VI. References:
Link source: https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/polytechnic-university-of-the-
philippines/purposive-communication/lecture-notes/purposive-communication-part-
1/3814863/view
Link source:  businesstopia, "Models of Communication," in Businesstopia, February
4, 2018, https://www.businesstopia.net/communication
Link source: https://toggl.com/blog/body-language-mistakes