ET 332b

Ac Electric Machines and Power Systems

Instructor: Dr. Carl Spezia, PE

Office: Engr. D110

Phone: 453-7839
E-mail: powerguy@siu.edu

Office Hours: 9:00 am - 10:00 am M-W-F

2:00 pm - 3:00 pm M-W-F

Textbook: Electrical Machines, Theory, Operation, Applications, Adjustment, and

Control, 2nd Edition, Charles I. Hubert

References: Electric Machinery and Transformers, Irving L. Kosow

Grading Scale: 100-90% A

89-80% B
79-70% C
69-60% D
59-below F

Hour Exams (3 at 100 points each) 50%

Final Exam (200 points) 20%
Homework 10%
Laboratory Experiments/Activities 20%
--------------------
Total 100%

Course Policies
1. Late Work and Makeup Exams
No make-up exams. All homework handed in at the beginning of the period it is
due. No late homework accepted without prior approval. Late lab grades
reduced by 5% per working day starting from due date.
2. Attendance Policies
Class attendance is required and attendance will be taken at the beginning of
every period. Students are allowed four unexcused absences. Any further
absences will reduce the TOTAL grade by 5% per day absent.

Note: the final exam is optional for all students that have a 90% or higher average on
the hour exams, homework, and experiment/activities

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 ET 332b
Ac Electric Machines and Power Systems

Course Description and Prerequisites

This course introduces the theory and operation of DC and AC machines with an
emphasis on the testing and measurement of machine characteristics and parameters.
Laboratory exercises will demonstrate the theoretical concepts and give experience
using various types of measurement devices and software.

Prerequisite: Engineering Technology 304a

Course Performance Criteria

At the end of this course, you will be able to:
1.) Find the voltage current and power in a single phase ac circuit using phasor
analysis,
2.) Construct a power triangle for an ac load,
3.) Compute the power factor of an ac load,
4.) Compute the voltages and currents in three-phase delta and wye connected
loads and sources,
5.) Solve simple balanced three-phase ac systems,
6.) Identify the types of mechanical loads attached to motors in industry,
7.) Draw the equivalent circuit model of single phase transformers,
8.) Find transformer parameters using open circuit and short circuit tests
9.) Use the per unit system to perform power system calculations,
10.) Compute transformer efficiency and voltage regulation,
11.) Interpret nameplate data on transformers and ac motors,
12.) Make three phase transformer connections,
13.) Compute load division between parallel transformers,
14.) Explain the operation of three-phase induction motors
15.) Calculate motor currents, power, speed and torque using an equivalent circuit
model,
16.) Measure and calculate motor losses and efficiency,
17.) Connect power meters and measure ac power and power factor,
18.) Conduct no-load and locked-rotor tests to find motor circuit parameters,
19.) Explain how synchronous motors operate,
20.) Perform motor calculation using and equivalent circuit model,
21.) Explain how induction generators operate.
22.) Explain how synchronous motors can be used for power factor correction and
calculate their impact,
23.) Explain how synchronous alternators operate,
24.) Perform alternator calculations,
25.) Make three-phase power and energy metering connections and interpret a watt-
hour meter reading.

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 ET 332b
Ac Electric Machines and Power Systems

Emergency Procedures
SIUC is committed to providing a safe and healthy environment for study and work.
Because some health and safety circumstances are beyond our control, we ask that you
become familiar with the SIUC Emergency Response Plan and Building Emergency
Response Team (BERT) program. Emergency response information is available on the
BERT website at www.bert.siu.edu, Department of Public Safety’s website
www.dps.siu.edu (disaster drop down) and in the Emergency Response Guidelines
pamphlet. Know how to respond to each type of emergency.
Instructors will provide guidance and direction to students in the classroom in the event
of an emergency affecting your location. It is important that you follow these
instructions and stay with your instructor during an evacuation or sheltering
emergency. The Building Emergency Response Team will assist your instructor in
evacuating the building or sheltering within the facility.

Final Examination Schedule Policy

This course will follow the University schedule for final examinations. The course
instructor will not administer the final exam prior to the published University date.

Academic Dishonesty Policy

Students may be subject to disciplinary proceedings resulting in an academic penalty or

disciplinary penalty for academic dishonesty. Academic dishonesty includes, but is not
limited to, cheating on a test, plagiarism, or collusion. References to the Student
Conduct Code,(e.g. plagiarism policy).

ADA Statement for Students Requiring Special Accommodations:

As per Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the American
Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, if accommodations are needed, inform the instructor as
soon as possible.

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 ET 332b
Ac Machines and Power Systems
Course Outline

Fundamentals of Ac Analysis

Single phase ac analysis Appendix A

Time and phasor representations Class Notes
Series circuits
Parallel circuits
Power triangle
Power Factor

Three phase ac analysis

Double subscript notation
Wye connected sources
Delta connected sources
Phase sequence
Solution of three phase circuits
balanced and unbalanced

Review of Basic Mechanics

Physic of mechanical motion, force, Class Notes
Torque, transformation of energy.
Torque-speed relationships for mechanical
loads

Power and Energy Measurements Class Notes and Handouts

Phase sequence identification
Single phase power measurements
Three phase power measurements
Two-Wattmeter method
Reactive power metering
Load characteristics and demand
Energy Metering

Transformer Principles Chapter 2

Construction and classification Sections 2-2 to 2-5

Transformer action with sinusoidal input Sections 2-7 to 2-14
voltages
Ideal transformer model
Equivalent circuit for transformers
Voltage regulation
Per unit/percent system
Per unit/percent transformer impedances
Transformer efficiency

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 ET 332b
Ac Machines and Power Systems
Course Outline

Open circuit/short circuit tests TEST 1

Transformer Connections and Operation Chapter 3

Terminal markings and connections Sections 3-1 to 3-4

Nameplate ratings Sections 3-6 to 3-7
Autotransformer connections Sections 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-14
Parallel operation of transformers
Load division between transformers
Three phase transformer connections
Instrument transformers

Three Phase induction motors Chapter 4

Induction motor action Sections 4-1 to 4-15

Rotating Magnetic field
Equivalent circuit of the Induction motor
Developed power and torque
Losses and efficiency

Application of three phase induction motors Chapter 5

NEMA Classifications Sections 5-1 to 5-3

Locked rotor inrush currents Sections 5-6 to 5-7
Wound-rotor motors Sections 5-9 to 5-14
Effects of voltage unbalance Sections 5-16 to 5-18
Induction motor parameters

Determination of Induction motor

parameters
Blocked rotor tests
No-load tests
Dynamic braking of induction motors Section 5-15
Induction motor starting and control TEST 2
Induction Generator Operation

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 ET 332b
Ac Machines and Power Systems
Course Outline

Synchronous Motors Chapter 8

Construction and motor starting Sections 8-1 to 8-9

Equivalent circuit model Sections 8-11 to 8-12
Synchronous motor power equation
Load changes effects on motor
Effects of field excitation changes
Synchronous motor losses and efficiency
Synchronous condenser operation of
synchronous motors

Synchronous Generators (Alternators) Chapter 9

Motor to generator transition Sections 9-1 to 9-13

Synchronous generator power equation
Generator loading
Paralleling Synchronous generators
Prime mover and generator control
Motoring of synchronous generators
Safe paralleling of alternators
Loss of field excitation effects
Load division between Alternators
Test 3

Final review Final exam (comprehensive)

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Spring 2016 out32b16.docx

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 332B Homework list
Homework # Source Assignment Date Due Turned Grade
in? Received
1 Handout cpmathhw.wp5
2 Handout sglephhw.wp5
3 Handout spqhw.wp5
4 Handout pfhw.wp5
5 Handout hw3phs1.wp5
6 Handout hw3phs4.wp5,
hw3phs3.wp5
7 Handout hw3phs2.wp5,
pfcorr.wp5
8 Handout wyedhw.wp5,
tqspd.wp5
9 Handout meterhw.wp5
10 2 2-9
11 2 2-11
12 2 2-13
13 2 2-15
14 Handout puprob.docx
15 2 2-23, 2-25
16 2 2-17
17 2 2-39
18 Handout 3phtxhw.wp5
19 3 3-11
1
20 3 3-1, 3-9
21 4& 4-4
Handout ind-hw1.wp5
22 4 4-6
23 4 4-10
24 4 4-16
25 Handout indhw1.wp5
26 5 5-22
27 5 5-31, 5-32
28 5 5-35
29 8 8-1, 8-2, 8-3
30 8 8-5
31 8 8-7
32 8 8-17
33 9 9-1, 9-5

1
Mistake in problem statement. Use a voltage of 482 V instead of 432V.

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 ET 332b
Laboratory Activities and Experiments

1.) Power Laboratory Safety and Work Procedures/Delta and Wye Voltage
Connections
(Hampden Experiment 3)

Students learn safety rules for working with high (above electronic board level)
voltages. Avoiding electric shock and other safety hazards encountered in the power
lab are covered. This lab covers the basic operation of the transformers, fractional-
horsepower ac motors and alternators. Students perform lab experiments to prove
voltage relationships for fundamental three phase connections. Students observe
three-phase alternator operation.

2.) Wye Connected Alternators

(Hampden Experiment 4)

Students observe the effects of load balance on a wye-connected alternator.

Students see a practical application of Kirchhoff's current law for ac systems. Phasor
addition of currents produces a net current of zero in the neutral conductor of a wye-
connected load. The experiment demonstrates the effect of unbalance on the current
flow in the neutral.

3.) Transformer Voltage, Current and Impedance Ratios

(Handout Experiment 2)

This experiment examines ideal and non-ideal operation of a transformer. The

turns ratio is used to determine how a transformer changes voltage, current and
impedance levels. The experiment shows how to derive the ratios for each of these
quantities. The effects of adding load on the ideal transformer ratio formulas are
experimentally determined.

4.) Transformer Open Circuit Test

(Handout Experiment 3)

The effects of magnetizing the iron core of a transformer are included in the basic
theory of the transformer. The exciting current of a small transformer is measured. The
power losses of a transformer core are measured. These values are used to determine
an equivalent circuit that accounts for the magnetizing effects of the iron core.

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 ET 332b
Laboratory Activities and Experiments

5.) Transformer Short Circuit Test

(Handout Experiment 4)

The series impedance effects of a transformer are identified and measured

experimentally. The leakage reactance and the series winding resistances are
measured using a method called the short circuit test. These effects are included in a
model that more accurately represents the actual operation of a transformer under load

6.) Direction of Rotation of Three-Phase Motors

(Hampden Experiment 12)

The effects of phase sequence on the direction of motor rotation are examined.
Students will be able to correctly connect a three-phase motor to a voltage supply and
have it rotate in the desired direction. The relationship between motor poles and
synchronous speed is explained.

7.) Starting Characteristics of Squirrel-cage Induction Motors

(Hampden Experiment 13)

The electrical and mechanical characteristics of a squirrel-cage induction motor

during start-up are explored experimentally. The maximum torque of a three-phase
motor is estimated from reduced voltage tests. The mathematical relationships between
motor terminal voltage and torque are used to make this calculation.

8.) Running Characteristics of Squirrel-cage Induction Motors

(Hampden Experiment 14)

Students will observe the changes on motor speed and terminal current as it is
loaded. The two-wattmeter method of active power and power factor measurement is
introduced and used to measure quantities in this experiment.

9.) Losses and Efficiency of Induction Motors

(Hampden Experiment 16)

The power losses are measured and an operating efficiency is computed for a
fractional horsepower motor. The types of losses incurred in induction motor operation
are identified and measured either directly or indirectly. A locked rotor test is performed
to find the equivalent resistance of the motor.

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 ET 332b
Laboratory Activities and Experiments
10.) Starting and Synchronizing Synchronous Machines
(Hampden Experiment 19)

The synchronous machine can operate as either a generator or motor. In either

case, procedures must be followed to safely connect the machine to the system.
Synchronous machines must be rotating at nearly synchronous speed before they are
connected to the power system. The experiment shows how the synchronous machine
is started and how it operates under load.

11.) Load Characteristics of Ac Generators

(Hampden Experiment 5)

The load-terminal voltage characteristics of an alternator are experimentally

determined. Resistive and reactive load combinations are connected to the terminals of
a small alternator. The effects of armature resistance, reactance, and armature reaction
are discussed and the observed in practice. The effects of capacitive and inductive
loads on the terminal voltage and power factor are also observed.

If time permits

12.) Paralleling Alternators

(Hampden Experiment 7)

The necessary conditions for the parallel operation of alternators are examined.
An alternator is synchronized with and infinite bus using phasing lamps. Two
alternators are paralleled using phasing lamps. The factors that affect power flow and
operating frequency are observed.

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 ET 332b
Laboratory Experiment Format

You will perform several experiments on different topics during the course of the
semester. The following information outlines the format used to document the
experiment results and the procedures used to find the results. Type all experiment
reports submitted this semester. Use this format on Experiments 3, 4, and 5.

The first page of every experiment report will be a cover page that will include the
following items:

Experiment number
Experiment title
Course number
Student name.

Center these items in the middle of the page. An example cover page is attached. This
template is available from the course website.

The following section describes the body of the experiment report. Number the pages
in the body of the report at the bottom center. Do not number the first page of the
report. This page displays the title information described above.

The body of the experiment has four sections:

1.) Objective
2.) Procedure
3.) Data and discussion of results
4.) Conclusion.

In the objective, you will explain the purpose for doing the experiment. You will also
identify the major points you wish to learn about in the experiment.

Example: Find the resistance and inductance of a separately excited dc motor.

In the procedure section, give a summary of the methods used to measure and collect
the data required in the experiment. Make this section in the form of numbered steps.

Example: 1. Connect a variable ac voltage source to the motor terminals.

2. Adjust the supply until motor stator current vale is equal to motor rating.

Combine several small tasks into a single numbered topic to reduce the number of
numbered subsections.
The data and results section documents the information collected during the
experiment. Represent all data in a clear concise form. Use tables and graphs to
collect and display the data into a presentable form. Use the correct units on all

Spring 2014 exformat.doc

experimental quantities. Label the axis of the graphs and give them appropriate titles.
Discuss the significance of the data and graphs contained in this section.

Software tools, such as Excel and MathCAD, make graphs and calculations simple to
produce. Use these tools whenever possible. MathCAD makes it possible to produce
an entire lab report that includes all sample calculations graphs and supporting
procedures and discussions without using many other software packages.

Show sample calculations in the body of the report. Large data tables and other
supporting calculations not directly related to the main topics of the experiment should
be included in an appendix located after the main report. An appendix is not required
when data tables are short. (10 entries or less)

Use figures to show how test setups were connected. Schematics of the models and
circuits constructed for the experiment should also be included. Various software
packages make drawing figures for lab experiments less laborious. AutoCAD, Visio,
Paintbrush, CircuitMaker, Multisim or any other graphic program can create images.
Use cut/paste tools to transfer the graphic from one application to another.

In the conclusion section of the report, summarize the knowledge gained in the
experiment.

The report body should be double-spaced and typewritten.

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 Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Department of Technology

ET 332b
Electromagnetic Principles and Devices

Experiment #

Experiment Title

Reported by: name of student

Performed By: student name 1

student name 2
student name 3

Date Performed:

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 ET 332b
Laboratory Report Grading and Attendance Policies
Grading
The following table shows the point distribution and graded items for the ET 332 lab report. You will
receive maximum points if all listed items are included and correct.

For all experiments EXCEPT 3, 4, and 5, only include the pages from the lab handout that show data
and have answers to questions. For the format of these labs see the handout labeled, Laboratory
Experiment Format. This includes both the De-Briefing and Quick Quiz sections. Produce all graph and
figures using a computer program such as Excel. Include the graphs required by the lab procedures
and any additional ones specified by the lab instructor.

Late labs will have point totals reduced by 5 points per working day. After one week, late labs will
not be accepted

Attendance
Students are expected to be seated in the lab at the scheduled starting time. An attendance sheet will
be circulated at the beginning of the lab period. Everyone is responsible for signing this sheet. Anyone
entering the lab after the scheduled starting time will be considered late and the work that they are
intending to hand in will be considered late by one day. The lab instructor will be available before the
lab period begins to answer questions and assist in experimental setups.

Item Points Comments

Title Page 5 pts The title page must follow the given format exactly to
receive credit. See the examples in the syllabus and
from the lab T.A.
De-Briefing Questions 20 pts Complete all short answer questions correctly and
completely. You should print question responses
clearly. Unreadable responses will be considered
wrong. Use complete sentences and good grammar.

Graphs are sometimes included in this section. Always

use a computer program to generate these plots.
Additional tables of the collected data can be included
with the graphs, but are not required.
Experimental Results 10 pts All data tables must be filled and contain reasonably
accurate values. Write all values clearly. The data
tables must be signed by the T..A. before leaving lab.
Unsigned data will receive no credit.
Quick Quiz 20 pts Correctly answer all multiple choice questions listed in
the lab handout. Include these pages in the report.
Discussion 45 pts To receive maximum credit for the discussion section,
each topic in the discussion point handout must be
included and thoroughly explained. The discussion can
be up to three pages in length. It must be typed with
no greater than a 12 point font and double spaced.

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