The term 

network programming refers to writing programs that execute across

multiple devices (computers), in which the devices are all connected to each other
using a network.

The java.net package of the J2SE APIs contains a collection of classes and
interfaces that provide the low-level communication details, allowing you to write
programs that focus on solving the problem at hand.

The java.net package provides support for the two common network protocols:

 TCP: TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which allows for

reliable communication between two applications. TCP is typically used
over the Internet Protocol, which is referred to as TCP/IP.
 UDP: UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol, a connection-less protocol
that allows for packets of data to be transmitted between applications.

This tutorial gives good understanding on the following two subjects:

1. Socket Programming: This is most widely used concept in Networking and

it has been explained in very detail.
2. URL Processing: This would be covered separately. Click here to learn
about URL Processing in Java language.

Socket Programming:
Sockets provide the communication mechanism between two computers using
TCP. A client program creates a socket on its end of the communication and
attempts to connect that socket to a server.

When the connection is made, the server creates a socket object on its end of the
communication. The client and server can now communicate by writing to and
reading from the socket.

The java.net.Socket class represents a socket, and the java.net.ServerSocket class

provides a mechanism for the server program to listen for clients and establish
connections with them.

The following steps occur when establishing a TCP connection between two
computers using sockets:

1. The server instantiates a ServerSocket object, denoting which port number

communication is to occur on.
2. The server invokes the accept() method of the ServerSocket class. This
method waits until a client connects to the server on the given port.
 3. After the server is waiting, a client instantiates a Socket object, specifying
the server name and port number to connect to.
4. The constructor of the Socket class attempts to connect the client to the
specified server and port number. If communication is established, the client
now has a Socket object capable of communicating with the server.
5. On the server side, the accept() method returns a reference to a new socket
on the server that is connected to the client's socket.

After the connections are established, communication can occur using I/O streams.
Each socket has both an OutputStream and an InputStream. The client's
OutputStream is connected to the server's InputStream, and the client's
InputStream is connected to the server's OutputStream.

TCP is a twoway communication protocol, so data can be sent across both streams
at the same time. There are following usefull classes providing complete set of
methods to implement sockets.

ServerSocket Class Methods:

The java.net.ServerSocket class is used by server applications to obtain a port and
listen for client requests

The ServerSocket class has four constructors:

SN Methods with Description

public ServerSocket(int port) throws IOException
1 Attempts to create a server socket bound to the specified port. An exception occurs if
the port is already bound by another application.
public ServerSocket(int port, int backlog) throws IOException
2 Similar to the previous constructor, the backlog parameter specifies how many
incoming clients to store in a wait queue.
public ServerSocket(int port, int backlog, InetAddress address) throws
IOException
Similar to the previous constructor, the InetAddress parameter specifies the local IP
3
address to bind to. The InetAddress is used for servers that may have multiple IP
addresses, allowing the server to specify which of its IP addresses to accept client
requests on
public ServerSocket() throws IOException
4 Creates an unbound server socket. When using this constructor, use the bind() method
when you are ready to bind the server socket

If the ServerSocket constructor does not throw an exception, it means that your
application has successfully bound to the specified port and is ready for client
requests.
Here are some of the common methods of the ServerSocket class:

SN Methods with Description

public int getLocalPort()
1 Returns the port that the server socket is listening on. This method is useful if you
passed in 0 as the port number in a constructor and let the server find a port for you.
public Socket accept() throws IOException
Waits for an incoming client. This method blocks until either a client connects to the
2 server on the specified port or the socket times out, assuming that the time-out value
has been set using the setSoTimeout() method. Otherwise, this method blocks
indefinitely
public void setSoTimeout(int timeout)
3 Sets the time-out value for how long the server socket waits for a client during the
accept().
public void bind(SocketAddress host, int backlog)
4 Binds the socket to the specified server and port in the SocketAddress object. Use this
method if you instantiated the ServerSocket using the no-argument constructor.

When the ServerSocket invokes accept(), the method does not return until a client
connects. After a client does connect, the ServerSocket creates a new Socket on an
unspecified port and returns a reference to this new Socket. A TCP connection now
exists between the client and server, and communication can begin.

Socket Class Methods:

The java.net.Socket class represents the socket that both the client and server use
to communicate with each other. The client obtains a Socket object by instantiating
one, whereas the server obtains a Socket object from the return value of the
accept() method.

The Socket class has five constructors that a client uses to connect to a server:

SN Methods with Description

public Socket(String host, int port) throws UnknownHostException, IOException.
This method attempts to connect to the specified server at the specified port. If this
1
constructor does not throw an exception, the connection is successful and the client is
connected to the server.
public Socket(InetAddress host, int port) throws IOException
2 This method is identical to the previous constructor, except that the host is denoted by
an InetAddress object.
3 public Socket(String host, int port, InetAddress localAddress, int localPort)
throws IOException.
 Connects to the specified host and port, creating a socket on the local host at the
specified address and port.
public Socket(InetAddress host, int port, InetAddress localAddress, int localPort)
throws IOException.
4
This method is identical to the previous constructor, except that the host is denoted by
an InetAddress object instead of a String
public Socket()
5 Creates an unconnected socket. Use the connect() method to connect this socket to a
server.

When the Socket constructor returns, it does not simply instantiate a Socket object
but it actually attempts to connect to the specified server and port.

Some methods of interest in the Socket class are listed here. Notice that both the
client and server have a Socket object, so these methods can be invoked by both
the client and server.

SN Methods with Description

public void connect(SocketAddress host, int timeout) throws IOException
1 This method connects the socket to the specified host. This method is needed only
when you instantiated the Socket using the no-argument constructor.
public InetAddress getInetAddress()
2
This method returns the address of the other computer that this socket is connected to.
public int getPort()
3
Returns the port the socket is bound to on the remote machine.
public int getLocalPort()
4
Returns the port the socket is bound to on the local machine.
public SocketAddress getRemoteSocketAddress()
5
Returns the address of the remote socket.
public InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException
6 Returns the input stream of the socket. The input stream is connected to the output
stream of the remote socket.
public OutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException
7 Returns the output stream of the socket. The output stream is connected to the input
stream of the remote socket
public void close() throws IOException
8 Closes the socket, which makes this Socket object no longer capable of connecting
again to any server

InetAddress Class Methods:

This class represents an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Here are following usefull
methods which you would need while doing socket programming:

SN Methods with Description

static InetAddress getByAddress(byte[] addr)
1
Returns an InetAddress object given the raw IP address .
static InetAddress getByAddress(String host, byte[] addr)
2
Create an InetAddress based on the provided host name and IP address.
static InetAddress getByName(String host)
3
Determines the IP address of a host, given the host's name.
String getHostAddress() 
4
Returns the IP address string in textual presentation.
String getHostName() 
5
Gets the host name for this IP address.
static InetAddress InetAddress getLocalHost()
6
Returns the local host.
String toString()
7
Converts this IP address to a String.

Socket Client Example:

The following GreetingClient is a client program that connects to a server by using
a socket and sends a greeting, and then waits for a response.

// File Name GreetingClient.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

public class GreetingClient

{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
String serverName = args[0];
int port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
try
{
System.out.println("Connecting to " + serverName
+ " on port " + port);
Socket client = new Socket(serverName, port);
System.out.println("Just connected to "
+ client.getRemoteSocketAddress());
OutputStream outToServer = client.getOutputStream();
DataOutputStream out =
new DataOutputStream(outToServer);

out.writeUTF("Hello from "

 + client.getLocalSocketAddress());
InputStream inFromServer = client.getInputStream();
DataInputStream in =
new DataInputStream(inFromServer);
System.out.println("Server says " + in.readUTF());
client.close();
}catch(IOException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Socket Server Example:

The following GreetingServer program is an example of a server application that
uses the Socket class to listen for clients on a port number specified by a
command-line argument:

// File Name GreetingServer.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

public class GreetingServer extends Thread

{
private ServerSocket serverSocket;

public GreetingServer(int port) throws IOException

{
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port);
serverSocket.setSoTimeout(10000);
}

public void run()

{
while(true)
{
try
{
System.out.println("Waiting for client on port " +
serverSocket.getLocalPort() + "...");
Socket server = serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("Just connected to "
+ server.getRemoteSocketAddress());
DataInputStream in =
new DataInputStream(server.getInputStream());
System.out.println(in.readUTF());
DataOutputStream out =
new DataOutputStream(server.getOutputStream());
out.writeUTF("Thank you for connecting to "
+ server.getLocalSocketAddress() + "\nGoodbye!");
server.close();
}catch(SocketTimeoutException s)
{
System.out.println("Socket timed out!");
 break;
}catch(IOException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
break;
}
}
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
try
{
Thread t = new GreetingServer(port);
t.start();
}catch(IOException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Compile client and server and then start server as follows:

$ java GreetingServer 6066

Waiting for client on port 6066...

Check client program as follows:

$ java GreetingClient localhost 6066

Connecting to localhost on port 6066
Just connected to localhost/127.0.0.1:6066
Server says Thank you for connecting to /127.0.0.1:6066
Goodbye!