Block Brake Long shoe

When the shoe is relatively long

as shown in this figure, the
normal pressure pn varies with
different values of the angle .
Frictional wear engineering
equipment is usually assumed to
be proportional to the product of
the velocity and the pressure.
 Since the velocity is the same for all point of the shoe, the wear of the
lining is proportional to the pressure. Hence

(a)

Where δn is the wear in the direction perpendicular to the lining, and K is

constant. From the figure b shows the motion δ of a point on the shoe as
the lining wears and the shoe rotates about point A through angle γ. Hence
(b)

The wear δn in the direction normal to the drum is then equal to

(c)

The perpendicular dropped from A to radius OB has a length equal to r1 sin

or sin θ. Substitution in Eq. (c) gives

(d)

Substitution into Eq. (a) gives

 (e)

One of the limiting force factors in the design of a brake is the maximum
pressure pmax between lining and drum. This occurs at the location having
the maximum value of sin in Eq. (c). Hence

(f)

Elimination of γr1/K between Eqs. (e) and (f) gives

(g)

The moment Mn of the normal forces about point A results.

 (8)

The moment of the friction forces Mf about A is equal to

(9)

If moment at A is equal to 0, so

(10)
A positive value for Mf indicates a counter clockwise moment about point
A for the friction force, and a negative result indicates a clockwise
moment. If the direction of rotation is reversed, these statements have the
converse meaning for Mf.

These signs depend on the location of the pivot with respect to the shoe
and on the direction of rotation of the drum. When the friction moment
assists in applying the shoe, the brake will be self-locking if Mf exceeds Mn.
In practice, the ratio Mf/Mn should not be greater than about 0.7.

The torque exerted by the brake is found by taking the moment of the
friction force about the center of the drum O.

(11)
Problem example of block brake long shoe:
(a) Calculate the value of pmax , the torque, and the horsepower for the
brake of figure bellow. The coefficient of friction is equal to 0.2.

(b) Make the calculation on the assumption that the total normal and friction
force are concentrated at point B and compare results with the more exact
results of part (a).

Solution : (a) tan angle

AOB = 10/8 = 1.25

Angle AOB = 510 20’

Hence:
 By Eq. (8):

Mn = ¼ x 3 x 8 x 12.806 pmax(2 x 1.65808 + 0.38357 + 0.21928) = 301.26 pmax

This moment is counter clockwise about point A.

By Eq. (9):
Mf = ¼ + 0.2 x 3 x 8 pmax (12.806 (-0.92276 – 0.97566) – 4 x 8(-0.19652 –
0.99390) = 16.54 pmax.
This moment is counter clockwise about point A.

Externally applied moment:

Equilibrium of moments on shoe:

(301.26 + 16.54) pmax = 22,000
Pmax = 69.2 psi

By Eq. (10):

T = 0.2 x 3 x 82 x 69.2 (0.99390 + 0.19652) = 3,164 lb in.

(b) Take moment about A.

Normal force at B:

Area of shoe: A = 2π8 x 3 x 95/360 = 39.8 in2

Average pressure:

Friction torque: T = μFnr = 0.2 x 2,200 x 8 = 3,520 lb in

 Symmetrical shoe
In figure below the brake shoe is supported by a symmetrically located pin
at A. Let it be assumed that distance r1 is of such magnitude that the
friction force dFf have no resultant moment about A. The normal forces
must then be symmetrical with respect to the vertical center line, and also
have zero moment about A. Thus no rotation of the shoe on the pin can
occur, and the vertical component of the wear is uniform for the entire
shoe.
Assume as before that the normal wear is proportional to normal pressure.

(a)

As shown in figure above the normal wear is equal to Hence,

(b)

The maximum normal pressure occurs at the location for the maximum
value of that is, for giving

(c)
Substitution into Eq. (b) gives:

(d)

The equation for the moment of the friction force about A is found by
multiplying the tangential force on an element of area by the arm
and integrating over the entire shoe. By the foregoing assumption the
result is equal to zero.
Substitution of the value for pn from Eq. (c) gives

Integrating and solving for r1,

(13)

The torque of the friction force about O as a center is given by the

following equation:
 (13)

The pin reaction Fn can be found as the summation of the vertical

components of the normal pressure.

(14)
The pin reaction Ft is found by summing the horizontal components of the
friction force.

(15)
Shoe brake for stopping a grab hoist
Given: Load Gg = 5200 kgf, load speed vg = 0.75 m/s, speed of the brake
drum n = 600 rev/min, efficiency of the gearing η = 0.8. GD2 of the motor
and gear box = 155 kgfm2, breaking time while lowering the load tRS = 2.5
s, number of breaking per hour z = 200. Shoe pressed onto the drum by
spring and released by magnet. Linkage efficiency ηG ≈ 0.9, air
temperature L = 250C.

Selected: From Table 29/2, asbestos friction lining with plastic, dry
running, μ = 0.35, qv ≈ 0.15 cm3/HPh, clearance l = 0.2 cm, wearable lining
thickness sv = 0.6 cm, utilisation factor of lining surface, y = 0.9.

Required: MR; braking distances and times while lifting and lowering the
load; NR; b, d; hu, ; p; LB; Ps, s, i, h.

Friction torque MR in the lowering direction: From equation 29/5, Am =

7900. From equation 29/6, MB = 1910 Am/(n tRS) = 10,040 kgfcm; to hold
the load, MH =ηGgvg 30/(πn) = 4960 kgfcm; MR = MH + MB = 15,000 kgfcm.
 Braking time tRH while lifting; From equation 29/14 in the hoisting direction
MB = MH + MR = 19,960 kgfcm. From equation 29/7 then tRH = 1910 Am/(n MB)
= 1.25 s.
Braking distances sRH while lifting; sRH = vg tRH/2 = 0.47 m.
Braking distances sRS while lowering; sRS = vg tRS/2 = 0.94 m.

Friction power NR : with mean value for tR = (tRH + tRS)/2 = 1.87 s. From
equation 29/9, AR = MRntR/1910 = 8830 kgfcm. From equation 29/10 then
NR = AR z/270,000 = 6.5 HP.
Main dimensions b and d: From Table 29/4, Kv = 0.3, b/d = 0.4, j = 1. From
equation 29/21 as well as from equation 29/23 with KT = 0.9 then, d≈63 cm
and b≈0.4 d = 25 cm for MR = 15,000.
Selected: bs = 26 cm, L≈0.6 d = 38 cm, F=2Lby = 1710 cm2, c3 = 5 cm, c2 = 36
cm, c1 = 72 cm (see fig. 29/16a).
Heating: For the maximum peripheral speed of the brake drum v = nd/1910
= 19.8 m/s and taking vk≈ 0.35 v = 6.9 m/s as the mean for running and still
stand, from equation 29/28, αk≈ 4.5 + 6 vk3/4 = 30. See equation 29/29 for
more exact calculation αk.
Fk≈2dπbs + 2πd2/4 – 2Lb = 14640 cm2 = 1.464 m2; from equation 29/27
and

Mean pressure: From Table 29/1, p = 2MR/(dFπ) = 0.8 kgf/cm2.

Lining life LB: From Table 29/1, Vv =F sv = 1030 cm3. From equation 29/31,
LB = Vv/(qvNR) = 1050 operating hours (low according to Table 29/5).

Operating data: From Table 29/1, operating force Ps =Ps1 + Ps2 = 2

MRc2/(dμc1) = 682 kgf, operating movement s = lc1/c2 = 0.4 cm. Spring force
PF from: PF + PM + PH = Ps/2 = 341 kgf, where PM and PH are the weights of the
magnet core and of the levers n, m, i (Fig. 29/32) effective at the point of
application of PF. Reduction ratio between operating force and the magnet
force i = Ps/(HηG) = 15.2 from equation 29/26 with magnet force H = 50 kgf.
Magnet movement for releasing, h = s i = 6.1 cm.
 Drum Brake

Drum brakes use a wide cylinder that is open at the back, similar in
appearance to, well, a drum. When the driver steps on the brake pedal,
curved shoes located inside the drum are pushed outwards, rubbing against
the inside of the drum and slowing the wheel.
 Drum brake vs Disk brake
Drum brakes are much more compact, and works great on
stationery cars as well as on moving cars, whereas disc brakes
works best on moving cars. Thus, drum brakes are great for
parking brakes, and often a car that has 4-wheel disc brakes
STILL has a drum brake at rear wheels for parking brakes.

However, drums expand when it absorbs the heat from

friction stops, and this causes subsequent brake effects LESS
effective since the same amount of brake effort does not
produce the same results. The other problem is known as the
"self-servo effect". Basically the drums and the stop pads
have one portion that provides more friction due to the
rotation effect, and this causes unproportional brake effort to
brake effect. Disc brakes has no such problems.
 Correction of problem 3

3. A compressor has variation of torque which is driven by

induction motor 7.5 kW at 800 rpm and Tmax = 1100 kgmm.
Choose a rubber coupling which is diameter of shaft 45
mm.! τa = 0.04 kg/mm2 and bolt material is S20C
(allowable stress 41 kg/mm2).