Project report Boeing -747

Submitted by

Name Rumman vohra

SID: 61426

Submitted to

Sir Abdul Kaleem Tahir

 Table of content

Serial no Content Page number

1 Introduction 03

2 Background , airline proposal, design effort, 04

production plant

3 Development and service, entry into service 05

4 Improved 747 versions, Further developments and 06

end of production

5 Design, veriants,747-100,747SR 07

6 747-100B,747SP,747-200,747-300,747-400 08

7 Operators, accident and incidents 09

8 summary 10

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Introduction:

The Boeing 747 is a large, long–range wide-body airliner and cargo aircraft manufactured

by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in the United States. After introducing the 707 in October
1958, Pan Am wanted a jet 2½ times its size, to reduce its seat cost by 30% to democratize air
travel. In 1965, Joe Sutter left the 737 development program to design the 747, the first twin
aisle airliner. In April 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 747-100 aircraft and in late 1966, Pratt &
Whitney agreed to develop its JT9D, a high-bypass turbofan. On September 30, 1968, the
first 747 was rolled out of the custom-built Everett Plant, the largest building in the world by
volume. The first flight took place on February 9, 1969 and the 747 was certified in
December of that year. It entered service with Pan Am on January 22, 1970; it was the first
airplane dubbed a "Jumbo Jet".

The 747 is a quad jet airliner, initially powered by JT9D turbofan engines, then GE

CF6 and Rolls-Royce RB211 engines for the original variants. With a ten-abreast economy
seating, it typically accommodates 366 passengers in three travel classes. It has a pronounced
37.5° wing sweep, allowing a Mach 0.85 (490 KN; 900 km/h) cruise speed, and its heavy
weight is supported by four main landing gear legs with four-wheel bogies each. The
partial double-deck aircraft was designed with a raised cockpit so it could be converted to
a freighter airplane by installing a front cargo door, as it was initially thought that it would
eventually be superseded by supersonic transports.

Boeing introduced the -200 in 1971, with more powerful engines for a heavier maximum
takeoff weight (MTOW) of 833,000 lb (378 t) from the initial 735,000 lb (333 t), for a longer
6,560 nmi (12,150 km) range up from 4,620 nmi (8,560 km). It was shortened for the longer-
range 747SP in 1976, and the 747-300 followed in 1983 with a stretched upper deck for up to
400 seats in three classes. The heavier 747-400 with improved RB-211 and CF6 versions,
along with the PW4000 (the JT9D successor), and a two-crew glass cockpit, was introduced
in 1989 and is the most common variant. After several studies, the stretched 747-8 was
launched on November 14, 2005, with new General Electric GEnx engines, and was first
delivered in October 2011. The 747 is the basis for several government and military variants,
like the VC-25 (call sign Air Force One) or the E-4 Emergency Airborne Command Post, and
some experimental test beds like the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.

By June 2020, 1,556 aircraft had been built, with 15 747-8s remaining on order. Initial
competition came from the smaller tried wide bodies: the Lockheed L-1011 (introduced in

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1972), Douglas DC-10 (1971) and later MD-11 (1990). Airbus competed with later variants
with the heaviest versions of the A340 until surpassing the 747 in size with the A380,
introduced in 2007. As of 2020, 61 of the jets have been lost in accidents, in which a total of
3,722 people have died.

Background

In 1963, the United States Air Force started a series of study projects on a very large strategic
transport aircraft. Although the C-141 Star lifter was being introduced, officials believed that
a much larger and more capable aircraft was needed, especially to carry cargo that would not
fit in any existing aircraft

Airliner proposal

The 747 was conceived while air travel was increasing in the 1960s. The era of commercial
jet transportation, led by the enormous popularity of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8, had
revolutionized long-distance travel. In the early 1960s, even before it lost the CX-HLS
contract, Boeing was asked by Juan Tripe, president of Pan Am, one of their most important
airline customers, to build a passenger aircraft more than twice the size of the 707.

Design effort

Ultimately, the high-winged CX-HLS Boeing design was not used for the 747, although
technologies developed for their bid had an influence. The original design included a full-
length double-deck fuselage with eight-across seating and two aisles on the lower deck and
seven-across seating and two aisles on the upper deck

Production plant

Airplane assembly hall, featuring heavy machinery. Large cylindrical airplane sections and
wings are readied for mating with other major components. Above are the cranes which ferry
heavy and outsize parts of the 747.

As Boeing did not have a plant large enough to assemble the giant airliner, they chose to
build a new plant. The company considered locations in about 50 cities, and eventually
decided to build the new plant some 30 miles (50 km) north of Seattle on a site adjoining a
military base at Paine Field near Everett, Washington. It bought the 780-acre (320 ha) site in
June 1966.

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Developing the 747 had been a major challenge, and building its assembly plant was also a
huge undertaking. Boeing president William M. Allen asked Malcolm T. Stamper, then head
of the company's turbine division, to oversee construction of the Everett factory and to start
production of the 747

Development and testing

Before the first 747 was fully assembled, testing began on many components and systems.
One important test involved the evacuation of 560 volunteers from a cabin mock-up via the
aircraft's emergency chutes. The first full-scale evacuation took two and a half minutes
instead of the maximum of 90 seconds mandated by the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA), and several volunteers were injured. Subsequent test evacuations achieved the 90-
second goal but caused more injuries. Most problematic was evacuation from the aircraft's
upper deck; instead of using a conventional slide, volunteer passengers escaped by using a
harness attached to a reel. Tests also involved taxiing such a large aircraft. Boeing built an
unusual training device known as "Waddell's Wagon" (named for a 747 test pilot, Jack
Waddell) that consisted of a mock-up cockpit mounted on the roof of a truck. While the first
747s were still being built, the device allowed pilots to practice taxi manoeuvres from a high
upper-deck position

During later stages of the flight test program, flutter testing showed that the wings suffered
oscillation under certain conditions. This difficulty was partly solved by reducing the
stiffness of some wing components. However, a particularly severe high-speed flutter
problem was solved only by inserting depleted uranium counterweights as ballast in the
outboard engine nacelles of the early 747s This measure caused anxiety when these aircraft
crashed, for example El Al Flight 1862 at Amsterdam in 1992 with 282 kilograms (622 lb) of
uranium in the tail plane (horizontal stabilizer)

Entry into service

On January 15, 1970, First Lady of the United States Pat Nixon christened Pan Am's first
747, at Dulles International Airport (later Washington Dulles International Airport) in the
presence of Pan Am chairman Najeeb Halaby. Instead of champagne, red, white, and blue
water was sprayed on the aircraft. The 747 entered service on January 22, 1970, on Pan Am's
New York–London route; the flight had been planned for the evening of January 21, but
engine overheating made the original aircraft unusable. Finding a substitute delayed the flight

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by more than six hours to the following day when Clip the 747 enjoyed a fairly smooth
introduction into service, overcoming concerns that some airports would not be able to
accommodate an aircraft that large. Although technical problems occurred, they were
relatively minor and quickly solved. After the aircraft's introduction with Pan Am, other
airlines that had bought the 747 to stay competitive began to put their own 747s into
service.boeing estimated that half of the early 747 sales were to airlines desiring the aircraft's
long range rather than its payload capacity per Victor was used

The recession of 1969-1970 greatly affected Boeing. For the year and a half after September
1970 it only sold two 747s in the world, both to Irish flag carrier Aer Lingus.No 747s were
sold to any American carrier for almost three years. When economic problems in the US and
other countries after the 1973 oil crisis led to reduced passenger traffic, several airlines found
they did not have enough passengers to fly the 747 economically, and they replaced them
with the smaller and recently introduced McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011
TriStar trijet wide bodies and later the 767 and A300/A310 twinjets). Having tried replacing
coach seats on its 747s with piano bars in an attempt to attract more customers, American
Airlines eventually relegated its 747s to cargo service and in 1983 exchanged them with Pan
Am for smaller aircraft; Delta Air Lines also removed its 747s from service after several
years.

Improved 747 versions

After the initial 747-100, Boeing developed the -100B, a higher maximum takeoff weight
(MTOW) variant, and the -100SR (Short Range), with higher passenger capacity. Increased
maximum takeoff weight allows aircraft to carry more fuel and have longer range. The -200
model followed in 1971, featuring more powerful engines and a higher MTOW. Passenger,
freighter and combination passenger-freighter versions of the -200 were produced. The
shortened 747SP (special performance) with a longer range was also developed, and entered
service in 1976.

Further developments and end of production

Since the arrival of the 747-400, several stretching schemes for the 747 have been proposed.
Boeing announced the larger 747-500X and -600X preliminary designs in 1996. The new
variants would have cost more than US$5 billion to develop, and interest was not sufficient to
launch the program. In 2000, Boeing offered the more modest 747X and 747X stretch

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derivatives as alternatives to the Airbus A3XX. However, the 747X family was unable to
attract enough interest to enter production. A year later, Boeing switched from the 747X
studies to pursue the Sonic Cruiser,[94] and after the Sonic Cruiser program was put on hold,
the 787 Dreamliner.Some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER,
a longer range variant of the 747-400.

Design

The Boeing 747 is a large, wide-body (two-aisle) airliner with four wing-mounted engines.
Its wings have a high sweep angle of 37.5 degrees for a fast, efficient cruise speed of Mach
0.84 to 0.88, depending on the variant. The sweep also reduces the wingspan, allowing the
747 to use existing hangars. Its seating capacity is over 366 with a 3–4–3 seat arrangement (a
cross section of 3 seats, an aisle, 4 seats, another aisle, and 3 seats) in economy class and a 2–
3–2 layout in first class on the main deck. The upper deck has a 3–3 seat arrangement in
economy class and a 2–2 layout in first class

Variants

The 747-100 was the original variant launched in 1966. The 747-200 soon followed, with its
launch in 1968. The 747-300 was launched in 1980 and was followed by the 747-400 in
1985. Ultimately, the 747-8 was announced in 2005. Several versions of each variant have
been produced, and many of the early variants were in production simultaneously. The
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) classifies variants using a shortened code
formed by combining the model number and the variant designator (e.g. "B741" for all -100
models)

747-100

The original 747-100 has a short upper deck with three windows per side, Pan Am introduced
it on January 22, 1970.The first 747-100s were built with six upper deck windows (three per
side) to accommodate upstairs lounge areas. Later, as airlines began to use the upper deck

747SR

Responding to requests from Japanese airlines for a high-capacity aircraft to serve domestic
routes between major cities, Boeing developed the 747SR as a short-range version of the 747-
100 with lower fuel capacity and greater payload capability. With increased economy class
seating, up to 498 passengers could be carried in early versions and up to 550 in later models.

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747-100B

The 747-100B model was developed from the -100SR, using its stronger airframe and
landing gear design. The type had an increased fuel capacity of 48,070 US gal (182.0 m3),
allowing for a 5,000-nautical-mile (9,300 km) range with a typical 452-passenger payload,
and an increased MTOW of 750,000 lb (340 t) was offered. The first -100B order, one
aircraft for Iran Air, was announced on June 1, 1978. This aircraft first flew on June 20, 1979,
received FAA certification on August 1, 1979, and was delivered the next day.

747SP

The development of the 747SP stemmed from a joint request between Pan American World
Airways and Iran Air, who were looking for a high-capacity airliner with enough range to
cover Pan Am's New York–Middle Eastern routes and Iran Air's planned Tehran–New York
route. The Tehran–New York route, when launched, was the longest non-stop commercial
flight in the world.

747-200

Most 747-200s had ten windows per side on the upper deck. While the 747-100 powered by
Pratt & Whitney JT9D-3A engines offered enough payloads and range for medium-haul
operations, it was marginal for long-haul route sectors.

747-300

The 747-300 features a 23-foot-4-inch-longer (7.11 m) upper deck than the -200.The
stretched upper deck (SUD) have two emergency exit doors and is the most visible difference
between the -300 and previous models. After being made standard on the 747–300, the SUD
was offered as a retrofit, and as an option to earlier variants still in-production.

747-400

The improved 747-400, featuring canted winglets, entered service in February 1989 with
Northwest Airlines. The 747-400 is an improved model with increased range. It has wingtip
extensions of 6 ft (1.8 m) and winglets of 6 ft (1.8 m), which improve the type's fuel
efficiency by four percent compared to previous 747 versions

There are other variant and military variant also

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Operators

In 1979, Qantas became the first airline in the to operate an all Boeing 747 fleet with
seventeen. As of July 2019, there were 462 Boeing 747s in airline service, with Atlas Air and
British Airways being the largest operators with 33 747-400s each. The last US passenger
Boeing 747 was retired from Delta Air Lines in December 2017, after it flew for every
American major carrier since its 1970 introduction. Delta flew three of its last four aircraft on
a farewell tour, from Seattle to Atlanta on December 19 then to Los Angeles and
Minneapolis/St Paul on December 20.

Accidents and incidents

As of October 2020, the 747 has been involved in 166 aviation accidents and incidents,
including 63 accidents and hull losses which resulted in 3746 fatalities. There have been
several hijackings of Boeing 747s, such as Pan Am Flight 73 where a Boeing 747-121 was
hijacked by four terrorists and resulted in 20 deaths. Few crashes have been attributed to
design flaws of the 747. The Tenerife airport disaster resulted from pilot error and
communications failure, while the Japan Airlines Flight 123 and China Airlines Flight 611
crashes stemmed from improper aircraft repair. United Airlines Flight 811, which suffered an
explosive decompression mid-flight on February 24, 1989, led the National Transportation
Safety Board (NTSB) to issue a recommendation that the Boeing 747-100 and 747-200 cargo
doors similar to those on the Flight 811 aircraft be modified to those featured on the Boeing
747-400. Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down by a Soviet fighter aircraft in 1983 after
it had strayed into Soviet territory, causing US President Ronald Reagan to authorize the
then-strictly military global positioning system (GPS) for civilian use

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Summary

The Boeing 747 is a wide body commercial airliner, often referred to by the nickname
"Jumbo Jet". It is among the world's most recognizable aircraft, and was the first wide body
ever produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the US, the original
version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707, one of the common
large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the
passenger capacity record for 37 years.

The four-engine 747 uses a double deck configuration for part of its length. It is available in
passenger, freighter and other versions. Boeing designed the 747's hump-like upper deck to
serve as a first class lounge or (as is the general rule today) extra seating, and to allow the
aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by removing seats and installing a front cargo
door. Boeing did so because the company expected supersonic airliners, whose development
was announced in the early 1960s, to render the 747 and other subsonic airliners obsolete, but
that the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would be robust into the future

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