TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS with MATLAB

by Jerry V. McMichael
{see www.biblecombibleman.com/TAC_TOC.html

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 Data Analysis and Systems Integration. 13

1-1: Simulation of Space Shuttle with MATLAB programming. 13

1-2: Numerical Analysis the Anchoring Discipline. 15
1-3: Excel and MATLAB for Data Analysis. 17
1-4: Large Modern Systems in the Evolution of the Digital Atomic Age. 18
1-5: Differential Equations and Physics Have Taken a Bad Rap. 20
1-6: Many Threads of Modern Technology Made the Technical Revolution. 23
1-7: Sharing of Learning Theory. 24
1-8 Ups and Downs of UAV Testing by John Del Frate of NASA. 26
1-9: Drilling with MATLAB Basics. 26

CHAPTER 2 The Digital Atomic Age 29

2-1: Math led the technical world into the Digital with Linear Algebra. 31
2-2: Some Things from “Optimization in Simulation Studies”. 31
2-3: New on Minimization, Optimization, and Parameter Estimation? 33
2-4: The Place of Equations in the Digital Revolution. 33
2-3: From Nature to ADC. 33
2-4: The Math of Motion is a Good Starting Place for the Technical. 34
2-5: Digital and Digital Computers to Technical Applications of Computers. 36
2-6: “Digital Signal Processing”. 37
2-7: MATLAB, Path, and Workspace. (D1) 39
2-8: Plotting, Subplots, Axis and Labels. (D2) 43
2-9: Polynomial Algebra and Polynomial Roots. (D3) 44
2-10: Graphics and Descriptive Stats. (D4) 47

CHAPTER 3 Systems Integration. 53

3-1: Cl, Cd, and Cm on selected Aircraft. 54
3-2: Steady State Flight with Principles of Stability and Control. 57
3-3: We can use the Transfer Function in MATLAB before the Theory. 59
3-4: Trim Equilibrium as far as pitch when all moments at the C.G. are zero. 61
3-5: Numerical Optimization and the Trim. m Program. 62
3-6: Intro to Numerical Optimization. 64
3-7: FMIN in MATLAB. 64
3-8: FEVAL in MATLAB. 66
3-9: The Steady-State Trim Algorithms. 68
3-10: Polynomials and Plotting (D1). 69
3-11: Matrices and Plotting (D2). 71
CHAPTER 4 UAVs and Other Flight Test Reports. 75
4-1: The Altair/Predator B. 76
4-2: Recent UAV Flight Test Experience at NASA, 1998. 77
4-3: Flight Tests of the X-48B UAV between 2007 and 2008. 78
4-4: AFTI/F-16 Flight Test Results and Lessons Learned. 81
4-5: Aircraft Parameter Estimation. 86
4-6: Graphics and Plot (D1). 90
4-7: Flow control (D2). 90
4-8: Plotting Complex Numbers and Function Plot (D3). 90
4-9: Normal Distribution (D4). 90

CHAPTER 5 The Process. 91

5-1: The 10 step Process of this book. 91
5-2: The 10 step Process of Aerospace. 93
5-3: The Process of Learning: ILS. 93
5-4: Historical PROCESS of The Digital Atomic Age. 94
5-5: Math led the technical world into the Digital with Linear Algebra. 96
5-6: The Place of Mathematical Equations in the Digital Revolution. 96
5-7: Most Physical Phenomenon is Analog, Requiring ADC. 97
5-8: The Math of Motion is a Good Starting Place for the Technical. 97
5-9: Digital and Digital Computers & Applications of Computers. 97
5-10: Digital Signal Processing. 98
5-11: Evolution in Math Techniques for Engineering Applications. 100
5-12: Software, Firmware, and Digital Math. 100
5-13: The Process in CMMI. 101
5-14: The Process in “Embedded Systems Architecture”. 101
5-15: Global Hawk Unveiled the Process at work in UAVs. 102
5-16: Files/Directories, Handling Data, & External Programs (D1). 104
5-17: Fourier Transform (D2). 104
5-18: Plotting Polynomials with POLYVAL (D3). 104
5-19: Matrices of Data and Plotting (D4). 104

CHAPTER 6 Parameters and Data Analysis. 105

6-1: Practical Aircraft Parameter Estimation. 107
6-2: List of Parameters. 109
6-3: Approach of NASA Report # NASA TM-88281. 109
6-4: Modern Minimization {Curve Fitting} Techniques. 111
6-5: Cost Function, J or PI, for a Transport Aircraft. 113
6-6. Basic Aircraft Parameters and Equations. 114
6-7: The Cost Function, J. 115
6-8: Cost Function in Model Methodology of Operations Research. 115
6-9: FMINSEARCH of MATLAB, Nelder and Mead Simplex Algorithm. 115
6-10: Place of the Cost Function in Parametric Estimation. 115
6-11: MATLAB Program for Aircraft Trim plus. 115
6-12: Model Differencing Tool (D) 115
CHAPTER 7 Systems and Parameters. 117
7-1: Ways to Model Linear Systems: State-Space and Transfer Function. 119
7-2: Some history of State Space and the Transfer Function. 121
7-3: Large Scale Digital Computer as Catalyst to Digital Atomic Age. 122
7-4: The notions of State and Space. 123
7-5: Linear Systems. 124
7-6 Background for Cl, Cd, and Cm. 125
7-7: Coefficients from Flight Test versus Mach and Altitude. 126
7-8: From Aerodynamic Coefficients to Aerodynamic Derivatives. 126
7-9: Plot of Moment Coefficient Curve with a Negative Slope. 128
7-10: Aerodynamic Derivatives Simply Mean the Use of Partial DEs. 129
7-11: Questions About Table 1 on Lift, Drag, and Moments. 129
7-12: Working with the Pendulum System in MATLAB. 130
7-13: Data In/Out, Printing, and Exporting Figures (D1). 130
7-14: Text in Graphics, Symbols and Greek Letters (D2). 130
7-15: Low Pass Filter and Log Plots (D3). 130
7-16:Trend Analysis (D4). 130

CHAPTER 8 Programming with MATLAB. 131

8-1. Measurement of the Damping Roll (NASA Dryden). 131
8-2: Study of Longitudinal Dynamic Stability in Flight. 132
8-3: Files/Directories, Handling Data, & External Programs (D1). 132
8-4: Fourier Transform (D2). 132
8-5: Plotting Polynomials with POLYVAL (D3). 132
8-6: Matrices of Data and Plotting (D4). 132
8-7: Programming Simulation of a Transport Aircraft. 132
8-8: The Use of Functions in MATLAB programming. 134
8-9: The Transport Aircraft Simulation in C&S. {Trim.m Program} 136
8-10: Examples of “cost function” in CONTROL AND SIMULATION. 139
8-11: Programming Input/Output in MATLAB. 143
8-12: Relational and Logical Operators. 143
8-13: Looping in MATLAB. 144
8-14: Control Flow Statements in MATLAB programming. 144
8-15: If-Else-If Statement in Programming. 144
8-16: Using Loops in Programming Missiles. 144
8-17: Function for [Mach,Qbar] = ADC(VT,H). 144
8-18: Program 8-1 to Calculate State Derivative Vector for Transport plane. 144

CHAPTER 9 Programming Optimization. 145

9-1: Aircraft State and Parameter Identification. 145
9-2: A Good Place to Introduce the Wing Standards of NACA. 146
9-3: The three types of Numerical Optimization are repeated here: 146
9-1: Zero routines in Optimization. 147
9-2: MATLAB calls it “Optimization”. 148
9-3: Optimization in MATHEMATICA. 150
9-4: Optimization in the Excel Data Analysis ToolPak. 152
9-5: Optimization in MINITAB. 152
9-6: “Cost Function” in Mathematica. 152
9-7: Cost Function is Often Called Performance Index. 153
9-8: Two Experts on Optimization and Parameter Estimation. 153

CHAPTER 10 System ID. 155

10-1. Basic Aircraft Parameters and Equations. 156

10-2: The Cost Function, J. 157
10-3: Cost Function in Model Methodology of Operations Research. 157
10-4: FMINSEARCH of MATLAB, Nelder and Mead Simplex Algorithm. 157
10-5: Place of the Cost Function in Parametric Estimation. 157
10-6: MATLAB Program for Aircraft Trim plus. 157
10-7: Modeling, Parameter Estimation, and System Identification? 157
10-8: Statistics Toolbox of MATLAB versus Data Analysis ToolPak of Excel. 157
10-14: Model Differencing Tool (D). 158

CHAPTER 11 Automatic Control 159

11-1: Start with a Model of the Model. 159
11-2: How Did We Get the transfer function for the Controller? 162
11-3: “step(deltae*sys,t)” 163
11-4: “rlocus(num,den)” and “rlocfind(num,den)” 163
11-5: “[P,Z] = pzmap(num,den)”. 164
11-6: “[y,z] = lsim(num,den,u,t]”. 164
11-7: “[r,p,k] = residue(num,den)” 164
11-8: “[num,den] = residue(r,p,k)” 164
11-9: “sys1 = tf(num,den)” 164
11-10: “[A B C D] = tf2ss(num,den)” 164
11-11: “[re,im,w] = nyquist(num,den)” and “plot(re,im),grid”. 164
11-12: “[mag,phase,w] = bode(num,den)” 164
11-13: “margin(mag,phase,w)”. 164
11-14: “nichols(num,den,w)” and “ngrid”. 164

CHAPTER 12 Integrated Electronics: Circuits and Systems. 165

12-1: The Transfer Function makes this Evolution Process Evident. 166
12-2: Modeling of Spring-Mass System and an LCR electronic Circuit. 166
12-3: The PIDs, PD, and PI of today understandable with Circuits. 166
12-4: Large Part of Digital Signal Processing is Circuits called Filters. 167
12-5: From Circuits to LaPlace to Transfer Function. 167
12-6: Select Electronic Circuits into Transfer Functions and Analysis. 167
12-7: MATLAB for a “Gravity” function. 167
12-8: MATLAB uses a lot of built in functions like “mean”. 168
12-9: MATLAB Built-in Functions are in C:\MATLAB\toolbox\matlab\.. 170
12-9: The Quadratic Equation function script with MATLAB. 171
12-10: Strings and FEVAL (D2). 171
12-11: Data Markers and Line Types (D3). 172

12-12: Linear Regression and Curve Fitting (D4). 172

CHAPTER 13 Integrated Learning System. 173

13-1: Programming in MATLAB. 174
13-2: Programming Weather Data. 174
13-3: Some More Work with Input/Output. 175
13-4: Input/Output in Aircraft Time-History Simulation. 178
13-5: Programming the NLSIM.m for Aircraft time-histor simulation. 180
13-6: Methods of Aircraft State and Parameer Identification. 183
13-7: Measurement of the Damping Roll. 183
13-8: Study of Longitudinal Dyanamic Stability in Flight. 184
13-9: Creating Graphical User Interfaces in MATLAB (D1). 184
13-10: Guide for Drawing GUIs and “help unitools” (D2). 184
13-11: Function Discovery (D3). 184
13-12: Fourier Series (D4). 184
13-13: Arrays, Matrices, Vectors, and Data Types (D5). 184

CHAPTER 14 Matrix Manipulations. 191

14-1: Differential Equations and Matrix Manipulations. 191
14-2: Matrix Manipulations from Raytheon Training. 192
14-3: Matrix Manipulations from MATLAB training and books. 192
14-4: Linear Algebra and Vector Calculus from Engineering Math and MATLAB. 192
14-5: The Applied Physics of Practical Differential Equations and Matrices. 192
14-6: Equations of Electrical Circuits like Equations of Motion. 196
14-7: Equations of Motion are Differential Equations of Matrix Manipulations. 198
14-8: More Programming and Vectorized Computations (D1). 199
14-9: Another Drill on Saving and Loading Data in Other Formats (D2). 200
14-10: INPUT, EVAL, FEVAL, Debugging, and Profiling (D3). 200
14-11: Subplots, Double Axis, and Labels (D4). 200
14-12: Progressing on Finess of Plots (D5). 200
14-13: Filters (D6). 200

CHAPTER 15 Applied Physics and Electronics. 201

15-1: MATLAB and Simulink. 201
15-2: Laplace Transform and Transfer Function. 202
15-3: More RC Functional Networks with their TF(s) Equivalency. 205
15-4: Programming the Motion of the Pendulum into MATLAB. 205
15-5: RLC Circuit of Electricty also deals with physical motion. 206
15-6: The TF to solve Motion Problems of an F-16 Accelerometr. 206
15-7: The Spring Mass System Measures Acceleration of the F-16. 208
15-8: Continuous Systems and Model for Bungee Jumping. 211
15-9: Electromagnetic Spectrum, Microwaves, and Radar. 211
15-10: Load Line Analysis of an Electric Circuit (D1). 211
15-11: Time Series and Autocorrelaton (D2). 211

CHAPTER 16 From DEs to the Transfer Functions. 213

16-1: Conversion of the DE to a Transfer Function Can be Done Directly. 214
16-2: Applications of the Transfer Function. 215
16-3: The Transfer Function. 217
16-4: LaPlace Transform, parameters in s. 217
16-5: State-Space Variable Equations. 218
16-6: Solution of Second Order DE by State-Space. 220
16-6: Concepts/Techniques Applied to the Electric Circuit. 221
16-7: Program 5-1, MATLAB for the RLC Circuit of Figure 6-1. 223
16-8: Put MATLAB to work for you! 224
16-9: Damping and Natural Frequency with the Transfer Function. 224
16-10: Transfer Function and State-Space. 224
16-11: Fun Applications of TF to F-14 and F-16. 224

CHAPTER 17 MATLAB and Simulink. 233

17-1: Blocks and Models of Simulink. 233
17-2: Laplace Transform and Transfer Function. 235
17-3: More RC Functional Networks with their TF(s) Equivalency. 237
17-4 The Pendulum, Programmed and Simulated with Simulink. 237
17-5 RLC Circuit of Electricty also deals with physical motion. 239
17-6: The TF to solve Motion Problems of an F-16 Accelerometr. 239
17-7 The Spring Mass System Measures Acceleration of the F-16. 239
17-8: Continuous Systems and Model for Bungee Jumping. 243
17-9: More Programming and Vectorized Computations (D1). 243
17-10: Data Analysis. 243
17-11: Another Drill on Saving and Loading Data in Other Formats (D2). 243
17-12: Load Line Analysis of an Electric Circuit (D3). 243
17-13: Time Series and Autocorrelaton (D4). 243

CHAPTER 18 Applications of The Transfer Function. 245

18-1: The Boeing Aircraft Plant. 245
18-2: What we need is some sort of Controller, An FCC. 246
18-3: A Kp Controller. 247
18-4: A PD or Pd Controller. 248
18-5: The PID Controller. 248
18-6: Simulation with Simulink (Flight of a Mission). 248
18-7: Data Analysis of the Test Mission. 248
18-8: Computation and Plotting of a Least-Squares Polynomial (D1). 248
18-9: Numerical Evaluation of a Polynomial (D1). 248

CHAPTER 19 Equations of Flight 257

19-1: Practical Equations of Motion for the Longitudinal Axis. 257
19-2: We must Derive the Coefficients of Lift, Drag, and Moments. 260
19-3: Numbers into the Equations of Motion. 260
19-4: Some Equations Necessary for CL and CD calculations. 263
19-5: Parameter Estimation and Modeling Save Our Hide. 265
19-6: FS&AC summarize Equations of Motion in 5 separate sets. 265
19-7: Steady State Trim Program and the State Space Concept. 266
19-8: A Definition of Steady State Flight. 266
19-9: Life, Drag, and Moment Coefficients. 267
19-10: Lift, Drag, and Moment Coefficients in NASA reports. 268
19-11: Power for Steady State Flight. 268
19-12: Flight Mechanics. 268

CHAPTER 20 Numerical Analysis 277

20-1: POLYFIT and POLYVAL on CD versus altitude Curve Fit. 277
20-2: Three Dimensinal Plot of CD versus Altitude and Mach Number. 279
20-3: Three Dimensional Plot with Meshgrid. 279
20-4. Aerodynamic Derivatives are simple Partial Differential Equations. 279
20-5: Interpolation of F-16 Coefficients from Tables. 279
20-6: Interpolation of the Boeing Longitudinal and Lateral Aerodynamic Data. 279
20-7: More Integration for the Text. 279
20-8: Must Have Routines to Continue on in this book. 279
20-9: The cost function, J or PI, that we must Minimize. 280
20-10: Numbers and the Newton-Raphson method. 282
20-11: Interactive Solution in Linear Algebra and the Jacobi. 283
20-13: Error Analysis. 285
20-14: Data Analysis. 285
1. Integral Under a Curve by the Simpson Method. 285
2. Numerical Analysis with the Newton-Rapson method. 285
3. The Taylor Series Polynomial. 285
4. The LaPlace Transform. 286

CHAPTER 21 Parameter Determination (Selection). 289

21-1: Parameter Determination (Selection). 289
21-2: Aircraft Motion and Control Variables. 291
21-3: Combining Aircraft Parameters with Non-dimensional Coefficients. 292
21-4: Categories of Coefficients by Aircraft Motion. 292
21-5: The DATCOM User’s Manual and Computer Software (Digital Datcom). 293
21-6: Parameter Coefficients. 294
21-7: Inputs to the Digital Datcom Computer Program. 294
21-8: Outputs. 295
21-9: Output Sheet for Digital Datcom from the User’s Manual. 296
21-10: DATCOM on the Boeing 737-100. 297
21-11: Motion and Analysis. 297
1. Stability and Control. 298
2. Center of Gravity and Neutral Point. 298
3. Vtrim and Static Longitudinal Stability. 298
4. A GENERIC TRIM Program. 298
5. The Bulirsch-Stoer Polynomial Interpolation. 298
6. Polyfit Finds Coefficients of the Polynomial. 298
7. Newton’s Raphson Method of Numerical Analysis. 298

CHAPTER 22 Missiles, Trajectories, and Guidance 301

22-1: A Missile Program and Data Analysis (Flight Mission #22-1). 301
22-2: What the Table Looks Like. 306
22-3: Error Analysis of Calculated Pressure Vs Standard. 308
22-4: It is always easier to Analyze Data or A Routine with Plots. 309
22-5: Cleaning Up the Plot. 309
22-6: Motion and Analysis. 309
22-7: Introduction to Handle Graphics (D1). 310
22-8: GUIs (D2) 310
22-9: Stem, Stairs, and Bar Plots (D3). 310
22-10: Time Series (D4). 310
22-11: GAINS.

CHAPTER 23 Telemetry Data Analysis 311

23-1: Range and Airborne Instrumentation. 311
23-2: IRIG. 312
23-3: Common Airborne Instrumentation System (CAIS). 312
23-4: Motion and Analysis. 312
23-6: Least Squares Approximation. 315
23-7: Fourier Methods such as FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). 315
23-8: Numerical Differentiation and Integration. 315
23-9: Missile Test Mission #4, Data Analysis, and Test Report. 315

CHAPTER 24 Modern Automatic Control 317

24-1: The Goal of Automatic Control is Stability of Flight. 317
24-2: Longitudinal Stability in Flight Test. 318
24-3: Flight Controls Enhanced by the Digital Revolution. 320
24-4: A Working Knowledge of MATLAB (Essentials Review of MATLAB). 321
24-5: Modeling with MATLAB. 322
24-6: The Famous PID Controller. 322
24-7: MATLAB for Root Locus. 323
24-8: Frequency Response with the Bode and Nyquist Plots. 323
24-9: State-Space with MATLAB and Simulink. 324
24-10: Controller of a Digital Computer. 324
24-11: Review of Simulink Essential Basics for Automatic Control. 325
24-12: Model Based Design with Simulink. 325

CHAPTER 25 The Flight Control Computer (FCC). 327

25-1: FBW. 327

25-2: The Pitch Actuator Simulink Model of the F-14. 328
25-3: Modified LTV Corsair actually first on Fly By Wire. 329
25-4: Simultaneous Testing on AFTI and the X36 at NASA Dryden. 329
25-5: The FCC of the AFTI F-16. 329
25-6: F-16 Simulation in Straight and Level Configuration. 329
25-7: Flight Control Computer. 329
25-8: FCC as Classic Feedback Control System. 329
25-9: Analogies Between FCCs and the G-H Block Diagram. 331
25-10: Negative Feedback Control. 332
25-11: Transfer Functions of the AFTI FCC. 332
25-12: Feedback Control with an Inner Loop. 332

CHAPTER 26 Predicted versus Measured. 333

26-1: Dr. R.A. Millikan’s, the Nobel Prize winning Physicist, on“ultimate truth”. 334
26-2: Procedure of “Parameter Estimation”. 335
26-3: NASA Test Reports Show a Trend of 1 Calculated and 3 Measured. 335
26-4: Predicted versus Measured in Physics Lab Experiments. 335
26-5: Motion and Analysis. 336
26-6: Program to Calculate Cl, Cd, and Cm. 336
26-7: Analysis of Flight Data from the AFTI/F-16. 336
26-8: MATLAB Program to Calculate Aerodynamic Derivatives. 338
26-9: MATLAB Program to Calculate Cl, Cd, and Cm. 338
26-10: Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations. 338
26-11: The Saving and Loading of Data. 338
26-12: Plotting for Graphical Visualization. 338

CHAPTER 27 F-16 Simulation with FORTRAN and MATLAB 339

27-1: Some Data Analysis of A Test on the F-14. 340
27-2: Stability Analysis of This Flight Control System. 340
27-3: The Actuator. 341
27-4: Dynamic Characteristics of the Aircraft. 342
27-5: From FORTRAN to MATLAB. 343
27-6: Data and Data Analysis of F-16 Flight Test Mission #3. 344
27-7: Variables, ADC, Engine, and Coefficients in Tables. 344
1. State and Control Variables. 344
2. Air Data Computer and Engine. 344
3. Look up Tables for Aerodynamic Derivatives. 344
27-8: Derivatives, State and Force Equations. 344
 1. Damping Derivatives. 344
2. More on State Equations. 344
3. Force Equations. 344
27-9: Kinematics. 344
27-10: Moments. 344
27-11: Navigation and Outputs. 344
27-12: Functional Simulation Program for the F-16. 344
27-13: Simulations at NASA. 345
27-14: Simulator Study of F-16 Stall Characteristics. 345
CHAPTER 28 Flight Tests and the Process. 351

28-1: Prime Differential Equation and the Process. 352

28-2: Process Step #1: The Problem to Calculate and Measure Stability. 353
28-3: Step #2, A Sketch of the Problem with Parameters. 354
28-4: Step #3, Equations to Predict Plane Flight Characteristics. 354
28-5: Step #4, Program the Equations into MATLAB. 355
28-6: Step #5, View and Analyze the Plots in MATLAB. 355
28-7: Step #6, Simulate in MATLAB SIMULINK. 355
28-8: Animation of Flight Test for Step #7. 355
28-9: Flight Test (Step 8). 356
28-10: Data Analysis (Step 9). 356
28-11: Flight Test Report (Step 10). 357
28-12: Motion and Analysis. 357
28-13: Curve Fitting to Test Data. 359
28-14: Airfoil Data. 359