 Parietal Pericardium

Heart 
- membrane around heart’s cavity

Visceral Pericardium
- membrane on heart’s surface
 a muscular organ that is essential for life
 Pericardial Cavity
because it pumps blood through the body.
- space around heart
 a member organ of the cardiovascular
system, which consists of the heart, blood
vessels, and blood.
Heart External Anatomy
 a healthy adult, at rest, pumps
approximately 5 liters (L) of blood per  Coronary Sulcus
minute. - Extends around the heart, separating
 continues to pump at approximately that the atria from the ventricles
rate for more than 75 years. - Two grooves, or sulci, which indicate
 Pulmonary circulation the division between the right and left
- heart is actually two pumps in one, with ventricles, extend inferiorly from the
the heart’s right side pumping to the coronary sulcus
lungs and back to the left side of the  Anterior Interventricular sulcus
heart through vessels - extends inferiorly from the coronary
 Systemic Circulation sulcus on the anterior surface of the
- The left side of the heart pumps blood heart
to all other tissues of the body and back  Posterior Interventricular sulcus
to the right side of the heart through - extends inferiorly from the coronary
vessels sulcus on the posterior surface of the
heart
 Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Functions of the Heart - carry blood from the body to the right
atrium
1. Generates blood pressure
 Pulmonary Veins
2. Routes blood
- carry blood from the lungs to the left
3. Ensures one-way blood flow
atrium
4. Regulates blood supply
 Two arteries
- often called the great vessels or great
arteries
Heart Characteristics
- carry blood away from the ventricles of
 Size the heart
- size of a fist and weighs less than 1 lb.  Pulmonary Trunk
 Location - arising from the right ventricle, splits
- between lungs in thoracic cavity into the right and left pulmonary
 Orientation arteries, which carry blood to the lungs
- apex (bottom) towards left side  Aorta
- arising from the left ventricle, carries
blood to the rest of the body
Pericardia

 Pericardium Heart Chambers

- double-layered sac that anchors and
protects heart  4 Chambers
 - Left and right atrium  When the ventricles contract, the papillary
- Left and right ventricle muscles contract and prevent the valves
 Coronary Sulcus from opening into the atria by pulling on the
- separates atria from ventricles chordae tendineae attached to the valve
cusps

Atria

 Superior chambers
 Holding chambers
 Small, thin walled Semilunar Heart Valves
 Contract minimally to push blood into
ventricle  have three half-moon shaped cusps, and
 Interartrial Septum are valves between the pulmonary trunk
- separates right and left atria and aorta
 Pulmonary Valve
- between RV and pulmonary trunk
Ventricles  Aortic Valve
- Between LV and aorta
 Inferior chambers
 Pumping chambers
 Thick, strong walled Cardiac Skeleton
 Contract forcefully to propel blood out of
heart  A plate of connective tissue
 Interventricular Septum  fibrous skeleton
- separates right and left ventricles  consists mainly of fibrous rings that
surround the atrioventricular and semilunar
valves and give them solid support
Atrioventricular Heart Valves  serves as electrical insulation between the
atria and the ventricles and provides a rigid
 Valves between the atria and ventricles attachment site for cardiac muscle.
 Tricuspid Valve
- AV valve between RA and RV
- 3 cusps Blood flow through Heart
 Bicuspid Valve
- AV valve between LA and LV 1. RA
- 2 cusps 2. Tricuspid Valve
3. RV
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary Trunk
Valvular Control
6. Pulmonary arteries
 Papillary Muscles 7. Lungs
- Each ventricle contains cone-shaped, 8. Pulmonary Veins
muscular pillars 9. LA
 Chordae Tendineae 10. Bicuspid Valve
- These muscles are attached by strong, 11. LV
connective tissue strings 12. Aortic semilunar valve
- to the free margins of the cusps of the 13. Aorta
atrioventricular valves 14. Body
 - Changes in membrane channels’
permeability are responsible for
Blood Supply to the Heart
producing action potentials
 Coronary Arteries 1. Depolarization Phase
- supply blood to heart wall - Na+ channels open
- originate from base of aorta (above - Ca2+ channels open
aortic semilunar valve) 2. Plateau Phase
 Left Coronary Artery - Na+ channels close
- Has 3 branches - Some K+ channels open
- supply blood to anterior heart wall and - Ca2+ channels remain open
left ventricle - prolongs action potential by keeping
Ca2+ channels open
- In skeletal muscle action potentials take
2 msec, in cardiac muscle they take
 Right Coronary Aretry
200-500 msec
- originates on right side of aorta
- supply blood to right ventricle
 Cardiac Veins
3. Repolarization Phase
- drain blood from the cardiac muscle
- K+ channels are open
- parallel to the coronary arteries
- Ca2+ channels close
- most drain blood into the coronary
sinus  
- from the coronary sinus into the right
atrium Conduction System of Heart

 Contraction of the atria and ventricles is

coordinated by specialized cardiac muscle cells
Heart Wall in the heart wall that form the conduction
 Epicardium system of the heart.
- surface of heart (outside)  All the cells of the conduction system can
produce spontaneous action potentials.
 Myocardium
- thick, middle layer composed of cardiac  The conduction system of the heart includes the
muscle sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node,
atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle
 Endocardium
branches, and Purkinje fibers.
- smooth, inner surface
 Sinoatrial Node
- In RA
- where action potential originates
Cardiac Muscle
- functions as pacemaker 
 1 centrally located nucleus - large number of Ca2+ channels
 Branching cells  Atrioventricular Node
 Rich in mitochondria - located in the lower portion of the right
 Striated (actin and myosin) atrium
 Ca2+ and ATP used for contractions - action potentials from SA node sent to
 Intercalated disks connect cells this node
- action potentials spread slowly through
it
- slow rate of action potential conduction
Cardiac Muscle Action Potentials
allows the atria to complete their
 Pacemaker Potential
 contraction before action potentials are Cardiac Cycle
delivered to the ventricles
 a summative description of all the events
 Atrioventricular Bundle
that occur during one single heartbeat
- action potentials from AV node travel to
 The heart is a two sided pump, with the atria
AV bundle
being primers for pumps and the ventricles
- AV bundle divides into a left and right
being the actual pumps
bundle branches
 Atrial Systole
 Purkinje Fiber
- Contraction of atria
- at the tips of the left and right bundle
branches  Ventricular Systole
- pass to the apex of the heart and then - Contraction of ventricles
extend to the cardiac muscle of the  Atrial Diastole
ventricle walls - Relaxation of atria
- action potentials are rapidly delivered to  Ventricular Diastole
all the cardiac muscle of the ventricles - Relaxation of ventricles

Heart Chamber Contractions

 Cardiac muscle contractions produce

pressure changes within heart chambers
Action Potential Path through Heart  Pressure changes are responsible for blood
1. SA node movement
2. AV node (atrioventricular)  Blood moves from areas of high to low
3. AV bundle pressure
4. Right and left bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
Heart Sounds

 produced due to the closure of heart valves

Electrocardiogram (EKG)
 Stethoscope
ECG (EKG) - Used ot hear heart sounds
 The first heart sound makes a ‘lubb’ sound
 record of electrical events in heart
 The first heart sound is due to the closure of
 diagnoses cardiac abnormalities
the atrioventricular valves.
 uses electrodes
 The second heart sound makes a ‘dupp’
 contains P wave, QRS complex, T wave
sound
 The second heart sound is due to the
closure of the semilunar valves
Components of ECG/EKG

 P wave
- Depolarization of atria Regulation of Heart Function
 QRS complex  Stroke Volume
- Depolarization of ventricles - Volume of the blood pumped per
- Contains Q, R, S waves ventricle per contraction
 T waves - 70 milliliters/beat
- Repolarization of ventricles  Heart Rate
- number of heart beats in 1 min.
- 72 beats/min.
  Cardiac Output - monitor blood pressure in the aorta and
- volume of blood pumped by a ventricle carotid arteries
in 1 min - changes in blood pressure cause
- 5 Liters/min changes in frequency of action
- CO = SV x HR potentials
- involves the medulla oblongata

Intrinsic Regulation of the Heart

Chemoreceptor Reflex
 refers to the mechanisms contained within
the heart itself that control cardiac output  involves chemical regulation of the heart
 Venous Return  Chemicals can affect heart rate and stroke
- the amount of blood that returns to volume
heart   Chemical actions
 Preload - epinephrine and norepinephrine from
- the degree ventricular walls are the adrenal medulla can increase heart
stretched at end of diastole rate and stroke volume
 Venous return, preload, and stroke volume - excitement, anxiety, and anger can
are related to each other increase cardiac output
 Starlings Law of the Heart - depression can decrease cardiac
- relationship between preload and output
stroke - medulla oblongata has chemoreceptors
- Volume for changes in pH and CO2
- E.g. exercise increases venous return, - K+, Ca2+, and Na+ affect cardiac
preload, stroke volume, and cardiac function
output
 After load Heart Disease
- pressure against which ventricles must
pump blood  Coronary Artery Disease
- due to decrease blood supply to the
heart
Extrinsic Regulation of Heart - coronary arteries are narrowed for
some reason
 refers to mechanisms external to the heart,  Myocardial Infraction (heart attack)
such as either nervous or chemical regulation - due to closure of one or more coronary
 Nervous system control of the heart occurs arteries
through the sympathetic and parasympathetic - area(s) of cardiac muscle lacking
divisions of the autonomic nervous system. adequate blood supply die, and scars
influences of heart activity are carried through (infarct)
the autonomic nervous system
 Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve Heart Procedures
fibers innervate the SA node  Angioplasty
- procedure opens blocked blood vessels
 Stent
Baroreceptor Reflex - structures inserted to keep vessels
open
 is a mechanism of the nervous system that  Bypass
plays an important role in regulating heart - procedure reroutes blood away from
function blocked arteries
 Baroreceptor