SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS TO REVIEW EXERCISES: 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 673.

92𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( 𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
) = 0.01𝑚 ( 50𝑚
)
2.1 A 50 m tape was standardized and was found to be 0.0042 m, too long then
the standard length at an observed temperature of 58°C and a pull of 15 kilos. The 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 0.1348 𝑚
same tape was used to measure a certain distance and was recorded to be 673.92 m
True length of the measured distance:
long at an observed temperature of 68°C and a pull of 15 kilos. Determine the true
length of the line. Coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116 m/°C, cross- 𝑇𝐿 = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 673.92 + 0.1348
sectional area of the tape is 25 mm2 and modulus of elasticity is 250 GPa.
𝑻𝑳 = 𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝒎
Solution:
2.2 A civil engineer used a 30 m tape in measuring an inclined distance. The
Error for Too Long: (measured)
measured length on the slope was recorded to be 459.20 m long. The difference in
elevation between the initial point and the end point was found to be 1.25 m. The
𝑒𝑇𝐿 = 0.0042
30 m tape is of standard length at a temperature of 10°C and a pull of 50 N. During
Error for Temperature: measurement the temperature reading was 15°C and the tape was supported at both
ends with an applied pull of 75 N. The cross-sectional area of the tape is 6.50 mm2
𝑒𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = (0.0000116/°𝐶)(50𝑚)(68°𝐶 − 58°𝐶) and the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa. The tape has a mass of 0.075 kg/m.
Determine the true horizontal distance. 𝛼 = 0.0000116 m/°C.
𝑒𝑇 = 0.0058 𝑚
Solution:
Error for Pull:
Error for Temperature:
∆𝑃𝐿
𝑒𝑃 = = 0 (since there is no change in pull)
𝐴𝐸 𝑒𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = (0.0000116/°𝐶)(30𝑚)(15°𝐶 − 10°𝐶)
Error due to Sag: 𝑒𝑇 = 0.00174 𝑚
𝐿𝑊 2
𝑒𝑠 = = 0 (since there is no given weight of the tape) Error for Pull:
24𝑃2

∆𝑃𝐿 (75𝑁−50𝑁)(30𝑚)
Total error of the tape: 𝑒𝑃 = 𝐴𝐸
= (6.50𝑚𝑚2 )(200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝐸𝑇 = 𝑒𝑇𝐿 + 𝑒𝑇 + 𝑒𝑃 + 𝑒𝑠 = 0.0042 + 0.0058 𝑒𝑝 = 0.00058 𝑚

𝐸𝑇 = 0.01 𝑚
Error due to Sag:
Total Correction: 𝐿𝑊 2 (30𝑚)(0.075𝑘𝑔/𝑚×9.81)2
𝑒𝑠 = 24𝑃2 = 24(75𝑁)2
 𝑒𝑠 = −0.00012 Actual length = 70.50 + 0.0141 = 70.5141 𝑚

Total error of the tape: 0.006(37.10)

Total error of the width = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒎 (Ans.)
30

𝐸𝑇 = 𝑒𝑇 + 𝑒𝑃 + 𝑒𝑠 = 0.00174 + 0.00058 − 0.00012

Actual width = 37.10 + 0.0075 = 37.1075 𝑚
𝐸𝑇 = 0.00244 𝑚
The actual dimension of the lot is 70.5141 x 37.1075. (Ans.)
Total Correction:

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 459.2𝑚

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( ) = 0.00244𝑚 ( ) 2.4 A 50 meter steel tape was standardized and supported throughout its whole
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 30𝑚
length and found to be 0.00205 m longer at an observed temperature of 31.8°C
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 0.037 𝑚 and a pull of 10 kilos. This tape was used to measure a line which was found to
be 662.702 m at an average temperature of 24.6°C using the same pull. What is
True length of the measured sloping distance: the correct length of the line? Use coefficient of expansion of 0.0000116 m per
degree centigrade.
𝑆𝐷′ = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 459.20 + 0.037
Solution:
𝑆𝐷′ = 459.237 𝑚
Error for Too Long:
Error due to incorrect alignment or due to slope (always negative)
𝑒𝑇𝐿 = 0.00205 𝑚
ℎ2 (1.25𝑚)2
𝑒= 2𝑆
= 2(459.237𝑚) = −0.0017𝑚
Error for Temperature:
𝐻𝐷 = 459.237 𝑚 − 0.0017 𝑚 = 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝒎 𝑒𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = (0.0000116/°𝐶)(50𝑚)(24.6°𝐶 − 31.8°𝐶)
2.3 A rectangular lot was being measured using a 30 m metallic tape which was 𝑒𝑇 = −0.004176 𝑚
6 mm too long. The recorded dimensions where 70.50 m long by 37.10 m wide.
Total error of the tape:
2.3.1 What is the error introduced due to the erroneous length of tape?
2.3.2 What are the actual dimensions of the lot? 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑒𝑇𝐿 + 𝑒𝑇 = 0.00205 − 0.004176
Solution: 𝐸𝑇 = −0.002126 𝑚
Error per tape length = 0.006 m Total Correction:
0.006(70.50)
Total error of the length = 30
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝒎 (Ans.)
 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 662.702𝑚 𝑒𝑠 = −0.0090 𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( 𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
) = −0.002126𝑚 ( 50𝑚
)

Total error of the tape:

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = −0.0282 𝑚
𝐸𝑇 = 𝑒𝑇 + 𝑒𝑃 + 𝑒𝑠 = −0.0052 + 0.0012 − 0.0090
True length of the measured sloping distance:
𝐸𝑇 = −0.013 𝑚
𝑆𝐷 ′ = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 662.702 − 0.0282
Total Correction:
𝑆𝐷′ = 𝟔𝟔𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟖 𝒎 (Ans.)
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 472.90𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( ) = −0.013𝑚 ( )
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 30.005𝑚

2.5 A line is recorded as 472.90 m long. It is measured with a 0.65 kg tape which 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = −0.2049 𝑚
is 30.005 m long at 20°C under a 50 N pull supported at both ends. During
measurement the temperature is 5°C and the tape is suspended under a 75 N True length of the measured sloping distance:
pull. The line is measured on 3% grade. What is the true horizontal distance? E
= 200 GPa, cross-sectional area of tape is 3 mm2 and the coefficient of linear 𝑆𝐷 ′ = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 472.90 − 0.2049
expansion is 0.0000116 m/°C.
𝑆𝐷′ = 472.6951 𝑚
Solution:
Error due to incorrect alignment or due to slope (always negative)
Error for Temperature:
ℎ
tan ∅ =
472.6951
𝑒𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = (0.0000116/°𝐶)(30.005𝑚)(5°𝐶 − 20°𝐶)
ℎ = 472.6951(0.03) = 14.18 𝑚
𝑒𝑇 = −0.0052 𝑚
ℎ2 (14.18𝑚)2
Error for Pull: 𝑒 = 2𝑆 = 2(472.6951𝑚) = −0.2127𝑚

∆𝑃𝐿 (75𝑁−50𝑁)(30.005𝑚) 𝐻𝐷 = 472.6951 𝑚 − 0.2127 𝑚 = 𝟒𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝟐𝟒 𝒎

𝑒𝑃 = 𝐴𝐸
= (3 𝑚𝑚2 )(200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝑒𝑝 = 0.0012 𝑚
2.6 A 30 m steel tape is 2 mm long at 20°C with a pull of 55 N. A rectangle is
Error due to Sag: measured with this tape. The sides are recorded as 144.95 m and 113.00 m. The
average temperature during the measurement is 30°C with a pull of 55 N.
𝐿𝑊 2 (30.005𝑚)(0.65𝑘𝑔/𝑚×9.81)2
𝑒𝑠 = 24𝑃2 = 24(75𝑁)2
2.6.1 If the recorded measurement are used, will the computed area of the
field be too small, or too big, and why?
 2.6.2 What is the error in area in square meter? Use coefficient of True Length = 144.95 + 0.0265 = 144.9765 𝑚
expansion of steel tape as a 0.0000116 m/°C.
True Width = 113.00 + 0.0206 = 113.0206 𝑚
Solution:
Total Area = 144.95 × 113 = 16,379.35 𝑚2
The computed area is too small because the measured sides are shorter
than its actual values due to the fact that the tape is too long. Total Corrected Area = 144.9765 × 113.0206 = 16,385.33 𝑚2

Error for Too Long: Total Error in Area = 16,385.33 − 16,379.35 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝟐 (Ans.)

𝑒𝑇𝐿 = 0.002 𝑚

Error for Temperature: 2.7 A baseline was measured using a 100 m tape which is standardized at 15°C with
a standard pull of 10 kg. The recorded distance was found out to be 430.60
𝑒𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = (0.0000116/°𝐶)(30𝑚)(30°𝐶 − 20°𝐶) meters. At the time of measurement, the temperature was 20°C and the pull
exerted was 16 kg. Determine the true length of the base if the weight of one
𝑒𝑇 = 0.00348 𝑚 cubic cm of steel is 7.86 grams weight of tape is 2.67 kg. E = 2 x 106 kg/cm2,
K = 7 x 10-7 m/°C.
Total error of the tape:
Solution:
𝐸𝑇 = 𝑒𝑇𝐿 + 𝑒𝑇 = 0.002 + 0.00348
Error for Temperature:
𝐸𝑇 = 0.00548 𝑚
𝑒𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = (0.0000007/°𝐶)(100𝑚)(20°𝐶 − 15°𝐶)
Total Correction:
𝑒𝑇 = 0.00035 𝑚
For the length:
Error for Pull:
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 144.95𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( ) = 0.00548𝑚 ( )
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 30𝑚
2670 𝑔
𝐴 = (7.86𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 )(10000𝑐𝑚) 0.0340 𝑐𝑚2
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 0.0265 𝑚
∆𝑃𝐿 (16𝑘𝑔−10𝑘𝑔)(100𝑚)
𝑒𝑃 = = (0.0340 𝑐𝑚2 )(2,000,000𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 )
For the width: 𝐴𝐸

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 (
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
)
113.00𝑚
= 0.00548𝑚 ( ) 𝑒𝑝 = 0.0088 𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 30𝑚

Total error of the tape:

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 0.0206 𝑚
 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑒𝑇 + 𝑒𝑃 = 0.00035 + 0.0088 stadia distance for the same line was only 560.00 meters. Upon investigations
the discrepancy was found out to be due to the fact that a 10 meter length
𝐸𝑇 = 0.00915 𝑚 (between 75 m and 85 m) was cut off.
2.9.1 What is the true length of the sloping line?
Total Correction: 2.9.2 What is the horizontal distance of the same line if the difference of
elevation between A and B is 0.72 meters? (Coefficient of expansion
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 430.60𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( ) = 0.00915𝑚 ( ) of the tape per °C per meter is 0.0000116).
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 100𝑚

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 0.0394 𝑚 Solution:

100.6
True length of the measured sloping distance: Actual length of tape at 20°C = (90) = 90.54 𝑚
100

𝑆𝐷 ′ = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 430.60 + 0.0394 Error for Temperature:

𝑺𝑫′ = 𝟒𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟒 𝒎 (Ans.) 𝑒𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = (0.0000116/°𝐶)(90.54𝑚)(29°𝐶 − 20°𝐶)

𝑒𝑇 = 0.0094 𝑚

2.8 A rectangular field was measured using a 100 m tape which was actually 10 cm Total Correction:
too short. The recorded area was 2500 sq.m. What is the true area of the field?
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 622.70𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( 𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
) = 0.0094𝑚 ( 90.54𝑚 )
Solution:
Let: 𝐴 = true area 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 0.065 𝑚
𝐴′ = erroneous area
𝐿′ = true length of tape True length of the measured sloping distance:
𝐿 = erroneous length of tape
622.70
𝑆𝐷 ′ = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 90.54 ( 100.6 ) + 0.065
2
𝐴 (𝐿′ ) 𝐴 (100−0.10)2
= ; =
𝐴′ (𝐿)2 2500𝑠𝑞.𝑚. (100)2
𝑺𝑫′ = 𝟓𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓 𝒎 (Ans.)
𝑨 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟗𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝒒. 𝒎. (Ans.) Error due to incorrect alignment or due to slope (always negative)

ℎ2 (0.72𝑚)2
𝑒 = 2𝑆 = 2(560.495𝑚) = −0.0005𝑚
2.9 A 100 m steel tape standardized at 20°C had a length of 100.600 m. It was used
to measure a line A to B on slightly sloping ground. The recorded tape distance 𝐻𝐷 = 560.495 𝑚 − 0.0005𝑚 = 𝟓𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟓 𝒎 (Ans.)
was 622.70 m. The temperature at the time of measurement being 29°C. The
2.10 A civil engineer recorded 51, 52, 53 and 54 paces in walking along a 45-m If the total measured distance is 2345.76 m, what is the correct distance of the
course to determine his pace factor. He then took 320, 323, 322 and 319 paces line?
in walking an unknown distance. Compute the distance based on his pace factor.
Solution:
Solution:
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 45 Error due to Sag:
𝑃𝐹 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 52.5
100𝑚 5.080𝑘𝑔
𝐿𝑊 2 ( )( /𝑚×9.81)2
4 4
𝑃𝐹 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝒎/𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑒𝑠 = =
24𝑃2 24(60𝑁)2

320+323+322+319 𝑒𝑠 = −0.0449 𝑚
Mean No. of Paces = 4
= 321

Total Correction:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠) × (𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2345.76𝑚
𝐶𝐷 = 321 × 0.857 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( ) = −0.0449𝑚 ( )
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 100𝑚

𝐶𝐷 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝒎 (Ans.) 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = −1.0536 𝑚

True length of the measured sloping distance:

2.11 A distance was measured ten times and the average distance was found to be
554.215 m. If two measurements 559.125 m and 550.234 m are deleted from 𝑆𝐷 ′ = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 2345.76 − 1.0536
the data as being inconsistent with the other measurements, then the average of
the remaining eight measurement is? 𝑺𝑫′ = 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟒 𝒎 (Ans.)

Solution:
∑𝑥
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 10
= 554.215 2.13 In every measurement, a 100 m tape is suspended at the ends under a pull of
15kg. It is also supported at 30 m and 75 m marks. If the tape is used to measure
∑ 𝑥 = 5542.15 𝑚 a 543.25 long line, determine the total correction due to sag? The tape weighs
5542.15−559.125−550.234 5 kg.
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 8 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 8
Solution:
𝑨𝒗𝒆. 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟖 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 (Ans.)
Error due to Sag:

5𝑘𝑔
2.12 A 100 m tape weighing 5.08 kg was used to measure a line. It was supported at 𝑤 = 100𝑚 = 0.05𝑘𝑔/𝑚
end points, midpoints and quarter points and the tension applied is 60 Newtons.
 𝐿2 𝑤 3 (30)2 (0.05𝑘𝑔/𝑚)2 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = −0.4127 𝑚
𝑒𝑠1 = 24𝑃2 = 24(15𝑘𝑔)2
= −0.00002 𝑚
True length of the measured sloping distance:
𝐿2 𝑤 3 (45)2 (0.05𝑘𝑔/𝑚)2
𝑒𝑠2 = = = −0.00005 𝑚
24𝑃2 24(15𝑘𝑔)2
𝑆𝐷 ′ = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 687.78 − 0.4127
𝐿2 𝑤 3 (25)2 (0.05𝑘𝑔/𝑚)2
𝑒𝑠3 = 24𝑃2 = 24(15𝑘𝑔)2
= −0.00001 𝑚 𝑺𝑫′ = 𝟔𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟑 𝒎 (Ans.)

Total error of the tape:

𝐸𝑇 = −0.00002 − 0.00005 − 0.00001

𝐸𝑇 = −0.00008 𝑚

Total Correction:

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 543.25𝑚

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( 𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
) = −0.00008𝑚 ( 100𝑚
)

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = −0.00043 𝑚

True length of the measured sloping distance:

𝑆𝐷 ′ = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 543.25 − 0.00043

𝑺𝑫′ = 𝟓𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝒎 (Ans.)

2.14 It is required to lay out a distance of 687.78 m with a 50 m tape that is 0.030
too long. Compute the distance measured with the tape to make the points the
proper distance apart.

Solution:

Total Correction:

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 687.78𝑚

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝐸 ( 𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
) = −0.030𝑚 ( 50𝑚
)