Study Techniques

SQRRR or SQ3R is a reading comprehension method named for its five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review. The method was
introduced by Francis P. Robinson, an American education philosopher in his 1946 book Effective Study.
The method offers a more efficient and active approach to reading textbook material. It was created for college students, but is extremely
useful for young students as well. Classrooms all over the world have begun using this method to better understand what they are reading. 

1. Survey
The first step, survey or skim, advises that one should resist the temptation to read the book and instead first go through a chapter and note
headings, sub-headings and other outstanding features, such as figures, tables, and summary paragraphs. This survey step only takes 3-5
minutes, but it provides an outline or framework for what will be presented. The reader should identify ideas and formulate questions about
the content of the chapter.

2. Question
Generate questions about the content of the reading. For example, convert headings and sub-headings into questions, and then look for
answers in the content of the text. Other more general questions may also be formulated:
● What is this chapter about?
● What question is this chapter trying to answer?
● How does this information help me?
● The Question step again only takes 3-5 minutes to complete, but it will motivate the reader to seek answers to the
questions.

3. Read (R1)
Use the background work done with "S" and "Q" in order to begin reading actively. This means reading in order to answer the questions raised
under "Q". Passive reading, in contrast, results in merely reading without engaging with the study material.

4. Recite (R2)
The second "R" refers to the part known as "Recite." The reader should try to retrieve from memory what was learned in the same manner as
telling someone else about the information. It is important that the reader use his/her own words in order to formulate and conceptualize the
material. Try recalling and identifying major points (heading/subheadings) and answers to questions from the "Q" step. This recital step may be
done either in an oral or written format and is related to the benefits of retrieval (testing effect) in boosting long-term memory for the material.

5. Review (R3)
The final "R" is "Review." Once you reach the end of the passage, say back to yourself what the point of the whole passage is - again, using your
own words. 

Speed Reading
How to Absorb Information Quickly and Effectively

Mark is reaching information overload. He has to present a report on three big market studies to his manager, tomorrow at noon. He's got a
stack of information to read through, and the clock is ticking.
It's not an option to ask for an extension to the deadline. But he needs to make sure that he's "covered all the bases" otherwise he'll look
careless. Panic is setting in.

Mark wants to sprint through the material and still retain enough information to compile a good summary. He needs to be able to speed read.

In this article, we'll look at the skill of speed reading, and explore techniques that you can use to read better and faster. We'll also consider the
pros and cons of speed reading – when it is appropriate to use, and the effects that it can have on understanding.

Accelerate through information and pick out the main points.

What Is Speed Reading?

Speed reading is the process of rapidly recognizing and absorbing phrases or sentences on a page all at once, rather than identifying individual
words.
The amount of information that we process seems to be growing by the day, whether its emails, reports and websites at work, or social media,
books and magazines at home. We likely feel pressure to get through this information more quickly, so that we can "stay in the loop"  and make
informed decisions.

Most people read at an average rate of 250 words per minute (wpm), though some are naturally quicker than others. But, the ability to speed
read could mean that you double this rate.
We'll now explore some of the skills that you can use to accelerate your reading.

How to Speed Read

All speed reading techniques have one thing in common: you avoid pronouncing and "hearing" each word in your head as you read it, a process
known as as "sub-vocalization." Instead, you "skim" lines or groups of words, as you can understand words more quickly than you can say them.

One way to stop yourself from sub-vocalizing is to focus on blocks of words rather than on individual ones. Do this by relaxing your face and
"softening" or expanding your gaze on the page, so that you stop seeing words as single, distinct units. As you practice this, your eyes will skip
faster across the page. Then, when you approach the end of a line, allow your peripheral vision to take your eye to the final set of words. This
will help to stop pauses in your reading (often at full points), meaning that you scan across and down to the next line more quickly.

Now let's look at three methods to boost your reading speed:

1. The Pointer Method

Utah school teacher Evelyn Nielsen Wood was one of the pioneers of speed reading. In the 1950s, she claimed that she could read at up to
2,700 wpm if she swept a finger along the line as she read.
This became known as the Pointer method, and is also sometimes called "hand pacing" or "Meta guiding." Holding a card under each line and
drawing it down the page as you read works just as well.

2. The Tracker-and-Pacer Method

This is a variant of the Pointer method where you hold a pen, with its cap still on, and underline or track each line as you read it, keeping your
eye above the tip of the pen. This will help to increase the pace at which you take in each line, and improve your focus on the words. Whether
you actually underline the words is your choice.

Try to spend no more than one second on each line and then increase your speed with each subsequent page. You will probably find that you
retain very little information at first, but, as you train your brain and you become more comfortable with the technique, your comprehension
should improve.
Note:
An advantage of the Pointer and Tracker-and-Pacer methods is that they should reduce your need to skip back and re-read sentences – a
hindrance to speed reading that is known as "regression."

3. The Scanning (or Previewing) Method

"Scanning" involves moving your eyes quickly down the page – often down the center – and identifying specific words and phrases as you go.
These can be key sentences (often the first sentence of each paragraph), names, numbers, or trigger words and ideas. Learning to expand your
peripheral vision can help with this.
You won't read every word, but your eye will land on what is important to allow you to grasp the basic idea. It may be helpful to use a mind
map to organize the information you take in.

When to Speed Read

These techniques can all help you to read more quickly, but are they appropriate for what you're trying to achieve?

Effective speed reading is a balance between pace and comprehension. Studies have found that the faster you read the less information you
take in, particularly when it comes to remembering detail.

So, speed reading is clearly not the answer if you're reading a complex legal or technical document, even if you are pushed for time. Similarly, it
would be sensible to slow down if the material you're reading is new or unfamiliar, or if you have to teach it to someone else.

When you need to understand only the basic arguments or conclusions being presented, though, using a speed reading technique can work.

This may especially be the case if you intend to go back and re-read something more slowly when you're less busy. In fact, one study has
suggested that skimming a text can improve your comprehension second time around.

Generally speaking, if you want to memorize something, you'll need to read slowly, at less than 100 wpm. A normal rate for learning is 100-200
wpm, and for comprehension it is 200-400 wpm.
Speed reading is normally done at a rate of around 400-700 wpm. Anything above 500-600 wpm means sacrificing comprehension, although
this varies from person to person.

How to Improve Your Speed Reading

Knowing the "how" and "when" of speed reading is only the first step to success. Here are some more tips to help you:
 ● Avoid distractions. Create an environment where there are as few interruptions and distractions as possible, to allow you
to focus  fully on the words in front of you.
● Go easy. Read an uncomplicated novel or a simple online article to get a feel for which technique is going to work best for you. Gauge
how much you've remembered or understood, and set a timer to see how much faster you are now reading.
● Cover words that you've already read. This helps you to stop your eyes flitting back to earlier words and slowing down your reading.
● Know what you want from the text. This can be useful if you are using the skimming method, as it primes you to pay attention when
you see relevant words, sentences or phrases. You can then slow down at these points, or circle them for emphasis, but otherwise
move across the page quickly.
● Benchmark your progress. This way you can tell whether your practice is paying off. There are many free speed reading assessments
online, such as at ReadingSoft.com.
● Practice, practice, practice. You have to practice speed reading to get good at it. The more you train yourself, the more natural it will
feel.

Key Points
There are different techniques that you can use to improve your reading speed. All of them involve skimming a page rather than "sub-
vocalizing" each word as you were likely taught at school.
Excellent speed reading involves practice and retraining yourself, as well as learning to focus more on what is in front of you and avoiding
distractions.
But it is important to strike the right balance between speed and comprehension: sometimes speed reading is not appropriate or helpful.

Review Strategies

An effective reading strategy will help you commit information for the long term.
Have you ever taken a training course, read a business book, or learned a new skill, but then forgotten almost everything about it within a few
weeks?

When you don't have the chance to apply new knowledge, it's easy to forget what you have learned. This is why it's so important not only to
take notes, but also to review what you have learned regularly, so that you can remember it for the long-term.

In this article, we look at the benefits of reviewing information, and we explore several strategies that you can use to do this effectively.

Why Review Information?

When we learn new information, we remember it best immediately after we have learned it. We then forget details as time passes. Even after a
few days, we may be able to recall only a little of what we initially learned.
To remember what we've learned over the long-term, we need to move information from short-term memory (what we're currently thinking
about or aware of) into long-term memory.
To do this, we need to review what we've learned, and we need to do this often. It takes time to commit information to long-term memory, and
reviewing information helps us do this.

Tip:
As well improving your learning, these strategies are also useful in day-to-day business situations, such as when you want to remember client
details or recall information for a presentation.

How to Review Information Effectively

We'll now look at some simple strategies that you can use to remember information over the longer term.

1. Review Immediately
Begin by spending a few minutes reviewing material immediately after you've learned it. This helps you confirm that you understand the
information, and reduces the time needed to "relearn" it when you review it again in the future.

As you re-read material, use effective reading strategies  to make sure that you're reading efficiently and intelligently. For instance, if you've just
read a chapter in a business book, you may only need to review section headings and the conclusion to start fixing information in your memory.

2. Rewrite Materials
Rewriting and reorganizing your notes is another great way to review information.
This might seem like a waste of time at first. However, rewriting can be a very effective method for reinforcing what you've learned. Research
shows that the act of rewriting notes helps us clarify our understanding.

One way to do this is to put the information you have learned into Mind Maps . These are especially good for rewriting notes, because they
force you to make connections between concepts and themes.
You can also simply jot down key points in bullet form, or tidy up any original notes.

3. Schedule Reviews
Remember – it takes repeated effort to move information into your long-term memory. So, it's important to review information frequently.
It's best to carry out a review after a day, after a week, and after a month; and then to review your notes every few months thereafter.

Make sure that you schedule time for your reviews; otherwise they will get pushed aside when urgent issues come up. Also, put these reviews
into your To-Do List , or into your Action Program .
Again, you'll also find it useful to write notes during these regular reviews. Try jotting down what you can remember about the subject, and
then compare these notes with your original ones. This will show you what you've forgotten, and will help you refresh your memory.

Tip 1:
Reviewing learned information is the final step in the SQ3R  process. SQ3R (which stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recall, and Review) is a
particularly potent method for getting the greatest benefit from your reading.
Tip 2:
Sleep also helps your memory – research shows that we remember more when we get a good night's sleep .

Key Points
To remember what we've learned, we need to commit information to our long-term memory. A great way of doing this is by reviewing
information regularly. To review information, revisit learning material straight after you've learned it, using an effective reading strategy.
Also, write notes about what you've learned using tools such as Mind Maps, and then review this information one day, one week, and one
month later. You can then revisit the information every few months.

”Study Less, Study Smart": The Best Ways to Retain More in Less Time
When you're learning new material, it can be overwhelming when you think about how much time you need to truly understand it all. This
studying technique can help you stay focused and take on more information with shorter study sessions.

● Study in chunked sessions: Your ability to retain information diminishes after about 25-30 minutes, so break it up into multiple,
smaller sessions. Reward yourself with fun activities during your breaks

● Have a dedicated study area: Don't study where you do anything else. Don't study in your bed, where you play games (even if it's
your computer), or in front of the TV.

● Know the difference between recognition and recollection: Recognition requires a trigger for you to remember something and you
may not get that on a test. Study actively with focus on recollection. Quiz yourself and don't just glance over highlighted notes.

● Take good notes: Find a note-taking method that works for you and expand on them after your class lecture to increase retention and
understanding.

● Be ready to teach what you've learned: If you can teach it to someone else, you have a solid grasp on the material.

● Read textbooks effectively: Use the SQ3R Method—survey, question, read, recite, review—to actively retain information. Just
reading it is not enough.

Lastly, divide everything you learn into two categories: facts and concepts. Facts are things that can fall out of your brain and you may need
to come up with a mnemonic device in order to study them. Concepts are the glue that hold entire big picture together, making them the most
important part to study. Concepts are why you're studying something to begin with and, once you learn them, they stick with you. Stop wasting
hours studying at only a third of the pace you could be going and study smart.

Textbook Reading

Step 1. Break a long reading period into short reading periods (30 minutes)
Step 2. Use 25 minutes to read, then use 5 minutes to review
Step 3. Have a 5-minutes break

Which is better, studying until late at night or studying in the early morning?
This is a question which has no definite answer. Different students have different view and opinion on this question. It also depends on the level
of study a student does for example, A school going student will be comfortable with morning and afternoon study as their burden is less and
they usually do not have any research work but a college and university student will be more comfortable with late night study shift or evening
study as they tend to have more research and practical based work and day hours are not enough for them.
I believe that it also depends on your sleeping timetable and whether you have vacations going on or have regular classes to attend. Even
Scientific Views are not with any one of the times.
Both morning and evening study times have its Benefits. I will outline them along with some reasons below.

Morning Study Shift

● You will have more energy in the morning and you have more chances of remembering what you learnt as your brain is fresh and can
absorb more information. Your brain works the most for a few hours after you have woken up so try to do maximum study in that
time. For example, If you woke up 6 am your best time for study will be 8 am-12 noon That’s what I have experienced.

● Waking up in the morning and studying is easier as the natural cycle of nature is starting work in the morning and finishing it till
evening. Morning shifts are more easier to adapt with and stick to as you will wake up naturally anyways and have a more positive
attitude towards your studies.

● Keeping your study shift in the morning will have no effect on your sleep cycle also and will help you improve your sleep cycle as you
will sleep early for better study in the morning and you will be more focused. keeping your sleep cycle the same and keeping it in
routine will not only help you focus but also keep other health issues in control like headaches, weight and Stress.

● You can engage with the people around you and this will keep your mental health good. You can study with friends also. You
can choose any place for study with which you are comfortable for example library, Park or a friend’s home. Morning people are
happier than night owls.

● Starting up your day early will help you finish it early too.

Night Study Shift

● You will have no distractions like people or noise at night time which depending can increase your focus on work and there is a
possibility you can finish your tasks easily and a bit quicker.

● If you are bad with waking up in the morning so studying late at night will be very beneficial also as you will be able to complete your
work

.
● You will have more creativity if you are studying at night according to some studies.

● There is a high possibility that you will be mentally be more alert for hours after waking up in the morning or daytime.

● You will be more relaxed at night and you will get more time for internet research and what can be better than that.

Ways to outsmart any multiple-choice test

Multiple choice questions can make or break your test scores if you don’t know how to approach them. Most people understand the concept of
the process of elimination, but they forget a key part of actually making it effective. It isn’t about picking between the two best choices. Sure,
that’s part of it, but you can harness this tool to where it becomes more than a lucky guess. It can become a skilled choice. But first, you should
understand what makes multiple choice questions difficult in the first place.

Structure of the Question

When you get to the licensing exam, questions aren’t as straight forward as they were in high school. Questions are often structured in a
manner that asks you to find the “best response” given certain information. If this information is true and that information is true, then this
information CAN or CANNOT be true. Which conclusions can you draw? If it sounds confusing, that’s because it is. These tests often structure
their questions in a manner that forces you to scrutinize information and give your critical or analytical reasoning skills a workout.
If you expect these tactics ahead of time, it can be a big wakeup call on test day.

A few simple tips can give you an edge on multiple-choice tests.

Ideally, multiple-choice exams would be random, without patterns of right or wrong answers. However, all tests are written by humans, and
human nature makes it impossible for any test to be truly random.

Because of this fundamental flaw, William Poundstone, author of "Rock Breaks Scissors: A Practical Guide to Outguessing and Outwitting Almost
Everybody," claims to have found several common patterns in multiple-choice tests.
After examining 100 tests — 2,456 questions in total — from varied sources, including middle school, high school, college, professional school
exams and licensing exams, Poundstone says he found statistical patterns across all sources.
From this data, he determined several strategies to up your chances of guessing correctly on any exam, whether you're stumbling through a
chemistry final or taking your licensing exams.
While Poundstone emphasizes that knowledge of the subject matter is always the best test-taking strategy and that "a guessing strategy is
useful to the extent that it beats random guessing," he suggests you always guess when you're unsure. And guessing smartly will only improve
your chances of being correct.

Here are a few of Poundstone's tactics for outsmarting any multiple-choice test:

1. Ignore conventional wisdom

You've probably been given test-taking advice along the lines of "always guess the middle answer if you don't know" or "avoid any answer that
uses the words 'never,' 'always,' 'all,' or 'none'" at some point in your life. However, according to Poundstone, this conventional wisdom doesn't
hold up against statistics. In fact, he found that the answers "none of the above" or "all of the above" were correct 52% of the time. Choosing
one of these answers gives you a 90% improvement over random guessing, he says.

2. Look at the surrounding answers

Poundstone found correct answer choices hardly repeated consecutively, so looking at the answers of the questions you do know will help you
figure out the ones you're stuck on. For example, if you're stuck on question No. 2, but know that the answer to No. 1 is A and the answer to
No. 3 is D, those choices can probably be eliminated for No. 2. Of course, "knowledge trumps outguessing," Poundstone reminds us. Cross out
answers you know are wrong based on facts first.

3. Choose the longest answer

Poundstone also noticed that the longest answer on multiple-choice tests was usually correct. "Test makers have to make sure that right
answers are indisputably right," he says. "Often this demands some qualifying language. They may not try so hard with wrong answers." If one
choice is noticeably longer than its counterparts, he says it's likely the correct answer.

4. Eliminate the outliers

Some exams are randomized using computers, negating any patterns usually found in the order of the answers. However, no matter their order,
answer choices that are incongruent with the rest are usually wrong, according to Poundstone. He gives the following sample answers from a
practice test, without including the question:

A. haphazard…radical

B. inherent…controversial

C. improvised…startling

D. methodical…revolutionary

E. derivative…gradual

Because the meaning of "gradual" stands out from the other words in the right column, choice E can be eliminated. Poundstone then points out
that "haphazard" and "improvised" have almost identical meanings. Because these choices are so close in meaning, A and C can also be
eliminated, allowing you to narrow down over half the answers without even reading the question.

"It's hard to see how one could be unambiguously correct and the other unambiguously wrong," he says. For the record, the correct answer is
D.

Multiple Choice Questions: Using Process of Elimination

 When using process of elimination to answer multiple-choice questions, keep in mind there are not definite rules that can lead you to the right
answer every time, only strategies that can help you think critically about the question and answer choices, eliminate some of those answer
choices, and—when all else fails—help you make your best educated guess. Remember, you’ve already got the right answer in front of you, so
you just need to get rid of all those wrong answers.
 
The first step in answering a multiple-choice question on a test is to make sure you understand what the question is asking. (Sometimes it
helps to rephrase the question into a statement, or a simpler question.)
 
Once you’re sure you know what the question is asking, you’ll want to begin by eliminating any answer choices that you are sure are wrong, or
couldn’t possibly be right. Even if doing so only eliminates one out of four or five answer choices, you’ve still improved your odds of choosing
the correct answer choice.
 
Now re-read each of the remaining answer choices and ask yourself the following questions:

● Does this answer choice respond to the question being asked?

● If not, eliminate it! Even if it is a true statement, it isn’t providing a correct answer to the question at hand!
● If it does, it might be the correct choice, so keep it as an option.
 ● Do any of the answer choices use words like always, never, all, none, or absolutely?
● Most answer choices that use these words are incorrect. The ideas within the answer choices are usually open to interpretation, and
cannot be expressed in such absolute terms as always or never.
● Look for options that use conditional words or statements such as most, usually,often, rarely, or some.
● Does this answer choice use the same exact language as the author of the passage, but change the meaning of what is being said?
● If so, it’s a misleading option that is trying to trick you into choosing the wrong answer. Eliminate it!
● If not, it might be the correct choice, so keep it as an option.
● Does this answer choice present an extreme view of the information from the passage (either extremely positive or extremely
negative)?
● If so, you’ll need to re-read it carefully to see if it’s actually answering the question, or if it’s just an extreme summary of the
information.
 
One last word on process of elimination: Most students are able to eliminate answer choices until there are two remaining. At that point, it’s a
good idea to re-read the question, and look carefully at the differences between the two answer choices before you make your best educated
guess. 

8 Multiple Choice Test Tips

Multiple choice tests can be easy.
I know… I know… You might not agree. Can any test ever be easy?

Yes. When you know a few simple tricks for test-taking, any kind of test can be easy.
The right strategy on a multiple choice test can improve your exam result without studying more.

1. Go Staggeringly Fast!
Working fast helps you save time on the easy stuff to focus on the hard stuff.
At the start of any set of multiple choice questions is the prime time to push yourself to move fast.
Often you’ll be able to answer a multiple choice question in an instant.
When you can answer the question instantly, you shouldn’t waste any extra time lingering on the question. Answer it and move on.

If you get too invested trying to dig into your brain to verify your answers then you may be asking for trouble. The psychology of the whole
situation changes. When you’re moving quickly you’re creating confidence in your answers. You’re also putting yourself in the best position to
avoid “choking.” Choking will shut down your ability to think.

When you slow down to think about it, you’re encouraging doubt and second guessing.
Second guessing is okay but when you first pick up your test, it’s much better to just get your gut reactions on the page. This is one awesome
way to reduce your stress while taking a test.

2. Destroy the Obvious

You usually have more information than you think you do. Multiple choice exams have more to do with eliminating the wrong answers than
finding the right answers.

This may not instantly make sense but consider this, There are 3 wrong answers and 1 right answer.
It’s often easier to recognize 3 wrong answers than recognizing the single right answer.
There are unlimited ways an answer can be wrong. It’s easier to disprove an answer than it is to prove an answer. That is a problem when you
have to construct the answer. That is an advantage when you’re given a choice. Disproving an answer is also a lot easier stress wise.

When you’re not confident that you know the correct answer to a question, it’s time to slow down.
You should try to rule out the answers that you know aren’t correct.

3. Skip the Tough Ones and Big Surprises

The first time you go through a test you shouldn’t be getting hung up on any questions.
If you think a question requires a little thinking (or you know you don’t know it) then skip it.
Save it until you’ve completed all the easier questions on the test.

Difficult questions are a breeding ground for doubt.

These doubts can ruin your ability to answer the easier questions you run into later.
It’s better to save that doubt until you’ve already dealt with the easy stuff.

More instructors do not place the hardest questions near the end of the test.
It’s still worth skipping early questions you’re struggling with.
4. Certainty Marking
You should be marking all the questions that you know you answered right.
So, if you answered a question and were completely certain you got it then put a check next to the question number.If you think you’re right
then you might put a slash next to it. Mark educated guesses with another symbol.

Marking the questions helps you keep track of what needs to get answered.
There can be a whole lot of questions to have to answer and keeping track of them can help.

5. The Surprising Way to Remember It

Your memory is surprisingly powerful when information is linked. With multiple choice tests, you don’t need to remember the exact correct
answer to get the question right. 

If you’re struggling to remember something then don’t try to remember it. Instead, try to just remember related information.

Surprisingly, this is often enough to locate where you stored the required information. If you used a powerful memorization strategy then you’ll
almost always be able to find it.
Have you ever struggled to remember the name of a song or something?
Then you remember the band name that played it and suddenly the song name just clicks.
Or maybe you start remembering the lyrics and the song name suddenly becomes obvious.
This has to do with chaining memories.

Memory works through the linking of information. If you can find information that’s linked then you can remember the required information.
Even if you can’t quite find the required information, you’ll be in a much more prepared state to take a guess.

6. How to Make Mind-blowing Good Guesses

You’re educated enough to make a better guess.
I’m going to be making a distinction between educated guesses and more wild guesses.
Prioritizing educated guesses is important. That’s why this distinction needs to be made.
In practice, the difference between educated guesses and wild guesses can become a bit hazy. These criteria can help you make more educated
guesses and less wild ones.

Familiarity
If you studied right then you should recognize categories of information in the question.
Multiple choice tests make this easy.
If something looks like it doesn’t belong in the question then you should assume you’re right.
(You won’t always be right but you’ll be right more often than not when you’re prepared for the test.)
The less prepared you are for the test, the less trust you should give to familiarity.
In fact, if you failed to prepare for a test at all (and it’s a complicated subject like anatomy) you may want to lean against familiar answers
slightly.
(If you’re thinking a question seems stupidly easy, you may be missing something.)

Checking The Test

Multiple choice tests are often the easiest test when you know how to take advantage of the quirks.
In my experience, about 5-10% of questions will give you a good clue of the answer somewhere else on the test.
If you don’t know the answer to a question then look for other related questions elsewhere on the test.
If you’re reading everything then you can often catch your teacher giving hints at the correct answer.
This is one of the most reliable sources you have for answering tough questions.
The teacher probably won’t lead you too far astray with the information given in other questions.

What Would It Mean?

If you’re really stuck between a few potential answers then try to use common sense to answer them.
Start asking yourself questions about the implications of selecting particular answers.

7. How to Make Surprisingly Good Wild Guesses

If you’re taking a shot in the dark then you might as well enjoy the view.
The following strategies are for when you’re really not prepared for a question.
If you don’t have the means to make an educated guess to the answer of a question, these strategies can improve your odds of selecting the
best wild guess.

Longer Answers Are Better

Correct answers tend to be longer answers because right answers often require qualifiers.
Teachers need to make correct answers unambiguously correct.
Wrong answers don’t need caveats.
Wrong is wrong.
That leads to right answers saying “usually” and other qualifying words.
That makes them longer on average than the wrong answers.
If you notice qualifiers then lean towards them.

Similar Answers Are Better

If you notice two or three of the options are related to each other (or exact opposites) then one of them is correct. Teachers use similar
answers to make test questions more difficult to answer.
That comes with the consequence of making guesses on those questions easier.

All Or None
All Of The Above is a good wild guess answer. Statistically, you’ll end up better off guessing it.
(With four questions it’s typically about a 50:50 guess.) None of the above is less good a wild guess but it’s better than an average guess.

Take note: if the teacher loads the test with All of the above or none of the above, you can expect the success rate of selecting it to go down.

Grammatically Correct
Check whether the answer you’re selecting is grammatically correct with the question.
If the question ended with “an” and a blank then you should expect the answer to start with a vowel.
If the question was looking for a plural, make sure your answer is plural.
Teachers often make little mistakes like that and give away the answer to anyone paying attention.

8. Save Time for When You Need It

Time shouldn’t be wasted because it never hurts to finish too early. Your primary goal is to complete everything you know fast. You don’t want
to waste any extra time on questions that don’t require that extra time. The point of getting through the rest of the test quickly is to allow you
plenty of time for answering hard questions.

You’re Priorities:
1. Your first priority is finishing all the work that you instantly know.
That means, even if you run out of time, you’ve taken all of the easy points.

2. Your second priority is answering those tough questions and making big guesses.
This is where most of your test time should go.

3. You want to review all your work and make sure to keep track of all the points you scored.
Don’t be afraid to change an answer.

Scientific studies have suggested that changing an answer isn’t bad.

You might think you’ll ruin your gut instinct but, statistically, you’re better off.

With the right strategies you can study less and get the equivalent grade of studying dramatically more.
(No, I’m not suggesting skipping studying completely. Many of the advantages of these strategies require
a base knowledge of the subject.)

Memory
Introduction to Memory Techniques
Use these techniques to improve your memory.
The tools in this section help you to improve your memory. They help you both to remember facts accurately and to remember the structure of
information.
The tools are split into two sections. Firstly you'll learn the memory techniques themselves. Secondly we'll look at how you can use them in
practice to remember people’s names, languages, exam information, and so on.

As with other mind tools, the more practice you give yourself with these techniques, the more effectively you will use them. This section
contains many of the memory techniques used by stage memory performers. With enough practice and effort, you may be able to have a
memory as good. Even if you do not have the time needed to develop this quality of memory, many of the techniques here are useful in
everyday life.
Mnemonics
'Mnemonic' is another word for memory tool. Mnemonics are techniques for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to
recall. The idea behind using mnemonics is to encode difficult-to-remember information in a way that is much easier to remember.

Our brains evolved to code and interpret complex stimuli such as images, colors, structures, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, positions, emotions
and language. We use these to make sophisticated models of the world we live in. Our memories store all of these very effectively.

Unfortunately, a lot of the information we have to remember in modern life is presented differently – as words printed on a page. While writing
is a rich and sophisticated medium for conveying complex arguments, our brains do not easily encode written information, making it difficult to
remember.
This section of Mind Tools shows you how to use all the memory resources available to you to remember information in a highly efficient way.

Using Your Whole Mind to Remember

The key idea is that by coding information using vivid mental images, you can reliably code both information and the structure of information.
And because the images are vivid, they are easy to recall when you need them.
The techniques explained later on in this section show you how to code information vividly, using stories, strong mental images, familiar
journeys, and so on.

You can do the following things to make your mnemonics more memorable:
● Use positive, pleasant images. Your brain often blocks out unpleasant ones.
● Use vivid, colorful, sense-laden images – these are easier to remember than drab ones.
● Use all your senses to code information or dress up an image. Remember that your mnemonic can contain sounds, smells, tastes,
touch, movements and feelings as well as pictures.
● Give your image three dimensions, movement and space to make it more vivid. You can use movement either to maintain the flow of
association, or to help you to remember actions.
● Exaggerate the size of important parts of the image.
● Use humor! Funny or peculiar things are easier to remember than normal ones.
● Similarly, rude rhymes are very difficult to forget!
● Symbols (red traffic lights, pointing fingers, road signs, etc.) can code quite complex messages quickly and effectively.

Designing Mnemonics: Imagination, Association and Location

The three fundamental principles underlying the use of mnemonics are imagination, association and location. Working together, you can use
these principles to generate powerful mnemonic systems.

Imagination: is what you use to create and strengthen the associations needed to create effective mnemonics. Your imagination is what you
use to create mnemonics that are potent for you. The more strongly you imagine and visualize a situation, the more effectively it will stick in
your mind for later recall. The imagery you use in your mnemonics can be as violent, vivid, or sensual as you like, as long as it helps you to
remember.

Association: this is the method by which you link a thing to be remembered to a way of remembering it. You can create associations by:
● Placing things on top of each other.
● Crashing things together.
● Merging images together.
● Wrapping them around each other.
● Rotating them around each other or having them dancing together.
● Linking them using the same color, smell, shape, or feeling.
● As an example, you might link the number 1 with a goldfish by visualizing a 1-shaped spear being used to spear it.

Location: gives you two things: a coherent context into which you can place information so that it hangs together, and a way of separating one
mnemonic from another. By setting one mnemonic in a particular town, I can separate it from a similar mnemonic set in a city. For example, by
setting one in Wimbledon and another similar mnemonic with images of Manhattan, we can separate them with no danger of confusion. You
can build the flavors and atmosphere of these places into your mnemonics to strengthen the feeling of location.

6 types of mnemonic device

1. Visual image – Associate a visual image with a word or name to help you remember them better. Positive, pleasant images that are vivid,
colorful, and three-dimensional will be easier to remember.

Example: To remember the name Rosa Parks and what she’s known for, picture a woman sitting on a park bench surrounded by roses, waiting
as her bus pulls up.
2. Acrostic (or sentence) – Make up a sentence in which the first letter of each word is part of or represents the initial of what you want to
remember.

Example: The sentence “Every good boy does fine” to memorize the lines of the treble clef, representing the notes E, G, B, D, and F.

3. Acronym – An acronym is a word that is made up by taking the first letters of all the key words or ideas you need to remember and creating a
new word out of them.
Example: The word “HOMES” to remember the names of the Great Lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.

4. Rhymes and alliteration – Rhymes, alliteration (a repeating sound or syllable), and even jokes are a memorable way to remember more
mundane facts and figures.

Example: The rhyme “Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November” to remember the months of the year with only 30 days in them.

5. Chunking – Chunking breaks a long list of numbers or other types of information into smaller, more manageable chunks.

Example: Remembering an 11-digit phone number by breaking it down into three sets of numbers:
0926-022-0583 (as opposed to 09260220583).

6. Method of loci – Imagine placing the items you want to remember along a route you know well, or in specific locations in a familiar room or
building.

Example: For a shopping list, imagine bananas in the entryway to your home, a puddle of milk in the middle of the sofa, eggs going up the stairs,
and bread on your bed.

5 Simple Tricks to Sharpen Thinking and Memory Skills

Using these memory-enhancing techniques can help improve your ability to learn new information and retain it over time.

Repeat 
One of the golden rules of learning and memory is repeat, repeat, repeat. The brain also responds to novelty, so repeating something in a
different way or at a different time will make the most of the novelty effect and allow you to build stronger memories. Examples of using
repetition include:
● Taking notes
● Repeating a name after you hear it for the first time
● Repeating or paraphrasing what someone says to you

Organize 
A day planner or smart phone calendar can help you keep track of appointments and activities and can also serve as a journal in which you write
anything that you would like to remember. Writing down and organizing information reinforces learning.
● Try jotting down conversations, thoughts, experiences.
● Review current and previous day’s entries at breakfast and dinner.
● If you use a planner and not a smart phone, keep it in the same spot at home and take it with you whenever you leave.

Visualize 
Learning faces and names is a particularly hard task for most people. In addition to repeating a person’s name, you can also associate the name
with an image. Visualization strengthens the association you are making between the face and the name. For example:
● Link the name Sandy with the image of a beach, and imagine Sandy on the beach.

Cue 
When you are having difficulty recalling a particular word or fact, you can cue yourself by giving related details or “talking around” the word,
name, or fact. Other practical ways to cue include:
● Using alarms or a kitchen timer to remind you of tasks or appointments.
● Placing an object associated with the task you must do in a prominent place at home. For example, if you want to order tickets to a
play, leave a newspaper ad for the play near your telephone or computer.
Group 
When you’re trying to remember a long list of items, it can help to group the items in sets of three to five, just as you would to remember a
phone number. This strategy capitalizes on organization and building associations, and helps to extend the capacity of our short-term memory
by chunking information together instead of trying to remember each piece of information independently. For example:
● If you have a list of 15 things on your grocery list, you can group the items by category, such as dairy, produce, canned goods, and
frozen foods.

Mind Maps
A Powerful Approach to Note-Taking 
(Also known as Mind Mapping, Concept Mapping, Spray Diagrams, and Spider Diagrams)
 
Have you ever studied a subject or brainstormed an idea, only to find yourself with pages of information, but no clear view of how it fits
together?
This is where Mind Mapping can help you.

Mind Mapping is a useful technique that helps you learn more effectively, improves the way that you record information, and supports and
enhances creative problem solving.
By using Mind Maps, you can quickly identify and understand the structure of a subject. You can see the way that pieces of information fit
together, as well as recording the raw facts contained in normal notes.

More than this, Mind Maps help you remember information, as they hold it in a format that your mind finds easy to recall and quick to review.

Organize your thoughts more productively with a Mind Map.

About Mind Maps
Mind Maps were popularized by author and consultant, Tony Buzan. They use a two-dimensional structure, instead of the list format
conventionally used to take notes.
Mind Maps are more compact than conventional notes, often taking up one side of paper. This helps you to make associations easily,
and generate new ideas . If you find out more information after you have drawn a Mind Map, then you can easily integrate it with little
disruption.

More than this, Mind Mapping helps you break large projects or topics down into manageable chunks, so that you can plan effectively without
getting overwhelmed and without forgetting something important.
A good Mind Map shows the "shape" of the subject, the relative importance of individual points, and the way in which facts relate to one
another. This means that they're very quick to review, as you can often refresh information in your mind just by glancing at one. In this way,
they can be effective mnemonics – remembering the shape and structure of a Mind Map can give you the cues you need to remember the
information within it.
When created using colors and images or drawings, a Mind Map can even resemble a work of art!
Uses
Mind Maps are useful for:
● Brainstorming  – individually, and as a group.
● Summarizing information, and note taking.
● Consolidating information from different research sources.
● Thinking through complex problems.
● Presenting information in a format that shows the overall structure of your subject.
● Studying and memorizing information.

Drawing Basic Mind Maps

To draw a Mind Map, follow these steps:

1. Write the title of the subject you're exploring in the center of the page, and draw a circle around it.
2. As you come across major subdivisions or subheadings of the topic (or important facts that relate to the subject) draw lines out from this
circle. Label these lines with these subdivisions or subheadings.
3. As you "burrow" into the subject and uncover another level of information (further subheadings, or individual facts) belonging to the
subheadings, draw these as lines linked to the subheading lines.
4. Then, for individual facts or ideas, draw lines out from the appropriate heading line and label them.
5. As you come across new information, link it in to the Mind Map appropriately.
A complete Mind Map may have main topic lines radiating in all directions from the center. Sub-topics and facts will branch off these, like
branches and twigs from the trunk of a tree. You don't need to worry about the structure you produce, as this will evolve of its own accord.

(Our simple example shows someone brainstorming actions needed to deliver a

successful presentation.)
Using Mind Maps Effectively
Once you understand how to take notes in Mind Map format, you can develop your own conventions for taking them further. The following
suggestions can help you draw impactful Mind Maps:

● Use Single Words or Simple Phrases – Many words in normal writing are padding, as they ensure that facts are conveyed in the
correct context, and in a format that is pleasant to read. In Mind Maps, single strong words and short, meaningful phrases can convey
the same meaning more potently. Excess words just clutter the Mind Map.
● Use Color to Separate Different Ideas – This will help you to separate ideas where necessary. It also helps you to visualize the Mind
Map for recall. Color can help to show the organization of the subject.
● Use Symbols and Images – Pictures can help you to remember information more effectively than words, so, where a symbol or
picture means something to you, use it.
● Using Cross-Linkages – Information in one part of a Mind Map may relate to another part. Here you can draw lines to show the cross-
linkages. This helps you to see how one part of the subject affects another.

Key Points
Mind Mapping is an extremely effective method of taking notes. Not only do Mind Maps show facts, they also show the overall structure of a
subject and the relative importance of individual parts of it. They help you to associate ideas, think creatively, and make connections that you
might not otherwise make.

Mind Maps are useful for summarizing information, for consolidating large chunks of information, for making connections, and for creative
problem solving.
To use Mind Maps effectively, use different colors to add visual impact, and incorporate symbols and images to further spur creative thinking.
If you do any form of research or note taking, try experimenting with Mind Maps. You'll love using them!

9 TIPS on How to Improve Your Memory

Tips and Exercises to Sharpen Your Mind and Boost Brainpower
A strong memory depends on the health and vitality of your brain. Whether you're a student studying for final exams, a working professional
interested in doing all you can to stay mentally sharp, or a senior looking to preserve and enhance your grey matter as you age, there are lots of
things you can do to improve your memory and mental performance.
They say that you can’t teach an old dog new trick, but when it comes to the brain, scientists have discovered that this old adage simply isn’t
true. The human brain has an astonishing ability to adapt and change—even into old age. This ability is known as neuroplasticity. With the right
stimulation, your brain can form new neural pathways, alter existing connections, and adapt and react in ever-changing ways.
The brain’s incredible ability to reshape itself holds true when it comes to learning and memory. You can harness the natural power of
neuroplasticity to increase your cognitive abilities, enhance your ability to learn new information, and improve your memory at any age.

Tip 1: Give your brain a workout

By the time you’ve reached adulthood, your brain has developed millions of neural pathways that help you process and recall information
quickly, solve familiar problems, and execute familiar tasks with a minimum of mental effort. But if you always stick to these well-worn paths,
you aren’t giving your brain the stimulation it needs to keep growing and developing. You have to shake things up from time to time!

Memory, like muscular strength, requires you to “use it or lose it.” The more you work out your brain, the better you’ll be able to process and
remember information. But not all activities are equal. The best brain exercises break your routine and challenge you to use and develop new
brain pathways.
Tip 2: Don't skip the physical exercise
While mental exercise is important for brain health, that doesn’t mean you never need to break a sweat. Physical exercise helps your brain stay
sharp. It increases oxygen to your brain and reduces the risk for disorders that lead to memory loss, such as diabetes and cardiovascular
disease. Exercise also enhances the effects of helpful brain chemicals and reduces stress hormones. Perhaps most importantly, exercise plays an
important role in neuroplasticity by boosting growth factors and stimulating new neuronal connections.

Tip 3: Get your Zs

There is a big difference between the amount of sleep you can get by on and the amount you need to function at your best. The truth is that
over 95% of adults needs between 7.5 to 9 hours of sleep every night in order to avoid sleep deprivation. Even skimping on a few hours makes a
difference! Memory, creativity, problem-solving abilities, and critical thinking skills are all compromised.
But sleep is critical to learning and memory in an even more fundamental way. Research shows that sleep is necessary for memory
consolidation, with the key memory-enhancing activity occurring during the deepest stages of sleep.
Tip 4: Make time for friends
Humans are highly social animals. We’re not meant to survive, let alone thrive, in isolation. Relationships stimulate our brains—in fact,
interacting with others may be the best kind of brain exercise.
Research shows that having meaningful friendships and a strong support system are vital not only to emotional health, but also to brain health.
In one recent study from the Harvard School of Public Health, for example, researchers found that people with the most active social lives had
the slowest rate of memory decline.
There are many ways to start taking advantage of the brain and memory-boosting benefits of socializing. Volunteer, join a club, and make it a
point to see friends more often, or reach out over the phone. And if a human isn’t handy, don’t overlook the value of a pet—especially the
highly-social dog.
Tip 5: Keep stress in check
Stress is one of the brain’s worst enemies. Over time, chronic stress destroys brain cells and damages the hippocampus, the region of the brain
involved in the formation of new memories and the retrieval of old ones. Studies have also linked stress to memory loss.
Tips for managing stress
● Set realistic expectations (and be willing to say no!)
● Take breaks throughout the day
● Express your feelings instead of bottling them up
● Set healthy a balance between work and leisure time
● Focus on one task at a time, rather than trying to multi-task
Tip 6: Have a laugh
You’ve heard that laughter is the best medicine, and that holds true for the brain and the memory, as well as the body. Unlike emotional
responses, which are limited to specific areas of the brain, laughter engages multiple regions across the whole brain. Furthermore, listening to
jokes and working out punch lines activates areas of the brain vital to learning and creativity. As psychologist Daniel Goleman notes in his
book Emotional Intelligence, “Laughter… seems to help people think more broadly and associate more freely.”
Tip 7: Eat a brain-boosting diet
Just as the body needs fuel, so does the brain. You probably already know that a diet based on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, “healthy” fats
(such as olive oil, nuts, fish) and lean protein will provide lots of health benefits, but such a diet can also improve memory. For brain health,
though, it’s not just what you eat—it’s also what you don’t eat.

Tip 8: Identify and treat health problems

Do you feel that your memory has taken an unexplainable dip? If so, there may be a health or lifestyle problem to blame.
It’s not just dementia or Alzheimer’s disease that causes memory loss. There are many diseases, mental health disorders, and medications that
can interfere with memory.

Tip 9: Take practical steps to support learning and memory

Pay attention. You can’t remember something if you never learned it, and you can’t learn something—that is, encode it into your brain—if you
don’t pay enough attention to it. It takes about eight seconds of intense focus to process a piece of information into your memory. If you’re
easily distracted, pick a quiet place where you won’t be interrupted.
Involve as many senses as possible. Try to relate information to colors, textures, smells, and tastes. The physical act of rewriting information
can help imprint it onto your brain. Even if you’re a visual learner, read out loud what you want to remember. If you can recite it rhythmically,
even better.
Relate information to what you already know. Connect new data to information you already remember, whether it’s new material that builds
on previous knowledge, or something as simple as an address of someone who lives on a street where you already know someone.
For more complex material, focus on understanding basic ideas rather than memorizing isolated details. Practice explaining the ideas to
someone else in your own words.
Rehearse information you’ve already learned. Review what you’ve learned the same day you learn it, and at intervals thereafter. This “spaced
rehearsal” is more effective than cramming, especially for retaining what you’ve learned.
Use mnemonic devices to make memorization easier. Mnemonics (the initial “m” is silent) are clues of any kind that help us remember
something, usually by helping us associate the information we want to remember with a visual image, a sentence, or a word.
PART 1 GRAMMAR & CORRECT USAGE

Direction: Each item in this section consists of four sentences marked A, B, C and D, all of which, EXCEPT ONE contain errors either in grammar
or word usage. Choose only the correct sentence from among the choices given.

1. A. Japanese fighter ships sunk a number of warships during World War II.
B. If I have known this training earlier, I would have been the first to sign up.
C. Employees have been diligently attending review classes since January this year.
D. Just as the judge was ordered, the defense counsel submitted a rejoinder on behalf of his client.

2. A. One half of the fifty examinees has brought packed lunches.

B. Did the senate provide adequate security to the witness during the hearing?
C. The riot had broken out inside the facility yesterday and caught the media’s attention.
D. The victim was rushed to the hospital yesterday where he undergone immediate surgical operation.

3. A. As dusk fall workers gather their tools and prepare for home.
B. Here is the records you requested from the office of the registrar.
C. The sound of grinding metal in several houses under repair annoy our pet.
D. One of the councilors who expressed a dissenting opinion was suspended.

4. A. Mr. Castro’s father gave her a house and lot for inheritance.
B. A number of armed civilians does not follow the rules on gun safety.
C. The most valuable gift I received so far are a pair of Jimmy Choo shoes.
D. M Most of the demonstrators who brought placards were university students.

5. A. The poor is oftentimes the collateral damage on the war against drugs.
B. Amnesty International condemn the spate of unresolved killing in the country.
C. Patronage politics are one area where Filipinos are deeply mired in.
D. National leaders do not seem to meet eye to eye on major issues affecting the country.

6. A. A group of police officers has been investigating the shooting incident.

B. In our town, elected officials adheres to ethical standards when they perform their duties.
C. Employees in private companies who are into business process outsourcing are sufficiently paid.
 D. Neither Alexa’s relative nor her best friend are coming to her wedding, much to her disappointment.

7. A. The instructor wearing thick, dark glasses teach quite well.

B. Honest and humble people like Robert is hard to come by these days.
C. He was informed that the billeting facilities was already due for renovation.
D. The cable tower peering above the trees indeed looks smaller from a distance.

8. A. Along the beach walks hand in hand two girls of the same height.
B. Writing short stories and reading them aloud are an activity I truly enjoy.
C. The sight of children chasing butterflies reminds me of my childhood days.
D. The principal, together with the district supervisors, inspect the new room.

9. A. Songwriting and illustrating pushes my imagination to the limits.

B. Fifteen years from now, I shall have released my own animated film.
C. They already knew last month that they will visit their ailing grandmother.

D. According to the new president, somebody have to answer this mess.

10. A. Driving along Park Avenue, the dump truck pass by.
B. The lady looked inside the drawer searching for her wallet.
C. The deranged man, having assaulted his neighbor, was brought to the police station.
D. Wearing a pair of black trousers and Aviator sunglasses, the actor indeed look commanding.

11. A. To be proficient in writing, students should read.

B. To be proficient writers, reading should be done by students.
C. Reading should be done by students to be proficient in writing.
D. To be proficient in writing, reading should be done by students.

12. A. According to my colleague, Dr. Rafael is both an accomplished writer and broadcaster who is well-known.
B. Dr. Rafael, according to my colleague, is accomplished writer and well-known broadcaster.
C. According to my colleague, Dr. Rafael is both an accomplished writer and well-known broadcaster.
D. Dr. Rafael, according to my colleague is both an accomplished writer and well-known in broadcasting.

13. A. The man suspected of robbing a grocery store surrendered to the police.
B. One of the two college professors who are recipients of awards are out of the country.
C. To travel the world and landing a stable job are the main reasons I opted to finish studies.
D. The learners, spent the whole day yesterday, preparing for their group presentation.

14. A. The speaker we invited is an authority with international affairs.

B. The negotiator noted the differences of ideas between the contending parties.
C. There is no reason for the father to get upset at his children just because they did not see him right away.
D. The doctor mentioned that his patient is responding well with the treatment.

15. A. Applicants need to appraise their prospective employers everything about their employment background.
B. The registrar is ready to apprise the personal data sheets and scholastic records of the transferees.
C. He voiced dissent on the controversial decision made by fellow committee members.
D. The decent from our respected position in the business global ranking is truly appalling.

16. A. When responding policemen arrive, the suspects had already fled the crime scene.
B. Who’s medical records have not been submitted yet?
C. Major issues like this one have to be taken up and studied seriously.
D. Instinctively, the lead actor and her ran for cover when violence erupted.

17. A. Their performance during the talent show made the proud of theirselves.
B. Among the attendees in the meeting, Carrie was the most insightful.
C. Less kids wants to enter the police service in the country.
D. His german visitor decided to visit an orphanage in the Metropolis.

18. A. What among these case folders bears the chief’s signature?
B. Hiring companies prefer male applicants than their female counterparts.
C. By riding a boat, the suspect’s hideout was finally reached by their pursuers.
D. The victim could hardly speak when her relatives found her.

19. A. The audio-visual presentation is aimed to illicit support for the government’s anti-piracy program.

B. That fellows belongs to an imminent clan of doctors and lawyers

 C. Vehicle’s negotiated a tortuous road on their way to Ifugao province.
D. A truckload of furnitures and appliances were unloaded at the gymnasium.

20. A. Some of the sizzling steak served in red platter lost their flavor.
B. Home education benefits our son because she learned without being pressured.
C. Either Mark or Aric will bring its camera for its whole-day outing in Laguna.
D. One of the men in the studio was determined to give his time for the medical mission.

ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

PART I. GRAMMAR & CORRECT USAGE

1. C. This sentence uses the present perfect progressive tense accurately.

The present perfect progressive tense is used to refer to an action that started in the past, is
continuing up to the time of speaking, and may as well continue in the future.

Choice A contains an error in verb form because it used the past participle which is used only in perfect tenses, instead of the past form or
tense. Instead of sunk, the correct verb is sank.

Choice B is incorrect because the conditional if clause should use the past perfect (had + past participle) that is, had known instead of have
known.

In Choice D, the correct verb in the introductory phrase is, ‘just as the judge had ordered (and not was ordered.)’ Here, the subject (judge) was
the doer of the action and not the receiver.

2. B

Choice A is incorrect because the correct verb should be have sine the subject is plural. (one half of 50 is 25).

Choice C should use the past tense of the verb only (broke out, instead of had broken out) because it uses an adverb of time (yesterday) which is
used in simple past tense.

Choice D has erroneous use of past participle of the verb (undergone). The correct verb should be underwent. Take note that just like choice C,
it uses an adverb of time denoting a simple past tense.

3. D. The subject is one and agrees with the verb was suspended.

In choice A, the correct verb is falls (i.e., As dusk falls …) since the subject dusk is singular.

Choice B has an error on subject-verb agreement. Instead of is, the correct verb is are. If we invert the sentence it will read: It should be—Here
are the records…

In Choice C, the correct verb is annoys (The sound…annoys).

4. D

Choice A contains an error in pronoun-antecedent agreement. The pronoun her which is feminine, does not agree with the noun, Mr. Castro,
which is masculine.

In Choice B, the phrase a number should agree with the plural verb (A number… do not…)

In Choice C, the verb that agrees with gift (which is the subject of the sentence) is not are, but is.

5. D

Choice A contains an error on subject-verb agreement. The subject the poor agrees with a plural verb (are).

In Choice B, the correct verb is condemns.

In Choice C, politics is a singular noun and should therefore take on singular verb (is instead of are)

6. A

In Choice B, the correct verb is adhere.

In Choice C, the relative pronoun should be either which or that (companies that are/which are). Who refers to a person.

In Choice D, the subject which is nearer the verb is singular (best friend), hence the verb must also be singular (is coming).

7. D

Choice A – The instructor… teaches (not teach)…

Chocie B – The subject is Honest and humble people (which is plural), hence, the correct linking verb must be are.

Choice C – … facilities were (not was).

8. C

Choice A is an inverted sentence in which the verb (walks) comes first before the subject (girls). The error is in the verb. (It should be walk, not
walks)

Choice B has a plural subject (writing and reading). They are two different activities. (… are activities I truly enjoy)

Choice D. The subject is principal (which is singular). The correct verb is inspects.

The intervening phrase (together with…) does not affect the agreement between the subject
and predicate.

9. B. (It refers to an action that is assumed to be completed before a specific time in the future.)

Choice A – Songwriting and illustrating push (not pushes)…

Choice C – Following the principle of verb consistency, the correct verb in the subordinate clause is would visit.

Choice D – Somebody is singular indefinite pronoun which takes on a singular verb (has instead of have)

10. C

Choice A contains a dangling modifier. It does not specifically refer to anyone or anything in the main clause or idea.

Choice B has an error on misplaced modifier. It should be arranged like this: Searching for her wallet, the lady looked inside the drawer.

Choice D contains an error on subject-verb agreement (actor indeed looks, not look)
11. A

Choice B and D have dangling modifiers.

Choice C is vague.

12. C. It follows the principle of parallel structure or parallelism.

This means that the same grammatical units are used in a list of items. In this sentence,
accomplished (a participle functioning as an adjective) is parallel with well-known (another
adjective, also a participle).
Choice A does not have a parallel structure. used are accomplished (adjective), and who is well-known (noun clause).

Choice B – the correct phrases should be accomplished in writing and well-known in broadcasting (parallel prepositional phrases).

Choice D has the same structure as choice B.

13. A

In choice B, the error is in subject-verb agreement. One, being the subject, agrees with is (and not are) out of the country.
Choice C has an error in parallel structure. (It should be, to travel and to land…)

Choice D contains punctuation errors. (commas are unnecessary)

14. B.
(All other choices contain errors in the use of preposition)

Choice A – an authority on (not with)

Choice C – upset with (a person), upset at (a situation)

Choice D – responding well to (not with) the treatment.

15. C.

(All other choices have errors in word choice/usage)

Choice A – Apprise is the correct word; it means to inform.

Choice B – The accurate word is appraise (to evaluate).

Choice D – descent (meaning a downward movement) and not decent.

16. C

Choice A contains an error in verb tense. Instead of arrive (present), the correct verb is arrived.
Choice B contains an error in the use of interrogative pronouns. Who’s is a contraction for who is. The correct pronoun is whose (possessive)

Choice D – The correct pronoun is she and not her (i.e., the lead actor and she). It is in the subjective case as it acts as a subject of the sentence.

17. B

Choice A contains an error in word usage. There is no such word as theirselves. It should be themselves.
In Choice C, the correct adjective describing the kids is few (for count nouns) and not less (which is used for non-count nouns, like sugar)

Choice D contains an error on capitalization. the word “german” should start with a capital letter.

18. D

Choice A – The correct interrogative pronoun is which and not what.

Choice B – Prefer to, instead of prefer than (prefer male applicants to their female counterparts)

Choice C contains a dangling modifier. The correct arrangement is as follows: By riding a boat, pursuers finally reached the suspect’s hideout.

19. C.

(All other choices contain errors in word choice/usage.)

Choice A – elicit (to draw out) instead of illicit

Choice B – eminent (meaning well-known) instead of imminent

Choice D – No s in furniture (It is a special noun in which the plural form stays the same as its singular form)

20. D

Choice A – The correct pronoun is its instead of their.

Choice B – The personal pronoun she does not agree with the noun it refers to which is masculine in gender (son).

Choice C – its is used for non-living things; the correct pronoun is his.

PART II. GRAMMAR & CORRECT USAGE

Direction: Each item in this section consists of four sentences marked A, B, C and D, all of which, EXCEPT ONE contain errors either in grammar
or word usage. Choose only the correct sentence from among the choices given.

1. A. Unless one million pesos are paid, the kidnapper will not release the victim.
B. Either blue or purple make an enchanting wedding backdrop.
C. Each town and barangay in our province was destroyed by flood.
D. Just about anyone in the group believe in what the leader says.

2. A. The book of Proverbs are a compilation sayings which we can all benefit from.
B. The dedication of our young soldiers deserves to be recognized by the President.
C. The mother, accompanied by her two children, were hysterical over the incident.
D. One fourth of the scholars comes from public high schools.

3. A. Either jogging or swimming improve the heart’s performance.

B. Watching television and surfing the net makes kids physically inactive.
C. Cramming for examinations do not contribute to all to enhance one’s intellect.
D. The ubiquitous presence of passenger jeepneys contributes to the horrible traffic problem in Mero Manila.

4. A. The police dog playfully wagged it’s tail upon seeing the bone.
B. The two-stories establishment was razed by fire only this year.
C. Kindly please give your immediate superior my message as soon as he arrives.
D. Gasping for breath, the wrestler could no longer fight back as he was pinned against the canvass.

5. A. I have finally come from the conclusion that politics is self-serving.

B. The men in uniform have recently been promised a raise in his salary.
C. Rudy and Lorna divided the winnings among the two of them.
D. Each of the stunning beauties who joined the Miss Universe pageant had winning poise and captivating charm.

6. A. If you were to choose your dream destination, where will you like it to be?
B. The learning mentors taught you how to synergize, didn’t they?
C. If he can only speak French, he would certainly accept the invitation.
D. Reckless drivers disobey traffic rules and regulations with imfunity.

7. A. The limbless guest, as well as his charming wife, have been the focus of local TV programs.
B. One of the most exciting portion in the program was the raffle draw.
C. Criminals, I can say, do not have high regards for human life.
D. Excellence does not imply perfection. It means giving your best and leaving the results to God.

8. A. A failure is one who easily give up and stop trying.

B. Many mother-in-laws have adversarial relations with their daughter-in-law.
C. According to the Psalmist, our life is like a passing shadow, gone too soon without a trace.
D. Our life is also a “mist that appear for a little while and then vanishes.”

9. A. People oftentimes turn to God only when they are at the lowest ebb of their life.
B. During spare time, my friends love to go swimming and to fish in a nearby river.
C. Elijah contented with the prophets of Baal who were idle worshippers.
D. Why did the witness vehemently refused to disclose all that he knew?

10. A. He is a highly-respected leader whose career has span more than four decades.
B. It is important to recognized the role played by sports in our learner’s overall development.
C. Scientific studies show that there is a positive correlation between work productivity and sports participation.
D. These activities has afforded them the opportunity to be refreshed mentally and physically.

11. A. The President have pressing matters to attend to so he cannot make it today.
B. Just as reading increases our brain power, so does exercising improve our physical well-being.
C. For our heroes, there is no love than the love for once native country.
D. We celebrate Independence Day to remember the struggles of the past and appreciate the liberty we presently
enjoyed.
12. A. Have you ever experience the pain and horror of war and invasion?
B. Youngsters today, instead of loving the country, dream of leaving the country.
C. Did you realize that the freedom we now enjoy was dip in the blood of our martyrs?
D. It is disheartening to witness the rise of young Filipinos unconcern and apathetic to our historical roots as a
nation.

13. A. We have a generation that has lost the appetite on reading.

B. Youngsters waste their time on unproductive activity like online games and social networking.
C. They turn to gadgets to tickle their eyes and not to books to tickle their sense of imagination.
D. Reading good books can tempered online addiction and can further enrich our minds.

14. A. Our standoff with another country portends danger to our ow sovereignty.
B. Our women’s resilience is an invaluable sources of strength in times of challenges.
C. The Filipino woman is known for their nurturing and care-giving qualities.
D. The man was overcame with emotions when he met his long-lost children.

15. A. The explosion of technological innovations have practically changed the way people think, study and live.

B. The social media have opened doors for citizens to take part in both national and international issues affected
their lives.
C. Netizens are online citizens who were more informed, perceptive and global-oriented.
D. The world with its opportunities that were once far-removed from us is now accessible in just a click of a
mouse.

16. A. Most overseas Filipino workers take on odd jobs that are way below their educational credentials.
B. They work abroad out of a sense of desperation because of the limitless opportunities in their own country.
C. To be global means that our skills and competence can compete with other nationalities in the international
arena.
D. Skills are developed and hone by practice and maximum engagement.

17. A. The ability to communicate proficiently in English is a must if one wants to work in abroad.
B. A person who can communicate better has the highest chances of succeeding and thriving in work over one
who cannot express himself.
C. Without character, competence may bred arrogance and confidence may bred pride.
D. Learning can take place in any situation whether or not there is a human teacher aided the learner.

18. A. Departures are often mark with a tinge of sadness.

B. You can rest assure that with your legacy, you will leave this institution in good hands.
C. The incoming Director possesses the qualifications to take the reigns of leadership.
D. Indeed, for any organization to succeed, cooperation among members is necessary.

19. A. We have not had a whiff of good news lately to lift our collective spirit from a sense of gloomed to celebration.
B. We have the rights to be indignant over unrighteousness, covetousness and greed.
C. We are bombarded nowadays with news accounts showcasing the erosion of values and moral decadence in
our society.
D. One’s educational attainment do not guarantee a sterling character in an individual.

20. A. We are just clays that can become honorable vessel to be used for noble purposes.
B. If you are surrounded with complainers, it is easy to become one yourself.
C. A happy public means a stabilize, peaceful and orderly society.
D. The only secret to quality life is to turned to the source of life himself.

ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

PART II. GRAMMAR & CORRECT USAGE

1. C

Choice A – Singular verbs are used for units of money. (i.e., One million pesos is paid…)

Choice B – Singular subjects joined by either or or neither nor agrees with a singular verb (Either blue or purple makes…)

Choice D – Anyone is a singular indefinite pronoun, and therefore agrees with singular verb. (Anyone… believes…)
2. B

Choice A – The subject is book which is singular. (The book… is…)

Choice C – The mother… was (not were)

Choice D – For subjects that contain fractions, the verb agrees with the noun referred to by the fraction. In the sentence, scholars is plural,
hence, the verb must be plural (come instead of comes).

3. D

Choice A – Either jogging or swimming improves (not improve)

Choice B – Watching… and surfing… make (not makes)

Choice C – Cramming… does (not do) not…

4. D

Choice A – It’s is a contraction of it is. The correct possessive pronoun is its.

Choice B – two-story establishment and not two-stories establishment

Choice C – Either kindly or please will do. Using both words in a sentence is redundant.

5. D

Choice A - … come to (not from) the conclusion…

Choice B – Error in pronoun – antecedent (a raise in their salary)

Choice C - … between (not among) the two of them

6. B

Choice A – If you were… where would you… (not will you)

Choice C – If he could (not can) only speak… he would certainly accept

Choice D – The correct word is impunity (not imfunity)

7. D
Choice A – The phrase, as well as his charming wife, does not affect the agreement between the subject (guest) and he verb. Hence, the correct
verb is has (and not have).

Choice B – Instead of portion, it should be portions

Choice C – It should be regard (which means respect) and not regards

8. C

Choice A – stops instead of stop. It should be consistent with the verb gives up which is singular.

Choice B – The word mother-in-laws does not exist; mothers-in-law does.

Choice D – Mist is singular hence the verb in the relative clause describing it should be singular as well. (i.e., mist that appears and not appear)

9. A

Choice B – Error in parallel structure; go swimming and go fishing (or to swim or to fish)

Choice C – The prophets of Baal were idol (not idle) worshippers.

Choice D – Error in verb form; did refuse (and not did refused)

10. C
Choice A - … career has spanned (not has span)

Choice B - …to recognize (not to recognized)

Choice D - … activities have (not has) afforded

11. B

Choice A – The President has (not have)…

Choice C - … love for one’s (not once) native country

Choice D - …presently enjoy (not enjoyed)

12. B

Choice A – Have you experienced (not have experience)…

Choice C - … freedom was dipped (not dip) in the blood …

Choice D – Filipinos unconcerned (not unconcern)…

13. C

Choice A - … appetite for (not on) reading

Choice B - … unproductive activities (not activity) like …

Choice D - …can temper (not tempered) …

14. A

Choice B – an invaluable source (not sources)

Choice C - … woman … for her (not their)

Choice D – was overcome (not overcame)

15. D

Choice A - …explosion … has (not have)…

Choice B – issues affecting (not affected)…

Choice C - …citizens who are (not were) more informed…

16. A

Choice B – because of the limited (not limitless)…

Choice C – competence may breed (not bred)…

Choice D - …teacher aiding (not aided) the learner.

17. A

Choice B - …has the higher (not highest) chances…

Choice C - …compete with those of other nationalities (not with other nationalities)…

Choice D - …are developed and honed (not hone)

18. D

Choice A – …often marked (not mark)

Choice B – …rest assured (not rest assure)

Choice C – …to take the reins (not reigns)

19. C

Choice A - … sense of gloom (not gloomed)…

Choice B - … have the right (not rights)…

Choice D - …attainment does (not do) not…

20. B

Choice A - … becomes honorable vessels (not vessel)

Choice C - … means a stabilized (not stabilize)

Choice D - … is to turn (not to turned) to…

1. Had I studied very well, I ___________ rewarded with vacation in the U.S.
A. Was C. Will be
B. Would have been D. Would be

2. When helping in the kitchen, I am always careful not to hurt _________________.

A. Ourselves C. Himself
B. Myself D. herself

3. Neither the teacher nor the students ________________ present in the affairs.
A. Were C. Am
B. Was D. is

4. My sister and I met an acquaintance of ____________ on the shopping mall.

A. Ours C. Mine
B. Us D. Ourselves

5. We admire ___________ when Cynthia speaks English fluently with _______________.

A. Him, them C. Her, us
B. Him, we D. Him, me
C.
6. On your trip to Tagaytay, if you chance upon Arsenio, please give __________ my warm regards.
A. Himself C. Him
B. Myself D. Me
7. The student’s request to re-set the test _____________ reasonable.
A. Were C. Are
B. Very D. Is

8. “My concept of inner peace came from my mother’s daily activities which I now recall with fondness and awe. She was full-time
housewife, wholly dependent on my father’s monthly salary. How she made both ends meet, guided us in our studies and did
small acts of charity on the side was beyond me.”

The mother’s financial resources are________________________.

A. More than enough C. Miserable
B. Abundant D. Limited
9. “The firgures must be TRANSMUTED in order to understand the grade.” The capitalized word means ______________________.
A. Estimated C. Surpassed
B. Changed D. Summed

10. Some preachers suggest the _____________ that the end of the world is near.
A. Proposal C. Prophecy
B. Prophetic D. Prophet

11. The courage of the child who saved his brother from a raging fire is worth _________________.
A. Emulating C. Narrating
B. Mentoring D. Watching

12. The expression of “baduy” connotes:

A. Uneducated C. Awkward looking
B. Low profile D. Smart

13. Several factors must be assessed to arrive at a sound ___________________.

A. Query C. Change
B. Decision D. Problem

14. “Because of PROFANITY the program was suspended from television.” The capitalized word means?
A. Obscenity C. Decency
B. History D. Falsehood

15. A story put together through an exchange of letter is called __________ literature.
A. Fiction C. Episodic
B. Epistolary D. Classic

16. What figure of speech is: “The Lord is my sheperd”

A. Simile C. Irony
B. Hyperbole D. Metaphor

17. What figure of speech is the following: “He is the black sheep of the family.”
A. Metaphor C. Alliteration
B. Simile D. Hyperbole

18. “Sturdy and strong, the Filipinos are like the molave” is _____________________.
A. Simile C. Metaphor
B. Irony D. Hyperbole

19. “She is a lovely rose” is ____________________.

A. Simile C. Irony
B. Hyperbole D. Metapor

20. “...it droppeth as a gentle rain from heaven” is what figure of speech?
A. Personification C. Hyperbole
B. Simile D. Metaphor

21. In William Shakespeare’s “Merchant of Venice,” Portia, the judge said: “The quality of mercy is not strained; it droppeth as the
gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath... It is twice blesst; it blesseth him that gives and him that takes. ‘Tis mighter than
the mightiest... and one is likened to God when mercy seasons justice.”
The main thought of the excerpt it that ___________________
A. Mercy is only for deserving
B. Mercy is limited in extent
C. Mercy is spontaneous and freely given.
Mercy comes from the rain.

22. Though nothing can bring back

The hour of splendor in the glass,
Of glory in the flower,
We will grieve not,
Rather find strength in what remains behind.

This stanza expresses _________________________.

A. Grief C. Loss
 B. Hope D. Despair

23. Cognitive skills are not easily observable because they are ________________.
A. Overt C. Hidden
B. Psychological D. Mental

24. The celebrated play of William Shakespeare about two ill-starred who come from warring families.
A. Romeo and Juliet C. Anthony and Cleopatra
B. Hamlet and Ophelia D. Ana and the King

25. Who is the father of Modern Psychology?

A. Watson C. Thorndike
B. Skinner D. Wundt

26. Famous sculptor of landmark structures.

A. Jacinto C. Castrillo
B. Manansala D. Cuevas

27. What is the lowest form of learning?

A. Perceiving C. Conditioning
B. Responding D. Teaching

28. Which of the following is the study of human behavior?

A. Philosphy C. Psychology
B. Morality D. Ethics

29. The Filipinos are deeply religious; however, sometimes this religiousity instills the NEGATIVE attitude of_____________________.
A. Social responsibility to participate in the development of the society.
B. Resignation and ends up into doing nothing to improve one’s condition.
C. Total surrender to God in times of helplessness is best.
D. God who is omnipotent and omniscient will allow what is best.

30. Which of the following statements is true about textbook laid on the table?
A. No force is acting on it.
B. The textbook undergoes acceleration.
C. The sum of the forces acting upon it is zero.
D. The textbook undergoes deceleration.

31. Analects which are short and witty sayings that treat of moral values and good human relation, are attributed to:
A. Mao Tze Tung C. Mencius
B. Confucious D. Lao-Tzu

32. Which of the following is an artistic tradition that seeks to revive past glory in various forms?
A. Antique C. Contemporary
B. Modern D. Classical

33. What is the application of the principles of theories of human behavior in teaching and learning?
A. Educational theory C. Educational psychology
B. Educational philosophy D. Educational sociology

34. “I am a retired public school teacher. As a teacher, I was branded as a terror in school. The pupils dreaded the day they would
enter my class. Little did they know that behind my unpopular facade was a heart full of compassion. But how did I earn this
moniker? I did not tolerate dirty pupils in my class. I wanter them to know that clealiness of body was good for their health. I
inspected their teeth, nails, footwear, handkerchief, clothes, ears, noses and hair.”

The public school teacher gives much importance to her pupils’ _________________________.
A. Cleanliness C. Absence
B. Study D. Posture

35. Considering the “tayo-tayo” mentality of the Filipinos, one goal for CHANGE that should be worked on is to develop
_____________________.
A. A sense of common good. C. “Pakikisama”
B. A sense of national pride. D. The habits of discipline and hard work

36. Who is the proponent of the arena theater?

 A. Carpio C. Montano
B. Tinio D. Avellana

37. She is known for the love sonnets she wrote.

A. Paz Marquez Benitez C. Gilda Cordero Fernando
B. Edith Trempo D. Ophelia Dimalanta

38. What is a collection of Indian sacred hymns?

A. Rig Veda C. Upanishad
B. Mahabharata D. Ramayana

39. Which is NOT characteristic of people with a strong sense of self-efficacy?

A. View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered.
B. Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointements.
C. Avoid challenging tasks.
D. Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they participate.

40. Who is the first mythical geographer who was recognized due to his vivid descriptions of lands and people encountered by his
hero Ulysses?
A. Virgil C. Homer
B. Plato D. Cicero

41. Haiku is traditional Japanese poems consisting of ___________________.

A. Eight lines ending in rhyming couplet with death as topic.
B. Lines of poetry in free verse with ordinary things as topic.
C. Three lines totalling 17 syllables with nature as topic.
D. Four lines that rhyme with love as topic.

42. This Filipino writer in English who used Hispanic Filipino culture and traditions in his fiction works.
A. Edilberto Tiempo C. Sionil Jose
B. Nick Joaquin D. Jose Garcia Villa

43. Who is the famous composer from Angono who is also a national artist?
A. Buenaventura C. San Pedro
B. Cenizal D. Cayabyab

44. Which among the following is the part of the newspaper where you can see the opinions of people?
A. Classified Section C. Headline
B. Obituary D. Editorial Section

SOCIAL SCIENCE

45. Which best describes the division of the legislature into the Senate and the House of Representatives?
A. Bicameralism C. Unicameralism
B. Bipartisanship D. Co-legislative powers

46. Who was the last Spanish Governal-General of the Philippines?

A. Ramon Blanco C. Basilio Agustin
B. Diego de los Rios D. Fermin Jaudenes

47. Which demonstrates interconnectedness between social and environmental injustice?

A. Industrialized countries’ toxic disposed to poorer countries.
B. Temperature warming and rise of sea level.
C. Desertification of verdant regions.
D. Extinction of rare animal species.

48. Participation in governance, including the right to vote and seek public office is secured within the citizenry’s ________________.
A. Political rights C. Socio-civic rights
B. Right of suffrage D. Right to due process

49. Participation in governance, including the right to vote and seek public office is secured within the citizenry’s
___________________.
A. Right to due process C. political rights
B. Socio-civic rights D. right of suffrage
50. Tax imposed on all employed and practicing professionals
A. Income tax C. Community tax
B. Reas estate tax D. Inheritance tax

51. Which policy of the state provides preferential attention to the welfare of the less fortunate members of the Philippines society?
A. Social justice C. Distributive justice
B. Criminal justice D. Bill of rights

52. What is the possible consequence of meritocracy in a social system?

A. Rule by the wealthy and powerful.
B. Leadership by people of talent.
C. Culture of elitism.
D. Rule by those with noble birth.

53. Which constitutional safeguard prevents one branch of government from becoming powerful or abusive?
A. Impeachment C. Check and Balance
B. Ombudsman D. Laissez Fair

54. What is the predominant characteristic of eastern religion?

A. Optimism C. Mysticism
B. Secularism D. Pessimism

55. What economic policy in 16th century in Europe influenced Spain’s expansionist policy to discover new lands?
A. Spice-trading C. Mercantilism
B. Capitalism D. Colonialism

56. The righ invoked in the “writ of habeas data” is ________________________.

A. The right to information privacy.
B. Right to gather information data.
C. The right to search for information.
D. Right to transmit data.

57. Whose philosphy advocate the use of reason in understanding the existence of God?
A. St. Benedict C. St. John
B. St. Peter D. St. Thomas Aquinas

58. Which is a check on the executive department by the judiciary in the principle check and balance among branches of the
government?
A. Impeachment of the Chief of Justice of the Supreme Court.
B. Determining the salary of the Presiden and Vice-President.
C. Declaring a legislative measure unconsitutional.
D. Declaring an act of the President unconstitutional.

59. Which is the fundamental law of the land?

A. Bill of Rights C. Civil Criminal Code
B. Constitution D. Ten Commandments

60. Gregoria de Jesus saw her husband ________ charge for treason by fellow Filipinos who have formed the Philippine Revolutionary
force to fight Spain.
A. Marcelo H. Del Pilar C. Andres Bonifacio
B. Emilio Aguinaldo D. Jose Rizal

61. What did Nelson Mandela mean to South African and the rest of thw world? He gave up armed struggle and chose the peaceful
way to freedom.

Nelson Mandela is a world leader who is a model of _________________.

A. Black supremacy C. Non-violence
B. Armed struggle D. Imprisonment

62. Which band played the Marcha Nacional Filipino of the national anthem on June 12,
1898 during the declaration of Philippine Independence?
A. Pangkat Kawayan ng Pateros C. Malabon Band
B. Kawit Cavite Band D. San Franciscodel Monte Band

63. Agency tasked to nurture Philippine Arts

A. NBI C. NCAA
 B. CCP D. NCCA

64. The ultimate objective of the comprehensive Agrarian Reform is:

A. Abolish share tenancy in favor of lease tenancy.
B. Distribute all arable lands to the landless.
C. Establish once cultivated land.

D. Ensure the cultivation of an idle lands.

65. Which was the first labour union in the country founded by Isabelop de los Reyes on July 1901?
A. Association of the Philippine Labor
B. Union Obrera Democratica
C. Union Trabajadores de Filipinos
D. Association de Compania Tabacalera

66. Through the Galleon Trade (1565-1815), the Philippines had extended contacts with ________.
A. Spain C. China
B. Spice Island D. Mexico

67. How many days are needed after which an enrolled bill becomes a law?
A. 75 days C. 60 days
B. 90 days D. 30 days

68. What law passed on August 1909 by the U.S. Congress established a partial free trade in the Philippines?
A. Bell Trace C. Treaty on General Relations
B. Payne-Aldrich Act D. Underwood-Simmons Act

69. In a martriarchal family which family member plays the leading role?
A. Grandmother C. Oldest sister
B. Mother D. Aunt

70. Who was the Spanish mestizo priest who first led the native secular clergy in the Secularization Movement in 1861?
A. Father Jacinto Zamora C. Father Pedro Pelaez
B. Father Gregorio Aglipay D. Father Jose Burgos

71. What was the term given by Marcelo H. De Pilar to hidden control and domination by Spanish religious priests over the colonial
government?
A. Pase region C. Complace
B. Las suerte partidas D. Frailocracia

72. While authority should be respected, its opinion may be an error. Which of the following represents a better/more certain avenua
to the truth?
A. Replication (repeat and check) C. Overgeneralization
B. Selective observation D. Fallacious reasoning

73. Who is known as the “Father of the Local Government Code”?

A. Joey Lina C. Jovito Salonga
B. Joseph Estrada D. Aquilino Pimental

74. Who was the first editor of La Solidaridad, and an orator of the Reform Movement?
A. Juan Luna C. Jose Rizal
B. Graciano Lopez Jaena D. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

75. The Philippines is the only ___________ country in the world.

A. Communist C. Christian
B. Buddhist D. Muslim

76. In social trends, how do you call those who are for the revival of the classics?
A. Existentialists C. Humanist
B. Rationalists D. Reformists

77. What happens to a good action when it is perform on account of an evil motive?
A. It becomes good C. It becomes morally good
B. It becomes evil D. It becomes an amoral act
78. The tax required to be paid annually by all adult citizens of the Philippines is the ______________.
A. Community tax C. real estate tax
B. Income tax D. Inheritance tax

79. The fundamental right invoked by filling the “writ of amparo” is ________________.
A. The right to due process
B. The right to self-defense
C. The right to be defended by a public attorney
D. The right to life, liberty and security

80. What is one of the man-made wonders of the Philippines?

A. Rice terraces C. Manila Bay
B. Mount Makiling D. Taal Volcano

81. As a Social Science teacher which should Teacher Nora avoid?

A. Abreast with all the other issues C. Facilitator of learning
B. Appreciative of change D. As a sage on the stage

82. Governor General Narciso Claveria was responsible for the ________________.
A. Abolition of the Galleon Trade
B. Establishment of the Tobacco Monopoly
C. Use of Spanish surname by Filipinos
D. Establishment of the Galleon Trade

83. Whose philosophy gives prominence to faith in understanding the existence of God?
A. St. Benedict C. St. Augustine
B. St. Peter D. St. John

84. Who among the following Filipino statesmen was the most vocal to speak against the country’s foreign policy of close association
with Americans?
A. Claro M. Recto C. Cayetano Arellano
B. Manuel Luis Quezon D. Jose P. Laurel

85. Of the seven continents comprising continues land mass surrounded by big bodies of water, the biggest (30.1 percent of the earth)
is ______________?
A. Asia C. Europe
B. Australia D. Northern America

86. Civilization is where large ideas and tools, as well as human settlements flourished. Where do historians say civilization had first
been born?
A. China C. Egypt
B. Middle East D. Jordan

87. Which is the largest country in Asia?

A. China C. Japan
B. Philippines D. Thailand

88. What was the power to set aside certain by the Kingdom of Spain to the Governor-General of the Philippines?

A. Veto power C. Conditioned Power

B. Condign Power D. Compensatory power

89. What best describes the form of government of England with its parliament, a prime minister, and a queen (or king)?
A. Constitutional monarchy C. Ethnocracy
B. Anarchism D. Demarchy

90. Who was the revolutionary leader who refused to surrender to the Americans even after General Malvar’s surrender, and
declared himself President and Commander-in-Chief of the Supreme Government of the Tagalog Archipelago?
A. Julian Montalan C. Licerio Geronimo
B. Macario Sakay D. Artemio Ricarte

91. Which religious missionaries first arrived in the Philippines?

A. Dominicans C. Jesults
B. Franciscan D. Augustinians

92. Who were the aboriginal settlers in the islands, prior to succeeding migrants who crossed the seas from the Southern Philippines?
 A. Sumatians C. Borneans
B. Malayans D. Negritos

93. What religious institution is the only living remnant of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 today?
A. Philippines Independent Church
B. Roman Catholic Church
C. Unitarian Church of the Philippines
D. United Church of the Philippines

SCIENCE

94. The Philippines lies in the ____________, an area where many volcanoes are active.
A. Archipelagic fault line C. Wheel of fire
B. Ring of fire D. volcanic rim

95. The energy source which is abundant in the Philippines but still not fully developed is the?
A. Gas C. Sea
B. Sun D. Mineral

96. Which is an example of a non-pathogenic microorganism?

A. Palsmodium falciparum C. Probiotics such as bifidobacteria
B. Influenza sp. D. Yersinia pestis

97. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are types of

A. Proteins C. Nucleotides
B. Lipids D. Carbohydrates

98. Air like food and water is an essentail element in human existence. Carried by the wind, polluted air called ______ falls to earth
poisoning fish and destroying vegetation.
A. El Niño C. La Niña
B. Greenhouse rain D. Acid rain

99. What are the components of a fungal cell wall?

A. Chitin, proteins and sugar C. lipids, proteins and sugars
B. Nucleic acids, proteins and sugars D. Cellular and proteins

100. What is the molecule that allows plants to capture energy from sunlight?
A. Carbohydrates C. ATP
B. Chlorophyll D. Oxygen

101. What will happen to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?

A. The plant cell will develop a thickened cell wall.
B. The plant cell will shrivel.
C. No effect on the plant cell.
D. The plant cell will swell.

102. An ant colony stores food in the summer, defends itself by stinging enemies and invades a competing ant colony and steals larvae
and use them as new workers. What is the term to best describe how this species copes with everyday life?
A. Ecological defeat C. Ecological success
B. Environmental habitation D. Ecological niche

103. What are the thin structure essential for cytokinesis, amoeboid movement and changes in cell shape?
A. Myosin filaments C. Monofilaments
B. Pseudo filaments D. Microfilaments

104. A toothpick can sit on the surface of water due to _________________.

A. Surface tension C. Atmospheric pressure
B. Buoyancy D. Viscosity

105. In a flame test, the presence of boron in a solution is evident by what color of flame?
A. Bright green C. Brick red
B. Gold D. Lilac

106. Which is true of metalloids?

A. Conduct heat and electricity less effectively than non-metal.
 B. Conduct heat and electricity better than metals.
C. Conduct heat better than metals.
D. Have properties of both metals an non-metals.

107. What are the hormones responsible for plant growth, promoting auxillary bud growth and apical dominance?
A. Auxins and Gibberellins C. Auxins and abscisate
B. Cytokinins and Gibberellins D. Cytokinins and auxins

108. Which of the following is the CORRECT name for the compound MnF3?
A. Manganese flouride (III) C. Manganese (III) flouride
B. Manganese (I) flouride (III) D. Manganese (III) flouride (III)

109. Which of the following is a heterotrophe?

A. Algae C. Grasshopper
B. Fern D. Moss

110. Polysaccharides, triglycerides, polypeptides and nucleic acids are classified as _______.
A. Carbohydrates C. Phopholipids
B. Acids and bases D. Macromolecular

111. Which of the following is a measure of pressure, defines as one newton per square meter?
A. Pascal C. Milliliter

B. Atomic Units D. Poise

112. A metric carat ia a unit of mass for measuring gemstones. It is equivalent to ________.
A. 1, 000 mg C. 2 kg
B. 200 mg D. 100 mg

113. Kingdom plante includes which organisms?

A. Prokaryotes C. Magnoliidae
B. Fungi D. Protozoa

114. Science provides knowledge through disciplined observation. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of scientific assertion?
A. Logic and validity C. Conformity with actual observation
B. Empirical support D. Hearsay

115. Damage to DNA that is not repaired and then replicated can result in genetic disorders.
A. Mutation C. Embryology
B. Pathology D. Speciation

116. What organism would most likely be in an arctic environment?

A. Crocodile C. Turtle
B. Walrus D. Maya Bird

117. How are bats able to navigate in the dark without bumping into anything?
A. They emit sound waves whose returning vibrations can detect the presence of objects
B. They are able to fluoresce in the dark
C. They have supersonic eyesight
D. They can disappear

118. This demonstrated the feeding connections between all life forms.
A. Nutrition cycles C. Fossil cycl
B. Biochemical pathways D. Food web

119. One instance of taking away the life of another person without due process is ____________.
A. Euthanasia C. capital punishment
B. Salvaging D. suicide

120. A species of fish lived in a lake. When a dam was constructed in the area a group of fish was separated and populated a new pond.
They then developed differing characteristics and became a distinct species. Which of the following concepts explain this
speciation?
A. Geographical isolation C. Episodic isolation
B. Chronotropic isolation D. Behavioral isolation

121. The protein shell of a virus is called____________.

 A. Capsid C. Virions
B. lambda bacteriophage D. Capsomeres

122. Air, flood and water are essential elements in human existence. Carried by the wind, polluted air called ________________falls to
earth poisoning fish and destroying vegetation.
A. La Nina C. Greenhouse rain
B. El Nino D. Acid rain

123. In the pacific area, a storm is called _____________.

A. Hurricane C. Typhoon
B. El Nino D. La Nina

124. When the North Pole is tilted towards the sun, it is summer and when the sun shines all the time both day and night, what is this
called?
A. Twilight sun C. Summer light
B. Northern Light D. Midnight Sun

125. The Kyoto protocol, which requires countries to reduce greenhouse emission, is a practice that advocates _________.
A. Environmental protection C. Ecological destruction
B. Sustainable potential D. Forest Demolition

126. Ecosystem is the relationship between the physical and biological environments in a certain plain. Among desert ecosystems, the
world’s largest ecosystem is ______________.
A. Sahara C. Tian shan
B. Sonoran D. Namib

MATH

127. In an English test, eight students obtained the following scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 16, 24, 12, 14. What is the median score?
A. 14 C. 15. 5
B. 14. 5 D. 15

128. Find the least common multiple of 5, 2, 7

A. 35 C. 15
B. 140 D. 70

129. A Toyota car travelling at a rate of 70 km per hour leaves the house 2 hours after a Kia car has left and overtakes it. In 5 hours at
what rate was the Kia car travelling?
A. 30 kilometers per hour C. 20 kilometers per hour
B. 50 kilometers per hour D. 40 kilometers per hour

130. If the average or arithmetic mean of x and -5 is 10, then what must be the value of x?
A. 15 C. 30
B. 25 D. 20

131. Which of the following gives the numerical value of the population?
A. Range C. Parameter
B. Statistics D. Variable

132. The grades in Mathematics of students in section A are as follows: 80, 75, 60, 95, 100. What is the population variance of their
group?
A. 230 C. 264
B. 270 D. 224 – NO ANSWER : 206

133. Which among measures of central tendency is not influenced by outliers?

A. Mode C. Weighted mean
B. Mean D. Median

134. If a die is rolled, what is the probability of getting a number described by 2?

A. ½ C. ¼
B. 1/3 D. 1/6

135. If a student has an average of 76 % on his first two tests and has an average of 85 % on the next four
 tests, what is the final average on all six tests?
A. 82. 0 % C. 80. 5 %
B. 82. 5 % D. 81. 3 %

136. In the example of 10 to the 5th power + 6x the exponent is ____________________.

A. y C. 6
B. 5 D. 10

137. Simplify: 6 – [3 – (-4) + 11 + 8]

A. -26 C. 26
B. 20 D. -20

138. Simplify: [(3x – 12) / (3x)] divided by (x – 4)

A. 3x C. x
B. X – 4 D. 1/x

139. In an English test, eight students obtained the following scores: 12, 10, 13, 11, 15, 20, 19, 17. What is the median score?
A. 14 C. 17
B. 16.5 D. 15.5

140. Simplify (3x – 9) / (x2 – 9)

A. 3 / (x – 3) C. 3 / (x + 1)
B. 3 / (x + 3) D. 3 / (x – 1)

141. What are the prime factors of 120?

A. 2 x 2 x 2 x 6 x 5 C. 2 x 3 x 4 x 5
B. 2 x 4 x 3 x 5 D. 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5

142. What is the least common multiple of 12 and 60?

A. 340 C. 120
B. 140 D. 360

143. The least common Multiple (LCM) of 2, 3 and 4 is ______.

A. 13 C. 24
B. 14 D. 12

144. Simplify (x2 – Y 2 ) / ( x + y)

A. y – x C. –x - -y
B. X – y D. –x + y

145. Simplify 3(x – 4y) – (4y – 3x) – (2x + y)

A. 4x + 17y C. 4x – 17y
B. -4x + 17y D. -4 – 17y

146. The sum of the sides of a polygon is the __________.

A. Area C. legs
B. Volume D. perimeter

147. The altitude of a triangle is 5 meters and the base is 20 meters. What is the area of the triangle?
A. 50 square meters C. 20 square meters
B. 60 square meters D. 24 square meters

148. A rectangular block of steel has dimensions of 5 meters x 10 meters x 15 meters and weights 1000 N. How should this block be
placed on a surface to exert the least pressure on the surface?

A. On the 5 meters by 10 meters side. C. On the 5 meters by 15 meters side.

B. All sides have equal pressure. D. On the 10 meters by 15 meters side.

149. The measure of an angle is 25 more than its supplement. What is the measure of the larger angle?
A. 110. 5 degrees C. 102. 5 degrees
B. 95. 5 degrees D. 77. 5 degrees

150. In how many ways can 5 girls be seated in a row of 5 seats?

A. 95 C. 105
B. 120 D. 100
 151. What percent of 75 is 15?
A. 20% C.38%
B. 30% D. 40%

152. How long will it take A and B together, to finish a job which can be done by A alone in 6 days and be alone in 3 days?
A. 2 1 2 days C. 3 days
B. 2 days D. 3 ½ days

153. Guzman Company manufactures beds. In its catalogue, a double bed is priced at P5,000.00 less a discount to the trade of 20%.
What will Rosan Departments Store have to pay for the bed?
A. P4,000.00 C. P4, 000. 00
B. P4,500. 00 D. P4,980. 00

154. A receipt calls for 2 eggs for every cup of flour. If a head chef uses 28 cups of flour, how many eggs will he need?
A. 56 eggs C. 65 eggs
B. 14 eggs D.55 eggs

155. What is the total amount after adding interest of 8% on P10,000.00 for 3 years?
A. P12,400.00 C. P13,400. 00
B. P11, 000. 00 D. P15, 000. 00

156. The fraction halfway between 3/7 and 4/7 is ________________.

A. ½ C. ¼
B. 1/3 D. 1/8

157. The slope of a line described by the equation 3x = (y + 4) 2 is ___________________.

A. 6 C. 4
B. 3 IF / 2 NOT x2 (3/2) D. 8

158. It can be used to show the progress in academic grades over four quarters.
A. Circle graph C. Pie graph
B. Line graph D. Bar graph

159. It illustrates how a portion of the data relates with the whole.
A. Line graph C. Bar Graph
B. Pie graph D. Area diagram

ICT

160. Activities connected by a computer system is described as ____________________.

A. Virtual C. Network
B. Distance D. Online

161. Which symbol is used to open a document?

A. Ctrl + V C. Ctrl + D
B. Ctrl + S D. Ctrl + O

162. Messages are easily transported anywhere in the world through the _____________.
A. E-shopping C. E-mail
B. E-registry D. E-learning

163. ALT is the symbol for ________________

A. Back space C. Enter key
B. Alter key D. Control key

164. Which of the following is not an input device?

A. Keyboard C. Monitor
B. Mouse D. Gaming Application

FILIPINO

165. Pillin and angkop pagpapakahulugan: Bilang at sukat kung mangusap ang dalaga.
A. Mahirap unawain C. Madaldal
B. Mahina and boses D. Maingat
166. Ito ay pagbasa ng pansamatala of di palagian. Ginagawa ito kung nais magpalipas ng oras.
A. Scanning C. Kaswal
B. Pre-viewing D. Masusi

167. Isang paraan ng pagkuha ng datos na ginagamitan ng sunod-sunod na tatlong tuldok para ipakita na may mga bahaging hindi na
sinipi sa talata.
A. Ellipsis C. Synopsis
B. Abstrak D. Sintesis

168. Uri ng sanaysay na pangkaraniwan ang paksa, waring nakikipag-usap lamang.

A. Malikhain C. Masining
B. Malaya D. Maanyo

169. Nagpapahayag na ang wika ay nauunawaan ng lahat at napagkasunduan ng isang lahi/pangkat.

A. Dinamiko C. Arbitrary
B. Likas D. Masistema

170. Ano ang bantas na ginagamit sa pagitan ng panlaping ika at tambilang?

A. Gitling C. Panaklong
B. Tuldok D. Kuwit

171. Isang uri ng pamahayagan na nag-uulat ng mga tunay na pangyayari batay sa pag-aaral, pananaliksik, o pakikipanayam at sinusulat
sa paraang kawili-wili ay ________________.
A. Pangulong tudling C. Lathalain
B. Kumento D. Editoryal

172. Kapapasok pa lang nya sa silid. Ang pandiwa sa pangungusap ay nasa aspetong _____________.
A. Imperpektibo C. Pangnagdaan
B. Kontimplatibo D. Perpektibo

173. Katangian ng mahusay na mananaliksik na marunong tumanggap ng kritisismo para sa ikagaganda ng pananaliksik.
A. Malikhain C. Maparaan
B. Bukas ang isipan D. Marunong tumanggi

174. Ibigay ang angkop na damdaming napapaloob sa “Bakit gabi na ay di pa sya dumarating?”
A. Pagkatuwa C. Pagkatakot
B. Pagkapoot D. Pagkagalit

175. Sistematikong paglalarawan ng mga datos na estatistika.

A. Talahanayan C. Balangkas
B. Grap D. Mapa

176. Pag-aaral ng mga tuntunin kung paano inaayos ang mga salita sa loob ng pangungusap.
A. Semantika C. Pragmatika
B. Syntax D. Ortograpiya

177. Pangungusap na tumutukoy sa pangyayaring pangkalikasan o pangkapaligiran.

A. Temporal C. Penomenal
B. Eksistensyal D. Modal

178. Orihinal: Mother cooked adobo for kuya Manuel. Salin: Si nanay ay nagluto ng adobo para kay kuya Manuel. Ito ay pagsasaling?
A. Adaptasyon C. Idyomatiko
B. Malaya D. Literal

179. Tumutukoy ito sa bilang ng pantig sa bawat taludtod ng tula.

A. Talinghaga C. Tugma
B. Kariktan D. Sukat

180. Sa anong bahagi ng pananaliksik matatagpuan ang mga lugar at babasahing mapagkukunan ng mga literatura at pag-aaral?
A. Kabanata V C. Kabanata I
B. Kabanata IV D. Kabanata II

181. Ang wastong kahulugan ng: The present problem is only a storm in a teacup.
A. May galit C. Matagumpay
B. Bale-wala D. Buong puso
182. Pinakapayak na anyo ng salita na walang kahalong panlapi.
A. Gitlapi C. Salitang ugat
B. Ponema D. Laguhan

183. Nagpapahayag lebel ng wika na impormal na nalikha at nabuo sa pagsasama-sama ng mga salitang pinaikli o pinahaba.
A. Kolokyal C. Pampanitikan
B. Lalawigan D. Balbal

184. Uri ng panghalip na ginagamit na panturo sa mga bagay.

A. Palagyo C. Pamaklaw
B. Pamatlig D. Palayon

185. Uri ng pagbabagong morponemiko na gumagamit ng pagpapalit ng posisyon ng ponema sa salita.

A. Asimilasyon C. Pagkaltas
B. Paglapi D. Metatesis

186. Alin sa mga sumusunod ang di-mahalagang salik sa pagtatalumpati?

A. Okasyon C. Pagyayabang
B. Paksa D. Tagapakinig

187. Ang pariralang nalaglag-nahulog ay nagpapakahulugan ng _________________.

A. Magakahawig C. Magkapares
B. Idyoma D. Magkasalungat

188. Sa pangungusap na “Malakas ang boses mo,” ang salitang malakas ay isang ________.
A. Pangatnig C. Pang-uri
B. Panghalip D. pandiwa

189. Anu ang salitang ugat ng PINAGLABANAN?

A. Laban C. Labanan
B. Ilaban D. Paglaban

190. Ito ang rutang dinaraanan ng mensahe ng tagapagsalita.

A. Participant C. konteksto
B. Tsanel D. Pdbak

191. Kalabang mortal ng pakikinig.

A. Ingay C. Oras
B. Okasyon D. Salita

192. Paraan ng pagbuo ng salita na ginagamitan ng tatlong uri ng panlapi.

A. Kabilaan C. Inunlapian
B. Laguhan D. Hinulapian

193. Isang uri ng pamamatnubay kung saan ang mga reporter ay lumilihis sa pamatnubay; lumilikha sila ng sariling paraan sa mga
gawaing pag-ulat.
A. Kombensyunal C. Masining
B. Masaklaw D. Di-kombensyunal

194. Ang pagpapalitan ng mga ideya, opinion, salaysay sa pamamagitan ng mga sagisag ay tinatawag na _____.
A. Pagtuklas C. paglalahad
B. Pakikinig D. talastasan

195. Uri ng pagsulat na ang pokus ay ang imahinasyon ng manunulat upang pukawin ang damdamin.
A. Jornalistik C. malikhain
B. Akademiko D. teknika

196. Piliin and salitang walang diptonggo.

A. Musika C. kasuy
B. Bahay D. Sisiw

197. Nakapandidiri ang asong kalye na _______.

A. Dumihan C. madumi
B. Ma-dumi D. dumumi

198. Alin sa mga sumusunod ang di-mahalagang salik sa pagtatalumpati?

 A. Paksa C. Tagapakinig+A+A
B. Okasyon D. Pagyayabang

199. Ang simbolong kumakatawan sa mga bagay at mga pangungusap nais ipahayag ng tao sa kanyang kapwa ay
A. Wika C. bokabolaryo
B. Sining D. tunog

200. Ang mga salitang teka, saan, tena, dali ay nagtataglay ng

A. Asimilasyon C. Tono
B. Metatesis D. Pagkaltas+A
18. A 54. A 90. B 126. A 162. C
19. D 55. C 91. D 127. B 163. B
20. B 56. A 92. D 128. D 164. D
21. C 57. D 93. A 129. D 165. D
22. B 58. D 94. B 130. B 166. C
23. D 59. B 95. A 131. C 167. A
24. A 60. C 96. C 132. D 168. B
25. D 61. C 97. D 133. A 169. C
26. C 62. C 98. D 134. D 170. A
27. A 63. D 99. A 135. A 171. C
28. C 64. B 100. B 136. B 172. C
29. B 65. B 101. D 137. D 173. B
30. C 66. D 102. D 138. D 174. C
31. B 67. D 103. B 139. A 175. B
32. D 68. B 104. A 140. B 176. B
33. C 69. B 105. A 141. D 177. C
34. A 70. C 106. D 142. C 178. D
35. A 71. D 107. D 143. D 179. D
36. C 72. A 108. C 144. B 180. D
1. B 37. D 73. D 109. C 145. C 181. B
2. B 38. A 74. B 110. D 146. D 182. C
3. A 39. C 75. C 111. A 147. A 183. D
4. A 40. C 76. C 112. B 148. B 184. B
5. C 41. C 77. B 113. C 149. C 185. D
6. C 42. B 78. A 114. D 150. B 186. C
7. D 43. C 79. D 115. A 151. A 187. A
8. D 44. D 80. A 116. B 152. B 188. C
9. B 45. A 81. D 117. A 153. A 189. A
10. C 46. B 82. C 118. D 154. A 190. B
11. A 47. A 83. C 119. B 155. A 191. A
12. C 48. A 84. A 120. A 156. A 192. B
13. B 49. C 85. A 121. A 157. B 193. D
14. A 50. A 86. B 122. D 158. B 194. D
15. B 51. A 87. A 123. C 159. B 195. C
16. D 52. B 88. A 124. D 160. C 196. A
17. A 53. C 89. A 125. A 161. D 197. C
198. D
199. A
200. D