Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad: (Department of Secondary Teacher Education)

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
(Department of secondary teacher education)
ASSIHNMENT NO.1
Roll no:
PROGAM: B.ed ½ years
Course: Professional in teaching (8614)
Semester: autumn, 2020

Q1. Describe level of measurement. Give five examples of each level and explain
the role of level of measurement in decision-making.
Level of measurement:
There are different levels of measurement in statistic to

measure quantitative and qualitative data. Level of measurement describes the
relationship among data and their values. We simply use the numbers as shorter
placeholders for the lengthier text terms. They are given following.
1. Nominal scale
2. Ordinal scale
3. Interval scale
4. Rational scale
Nominal scale:
It is a kind of level of measurement which is used to measure the

numerical values “name” of attribute uniquely. For example,
1. Gender (male and female)

2. Political preference (good and bad)
3. place of residence (Lahore and Gwader),
4. Hair colors (black and brown)
5. Room size ( small and big)
Ordinal scale:
It refers that the variables or attributes are ranked while

measuring data. For instance,
1. Economic status (low income and high)

2. Education level ( BS and BA)
3. Income level ( less than 50 or over 100)
4. Satisfaction level ( very unsatisfied or very satisfied)
5. Learning power ( low, high , very low , very high)
Interval scale:
It is a level of measurement which is used to differences of two

values or attributes. For example,
1. Temperature of weather
2. Calendar years and time
3. Matrix table uses in interval scale
4. Age ( child, 1, 4, 6)
5. Grade ( A,60 to 70 and A+ 75 to 100)
Rational scale:
It is a quantitative scale which measures absolute and zero

fraction of variable. For instance,
1. Taxes to GDP ratio is 10%.

2. 5 feet
3. 8 inches
4. 50 kilograms
5. Three degree centigrade
Role of measurement in decision making:
The level of measurements help us

to find out a conclusion of our data, which we analysis through different level of
measurement. Such as, nominal and ordinal are used for low level of judgment.
Q2. Differentiate between primary and secondary data. Give meaningful

examples with explanation.
Primary data:
It is a data which is collected by a researcher the research and

project. For instance, a cause of population which a govt collects is called primary
data.
Secondary data:
It is a sort of data which is already existed in various forms. She

as a person conducted a research and published on different places. She gets help
from that document to add new information ideas to research project.
Q3: Explain advantages and disadvantages of bar charts and scatter plot.
Bar charts:
It is a graphical representation which is used to display and compares

value each other’s. Data easily creates and interprets in bar charts.
Advantages:
1. It shows data in frequency distribution.
2. It displays number in multiples categories.
3. It gives ideas than a table.
4. It can be made suitably and accurately.
Disadvantages:
1. Bar charts require extra explanation.
2. They do not show key assumption cause and impacts.
3. It often gives false impressions
Scatter plot:
A scatter plot is used to measure data how one variable is affected by

another variable.
Advantages:
1. It shows nonlinear pattern.
2. It ranges data from maximum and minimum.
3. It shows correlation between two variables.
4. Reading and observation are straightforward.
Disadvantages:
1. It does not give content of correlation.
2. It does not show more relationship than two variables.
3. It only shows qualitative expression and it does not display

quantitative measurement.
Q4: Explain normal distribution. How does normality of data affect the analysis
of data?
Normal distribution:
Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian

distribution, is a probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean,
showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far
from the mean. In graph form, normal distribution will appear as bell curve. A
normal distribution is the proper term for a probability bell curve. In a normal
distribution the mean is zero and the standard deviation is 1. It has zero skew and
a kurtosis of 3. Normal distribution is symmetrical, but not all symmetrical
distribution is normal. In reality, most pricing distributions are not perfectly
normal.
A normal curve has following properties:
1. The mean, median or mode is equal.

2. The curve is symmetric at the center (i.e. around the mean)
3. Exactly half of the values are to the left of the center and half to the right.
How does normality of data affect the analysis of data?

Normal distribution is the most important probability distribution in
statistics because it fits many natural phenomena. For example, heights, blood
pressure, measurement error, and IQ scores follow the normal distribution.
Q.5 How is mean different from median? Explain the role of level of
measurement in measure of central tendency.
How is mean different from median?
Mean:
Mean is most commonly used measure in educational research. It is

appropriate for describing ratio of internal data. It can also be used for both
continuous and discrete numeric data. It is arithmetic average of the score. It is
determined by adding up all the scores and then by the sum by the total number
of scores. Suppose we have scores, 40, 85, 94,62,76,66,90,59,and 84. In order to
find out the mean of the scores, we simply add all scores which comes to 724.Ten
divide this sum 10 (total number of scores). We will get 74.4, which is the mean
score.
The formula for computing the mean is,
Where Σ represents “ sum of “ X represents any raw score value

, n, represents total number of scores.
Median:
Median is the middle value of ranks order data. It divides the distribution
in two values. (i.e.50% of scores or observations on other side of median value). It
means that this value separates higher half of the data set from the lower half.
The goal of the median is to determine the precise midpoint of the distribution.
Median is appropriate for describing original data.
Procedure for determining median:
When the number of scores is odd, simply

arrange the score in order (from lower to higher or from higher to lower ) The
median will be the middle score in the list. Consider the set of scores, 2,5,7,10,12.
The score “7” lies in middle of the scores, so it is median. When there is an even
number of scores in the distribution, arrange the scores in order (from lower to
higher or from higher to lower). The median will be the average of the middle
two scores in the list. Consider the set of scores 4,9,14,16,20. The average of the
9+14 29
middle two scores 11.5 (i.e. = =11 ⋅5 ¿ is median of the distribution.
2 2
Merits of mean:
1. It is rigidly defined.
2. It is easy to understand and calculate.
3. It is used for further analysis and treatment.
4. It is based upon all the values of the given data.
5. It is capable of further mathematical treatment.
6. It is not much affected by sampling fluctuations.
Merits of Median:
1. It is rigidly defined.
2. It is easy to understand and calculate.
3. It is not affected by extreme values.
4. Even if the extreme values are not known median can be calculated.
5. It can be located just by inspection in many cases.
6. It can be located graphically.
7. It is not much affected by sampling fluctuations.
Demerits of Mean:
1. It cannot be calculated if any observation is missing.
2. It cannot be calculated for data with open ended distribution.
3. It may not lie in the middle of series, if series is skewed.
4. It affected by extreme values.
5. It cannot be located graphically.
6. It may be number which is not present in the data.
7. It can be calculated for the data representing qualitative values.
Demerits of Median:
1.It is not based on all values of the given data.
2. For larger data size the arrangements of the increasing order is somewhat
difficult process.
3. It is not capable for further mathematical treatment.
4. It is not sensitive to some change in the data value.

5. It cannot be used for further mathematical processing.
Measure of central tendency:
Measure of central tendency provide a summary

measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data which a single value that
represents the middle or center of its distribution. They give us an easy way to
describe a set of data with single number. This single number represents a value
or score that generally is in the middle of the data set.
The goal of the measure of central tendency is”
1. To condense data in a single value.
2. To facilitate comparison between data.
Good measure of central tendency should be”
1. Be strictly defined.
2. Be simple to understand and easy to calculate.
3. Be capable of further mathematical treatment.
4. Be based on all values of given data.
5. Have sampling stability.
6. Not be unduly affected extreme values.
Commonly used measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the
mode, Each of these indices is used with a different scale of measurement.

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ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of secondary teacher education)

PROGAM: B.ed ½ years

Course: Professional in teaching (8614)

Semester: autumn, 2020

There are different levels of measurement in statistic to

It is a kind of level of measurement which is used to measure the

1. Gender (male and female)

It refers that the variables or attributes are ranked while

1. Economic status (low income and high)

It is a level of measurement which is used to differences of two

It is a quantitative scale which measures absolute and zero

1. Taxes to GDP ratio is 10%.

The level of measurements help us

Q2. Differentiate between primary and secondary data. Give meaningful

It is a data which is collected by a researcher the research and

It is a sort of data which is already existed in various forms. She

It is a graphical representation which is used to display and compares

1. It shows data in frequency distribution.

2. It displays number in multiples categories.

3. It gives ideas than a table.

4. It can be made suitably and accurately.

1. Bar charts require extra explanation.

2. They do not show key assumption cause and impacts.

3. It often gives false impressions

A scatter plot is used to measure data how one variable is affected by

1. It shows nonlinear pattern.

2. It ranges data from maximum and minimum.

3. It shows correlation between two variables.

4. Reading and observation are straightforward.

1. It does not give content of correlation.

2. It does not show more relationship than two variables.

3. It only shows qualitative expression and it does not display

Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian

A normal curve has following properties:

1. The mean, median or mode is equal.

How does normality of data affect the analysis of data?

How is mean different from median?

Mean is most commonly used measure in educational research. It is

The formula for computing the mean is,

Where Σ represents “ sum of “ X represents any raw score value

Procedure for determining median:

When the number of scores is odd, simply

1. It cannot be calculated if any observation is missing.

2. It cannot be calculated for data with open ended distribution.

3. It may not lie in the middle of series, if series is skewed.

4. It affected by extreme values.

5. It cannot be located graphically.

6. It may be number which is not present in the data.

7. It can be calculated for the data representing qualitative values.

1.It is not based on all values of the given data.

3. It is not capable for further mathematical treatment.

4. It is not sensitive to some change in the data value.

Measure of central tendency:

Measure of central tendency provide a summary

The goal of the measure of central tendency is”

1. To condense data in a single value.

2. To facilitate comparison between data.

Good measure of central tendency should be”