Tcp/Ip

TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. Protocols are set of rules which
govern every possible communication over a network. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a
standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation. TCP works with the
Internet Protocol (IP), which defines how computers send packets of data to each other. Together,
TCP and IP are the basic rules defining the Internet. transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol, TCP/IP is a set of rules (protocols) governing communications among all computers on the
Internet.

It is a transmission control protocol , designed to connect different network on which the internet is
based.  TCP/IP was developed in 1978 and driven by Bob Kahn andVint Cerf. TCP/IP tells how
information should be packaged (turned into bundles of information called packets), sent, and
received, as well as how to get to its destination.

Internet layer- The task of this layer is to allow the host to insert packets into any
network and then make them travel independently to the destination. The order
in which the packets are received can be different from sequence in which they
are sent. The internet layer defines a packet format and protocol called internet
protocol. The internet layer is supposed to deliver IP packets to their destination.
It is very similar to network layer of OSI.
Transport layer-

Layer above the internet layer. Its functions are same as transport layer of OSI.
TCP is reliable connection oriented protocol. It allows a byte stream transmitted
from one machine to be delivered to other machine without introducing any
errors.

Host to network layer.

Lowest layer in TCP/IP . the host has to connect to the network using some
protocol , so that they can send the IP packets over it. This protocol varies from
host to host and network to network

Application layer.

It enables user (human or software) to access the network. It provides users

interface and support for services such as email, ftp, telnet.

Layers protocol
Application layer telnet, ftp.
Transport layer tcp
Internet ip
Host to network lan

Layer 1: Host-to-network Layer

1. Lowest layer of the all.

2. used to connect to the host, so that the packets can be sent over it.

3. Varies from host to host and network to network.

Layer 2: Internet layer

1. Selection of a packet switching network which is based on a connectionless internetwork

layer is called a internet layer.

2. It is the layer which holds the whole architecture together.

3. It helps the packet to travel independently to the destination.

4. Order in which packets are received is different from the way they are sent.

5. IP (Internet Protocol) is used in this layer.

Layer 3: Transport Layer

1. It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path.

2. The applications can read and write to the transport layer.

3. Transport layer adds header information to the data.

4. Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they are handled more

efficiently by the network layer.

5. Transport layer also arrange the packets to be sent, in sequence.

Layer 4: Application Layer

The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that were at the top of the protocol
stack. Some of them were TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS etc.

1. TELNET is a two-way communication protocol which allows connecting to a remote

machine and run applications on it.

2. FTP(File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol, that allows File transfer amongst computer

users connected over a network. It is reliable, simple and efficient.

3. SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is a protocol, which is used to transport electronic

mail between a source and destination, directed via a route.

4. DNS(Domain Name Server) resolves an IP address into a textual address for Hosts

connected over a network.

Merits of TCP/IP model

1. It operated independently.

2. It is scalable.

3. Client/server architecture.

4. Supports a number of routing protocols.

5. Can be used to establish a connection between two computers.

Demerits of TCP/IP

1. In this, the transport layer does not guarantee delivery of packets.

2. The model cannot be used in any other application.

3. Replacing protocol is not easy.

4. It has not clearly separated its services, interfaces and protocols.

Note-The TCP layer handles the message part. The message is broken down into smaller

units, called packets, which are then transmitted over the network. The packets are received

by the corresponding TCP layer in the receiver and reassembled into the original message. 

The IP layer is primarily concerned with the transmission portion. This is done by means of

a unique IP address assigned to each and every active recipient on the network.

OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol)

1. 7layers 1. 4 layers

2. In OSI model the transport layer guarantees the 2. In TCP/IP model the transport layer does not
delivery of packets. guarantees delivery of packets. Still the TCP/IP
 model is more reliable.

3. Follows vertical approach. 3. Follows horizontal approach.

Separate session layer No session layer, characteristics are provided by

transport layer

4. OSI model has a separate Presentation 4. No presentation layer, characteristics are

provided by application layer

5. OSI is a reference model around which the networks 5. TCP/IP model is, in a way implementation of
are built. Generally it is used as a guidance tool. the OSI model.

6. Network layer of OSI model provides both connection 6. The Network layer in TCP/IP model provides
oriented and connectionless service. connectionless service.

7. OSI model has a problem of fitting the protocols into 7. TCP/IP model does not fit any protocol
the model.

8. Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are easily 8. In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy.
replaced as the technology changes.

9. OSI model defines services, interfaces and protocols 9. In TCP/IP, services, interfaces and protocols
very clearly and makes clear distinction between them. It are not clearly separated. It is also protocol
is protocol independent. dependent.